Academic literature on the topic 'Diurnal activity pattern'
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Journal articles on the topic "Diurnal activity pattern"
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Vredevoe, L. K., R. B. Kimsey, and P. J. Richter. "Temporal drop-off pattern of juvenile Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 4 (1997): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-076.
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We determined the temporal drop-off pattern of juvenile western black-legged ticks, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, by recording the time of day that replete ticks dropped off common laboratory-reared and field-caught rodents. The majority of subadult ticks dropped during daylight hours. Larvae that attached to nocturnally active murid or diurnal sciurid rodents left their hosts during slightly different periods of the day. Larvae primarily departed from murids between 14:00 and 18:00 and from sciurids between 10:00 and 14:00. Drop-off of nymphs from rodents was significantly greater between 14:00 and 18:00 than between 18:00 and 06:00, although nymphs tended to leave BALB/c white mice earlier in the day. Because subadult ticks leave diurnally or nocturnally active hosts at the same time of day, drop-off appears to be independent of the temporal patterns of host activity. Diurnal drop-off will result in engorged ticks remaining in the nests of nocturnal hosts but dropping to the ground from diurnal hosts. Thus, we propose that temporal patterns of host activity mediate the spatial distribution of I. pacificus.
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Hall, Margaret I., Jason M. Kamilar, and E. Christopher Kirk. "Eye shape and the nocturnal bottleneck of mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1749 (2012): 4962–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2258.
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Most vertebrate groups exhibit eye shapes that vary predictably with activity pattern. Nocturnal vertebrates typically have large corneas relative to eye size as an adaptation for increased visual sensitivity. Conversely, diurnal vertebrates generally demonstrate smaller corneas relative to eye size as an adaptation for increased visual acuity. By contrast, several studies have concluded that many mammals exhibit typical nocturnal eye shapes, regardless of activity pattern. However, a recent study has argued that new statistical methods allow eye shape to accurately predict activity patterns of mammals, including cathemeral species (animals that are equally likely to be awake and active at any time of day or night). Here, we conduct a detailed analysis of eye shape and activity pattern in mammals, using a broad comparative sample of 266 species. We find that the eye shapes of cathemeral mammals completely overlap with nocturnal and diurnal species. Additionally, most diurnal and cathemeral mammals have eye shapes that are most similar to those of nocturnal birds and lizards. The only mammalian clade that diverges from this pattern is anthropoids, which have convergently evolved eye shapes similar to those of diurnal birds and lizards. Our results provide additional evidence for a nocturnal ‘bottleneck’ in the early evolution of crown mammals.
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Hall, Margaret I., Jason M. Kamilar, and E. Christopher Kirk. "Eye shape and the nocturnal bottleneck of mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1749 (2012): 4962–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13485899.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Most vertebrate groups exhibit eye shapes that vary predictably with activity pattern. Nocturnal vertebrates typically have large corneas relative to eye size as an adaptation for increased visual sensitivity. Conversely, diurnal vertebrates generally demonstrate smaller corneas relative to eye size as an adaptation for increased visual acuity. By contrast, several studies have concluded that many mammals exhibit typical nocturnal eye shapes, regardless of activity pattern. However, a recent study has argued that new statistical methods allow eye shape to accurately predict activity patterns of mammals, including cathemeral species (animals that are equally likely to be awake and active at any time of day or night). Here, we conduct a detailed analysis of eye shape and activity pattern in mammals, using a broad comparative sample of 266 species. We find that the eye shapes of cathemeral mammals completely overlap with nocturnal and diurnal species. Additionally, most diurnal and cathemeral mammals have eye shapes that are most similar to those of nocturnal birds and lizards. The only mammalian clade that diverges from this pattern is anthropoids, which have convergently evolved eye shapes similar to those of diurnal birds and lizards. Our results provide additional evidence for a nocturnal 'bottleneck' in the early evolution of crown mammals.
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Hall, Margaret I., Jason M. Kamilar, and E. Christopher Kirk. "Eye shape and the nocturnal bottleneck of mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1749 (2012): 4962–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13485899.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Most vertebrate groups exhibit eye shapes that vary predictably with activity pattern. Nocturnal vertebrates typically have large corneas relative to eye size as an adaptation for increased visual sensitivity. Conversely, diurnal vertebrates generally demonstrate smaller corneas relative to eye size as an adaptation for increased visual acuity. By contrast, several studies have concluded that many mammals exhibit typical nocturnal eye shapes, regardless of activity pattern. However, a recent study has argued that new statistical methods allow eye shape to accurately predict activity patterns of mammals, including cathemeral species (animals that are equally likely to be awake and active at any time of day or night). Here, we conduct a detailed analysis of eye shape and activity pattern in mammals, using a broad comparative sample of 266 species. We find that the eye shapes of cathemeral mammals completely overlap with nocturnal and diurnal species. Additionally, most diurnal and cathemeral mammals have eye shapes that are most similar to those of nocturnal birds and lizards. The only mammalian clade that diverges from this pattern is anthropoids, which have convergently evolved eye shapes similar to those of diurnal birds and lizards. Our results provide additional evidence for a nocturnal 'bottleneck' in the early evolution of crown mammals.
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Ejigu, Dessalegn, Afework Bekele, and Larkin Powell. "Diurnal activity patterns of walia ibex (Capra walie) in Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia." Journal of Biology and Life Science 11, no. 2 (2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v11i2.17049.
