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Journal articles on the topic 'Diurnal raptors'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Eduardo, Carlos, Alencar Carvalho, and Miguel Ângelo Marini. "Distribution patterns of diurnal raptors in open and forested habitats in south-eastern Brazil and the effects of urbanization." Bird Conservation International 17, no. 4 (2007): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270907000822.

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AbstractDiurnal raptors may be highly sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances. We evaluated the diversity and abundance of diurnal raptors at an Atlantic Forest–cerrado transition zone in relation to two habitat types (forest fragments and open habitats) and to urbanization, comparing natural open and forested habitats with corresponding habitats within a large urban area. We sampled 80 points, 20 in each of four habitats (semi-natural and urban forests, semi-natural and urban open areas), during 12 months. Diurnal raptors recorded (21 species) included only three out of 10 species with some level of threat in the region. Forested habitats had more species (17) than open habitats (12). Urban areas had only 14 (67%) species, whereas semi-natural areas had all 21 species. Diurnal raptors were as abundant in urban areas as in semi-natural areas in spite of a loss in species richness in urban areas. A re-analysis without Caracara plancus showed that urban areas had a lower mean number of individuals per point than semi-natural areas. Overall species richness usually fluctuated from 14 to 16 species, being slightly higher between January and May than in other months. Overall abundance of diurnal raptors was much higher during summer than during winter. Local extinction may have already occurred for some species of diurnal raptors in the region and will probably shortly include several others. At least C. plancus, a habitat generalist, requires further studies and eventually management actions, since it is able to reach high population numbers in urbanized areas. Furthermore, highly sensitive species that were not recorded require further investigation regarding their conservation status.ResumoRaptores diurnos podem ser altamente sensíveis a perturbações antropogênicas. Avaliamos a diversidade e a abundância de raptores diurnos em uma região de transição entre Floresta Atlântica e Cerrado em relação a dois tipos de hábitats (fragmentos florestais e hábitats abertos) e è urbanização, comparando hábitats abertos e florestais aos hábitats correspondentes dentro de uma área urbana. Amostramos 80 pontos, 20 em cada um dos quatro hábitats (florestas semi-naturais e urbanas, áreas abertas semi-naturais e urbanas) durante 12 meses. Entre os raptores diurnos registrados (21 espécies) estão apenas três das 10 espécies com algum nível de ameaça na região. Mais espécies foram registradas nos hábitats florestados (17) do que nos hábitats abertos (12). Apenas 14 (67 %) espécies foram registradas nas áreas urbanas, enquanto as 21 espécies foram registradas nas áreas semi-naturais. Os raptores diurnos foram igualmente abundantes nas áreas urbanas e nas áreas semi-naturais independentemente da perda de espécies nas áreas urbanas. Uma nova análise sem Caracara plancus mostrou que as áreas urbanas tiveram um menor número médio de indivíduos por ponto do que as áreas semi-naturais. A riqueza total de espécies foi de 14 e 16 espécies, em geral, sendo um pouco mais alta entre janeiro e maio do que nos outros meses. A abundância total de raptores diurnos foi muito maior durante o verão do que no inverno. Algumas espécies de raptores diurnos já podem estar localmente extintas na região, o que ainda pode ocorrer para várias outras espécies em breve. Pelo menos C. plancus, uma espécie generalista de hábitat, necessita de mais estudos e eventualmente ações de manejo uma vez que pode atingir grandes tamanhos populacionais em áreas urbanizadas. Além disso, espécies altamente sensíveis que não foram registradas necessitam de mais investigações sobre seus status de conservação.
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2

Gao, Kai, Bing Zhou, Li-Xing Yang, Lu Dong, Xi Huang, and Wen-Hong Deng. "How Does Circadian Rhythm Shape Host-Parasite Associations? A Comparative Study on Infection Patterns in Diurnal and Nocturnal Raptors." Diversity 13, no. 8 (2021): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080338.

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Infection patterns of parasites, including their prevalence, diversity and host specificity, can be impacted by many biological and environmental factors, but no study has focused on the circadian rhythms of vertebrate hosts, which may affect susceptibilities and encounter rates between hosts and vectors and further shape host-parasite associations. In this study, we focused on avian haemosporidians, a classical model in studies of host-parasite associations, and investigated the infection patterns in rescued raptors brought to the Beijing Raptor Rescue Center during 2007–2020. We first assessed the association between prevalence and host biotic traits; haemosporidian prevalence was higher in the nocturnal raptors than in the diurnal raptors, and the prevalence of Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon in the nocturnal raptors was significantly higher than that in the diurnal raptors. Furthermore, we analysed the phylogenetic relationship and host-parasite network-level differences of haemosporidian parasites in diurnal and nocturnal raptors, and demonstrated that the lineages infecting the diurnal and nocturnal raptors were not clearly separated, but the nocturnal lifestyle led to a more specialized host-parasite network structure. These variations in host-parasite associations may be driven by different susceptibilities of the hosts and the diversity or abundance of vectors during the day and night. Our study provides new insight into host-parasite associations shaped by circadian rhythm and calls for more studies on the underlying mechanisms of parasite infection.
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3

Karakaș, Recep. "Current status and distribution of diurnal raptor species in the south-eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey." Slovak Raptor Journal 9, no. 1 (2015): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/srj-2015-0008.

