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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Diurnal temperature range (DTR)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Diurnal temperature range (DTR)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Diurnal temperature range (DTR)"

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Dietmüller, Simone, Michael Ponater, Robert Sausen, Klaus-Peter Hoinka, and Susanne Pechtl. "Contrails, Natural Clouds, and Diurnal Temperature Range." Journal of Climate 21, no. 19 (2008): 5061–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2255.1.

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Abstract The direct impact of aircraft condensation trails (contrails) on surface temperature in regions of high aircraft density has been a matter of recent debate in climate research. Based on data analysis for the 3-day aviation grounding period over the United States, following the terrorists’ attack of 11 September 2001, a strong effect of contrails reducing the surface diurnal temperature range (DTR) has been suggested. Simulations with the global climate model ECHAM4 (including a contrail parameterization) and long-term time series of observation-based data are used for an independent c

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Lewis, Sophie C., and David J. Karoly. "Evaluation of Historical Diurnal Temperature Range Trends in CMIP5 Models." Journal of Climate 26, no. 22 (2013): 9077–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00032.1.

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Abstract Diurnal temperature range (DTR) is a useful index of climatic change in addition to mean temperature changes. Observational records indicate that DTR has decreased over the last 50 yr because of differential changes in minimum and maximum temperatures. However, modeled changes in DTR in previous climate model simulations of this period are smaller than those observed, primarily because of an overestimate of changes in maximum temperatures. This present study examines DTR trends using the latest generation of global climate models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomp

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Lu, Chunhui, Ying Sun, and Xuebin Zhang. "Anthropogenic Influence on the Diurnal Temperature Range since 1901." Journal of Climate 35, no. 22 (2022): 3583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0928.1.

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Abstract The diurnal temperature range (DTR) as measured by the difference between daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures is of great importance to human health, ecology, and agriculture. The link of its long-term change to anthropogenic forcing is still unclear. This study shows evidence of human influence on long-term changes in DTR over the globe, five continents, and China during the past century (1901–2014). Using multiple observational datasets, we find a general decrease in the DTR over most of the global land since 1901, especially after the mid-1950s. Changes in DTR are

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Makowski, K., M. Wild, and A. Ohmura. "Diurnal temperature range over Europe between 1950 and 2005." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 21 (2008): 6483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6483-2008.

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Abstract. It has been widely accepted that diurnal temperature range (DTR) decreased on a global scale during the second half of the twentieth century. Here we show however, that the long-term trend of annual DTR has reversed from a decrease to an increase during the 1970s in Western Europe and during the 1980s in Eastern Europe. The analysis is based on the high-quality dataset of the European Climate Assessment and Dataset Project, from which we selected approximately 200 stations covering the area bordered by Iceland, Algeria, Turkey and Russia for the period 1950 to 2005. We investigate na

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Makowski, K., M. Wild, and A. Ohmura. "Diurnal temperature range over Europe between 1950 and 2005." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (2008): 7051–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-7051-2008.

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Abstract. It has been widely accepted that diurnal temperature range (DTR) decreased on a global scale during the second half of the twentieth century. Here we show however, that the long-term trend of annual DTR has reversed from a decrease to an increase during the 1970s in Western Europe and during the 1980s in Eastern Europe. The analysis is based on the high-quality dataset of the European Climate Assessment and Dataset Project, from which we selected approximately 200 stations, covering the area from Iceland to Algeria and from Turkey to Russia for 1950 to 2005. We investigate national a

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Lauritsen, Ryan G., and Jeffrey C. Rogers. "U.S. Diurnal Temperature Range Variability and Regional Causal Mechanisms, 1901–2002." Journal of Climate 25, no. 20 (2012): 7216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00429.1.