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Walia ibex (Capra walie) is an endangered and endemic species restricted to Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP), Ethiopia. Data on activity patterns of walia ibex were collected during October 2009 to November 2011, and the main objective of the research was to determine diurnal activity patterns of walia ibex in Simien Mountains National Park in order to design sound conservation strategies for the species. Scan sampling method was used for data collection on diurnal activity patterns of walia ibex. Diurnal activity patterns in walia ibex were bimodal, in which they were active before and after noon. They rest in shade on rocks and cliffs during the mid-day to protect themselves from hot sun and predators. Activity patterns of walia ibex during the day showed statistically significant differences (F7,18228= 82.09, df=7, p<0.01). Feeding showed significant differences compared to moving, standing, resting, socializing, and other activities (p<0.05). Diurnal activity records in the walia ibex population during the wet and the dry seasons showed that time spent feeding was the highest and vigilance was the lowest. Knowledge of the pattern of this behavior can especially be useful to design conservation planning as successful reproduction in the population may be threatened by anthropogenic disturbances. Thus, information about the diurnal activity patterns of walia ibex is essential for conservation planning of the endemic and endangered walia ibex in its natural habitats.
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Ramos, Déborah, Lucian Canto, Felipe Silva, Martín Montes, João Pedro Souza-Alves, and Lucas Gonçalves. "Activity patterns of domestic dogs and native terrestrial mammals in the Tapacurá Ecological Station, Brazil." Mammalogy Notes 10, no. 1 (2024): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.47603/mano.v10n1.359.
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Domestic dogs are a threat to biodiversity. We evaluated the activity patterns of domestic dogs and terrestrial mammals in a patch of Atlantic forest in northeastern Brazil. We expected native mammals to change their temporal pattern of activity in the presence of domestic dogs. We installed 16 camera traps in 2019 (January-March) and 16 cameras in 2021 (February-April), with a total effort effort of 640 trap days. We classified the activity of the species as diurnal, cathemeral, nocturnal and crepuscular. We found 274 records of 11 mammal species and overlapping activity between domestic dogs and terrestrial mammals. Coatis and agoutis were strictly diurnal in both years, while domestic dogs presented a catemanal activity pattern in 2021. Aguties and domestic dogs presented a uniform pattern, but coatis did not. Although our findings suggest a limited influence of domestic dogs on terrestrial mammals, vaccination or sterilization programs should be implemented to avoid an increase in the negative impact of dogs on native fauna.
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Brown, Scott A., Kimberly Langford, and Stacy Tarver. "Effects of certain vasoactive agents on the long-term pattern of blood pressure, heart rate, and motor activity in cats." American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, no. 6 (1997): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.06.647.
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Abstract Objective To determine whether a diurnal pattern exists in cardiovascular variables and motor activity, and whether pharmacologic agents that decrease (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) or increase (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME]) blood pressure alter the pattern. Animals 6 clinically normal cats. Procedure Radiotelemetric implants were used to measure systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, and motor activity in conscious cats maintained in cages. Measurements were obtained during absence of treatment (control), treatment with dietary salt restriction plus an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (2.5 mg of lisinopril, PO, daily) and treatment with an inhibitor of nitric oxide production (0.1% L-NAME in the drinking water). Results A diurnal pattern in arterial pressure and motor activity was observed, with highest values obtained during presence of laboratory personnel. Mean values for arterial pressure obtained during light hours varied from those obtained during darkness (P < 0.05), but by < 3 mm of Hg. Dietary sodium restriction did not have an appreciable effect on arterial pressure, but the combined administration of a low sodium diet plus lisinopril decreased (P < 0.05) measured indices of arterial pressure. Administration of L-NAME increased arterial pressure (P < 0.05) and altered its diurnal pattern. Conclusions Although a diurnal pattern of arterial pressure was observed, variations were mostly associated with presence of human beings. Administration of L-NAME, but not lisinopril, altered this diurnal pattern. Clinical Relevance Factors that modify arterial pressure may alter the diurnal pattern of cardiovascular variables. In measuring arterial pressure in cats, the effects of human contact may artifactually increase such variables. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:647–652)
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Logendra, Sitheswary, and Harry W. Janes. "DIURNAL PATTERN OF ADP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE ACTIVITY IN TOMATO." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 537g—537. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.537g.
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The diurnal pattern of the activity of the starch synthesízing enzyme ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase was studied in young tomato seedlings, grown under a light/dark cycle of 12h/12h. The third leaf from the base of the plant was used for the study when they were 80 to 90% fully expanded. The enzyme activity had two peaks, a smaller peak during the light period and a larger peak during the dark period. The activity began to increase before the lights were turned on and it was maintained for the first four hours of the light period and then began to decline. Similarly, the activity began to increase again before the lights were turned off and remained high for the first four hours of the dark period.
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Gartstein, Maria A., Erich Seamon, Stephanie F. Thompson, and Liliana J. Lengua. "Featured Article: Community Crime Exposure and Risk for Obesity in Preschool Children: Moderation by the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal-Axis Response." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 43, no. 4 (2017): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx116.