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Abstract The status and distribution of diurnal raptor bird species were analysed in the south-eastern part of Turkey based on studies and records between 1994 and 2014. Our information about raptor species is very limited in the south-eastern Anatolia Region. The study showed that of 42 diurnal raptor species listed in Turkey, 37 of these species were found in the studied region; 9 of them are certainly, 4 probably and 1 possibly breeding in the area - according to the breeding criteria of the EBCC - while 17 of them were transitory migrating or wintering birds for the region, and the breeding/migratory status of 6 is unknown. Habitats lost and fragmentation related to agricultural intensification together with pesticide applications are the main hazards threatening wildlife including raptors in the region. So as to increase knowledge on raptors in south-eastern Anatolia and evaluate their populations, a coordinated education and research program is essential.
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4

Saurola, Pertti. "An overview of monitoring for raptors in Finland." Acrocephalus 33, no. 154-155 (2012): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10100-012-0007-7.

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Abstract In Finland, population monitoring for both diurnal and nocturnal raptors has been almost entirely based on fieldwork carried out by voluntary raptor ringers. Responsible organisations include the Finnish Museum of Natural History, with economic support for administration from the Ministry of Environment, “Metsahallitus” (former National Board of Forestry) and WWF Finland. Since the early 1970s, numbers and productivity of four endangered species, the White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos, Osprey Pandion haliaetus and Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus have been monitored by country-wide Comprehensive Surveys, with the aim of checking all known nest sites of these species every year. The Gyrfalcon F. rusticolus was included in this group in the late 1990s. Data for monitoring the populations of the other raptor species have been gathered by the Raptor Grid and Raptor Questionnaire projects. The Raptor Grid project produces annual population indices, which are calculated from the data collected from 10 × 10 km study plots (n = ca. 130/year) and quite well reflect the annual population fluctuations and longterm trends of seven common species of diurnal and six species of nocturnal raptors breeding in the southern part of Finland. For the rest of the species, which are either rare all over Finland or breed mostly in the north, outside the good coverage of the distribution of Raptor Grid study plots, conclusions on population changes are based on the total numbers of occupied territories and active nests reported annually by the Raptor Questionnaires
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5

Vrezec, Al, Guy Duke, András Kovács, et al. "Overview of raptor monitoring activities in Europe." Acrocephalus 33, no. 154-155 (2012): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10100-012-0003-y.

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Abstract Despite the key role of raptors (including birds of prey Falconiformes and owls Strigiformes) in ecosystems and their sensitivity to environmental change, a well coordinated, Europe-wide monitoring of raptors is lacking. EURAPMON, a Research Networking Programme of the European Science Foundation, was launched with the aim of establishing a sustainable Europewide network for monitoring of raptors. An overview of current monitoring schemes for raptor populations in 28 European countries, as reported by EURAPMON National Coordinators at the workshop in Murcia (Spain) in 2012, showed existing monitoring schemes to be limited to a restricted number of species (mostly diurnal and rare raptor species). The most widely monitored species are the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos amongst diurnal raptors and the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo amongst owls. Broad coverage of a species range across Europe is reached only for restricted-range species. The key driver for monitoring, which is mostly coordinated by NGOs, is conservation, and the main end users are governmental institutions. International collaboration in the field of monitoring of raptors is mainly regional and not yet pan-European in scale. The involvement of volunteers in raptor monitoring was perceived as the main strength of many schemes, but insufficient manpower and a focus on rare species were recognised as the main weaknesses across Europe as a whole. Among priorities identified for the future development of monitoring schemes are: improvements to national coordination; support to increase the number of volunteers; and assurances of stable funding. Further analysis of EURAPMON questionnaires will identify knowledge gaps, which will steer good practice guidance on survey methodologies; the need for the latter was identified as the main benefit that National Coordinators expect to gain from international networking
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6

ALMEIDA-ROCHA, JULIANA MONTEIRO DE, JULIO AMARO BETTO MONSALVO, and LEONARDO DE CARVALHO OLIVEIRA. "Diet specialisation reduces the occupancy of cocoa agroforests by diurnal raptors." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 4 (2019): 558–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270919000017.

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SummaryHabitat loss and fragmentation, especially due to agriculture expansion, pose the main threats to biodiversity conservation. While some species are able to survive and proliferate in human-modified habitats (winner species), others are highly dependent on well-preserved habitats, being more vulnerable to extinction (losers). Many raptors can be considered loser species due to their high trophic position, large home ranges, and low reproductive rates. Consequently, this group is frequently used to reflect the environmental quality of habitats and the biodiversity status of communities. Here we describe the diurnal raptor assemblages found in shaded-cocoa agroforests (cabrucas) of Southern Bahia, Brazil, and the determinants of raptor occupancy in this system. We systematically surveyed diurnal raptors in 16cabrucasites using complementary sampling methods – active search, playback, and point-count – and modeled species occupancy using covariates related to vegetation structure, landscape, management intensity, and biological traits (body mass, trophic level, and diet specialisation). We found a high number of species (at least 18) as able to usecabrucasand a negative relationship between species occupancy and the degree of diet specialisation. Thus, our results suggest thatcabrucashave a high potential to mitigate the effects of forest loss and fragmentation on diurnal raptors, but this system alone may not support complete assemblages of this group. It highlights the need for the maintenance of forest remnants in the landscapes to increase species diversity at a regional scale and to assure the conservation of this group in Southern Bahian Atlantic Forest.
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7

Rodrigues, Patrícia, Marco Mirinha, and Luís Palma. "Diurnal raptors of West Africa woodland-farmland mosaics: Data from walking-transects in eastern Guinea-Bissau." Avian Biology Research 13, no. 1-2 (2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758155920901424.