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Abstract Long-term (1901–2002) diurnal temperature range (DTR) data are evaluated to examine their spatial and temporal variability across the United States; the early century origin of the DTR declines; and the relative regional contributions to DTR variability among cloud cover, precipitation, soil moisture, and atmosphere/ocean teleconnections. Rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time Series (TS) 2.1 dataset identifies five regions of unique spatial U.S. DTR variability. RPCA creates regional orthogonal indices of cloud cover, soil moisture, preci

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Scheitlin, Kelsey. "The Maritime Influence on Diurnal Temperature Range in the Chesapeake Bay Area." Earth Interactions 17, no. 21 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2013ei000546.1.

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Abstract This study analyzes the influence of the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay on the diurnal temperature range (DTR) reported by nearby weather stations. Coastal locations reported the smallest DTRs and DTR fluctuations, and DTR increased with distance from the ocean. Month of the year and airmass type also proved to be significant predictors of DTR. All locations showed a bimodal annual DTR pattern with peaks during the transitional seasons and experienced the greatest DTR during dry and/or warm air masses. Proximity to the ocean had the largest (smallest) influence on DTR during dry (m

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Stjern, Camilla W., Bjørn H. Samset, Olivier Boucher, et al. "How aerosols and greenhouse gases influence the diurnal temperature range." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 21 (2020): 13467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13467-2020.

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Abstract. The diurnal temperature range (DTR) (or difference between the maximum and minimum temperature within a day) is one of many climate parameters that affects health, agriculture and society. Understanding how DTR evolves under global warming is therefore crucial. Physically different drivers of climate change, such as greenhouse gases and aerosols, have distinct influences on global and regional climate. Therefore, predicting the future evolution of DTR requires knowledge of the effects of individual climate forcers, as well as of the future emissions mix, in particular in high-emissio

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Wang, Kang, and Gary D. Clow. "The Diurnal Temperature Range in CMIP6 Models: Climatology, Variability, and Evolution." Journal of Climate 33, no. 19 (2020): 8261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0897.1.

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AbstractThe diurnal temperature range (DTR) is an identifiable and sensitive indicator of the synchronicity of changes in diurnal temperature extrema, but capturing DTR dynamics is challenging for climate models. This study investigates the climatology, variability, and changes of DTR in recent models participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The results show that the CMIP6 models underestimate DTR climatology relative to observations. Most individual models overestimate December–February variability, particularly at high latitudes of the Northern Hemispher

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Guan, Xiaodan, Chenyu Cao, Xinrui Zeng, and Wen Sun. "Evidence of decreasing diurnal temperature range in eastern Northern Hemisphere." Environmental Research Communications 4, no. 3 (2022): 031004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac5e0a.

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Abstract As a key variable in the climate system, the diurnal temperature range (DTR) has received a lot of attention in the atmospheric science community. The majority of published papers interpret DTR change in terms of variables like water vapor, cloud cover, and enhanced vegetation index. In this study, we found that the DTR has an obvious decreasing trend in the semi-arid Northeastern Hemisphere, and the decreasing trend is mainly caused by the continuous release of CO2 closely associated with a drying process in the Northeastern Hemisphere. As a result of the continued high emission of C

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diurnal temperature range (DTR)"

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Sakian, Nicholas A. "Seasonal Trends and Variability of Temperature, Precipitation, and Diurnal Temperature Range in U.S. Climate Divisions." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440428134.

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Jackson, Lawrence Stephen. "Understanding diurnal temperature range changes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574494.

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Diurnal temperature range (DTR) declined over global land during 1950-2004. Climate model simulations have shown DTR is sensitive to many forcings including solar radiation, CO2, aerosols and land cover change. Relationships between DTR trends and potential forcings or feedbacks fall short of providing causal evidence due to paucity of observations and a focus on average changes over the diurnal cycle rather than changes within the diurnal cycle. Non-linear regression of seasonal and geographic variations in DTR found cloud cover, soil moisture, distance inland, solar radiation, elevation and

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Lauritsen, Ryan Gerald. "Environmental Factors Influencing 20th Century Diurnal Temperature Range Variations." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1300723909.