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Abstract Objective Identification of early risk factors related to obesity is critical to preventative public health efforts. In this study, we investigated links between the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA)-axis activity (diurnal cortisol pattern), geospatially operationalized exposure to neighborhood crime, and body mass index (BMI) for a sample of 5-year-old children. Greater community crime exposure and lower HPA-axis activity were hypothesized to contribute to higher BMI, with child HPA-axis moderating the association between crime exposure and BMI. Method Families residing within the boundaries of the City of Seattle (N = 114) provided information concerning demographic/psychosocial risk factors, used to calculate a Cumulative Risk Index, indicating the number of contextual adversities present. Child BMI and diurnal cortisol pattern (derived from assays of saliva samples) were examined, along with neighborhood crime indices computed with publically available information, based on participants’ locations. Results Hierarchical multiple regression analyses, adjusted for covariates (cumulative risk, age, and sex), indicated that crime proximity made a unique contribution to child BMI, in the direction signaling an increase in the risk for obesity. Consistent with our hypothesis, a significant interaction was observed, indicative of moderation by diurnal cortisol pattern. Follow-up simple slope analyses demonstrated that crime exposure was significantly related to higher BMI for children with low-flat (blunted) diurnal cortisol patterns, where community crime and BMI were not significantly associated at higher levels of cortisol. Conclusion Community crime exposure contributes to higher BMI as early as the preschool period, and blunted diurnal cortisol patterns may place children experiencing neighborhood adversity at greater risk for obesity.
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Steen, Ronny. "Diel activity patterns of urban Woodchucks (Marmota monax) revealed by camera traps at burrows in southwestern Ontario, Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 134, no. 4 (2021): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v134i4.2110.
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Animals display a range of diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns and, among mammals, a high proportion of species are crepuscular or nocturnal. Daily activities are often endogenous and oscillate on a light:dark regime. Such cycles are referred to as ‘circadian’ and are generally influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. I investigated the daily activity of urban Woodchucks (Marmota monax) by using 24-hour camera traps at backyard burrows in London, Ontario, Canada, in June. Cameras enabled the collection of data that would otherwise have been labour intensive by direct observation. Statistical modelling showed that Woodchucks exhibited a strictly diurnal activity pattern. The unimodal activity pattern started at sunrise and ended before sunset. The general daily activity trend was similar to the pattern described by others who used direct observations and telemetry to monitor Woodchucks in more rural settings. Temperature and wind were not included in the best-fit model. Camera trapping is a non-invasive method that could give insight to diel activity as it can easily monitor extended periods and reduce the effort required by direct observation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diurnal activity pattern"
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Tanguay, Geneviève Véronique. "Diurnal activity and behaviour patterns of captive ditch-dwelling muskrats." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65380.
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Retief, Kirsten. "Are foraging patterns of aerial predators influencing diurnal activity of their prey?" Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23945.
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There is often a reciprocal relationship between predators and their dominant prey. This results in continuous co-evolution, where the prey selects more efficient ways to avoid predation and the predator selects more efficient ways of catching prey. The aim of this study was to determine if aerial predators (raptors) influence diurnal activity patterns of their prey (mice). Sampling of both raptors and mice was done simultaneously during autumn, winter and spring at two different study sites in three different habitats on South Africa's arid west coast. Sixty PVC mouse traps were checked every half hour throughout all daylight hours and raptors were observed using scan sampling every two minutes. A total of 1228 rodents were trapped consisting mainly of the diurnal mouse, Rhabodmys pumilio and a total of 197 hours was spent observing hunting behaviour of four raptor species: Black and African Marsh Harriers (Circus maurus and C. ranivorus), Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus) and Rock Kestrel (Falco rupicolus). All birds hunt rodents on a regular basis and all were beginning to breed towards the end of my study. Results showed significantly higher small mammal activity during winter and in habitats with dense vegetation. Diurnal small mammal activity peaks appeared to shift randomly between sites, habitats and seasons, thereby avoiding predation through unpredictability of activity. Small mammal activity patterns deliberately avoided peak foraging times of raptors during winter at the Pelican site; however this relationship was not linked to any climatic variables to explain how mice avoid high predation periods. Raptors selected peak foraging times dming periods of high small mammal activity at the Dune site during winter; however wind speed and cloud cover were correlated with both raptor foraging and small mammal activity, thereby influencing the relationship between the predator and the prey. In conclusion, no reoccurring diurnal peaks in small mammal activity were seen across the three seasons and this may have been an anti-predation strategy, because predators would find it more difficult to predict high prey activity. However the raptors it seemed were selecting periods of high mice activity at one site when weather conditions allowed.
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Juby, Roxanne. "Diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns and habitat use of Algoa Bay’s rocky reef fish community." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/44827.