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Guinea-Bissau is a small country in West Africa, which in spite of its rich biodiversity and the high proportion of protected areas remains under-surveyed in relation to most animal groups, including raptors. The first scientific articles about raptors were only very recently issued. Here, we report raptor occurrence data from eastern Guinea-Bissau. Raptors were surveyed in the dry season along transects walked around 21 villages in a rural woodland-farmland mosaic landscape. The raptor assemblage is composed of 25 species of which the hooded vulture, the lizard buzzard and the African harrier-hawk were the species more often encountered, followed by the African white-backed vulture. The palm-nut vulture, black kite, brown snake-eagle, grasshopper buzzard, African hawk-eagle, grey kestrel and lanner falcon were secondary, although not uncommon species. The remaining species were seldom recorded. The study complements previous knowledge on this bird group, specifically in the central-eastern part of the country, and reaffirms the international relevance of Guinea-Bissau for the conservation of the hooded and African white-backed vultures.
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8

Spasov, Svetoslav, Volen Arkumarev, Dobromir Dobrev, and Vladimir Dobrev. "An overview of monitoring for raptors in Bulgaria." Acrocephalus 33, no. 154-155 (2012): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10100-012-0005-9.

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Abstract Since 1990, nature conservation NGOs are the main players in the running of nation-wide research and monitoring schemes for raptors in Bulgaria. Among them, the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB) and Green Balkans are most active, covering the most threatened diurnal raptors in the country. The key species covered by comprehensive monitoring schemes are the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Black Vulture Aegypius monachus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug and Red-footed Falcon F. vespertinus. Information on their distribution, numbers, breeding success, productivity, diet, movements etc. is gathered on annual basis. The Buzzard Buteo buteo and Kestrel F. tinnunculus are also regularly monitored at the national level by the Common Bird Monitoring scheme. Distribution of all raptor species has been studied for the purpose of the Atlas of Breeding Birds in Bulgaria. The contemporary satellite telemetry methods revealed important aspects of movements and threats to eagles and vultures from Bulgaria within the country and abroad. Main threats for the raptors in Bulgaria are related to habitat loss, unnatural mortality and disturbance. The main gaps in raptor monitoring in Bulgaria are related to the lack of coverage of most of the diurnal species and owls. There is a strong national and international cooperation in conjunction with the work concerning Imperial Eagle, Egyptian and Griffon Vultures. However, further enhancement of cooperation on other raptor species and issues such as lobbying for implementation of raptor-friendly agricultural practices and enhancement of various economic sectors are needed
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9

González-Acuña, Daniel, Karen Ardiles, Ricardo A. Figueroa R, et al. "Lice of Chilean Diurnal Raptors." Journal of Raptor Research 42, no. 4 (2008): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3356/jrr-07-69.1.

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10

Bosakowski, Thomas, and Dwight G. Smith. "Comparative diets of sympatric nesting raptors in the eastern deciduous forest biome." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 5 (1992): 984–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-140.

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Diets and food-niche metrics of nesting raptors were studied in the eastern deciduous forest biome of northern New Jersey, southeastern New York, and northwestern Connecticut. Raptor diets were determined from 2506 prey individuals recovered from prey remains and pellets collected from nest sites of a community consisting of five hawk and four owl species. Food-niche overlaps were higher on average in the hawk guild (0.422) than in the owl guild (0.342), correlating with increased species packing and decreased body size differences in the hawk guild. Differences in activity times (diurnal versus nocturnal) did not result in reduced food-niche overlap between diurnal and nocturnal raptors. The lack of interference-type competition probably allowed greater exploitative-type competition but was offset by nearly exclusive use of certain prey types by several raptor species. Thus, temporal niche differences ultimately did aid in the resource partitioning of food between hawks and owls. Overall, the forest raptor community displayed significant food-niche overdispersion, with 35 of 36 food-niche overlap values below the 0.6 "competition" threshold. This result would be expected in a community structured by competition.
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11

Elafri, Ali, Okba Boumaaza, Mohamed Dhaya El-Hak Khemis, Khieredin Boucherit, and Moussa Houhamdi. "Population Dynamics and Distribution Patterns of Diurnal Raptors in Northeastern Algeria: Seasonal Variation and Some Nesting Characteristics." Ekológia (Bratislava) 39, no. 1 (2020): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2020-0005.

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AbstractProviding a live data monitoring of raptor abundances and spatial localization of their most important nesting areas is very helpful in building a strong future study and applying a sound strategy for effective safeguarding of these emblematic species. Using geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) techniques, we investigated spatial patterns of raptors distribution in the northeastern areas of Algeria during two consecutive breeding seasons (2014 and 2015). The total area sampled (31,000 km2) host diverse raptor species (14 species), among them, the threatened species Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus; 108 individuals and 19 active nests) and red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus; 12individuals). The value of the region is attested by the presence of an abundant population of nesting black kite (Milvus migrans; 337 individuals). The large-scale spatial analyses of the studied region illustrate certain similarities in nesting habitat selection among raptors. Almost all species (90% of 209 nests detected) preferred to nest within multispecies assemblages (20 raptor assemblages found) and occupied altitudinal rocky cliffs across the inland region (semi-arid zones) rather than coastal region (sub-humid zones). Among all raptor species, exclusively, the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) is relatively synanthropic, because it was found to breed within cities (tolerate human activities). The raptor community in the coastal versus inland regions differed by 14%. The latter area seems to be more preferred in nest building, probably consequence of their semi-arid bioclimatic and landscapes characteristics, where high elevations and grasslands forming mosaics with Oak, Alpine, and Cedar forests are patchily distributed. The study is a first mapping database of important nesting sites dispatched across the northeastern areas of Algeria, and it can be effectively used in future complementary researches that aim to elucidate environmental factors that affect raptors life cycle.
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Craig, Tim, and Erica H. Craig. "Changes in Diurnal Cliff-Nesting Raptor Occurrence on the Ungalik River in Western Alaska: 1977, 1979, and 2008." ARCTIC 69, no. 3 (2016): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4574.

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Diurnal cliff-nesting raptors were inventoried on the Ungalik River, Alaska, in 1977 and 1979. In 2008 we resurveyed the drainage, replicating the techniques used in 1979. The density of nesting raptors during the late nesting season has doubled in the past three decades, from six occupied territories detected in 1977 and four in 1979 to 12 in 2008. A single Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) was sighted during aerial surveys in 1977, and a pair of Peregrine Falcons was detected during a boat survey in 1979; however, nesting by these birds was not confirmed. In contrast, we detected five occupied Peregrine Falcon territories along the Ungalik River in 2008. Other changes in cliff-nesting raptor occurrence included a decrease in occupied Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) territories from four in 1977 to one in 1979 and two in 2008, a decrease in Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus) nests from one in 1979 (none in 1977) to none in 2008, and increases in Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) nests, from two in 1977 and 1979 to five in 2008. Changes in the number of nests of cliff-nesting raptors in this small population may have resulted, in part, from natural variation associated with changes in weather or prey abundance. However, it is likely that the increase in nesting Peregrine Falcons is related to global population recovery. Our data indicate that factors other than available nesting sites limit cliff-nesting raptor numbers along the Ungalik River. Spatial analysis indicated that cliff-nesting raptor nests were most often on hills or cliffs that face away from the coast, which is the source of most storms.
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Naveda-Rodríguez, Adrián. "Conservation Status of Diurnal Raptors in Venezuela." Journal of Raptor Research 49, no. 4 (2015): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3356/rapt-49-04-441-449.1.

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Potier, Simon, Mindaugas Mitkus, and Almut Kelber. "Visual adaptations of diurnal and nocturnal raptors." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 106 (October 2020): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.004.

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15

CADE, TOM J. "Propagating diurnal raptors in captivity: a review." International Zoo Yearbook 24, no. 1 (1986): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1985.tb02514.x.

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16

Aumann, Tom. "Habitat use, temporal activity patterns and foraging behaviour of raptors in the south-west of the Northern Territory, Australia." Wildlife Research 28, no. 4 (2001): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99091.

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On the basis of opportunistic observations, the preferred habitats of diurnal raptors in the south-west of the Northern Territory are quantified in terms of their vegetation structures and composition, and linked with foraging methods and information on local diets. Broad interspecific differences in diel activity patterns are also described. The evidence suggests that raptor species in this part of arid Australia differ with respect to their foraging times, habitats and methods, and that these differences relate to their partitioning of food resources.
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Kimball, Rebecca T., Patricia G. Parker, and James C. Bednarz. "Occurrence and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding Among the Diurnal Raptors (Accipitridae and Falconidae)." Auk 120, no. 3 (2003): 717–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.3.717.

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Abstract Cooperative breeding, in which more than two individuals live in a group and raise offspring, usually in a single nest, is found in only 3% of avian species. On the basis of a review of the literature, we found reports of groups (usually trios) at nest sites in 42 species of diurnal raptors. At least one example of cooperative breeding was found in 29% of genera and 14% of species, distributed in both Accipitridae and Falconidae. Given the difficulty of obtaining behavioral observations necessary to detect cooperative breeding in most raptor species, combined with the large number of species that have been poorly studied, cooperative breeding in diurnal raptors may be more common than our data indicate. However, when data on the sex of the extra bird(s) or relationships among group members were available, patterns were quite varied. For 7 of 13 species, groups primarily contained multiple adult males, though three of those species also had groups formed from offspring that had delayed dispersal; three species had a low, but regular, occurrence of multiple females (females of groups laid eggs in the same nest); and the remaining three species were characterized by having extra birds that were yearlings or subadults. In over half of species, groups did not appear to be composed of related individuals, contrary to many cooperatively breeding passerine species where groups are primarily composed of offspring that have delayed dispersal. Our review suggests that the evolution of group living in many raptors may be independent of delayed dispersal, and that the factors important in explaining the evolution of that behavior depend upon the benefits of group living.
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Mazal, Vlatka Dumbović, and Krešimir Mikulić. "A preliminary overview of monitoring for raptors in Croatia." Acrocephalus 33, no. 154-155 (2012): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10100-012-0006-8.

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Abstract There are 40 regularly occurring raptor species in Croatia (diurnal raptors and owls), but only for two species (Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus and Eleonora’s Falcon F. eleonorae) long-term monitoring (more than 10 years) of significant parts (i.e. > 80%) of their national population has been implemented. For 23 species (58%), the coverage of monitoring is limited to several locations (often within borders of given protected area), involving small percentage of national population or/and has started recently. Therefore, they do not satisfy the main purpose of national monitoring programmes, i.e. to draw conclusions about the trend of the species’ national population and to support the decision-making process about conservation measures to be applied. Besides the Institute of Ornithology and several ornithological NGOs, which are recognized as main actors for the implementation of raptors monitoring, the State Institute for Nature Protection (SINP) is setting up a framework for the nationwide bird monitoring complying with the legal provisions of the EU Birds Directive and the Natura 2000 network. The highest priority is to improve the coordination between state institutions, scientific and non-governmental organizations involved in raptor conservation with the final aim to develop a national raptor conservation strategy that sets priority target species and standardized monitoring systems
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Kay, BJ, LE Twigg, TJ Korn, and HI Nicol. "The use of artifical perches to increase predation on house mice (mus domesticus) by raptors." Wildlife Research 21, no. 1 (1994): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940095.