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Distinct day-night changes in ambient light are recognised as an important driver of animal activity patterns, with predictable changes to the structure and composition of animal communities between day and night. While day-night variation in the structure of animal communities has been well researched for terrestrial organisms and shallow marine fish communities around the world, there has been limited research of this type conducted on South Africa’s rocky reef fish communities. Consequently, we have a poor understanding of how nocturnal reef fish communities are structured and the day-night activity patterns of species inhabiting both shallow (10-30m) and deep-aphotic (55-100m) reefs. This research was conducted at two warm-temperate South African rocky reefs situated in Algoa Bay. The importance of natural ambient light in shaping the distribution of reef fish communities at shallow and deep-aphotic reef sites was demonstrated using baited remote underwater stereo-video systems (stereo-BRUVs). Distinct day and night fish communities were sampled at shallow and deep-aphotic reef sites. These differences were driven by significant changes in species richness (p < 0.001), species abundance (p < 0.001) and community composition (p < 0.001). These shifts appeared to be driven by day-night activity patterns that were the result of increased detectability of certain species at either day or night. The majority of species belonging to the family Sparidae showed evidence of strict diurnal activity, with their activity being further restricted to shallow reefs. These species showed evidence that they may enter micro-habitats within the reef at night. Similar activity patterns were shown for other top predatory teleost species and low level consumers, with substantial reductions in abundances, or no recordings at night throughout this study. Shallow reefs at day harboured the most diverse fish community. It is therefore hypothesised that this habitat was associated with conditions that offered improved access to resources for many visual species. In addition, the diverse community inhabiting shallow reefs at day is associated with a high risk of negative interspecies interactions, such as competition and predation. It is hypothesised that the biotic conditions associated with shallow reefs at day drove three movement patterns identified in this study; Pagellus bellottii natalensis showed evidence of movement onto shallow reefs at night from adjacent sandy flats, while Pterogymnus laniarius and Squalus sp. 1 showed evidence of movement onto shallow reefs at night from the deep- aphotic reefs that remain dark throughout the diel cycle. It is further hypothesised that other species which showed evidence for nocturnal activity, i.e. Galeichthys ater, Eptatretus hexatrema and Haploblepharus edwardsii, may enter sheltered micro-habitats within the reef during day light hours. These findings have highlighted the complex patterns that have evolved within marine fish to allow multiple species to coexist and exploit productive reef ecosystems by partitioning resource use and activity patterns at day or night, between depth zones and habitat types.
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Vitali, Simone. "The functional morphology of the lungs of small Australian passerines having different diurnal activity patterns." Thesis, Vitali, Simone (1996) The functional morphology of the lungs of small Australian passerines having different diurnal activity patterns. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1996. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52088/.
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This thesis examines the relationship between pulmonary microanatomy, metabolic physiology and diurnal activity in Australian passerines. The selected species were sympatric, and were of similar body mass, but differed in the energetic demands of their diurnal routine.
The five species selected represented three activity categories: high (Hirundinidae, swallows), moderate (Meliphagidae, honeyeaters) and low (Maluridae, fairy wrens). These classifications were based on literature data, supported by field observation and calculations of flight cost based on measurement of wing morphology.
Laboratory metabolism of the five species was quantified by the measurement of standard metabolic rate, and maximal cold-induced metabolic rate. The standard metabolic rates of all except the low activity wrens agreed with allometric predictions for passerine species. The wrens had a significantly lower standard metabolic rate than predicted for passerine species.
There was no clear relationship between activity classification and maximal metabolism. The highest maximal metabolic rate was found in the moderately active tawny-crowned honeyeater. The other four species were statistically indistinguishable from one another with regard to this parameter. Maximal metabolic rate was similar across activity categories.
The apparent discrepancy in the relationships of standard and maximal metabolism to diurnal activity suggests that standard and maximal metabolism may reflect different anatomical and ecological restrictions. While standard metabolic rate appears to be a good index of daily energetic demand, maximal metabolic rate may reflect the capacity of a species to respond to sudden increases in metabolic demand, such as are associated with fleeing from predators, or sudden changes in atmospheric conditions.
Pulmonary anatomy was analysed quantitatively using stereology. Lung volumes, and the proportions of the various lung components discernible at the light microscopy level, were similar in species from all three activity categories. At the ultrastructural level, wrens were found to have a significantly larger plasma volume than the other species. Wrens also had a significantly lower venous haematocrit than the other species.
Data derived from stereological analysis were used to calculate diffusing capacities for the various components of the blood-gas barrier, and also the diffusing capacity of the entire lung. These indices were used to quantify the efficiency of oxygen transfer to the erythrocyte. Pulmonary diffusing capacity was significantly lower in the wrens than in the meliphagids and the swallow. The high and moderate activity categories formed a continuum of statistically indistinguishable values. This result reflected laboratory measurements of standard metabolic rate, for which the wren had a significantly lower value than both the meliphagids and the swallow, but the moderate and high activity groups were not significantly different. There was a significant correlation between standard metabolic rate and total pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLO2), and also between venous haematocrit and DLO2.
The results indicated that pulmonary anatomy per se is not correlated with field activity or laboratory metabolism. The low pulmonary diffusing capacity of the wren was a product of differences in plasma volume and haematocrit, rather than differences in pulmonary structure as such. The correlation between DLO2 and standard metabolic rate is largely an expression of the effect of haematocrit and plasma volume on DLO2.
The results of this study show that the less active wrens have lower standard metabolic rates and lower pulmonary diffusing capacities than the other species. The well developed social hierarchy in wrens and their cooperative breeding behaviour, combined with their energetically inexpensive foraging strategies, may be the ecological basis for their low metabolic rates and pulmonary diffusing capacities. The parameter which appears most significant in effecting low standard metabolic rate and low Dl02 in the wren is its low venous haematocrit.
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Liu, Chia-hong, and 劉家宏. "Diurnal activity pattern of Crested Serpent Eagles Spilornis cheela hoya in Kenting, southern Taiwan." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00957264702005867185.