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Changes in raptor and mouse abundance over time in response to the introduction of artificial perches for raptors were analysed using generalised linear models. The placement of artificial perches around the perimeter of irrigated soybean crops significantly increased the number of diurnal raptors visiting and hunting over these crops compared with untreated crops. This increased hunting pressure reduced (a) the rate at which the mouse population increased in the crops and (b) the maximum mouse population density. These effects were greater when artificial perches were placed at 100-m spacings rather than 200-m spacings. No significant reductions in mouse damage were detected as mice failed to reach threshold densities for crop damage on the untreated plots. Despite this, the use of artificial perches to attract birds of prey may be a useful addition to rodent management strategies.
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20

Potier, Simon. "Visual Adaptations in Predatory and Scavenging Diurnal Raptors." Diversity 12, no. 10 (2020): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12100400.

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Ecological diversity among diurnal birds of prey, or raptors, is highlighted regarding their sensory abilities. While raptors are believed to forage primarily using sight, the sensory demands of scavengers and predators differ, as reflected in their visual systems. Here, I have reviewed the visual specialisations of predatory and scavenging diurnal raptors, focusing on (1) the anatomy of the eye and (2) the use of vision in foraging. Predators have larger eyes than scavengers relative to their body mass, potentially highlighting the higher importance of vision in these species. Scavengers possess one centrally positioned fovea that allows for the detection of carrion at a distance. In addition to the central fovea, predators have a second, temporally positioned fovea that views the frontal visual field, possibly for prey capture. Spatial resolution does not differ between predators and scavengers. In contrast, the organisation of the visual fields reflects important divergences, with enhanced binocularity in predators opposed to an enlarged field of view in scavengers. Predators also have a larger blind spot above the head. The diversity of visual system specializations according to the foraging ecology displayed by these birds suggests a complex interplay between visual anatomy and ecology, often unrelatedly of phylogeny.
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González-Martín-Moro, J., J. L. Hernández-Verdejo, and A. Clement-Corral. "The visual system of diurnal raptors: Updated review." Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition) 92, no. 5 (2017): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oftale.2017.03.006.

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22

Morin, Eugène, and Véronique Laroulandie. "Presumed Symbolic Use of Diurnal Raptors by Neanderthals." PLoS ONE 7, no. 3 (2012): e32856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032856.

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Mahmood, M. T., P. A. McLenachan, G. C. Gibb, and D. Penny. "Phylogenetic Position of Avian Nocturnal and Diurnal Raptors." Genome Biology and Evolution 6, no. 2 (2014): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evu016.

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Jucá, Thays, Sarah Boyle, Gitana Cavalcanti, et al. "Being hunted high and low: do differences in nocturnal sleeping and diurnal resting sites of howler monkeys (Alouatta nigerrima and Alouatta discolor) reflect safety from attack by different types of predator?" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 1 (2020): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa102.

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Abstract Predation risk is important in influencing animal behaviour. We investigated how the choice of nocturnal sleeping and diurnal resting sites by two species of primates was influenced by the most likely forms of attack (diurnal raptors and nocturnal felids). We recorded vertical and horizontal patterns of occupancy for 47 sleeping and 31 resting sites, as well as the presence of lianas or vines on trees. We compared the heights of trees used as resting or sleeping sites by the monkeys with those of 200 forest trees that the monkeys did not use. Trees used as nocturnal sleeping sites were taller than those used as diurnal resting sites, and taller than trees that the monkeys did not use. However, while trees used as diurnal resting sites were not significantly taller than non-used trees, diurnal resting sites were located on branches closer to the ground, closer to the main trunk of the tree and in trees with more lianas/vines than nocturnal sleeping sites. The differences in site location can be explained by the type of predator most likely to attack at a particular time: raptors in the day and felids at night.
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Meunier, Francis D., Christophe Verheyden, and Pierre Jouventin. "Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes." Biological Conservation 92, no. 3 (2000): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00094-4.

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Beckwith-Cohen, Billie, Igal Horowitz, Tali Bdolah-Abram, Avishai Lublin, and Ron Ofri. "Differences in ocular parameters between diurnal and nocturnal raptors." Veterinary Ophthalmology 18 (November 18, 2013): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12126.

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Potier, Simon, Olivier Duriez, Gregory B. Cunningham, et al. "Visual field shape and foraging ecology in diurnal raptors." Journal of Experimental Biology 221, no. 14 (2018): jeb177295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.177295.

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Palazón, Santiago, David Camps, Francesc Carbonell, and Joan Grajera. "Predation of the weasel (Mustela nivalis) by diurnal raptors." Galemys, Spanish Journal of Mammalogy 28 (December 31, 2016): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7325/galemys.2016.n5.

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Mougeot, François, and Beatriz E. Arroyo. "Ultraviolet reflectance by the cere of raptors." Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (2006): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0434.

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Ultraviolet (UV) signals have been shown to play key roles in social and sexual signalling in birds. Using a spectrophotometer, we analysed the colour of the cere (skin above the beak) of a diurnal raptor, the Montagu's harrier ( Circus pygargus ), and show that it reflects in the UV part of the spectrum. The cere is a well-known sexual signal in raptors, with carotenoid based pigmentation being indicative of quality. We thus hypothesized that UV reflectance also signals quality. Accordingly, we found that in our sample of wild males, the location of the UV peak was related to the orangeness of cere and correlated with male body mass and condition (mass corrected for size). Also, males with brighter UV were mated to females that laid earlier, as expected if UV reflectance relates to a male's quality and attractiveness. Future studies should investigate the relationships between UV reflectance and carotenoid pigmentation of cere, and test how UV reflectance influences mate choice.
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Morrison, Joan L., Madeline Terry, and Patricia L. Kennedy. "POTENTIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING NEST DEFENSE IN DIURNAL NORTH AMERICAN RAPTORS." Journal of Raptor Research 40, no. 2 (2006): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[98:pfindi]2.0.co;2.