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碩士<br>國立臺南大學<br>環境生態研究所碩士班<br>99<br>I radiotelemetry-tracked the diurnal activity pattern of 3 unbreeding Crested Serpent Eagles Spilornis cheela hoya, 1 adult male, 1 adult female, and 1 young, from January to August 2008 in Kenting, southern Taiwan. All 3 birds spent most of daylight hours for perching (98.6%), but a few time for inter-perch flight (0.2%), hunting (0.5%), and circling (0.9%). The extremely high proportion of perching behavior might caused by a sit-and-wait foraging strategy of the eagles. The eagles generally ate before noon, whereas the male frequently ate crabs at a valley in afternoon during spring 2008. The diurnal activity pattern of the female and young seldom change through the study period. In contrast, feeding on time of day of the male varied between the spring and summer, spatial and temporal distribution of its food might cause this change.
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Wen, Wei-jia, and 溫唯佳. "Diurnal Behavior and Activity Patterns of Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) in Poultry Farm." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58701384382677695565.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>生物科學系研究所<br>101<br>Avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 was isolated from numerous dead aquatic birds at Qinghai Lake in 2005, and wild migratory aquatic birds have been suggested as the reservoir of influenza A virus. Our laboratory revealed that wild birds used poultry farms oftentimes in 2008 to 2009. In particular, the Cattle Egret was the most possible bridge species to spread avian influenza virus. Cattle Egrets used habitats with migratory birds, but also entered poultry farms as their main area of activity. If the migratory birds infected with avian influenza virus co-habitat with Cattle Egret, it will increase the risk of spread of avian influenza virus to poultry. The aim of this study was to use radio-tracked Cattle Egrets to determine their diurnal behavior and activity patterns between non-breeding season and breeding season at Daliao and Lujhu in Kaohsiung. The interactions between Cattle Egret and migratory birds, domestic birds and poultry were investigated to determine the possibility of spread avian influenza virus by Cattle Egret. The results showed that the average proportion of diurnal behavior was not different among all bird between breeding and non-breeding seasons. The proportion of diurnal behavior between male and female were different in the two seasons. The home range was not different among all individuals between breeding and non-breeding seasons. The home range difference between Daliao and Lujhu only in the breeding seasons. Four Cattle Egrets spent 100% of the daytime, and four spent 83% of daytime in poultry farms, and two individuals spent more than 67% in the poultry farms. Cattle Egret had high proportion of time interacting with poultry. In addition, poultry farms are the main foraging and activity area for Cattle Egret. This increases the opportunity for Cattle Egret to contact with poultry. Large home range over 200 hectares and high density of poultry farms in Taiwan increase the risk of spread of influenza virus between Cattle Egret and poultry.
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WANG, CHIA-CHI, and 王佳琪. "Diurnal Activity Patterns of Wintering Black-faced Spoonbills (Platalea minor) in Chigu, Tainan County." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59270963202837663126.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>生物研究所<br>89<br>From September 1998 to May 1999, time budgets of diurnal behavior of the Black-faced Spoonbills (Platalea minor) were observed at the wintering area in Chigu, Tainan County. Communal and individual behavior, and the impact of disturbance on their behavior were studied. The activities of this species were classified into 7 categories. Resting (79.57% of observations) was the predominant diurnal activity, followed by maintenance (9.97%), transitional behavior (5.72%), locomotion (3.23%), foraging (0.93%), social interaction (0.45%), and others (0.13%). Observations were grouped into two periods: early population stable period (mid November-mid January) and late period (mid January- mid March). Only the proportion of time spoonbills devoted to social interaction differed significantly among periods (p=0.0266). The length of individual resting was between 1 and 35 minutes, but mostly less than 5 minutes (56.76%). The major pattern of maintenance activities was preening (76.07%), and the length of preening was mostly less than 10 seconds (43.43%). The major pattern of transitional behavior was standing (94.54%). The major pattern of locomotion was walking (90.96%). Diurnal foraging activity in main roosting area was very low (0.93%). Social interaction between individuals included friendly and agonistic activities. Friendly activities were classified into four patterns, and the major pattern was allopreening (68.51%). Allopreening was mostly confined to the neck to neck region (79.75%). Agonistic activities were classified into four patterns, and the major pattern was aggression (60.72%). The social interactions were occurred mostly between sub-adults. During the day the activity increased after 1500hr with the peak at 1800hr(74.50%). Maintenance activities, transitional behavior, and social interaction differed significantly among times of the day (p<0.001). During daytime, black-faced spoonbills were disturbed on average 4.3 times per day. The predominant sources of disturbance were from other waterbirds and fisherman. The predominant response of black-faced spoonbills was “flying and landing some distance away from the disturbance”. The activities after disturbance differed significantly to those before disturbance (p<0.001). Maintenance activities, transitional behavior, locomotion, and social interaction were significantly increased after disturbance. The results from 24hr continuous monitoring of 4 radio tagged birds showed that individuals devoted more time in main roosting area (62-66%) than other areas (34-38%). The main roosting area was important to this species. An effective management plan for the area will be necessary in the future.
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Chao-Kuo, Liu, and 劉照國. "A study of diurnal activity patterns by Eurasian Curlew(Numenius arquata)at Ta-Du Estuary, Taiwan." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82596249220995777281.
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碩士<br>東海大學<br>環境科學系<br>90<br>The Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata oreintalis) is one of the uncommon wintering shorebirds in Taiwan, and the biggest population is at the Da-Tu Estuary. Because of the construction of the Tai-Power Generator, this population moved southward from the Da-Tu River mouth, and were found along the coastline at the Changhua Coastal Industrial Park during the last five years. Meanwhile, the counting data show that this population growth is decreasing. Due to the increase of reclamation and human disturbance, the conservation issues for this population are necessary and urgent. This research presents the daytime activity pattern and its relation with the abiotic factors of the Eurasian Curlew.
The census proceeded from 5 October, 2000, to 25 March, 2001, and 25 days were successfully measured. The scanning method was used to collect data on different behaviors, and tide height, wind speed and temperature were selected as the abiotic factors.
The Eurasian Curlews stood near the tide edge and moved with the tide during the high tide period. But the birds did not move with the tide as a group during the low tide period, but each individual moved from the group to the tide edge three or four times. The average percentage of rest was over 80%, showing that rest was the predominant behavior of daytime activity. The pattern is obviously much more correlated with the tidal cycle than with the day-night cycle. Both preening and resting proportions of time showed significant variation (p<0.01) with the wind scale; wind speed showed strong correlation (Spearman’s rho) with preening (r = -0.53) and resting (r = 0.24). The spatial, maintenance and feeding behavior showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between high tide and low tide periods. The human disturbance was mainly due to aquaculture, tourism and fishing, and the birds appeared to gradually get used to the noise.
Feeding behavior and temperature are positive correlation ( r=0.20, p<0.01). The proportion of feeding showed significant variation (p<0.01) with temperature between the early-, mid- and late-winter. The proportion of feeding at low tide was higher than at high and mid tide. According to the low proportion of feeding during daytime, we suggest that the Eurasian Curlew may have nocturnal feeding at the Da-Tu Estuary.
Books on the topic "Diurnal activity pattern"
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P, Rowe Sean, Breininger David R, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Temporal, spatial, and diurnal patterns in avian activity at the Shuttle Landing Facility, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, U.S.A. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.
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Covassin, Naima, and Virend K. Somers. The cardiovascular system during sleep. Edited by Guido Grassi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0028.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of molecular, physiological, and behavioural processes undergo substantial variations across a 24 h period. The health implications of such fluctuations, whether they are expressions of an intrinsic circadian rhythmicity or are secondary to changes in physical activity, posture, and/or sleep, are increasingly recognized. Similar to other biological functions, the cardiovascular system exhibits a prominent day–night profile, with profound haemodynamic, autonomic, and hormonal oscillations occurring during the sleep period. These time-dependent and sleep stage-dependent patterns of function have important clinical significance. The cardiovascular downregulation achieved throughout the night while asleep may be restorative and protective against adverse events, while the morning physiological activation coincident with awakening facilitates resumption of daytime activities. Nevertheless, rather than beneficial, these activity configurations may be pathogenic in individuals with a vulnerable substrate and may favour onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular complications may also arise as a consequence of abnormal day–night periodicity and disturbed sleep quantity and quality. Hence, consideration of the diurnal pattern of cardiovascular activity is critical in the clinical setting.
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Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Twenty-four-hour activity patterns and distances moved. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0005.
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Cheetahs spent 70.2% of their time resting, 29.3% on food acquisition, and only 0.6% socializing. Males spent more time walking than females did. Females with small cubs spent more time vigilant than single females and females with large cubs. Cheetahs were predominantly diurnal. However, single animals and coalition males especially remained active after dark to extend hunting time because of the heat in summer, and to hunt springhares throughout the year. They showed a preference, but not exclusively so, for moonlit nights. Male cheetahs moved further per 24 h than females did and moved almost as far during the night as during the day. Females sometimes made long-distance moves when in oestrus. Springbok-hunting females had to move further than steenbok-hunting females because of difference dispersion patterns in the prey. Southern Kalahari cheetahs move longer distances to find food than do cheetahs in more mesic areas.
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Ross, Joanna, Andrew J. Hearn, and David W. Macdonald. The Bornean carnivore community: lessons from a little-known guild. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0014.
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Niche differentiation reduces competition between species and modifies predation risk such that species coexistence is promoted. Temporal partitioning is a type of niche differentiation that has only relatively recently been specifically investigated. In this chapter, data from 515 camera trap stations from Sabah, Malaysian Borneo is used to describe the presence, habitat associations and activity patterns of Bornean carnivores and to investigate temporal partitioning between species. Primary and old logged forest were the most species rich sites and small forest fragments and oil palm plantations supported the fewest species. Species’ activity patterns within families were more similar than those between families. Only the masked palm civet and sun bear showed variation in activity among habitats. Considering the species as rough trophic groups rather than families revealed that each group contained both diurnal and nocturnal species, which presumably helps to promote coexistence between the musteloids and other species in each group.
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Osborne, Richard W. Daydreaming in the context of diurnal activity patterns in a breeding group of captive lowland gorillas. 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Diurnal activity pattern"
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Sack, Robert A., Sonal Sathe, Ann R. Beaton, Bruce Bogart, and George Lew. "Changes in the Diurnal Pattern of the Distribution of Gelatinases and Associated Proteins in Normal and Pathological Tear Fluids: Evidence that the PMN Cell is a Major Source of MMP Activity in Tear Fluid." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_76.