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Graham, Scott A., and Gerald W. Mires. "PREDATION ON RED TREE VOLES BY OWLS AND DIURNAL RAPTORS." Northwestern Naturalist 86, no. 1 (2005): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733(2005)086[0038:portvb]2.0.co;2.

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Paton, Peter W. C., Frank J. Messina, and Curtice R. Griffin. "A Phylogenetic Approach to Reversed Size Dimorphism in Diurnal Raptors." Oikos 71, no. 3 (1994): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545837.

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Martín, Beatriz, and Miguel Ferrer. "Assessing Biodiversity Distribution Using Diurnal Raptors in Andalusia, Southern Spain." Ardeola 60, no. 1 (2013): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13157/arla.60.1.2012.15.

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Naveda-Rodríguez, Adrián, Keith L. Bildstein, and Félix Hernán Vargas. "Geographic patterns of species richness of diurnal raptors in Venezuela." Biodiversity and Conservation 25, no. 6 (2016): 1037–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1102-1.

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Anoop, N. R., S. Babu, S. Bharathidasan, and R. Nagarajan. "Status of raptors in the Moyar River Valley, Western Ghats, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 10 (2018): 12317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3054.10.10.12317-12327.

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This study examined the species composition and nest-tree characteristics of diurnal raptors in the tropical forests of Moyar Valley, Western Ghats between December 2012 and March 2013. We recorded 28 species of raptors including three species of vultures. Accipitridae was the dominant family comprising of 25 species followed by two from Falconidae and the monotypic Pandionidae. Among them, eight species fall under various threatened category: three Critically Endangered, one Endangered, two Vulnerable and two Near Threatened. The Critically Endangered Gyps bengalensis was frequently recorded during the survey (175 sightings) followed by Milvus migrans (39 sightings) and Haliastur indus (27 sightings). We located 53 active nests of four species of raptors, viz., Gyps bengalensis (42 nests), Nisaetus cirrhatus (4 nests), Haliastur indus (4 nests), and Milvus migrans (3 nests). A notable difference in the nest-tree characteristics among the sympatric raptors was observed. These results would be important to identify priority areas for developing future conservation and management programs for the long-term conservation of raptorial birds in the Western Ghats.
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Matyukhin, A. V., and A. V. Zabashta. "Louse flies (Hippoboscidae: Diptera) on diurnal (Falconiformes) and nocturnal (Strigiformes) birds of prey from Palearctic." Russian Journal of Parasitology 12, no. 1 (2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2018-12-1-11-17.

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The purpose of the research: the study of the species composition of louse flies in diurnal (Falconiformes) and nocturnal (Strigiformes) birds of prey from Palearctic. Materials and methods. The material was collected during ornithological research on stationary plots of lands of Moscow and Moscow Region, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. In 1997-2016 we examined six species of diurnal (Falconiformes) and seven species of nocturnal (Strigiformes) birds of prey, which are collected from 224 individuals of 4 species of louse flies. Results and discussion. 224 flies on diurnal (Falconiformes) and nocturnal (Strigiformes) birds of prey from Palearctic were determined. Four species of louse flies were registered: Ornithomyia avicularia (61,11 %), O. fringillina (29,03 %), Pseudolynchia canariensis (1 %), O. chloropus (0,1 %). O. avicularia was recorded in 18 species of Palearctic raptors. O. fringillina was observed on 5 of 26 species Palearctic raptors. P. canariensis was registered on 7 of 26; O. chloropus on 12 of 26 species of birds of prey. The greatest species diversity of louse flies (7 species: Ornithoica unicolor, Ornithomya avicularia, O. chloropus, O. fringillina, Ornithoctona auslatras, Pseudolynchia canariensis, P. garzettae) were found on the Eurasian Sparrowhawk (obligate ornitofag), on Goshawk - 3 species of keds (Ornithoica unicolor, Ornithomya avicularia, O. chloropus).
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Pecsics, Tibor, Miklós Laczi, Gergely Nagy, Tamás Kondor, and Tibor Csörgő. "Analysis of skull morphometric characters in diurnal raptors (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes)." Ornis Hungarica 27, no. 1 (2019): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2019-0008.

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Abstract Diurnal birds of prey (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes) has traditionally been known as comprising a single order. Recently, this classification has been used in the non-taxonomic sense as referring to a convergent group of birds that are largely classified as predatory birds. Although these birds are similar in their morphology, the species differ in their foraging methods and prey preference. The cranial shape and the physical attributes determine the efficiency of the resource use. The aim of this study is to increase our knowledge of the relationship between skull shape, prey preference, and foraging habits. A geometric morphometric approach was used to analyse two-dimensional cranial landmarks. We used principal component (PC) analyses on measurements that may be related to prey preference and foraging habits. The PCs are resulted described the relative height of the skull and beak, the variation in the relative size, the orientation and robustness of the lacrimal bone, the variation in the relative size of the neurocranium compared to the viscerocranium, and the orientation of the palatine bone. The dietary categories significantly overlap. The skull morphology reflects more on foraging habits than diet or prey preference.
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Coli, Alessandra, Maria Rita Stornelli, Giovanni Barsotti, et al. "Morphological Study of the Iris Musculature in Diurnal and Nocturnal Raptors." International Journal of Morphology 34, no. 2 (2016): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022016000200016.

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39

Sierra, Matilde, María Teresa Terán, Ana Gallego, Maria José Diez, and Diego Santiago. "Organochlorine contamination in three species of diurnal raptors in León, Spain." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38, no. 2 (1987): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01606670.

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40

Boonstra, Rudy, Charles J. Krebs, and Alice Kenney. "Why lemmings have indoor plumbing in summer." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 10 (1996): 1947–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-220.

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The faeces and urine of microtine rodents are visible in ultraviolet light, and diurnal raptors, such as European kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and rough-legged buzzards (Buteo lagopus), have the ability to see in ultraviolet light. It has been reported that in Fennoscandia, these raptors use this ability to concentrate their hunting activity in spring on areas where microtines are abundant. We hypothesized that in arctic tundra areas in summer, intense avian predation pressure and short vegetation should select for microtine behaviour that would minimize their exposure to these raptors. We dug up 62 collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) burrows in the Canadian Arctic and all had underground latrines. Latrines are not hidden underground in winter, when lemmings live under the snow, build nests above ground, and defecate above ground, nor does this occur in microtine species living in temperate areas, where summer vegetation growth is greater. Thus, high predation risk may influence not only where prey forage but also where they defecate.
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41

Gherardi, Riccardo, Claudia D’Agostino, and Stefania Perrucci. "Lice, Flies, Mites, and Ticks on Raptors (Accipitriformes, Falconiformes and Strigiformes) in Rescue Centers in Central Italy." Parasitologia 1, no. 2 (2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia1020008.

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This study aims to assess the occurrence of external arthropods on deceased raptors in rescue centers in Tuscany, central Italy. The examined diurnal raptors include 17 common buzzards (Buteo buteo), two European honey buzzards (Pernis apivorus), seven sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), six common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), a western osprey (Pandion haliaetus), and a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Nocturnal raptors included seven barn owls (Tyto alba), ten tawny owls (Strix aluco), 22 little owls (Athene noctua) and two scops owls (Otus scops). The skin and the feathers of each animal were examined, and arthropods were collected, fixed, and microscopically identified. In 48 out of the 75 examined birds (64%), at least a single arthropod species was found. Identified arthropods included chewing lice (Degeeriella fulva, D. rufa, Colpocephalum turbinatum, C. apivorus, Nosopon lucidum, N. clayae, Craspedorrhyncus platystomus, Laemobothrion tinnunculi, Kurodaia subpachygaster, Strigiphilus cursitans), hippoboscid flies (Ornithomya avicularia), chigger and feather mites (Kramerella lunulata, K. lyra, Kramerella sp., Glaucalges attenuatus, Hieracolichus nisi, Hieracolichus sp., Neotrombicula autumnalis) and ticks (Haemaphysalis sp.). Most of the identified mite, fly and tick species are the first records in raptors in Italy. Moreover, this study presents the first record of Hieracolichus sp. and N. autumnalis mites in P. haliaetus and F. tinnunculus, respectively.
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Einoder, Luke D., and Alastair M. M. Richardson. "Aspects of the Hindlimb Morphology of Some Australian Birds of Prey: A Comparative and Quantitative Study." Auk 124, no. 3 (2007): 773–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.3.773.

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Abstract We quantified the extent of adaptive radiation in the evolution of the hindlimb in the bird-of-prey community on Tasmania. Assessments of the ecological capabilities of raptor species are often based on a visual inspection of their hindlimb structure, with little recourse to direct biomechanical or functional evidence. We examined the links between hindlimb structure and patterns of diet, foraging, and habitat use in raptors by analytically investigating tarsus, toe, and talon measurements. We identified groupings on the basis of dietary preference, hunting-killing technique, and phylogeny. We found that the bird-catching specialists, which possessed relatively long digits with short talons, were consistently separable. The large-mammal and fish specialists were equipped with relatively short and robust tarsi, and short digits with long and robust talons. The hindlimbs of medium-mammal specialists were characterized by long digits and a large digit 1 talon. However, the generalist group did not possess any specializations, because their structural elements were comparable to those of other dietary groups. An association was found between the ratio of toe to talon length and the selective pressures of prey capture and ease of killing. Morphological variation in this feature was consistent with phylogeny, because the Accipitridae were characterized by a larger ratio of toe to talon length on digits 1 and 2 than the Falconidae, and the diurnal raptors possessed an interdigital pattern of larger variation in ratio of toe to talon length than the nocturnal raptors. No link was found between dietary habit and tarsus length or robustness, because these features were apparently attributed to variations in hunting style. Our analysis highlights the interrelationship between the morphology of hindlimb structure and the functional pressures associated with predatory lifestyles. Aspects de la morphologie des membres postérieurs de quelques oiseaux de proie australiens : Une étude comparative et quantitative
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43

Potier, Simon, Mindaugas Mitkus, and Almut Kelber. "High resolution of colour vision, but low contrast sensitivity in a diurnal raptor." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1885 (2018): 20181036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1036.

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Animals are thought to use achromatic signals to detect small (or distant) objects and chromatic signals for large (or nearby) objects. While the spatial resolution of the achromatic channel has been widely studied, the spatial resolution of the chromatic channel has rarely been estimated. Using an operant conditioning method, we determined (i) the achromatic contrast sensitivity function and (ii) the spatial resolution of the chromatic channel of a diurnal raptor, the Harris's hawk Parabuteo unicinctus . The maximal spatial resolution for achromatic gratings was 62.3 c deg −1 , but the contrast sensitivity was relatively low (10.8–12.7). The spatial resolution for isoluminant red-green gratings was 21.6 c deg −1 —lower than that of the achromatic channel, but the highest found in the animal kingdom to date. Our study reveals that Harris's hawks have high spatial resolving power for both achromatic and chromatic vision, suggesting the importance of colour vision for foraging. By contrast, similar to other bird species, Harris's hawks have low contrast sensitivity possibly suggesting a trade-off with chromatic sensitivity. The result is interesting in the light of the recent finding that double cones—thought to mediate high-resolution vision in birds—are absent in the central fovea of raptors.
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Berry, Mark E., Carl E. Bock, and Sandra L. Haire. "Abundance of Diurnal Raptors on Open Space Grasslands in an Urbanized Landscape." Condor 100, no. 4 (1998): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369742.