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"Proceedings of the First International Snakehead Symposium." In Proceedings of the First International Snakehead Symposium, edited by Nicolas W. R. Lapointe, Ryan K. Saylor, and Paul L. Angermeier. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874585.ch6.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Understanding the diel activity of a species can shed light on potential interactions with other species and inform management practices. To understand the diel activity of Northern Snakehead <em>Channa argus</em>, feeding habits and movement patterns were observed. Two hundred seventy-three Northern Snakehead were captured by boat electrofishing during May and June of 2007 and 2008. Their gut contents were extracted and preserved. The level of digestion of each prey item was estimated from fresh (1) to >50% digested (4) or empty (5). Random forest models were used to predict feeding activity based on time of day, tide level, date, water temperature, fish total length, and sex. Diel movement patterns were assessed by implanting Northern Snakehead with radio transmitters and monitoring them every 1.5 h for 24 h in both March and July 2007. Movement rates were compared between March and July and among four daily time periods. Independent variables accounted for only 6% of the variation in feeding activity; however, temporal feeding patterns were apparent. No fresh items were observed in guts between 12:30 and 7:30 am, and the proportion of empty stomachs increased at the end of May coinciding with the onset of spawning. Overall, fish moved greater distances during the July tracking period compared to March. Fish showed a greater propensity to move during daylight hours than at night during the March tracking period. A similar but nonsignificant (<EM>P </EM>> 0.05) pattern was observed in July. Movement and feeding data both indicated greater activity during daylight hours than at night, suggesting that Northern Snakehead is a diurnal species. Based on our preliminary findings, we hypothesize that a) diurnal species are more susceptible than nocturnal species to predation by Northern Snakehead and b) Northern Snakehead are more likely to compete for food with diurnal than nocturnal predators.
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Covassin, Naima, and Virend K. Somers. "The cardiovascular system during sleep." In ESC CardioMed, edited by Guido Grassi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0028_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of molecular, physiological, and behavioural processes undergo substantial variations across a 24 h period. The health implications of such fluctuations, whether they are expressions of an intrinsic circadian rhythmicity or are secondary to changes in physical activity, posture, and/or sleep, are increasingly recognized. Similar to other biological functions, the cardiovascular system exhibits a prominent day–night profile, with profound haemodynamic, autonomic, and hormonal oscillations occurring during the sleep period. These time-dependent and sleep stage-dependent patterns of function have important clinical significance. The cardiovascular downregulation achieved throughout the night while asleep may be restorative and protective against adverse events, while the morning physiological activation coincident with awakening facilitates resumption of daytime activities. Nevertheless, rather than beneficial, these activity configurations may be pathogenic in individuals with a vulnerable substrate and may favour onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular complications may also arise as a consequence of abnormal day–night periodicity and disturbed sleep quantity and quality. Hence, consideration of the diurnal pattern of cardiovascular activity is critical in the clinical setting.
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Grahame-Smith, D. G., and J. K. Aronson. "The drug therapy of endocrine and metabolic disorders." In Oxford Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192632340.003.0027.
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Abstract Reduced function of the anterior pituitary gland results in underactivity of the organs that are normally stimulated by the pituitary trophic hormones, of which the most important, because deficiency is life-threatening, are ACTH (the adrenocorticotrophic hormone, corticotrophin) and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). In children, growth hormone deficiency is also important, although deficiency in adults may be more important than has been previously recognized. Gonadotrophin deficiency, although not directly life-threatening, requires treatment. ACTH deficiency For adrenal insufficiency secondary to hypopituitarism, it is usual to use a glucocorticoid that also has some mineralocorticoid activity, such as hydrocortisone 20–30 mg orally. In order to mimic diurnal variation in the normal daily production of endogenous corticosteroids, the total dose can be divided into two doses, two-thirds to be taken in the morning and one-third in the evening; however, some divide the daily requirements into three doses, on the grounds that it produces a more desirable pattern of serum cortisol concentrations during the day (see adrenocortical insufficiency below).
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Tate, Barbara A., Gary S. Richardson, and Mary A. Carskadon. "Maturational Changes in Sleep-Wake Timing: Longitudinal Studies of the Circadian Activity Rhythm of a Diurnal Rodent." In Adolescent Sleep Patterns. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511499999.007.
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Ge, Nan, Shuhong Wu, Xudong Lu, Yang Shao, and Xiaoyang Chen. "Soil Respiration of Grassland Under Different Utilization Patterns in Xilin River Basin." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde230355.