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45

Sehgal, Ravinder N. M., Angus C. Hull, Nancy L. Anderson, et al. "EVIDENCE FOR CRYPTIC SPECIATION OF LEUCOCYTOZOON SPP. (HAEMOSPORIDA, LEUCOCYTOZOIDAE) IN DIURNAL RAPTORS." Journal of Parasitology 92, no. 2 (2006): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-656r.1.

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46

Ferrer, D., R. Molina, C. Adelantado, and J. M. Kinsella. "Helminths isolated from the digestive tract of diurnal raptors in Catalonia, Spain." Veterinary Record 154, no. 1 (2004): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.154.1.17.

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47

Cruz, Carlos, Giulia Santulli-Sanzo, and Gerardo Ceballos. "Global patterns of raptor distribution and protected areas optimal selection to reduce the extinction crises." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 37 (2021): e2018203118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018203118.

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Globally, human-caused environmental impacts, such as habitat loss, have seriously impacted raptor species, with some 50% of species having decreasing populations. We analyzed global patterns of distribution of all 557 raptor species, focusing on richness, endemism, geographic range, conservation status, and population trends. Highest species diversity, endemism, species at risk, or restricted species were concentrated in different regions. Patterns of species distribution greatly differed between nocturnal and diurnal species. To test the efficiency of the global protected areas in conserving raptors, we simulated and compared global reserve systems created with strategies aiming at: 1) constraining the existing system into the final solution; and 2) minimizing the socioeconomic cost of reserve selection. We analyzed three targets of species distribution to be protected (10, 20, 30%). The first strategy was more efficient in meeting targets and less efficient in cost and compactness of reserves. Focusing on actions in the existing protected areas is fundamental to consolidate conservation, and politically and economically more viable than creating new reserves. However, creating new reserves is essential to protect more populations throughout the species’ geographic range. Our findings provide a fundamental understanding of reserves to maintain raptor diversity and reduce the global population and species extinction crisis.
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48

Oommen, Meera Anna, and Kartik Shanker. "Shrewd alliances: mixed foraging associations between treeshrews, greater racket-tailed drongos and sparrowhawks on Great Nicobar Island, India." Biology Letters 6, no. 3 (2009): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0945.

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Mixed-species foraging associations may form to enhance feeding success or to avoid predators. We report the costs and consequences of an unusual foraging association between an endemic foliage gleaning tupaid (Nicobar treeshrew Tupaia nicobarica ) and two species of birds; one an insectivorous commensal (greater racket-tailed drongo Dicrurus paradiseus ) and the other a diurnal raptor and potential predator ( Accipiter sp.). In an alliance driven, and perhaps engineered, by drongos, these species formed cohesive groups with predictable relationships. Treeshrew breeding pairs were found more frequently than solitary individuals with sparrowhawks and were more likely to tolerate sparrowhawks in the presence of drongos. Treeshrews maintained greater distances from sparrowhawks than drongos, and permitted the raptors to come closer when drongos were present. Treeshrew foraging rates declined in the presence of drongos; however, the latter may provide them predator avoidance benefits. The choice of the raptor to join the association is intriguing; particular environmental resource states may drive the evolution of such behavioural strategies. Although foraging benefits seem to be the primary driver of this association, predator avoidance also influences interactions, suggesting that strategies driving the formation of flocks may be complex and context dependent with varying benefits for different actors.
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Stanciu, Cătălin-Răzvan, Răzvan Zaharia, Gabriel-Bogdan Chişamera, et al. "Aspects Regarding Raptors Migration over the Black Sea." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 60, no. 2 (2017): 517–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/travmu-2017-0007.

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Abstract We investigated diurnal raptors movements in the Black Sea basin. Bird migration over the western Black Sea has not been studied properly, scarce data being available mainly by Drost’s paper (1930) thus referring only to the birds from Snakes Island, and few new data collected during more recent research expeditions. The study of migration over large water bodies is a very complex task, due to the difficulty of reaching these areas; observations in this paper were made from research vessels and offshore oil rigs. Our data together with previously published information provides a new insight into bird migration routes over the Black Sea. Species observed across the Black Sea basin followed routes that are part of Via Pontica Corridor and Trans-Caucasian Corridor. The aim of this paper is to have a clearer image of the migration phenomenon in this area, such data are important for management and conservation of migratory birds.
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Starikov, Ivan J., and Michael Wink. "Old and Cosmopolite: Molecular Phylogeny of Tropical–Subtropical Kites (Aves: Elaninae) with Taxonomic Implications." Diversity 12, no. 9 (2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12090327.

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Kites of the Elaninae group are small and medium-sized, mostly tropical raptors traditionally considered as an early diverged subfamily of the Accipitridae. We used nucleotide sequences of three genetic markers (mitochondrial Cyt b and COI, nuclear RAG-1) to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the Elaninae, other kites, and representatives of different families of diurnal raptors. Our results confirm the basal position of Elaninae, separated the latest in Early Miocene, including Chelictinia riocourii, which was not sequenced before and belongs to this group. Not only DNA data but also cytological, morphological, and ecological data show the singularity of Elaninae. We suggest elevating this group to family level as Elanidae within the order Accipitriformes. It includes Gampsonyx swainsonii as a monotypic subfamily because of distinctive traits and DNA sequence data. Taxonomic implications for other macrogroups of Accipitriformes are discussed.
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