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This study focused on investigating the natural grassland and human-disturbed grassland within the Xilin River basin, which was established in 2013. Different slope positions within these grassland areas were selected to analyze the effects of various utilization methods. Soil respiration dynamics were measured daily using the ADC soil respiration analyzer. The key findings can be summarized as follows: Diurnal patterns of soil respiration showed distinct single peak curves for both land use types and different slope positions. Peak activity consistently occurred between 13:00 and 14:30 each day. Average soil respiration rates varied significantly among different slope positions. In the human-disturbed grassland, the highest rate was observed at the slope top with a value of 2.61 ± 0.80 μmol·m-2·s-1, followed by 1.51 ± 0.32 μmol·m-2·s-1, 1.31 ± 0.68 μmol·m-2·s-1, and 0.75 ± 0.25 μmol·m-2·s-1. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature was well-described by an exponential equation in the univariate model. The R2 values ranged from 0.76 to 0.87, and the corresponding Q10 values ranged from 1.59 to 2.17. However, the linear bivariate model (R = a + bT + cW) provided a more accurate representation of the impact of hydrothermal factors on soil respiration. The R2 values in this model ranged from 0.82 to 0.89. These findings highlight the diurnal patterns of soil respiration, the influence of slope position on soil respiration rates, and the significance of both soil temperature and moisture in determining soil respiration dynamics in the studied grassland areas.
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Speakman, John R. "Chiropteran nocturnality." In Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Bats. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549451.003.0012.
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Abstract Despite their diverse feeding habits almost all bats are exclusively nocturnal. Explanations of chiropteran nocturnality have focused on three potentially negative consequences of feeding in daylight: competition with insectivorous (and frugivorous) birds, risk of avian predation and risk of hyperthermia. A survey of daylight flying by bats in the UK suggested that the risk of avian predation might be the most significant factor, and this was supported by observed predation rates on bats deliberately released to fly during daylight in south-eastern Australia. There are many island groups where bats are found but where there are no avian predators likely to take bats. If avian predation is the most significant factor influencing nocturnality then I predict that these bats should fly in daylight. One group of islands where this behaviour would be predicted is the Azores. Early observations of the indigenous Azorean bat (Nyctalus azoreum) suggested that this bat flies in daylight. However, more recent detailed studies of temporal patterning of activity in the Azorean bat indicate that it is primarily nocturnal, thus contradicting the predation hypothesis. Anecdotal records of several other island populations of insectivorous bats also indicate that they have retained nocturnality in the absence of diurnal predators. In contrast, several studies of activity patterns in pteropodid bats suggest that they fly during the day when predators are absent. A heat balance model was constructed to evaluate the significance of the hyperthermia hypothesis. Although there is a high endogenous heat production during flight, incoming solar radiation may place a heat burden on a flying bat an order of magnitude greater.
Conference papers on the topic "Diurnal activity pattern"
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Köhler, M., C. Mivashita, A. Friedl, S. Littbarski, M. Heiden, and E. Wenzel. "ENDOGENOUS CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF FIBRINOLYTIC PARAMETERS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644840.
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Recently, the fibrinolytic system was shown to be dependent on complex interactions of several proteins for which specific test systems have been developed. We report on the results in placebo groups of two drug trials which strongly suggest an endogenous circadian rhythm of these parameters. In the first trial, 6 male subjects consecutively received either different heparins or placebo (group A). In a double blind placebo controlled trial, 10 male subjects received either DDAVP or placebo (group B). Blood was obtained before (7:30 a.m.), and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12 h and, only in group A, 15 and 24 h after the injection (8:00 a.m.). Euglobulin precipitate (EP) was prepared immediately after centrifugation. Fibrinolytic activity (FA) and t-PA activity were measured according to Astrup and Miillertz (1952) and Verheijen et al.(l982), respectively. t-PA antigen was measured using a kit from Biopool, Umea. t-PA-inhibitor (INH) was determined using a commercial kit from Kabivitrum and the method described by Chmielewska et al.(l983). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA (t-PA antigen) and Kruskal-Wal1is test.Results: In group A, t-PA antigen was significantly higher in the morning than in the evening. In contrast, t-PA activity and FA were low in the morning and gradually increased and reached maxima at 8 p.m. and 11 p.m., respectively. In group B, the same pattern was observed and all diurnal variations were statistically significant. Higher levels of t-PA-INH and t-PA-antigen were observed in the morning, and lower levels of t-PA and fibrinolytic activity. A reversed pattern was seen in the evening ( 8 p.m.). The two different methods for t-PA measurements showed the same variation^ although a c.lO-fold higher level was determined using the Kabivitrum test kit.
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Kokubo, Kumiko, Tsunehiko Tanaka, Kazunori Iwasa, Kosuke Sawa, Hiroshi Kadotani, and Masashi Komori. "Preliminary study investigating influence of anti-depressant medication on diurnal physical activity patterns." In 2017 IEEE Life Sciences Conference (LSC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsc.2017.8268145.
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Smrdel, A., and F. Jager. "Diurnal changes of heart rate and sympatho-vagal activity for temporal patterns of transient ischemia." In Computers in Cardiology, 2005. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cic.2005.1588240.
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Schlichting, Alexander, Michael Shafer, and Ephrahim Garcia. "Multi-Source Energy Harvesting Schemes With Piezoelectrics and Photovoltaics on an Avian Bio-Logger Draft." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-8130.
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Solar energy harvesting possesses relatively high energy and power densities when compared to other energy harvesting methods. However, solar energy harvesting applications are severely limited by diurnal cycles and weather patterns. For biological applications, such as avian bio-loggers, the subject’s activity levels and location introduce further variability into the availability of solar energy. This work focuses on the challenges associated with developing a multi-source energy harvesting solution and overall power management system for an avian bio-logger. It uses an ATmega128RFA1 microcontroller along with lithium batteries and both a solar and piezoelectric energy harvester. The power management system and microcontroller operation were tested using a solar harvester.