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Durre, Imke. "Factors influencing the diurnal temperature range in the contiguous United States /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10084.

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Merkin, Ryan 1974. "The Urban Heat Island's Effect on the diurnal temperature range." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28612.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2004.<br>"June 2004."<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61).<br>(cont.) representing Phoenix and its rural equivalent is presented through a comparison with estimated energy fluxes for Houston, TX.<br>This study has found significant evidence of the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE) in Phoenix, AZ using historic and recent (up to 2002) temperature records. First, an explicit indicator of UHIE was identified by the -0.148⁰F per year decrease of the diurnal temperature range (DTR)

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Brewer, Robert Wayne. "Summer Regional United States Diurnal Temperature Range Variability With Soil Moisture Conditions." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428939308.

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Scheitlin, Kelsey Nicole. "Variations in diurnal temperature range in the southeast United States due to land use/land cover classification, 1995-2004." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03042008-134105.

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Kline, Wayne T. "Climatic Factors Associated with the Rapid Wintertime Increase in Cloud Cover across the Great Lakes Region." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1240256371.

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Ng, Yuen Yi, and 黃燕儀. "Long Term Change of Diurnal Temperature Range in Taiwan and its Relationship with Atmospheric Hydrologic Processes." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19053731197180212952.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>地理學系<br>98<br>In this report, we analyze and discuss the overall data based on the applied difference analysis method. We have obtained the monthly data from 21 Taiwan meteorology stations operated by Central Weather Bureau and have divided them into three sets time series: we show the short term trend using station data sets from the period of 1970 to 2008, and present the long term trend using station data sets from the period of 1896 to 2008 and from 1901 to 2008. We analyze the long term change of diurnal temperature range (DTR) in Taiwan and its relationship with atmosph

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Maňhal, Daniel. "Extrémní denní amplitudy teploty vzduchu v ČR v letech 1961-2007." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-379383.

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This thesis deals with the extreme daily temperature range (DTR) during the period 1961-2007 for the extended winter season, based on an analysis of the daily series from 49 climatological stations in the Czech Republic. The aim of the research was to find the frequency of the extreme DTR in the individual months and describe the effect of the sunshine, the snow cover and the altitude on the magnitude of the extreme DTR. Moreover, the work focused on the identification of typical synoptic situations, during the days with extreme DTR. During the study period, 1746 days with extreme DTR were det

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Books on the topic "Diurnal temperature range (DTR)"

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International Minimax Workshop (1993 College Park, Md.). Asymetric change of daily temperature range: Proceedings of the International Minimax Workshop held under the auspices of NOAA National Environmental Watch and the DOE Global Change Research Program, September 27-30, 1993, College Park, Maryland. U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research, Carbon Dioxide Research Program, 1994.

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On the Trend of the Annual Mean, Maximum, and Minimum Temperature and the Diurnal Temperature Range in the Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland, Dataset, 1844 -2012. Independently Published, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Diurnal temperature range (DTR)"

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Hemanandhini, S., and L. Vignesh Rajkumar. "Spatio-Temporal Variation of Annual, Crop-Seasonal and Diurnal Temperature Range for Temperature in Amaravathi Basin, Tamil Nadu, India." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7467-8_1.

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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, et al. "Automated Laboratory and Field Techniques to Determine Greenhouse Gas Emissions." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_3.

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AbstractMethods and techniques are described for automated measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in both the laboratory and the field. Robotic systems are currently available to measure the entire range of gases evolved from soils including dinitrogen (N2). These systems usually work on an exchange of the atmospheric N2with helium (He) so that N2 fluxes can be determined. Laboratory systems are often used in microbiology to determine kinetic response reactions via the dynamics of all gaseous N species such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and N2. Latest He incubation techniques als

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Saifullah, Muhammad, Muhammad Adnan, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Waqas, and Asif Mehmood. "Temperature Based Agrometeorology Indices Variability in South Punjab, Pakistan." In Challenges and Opportunity in Agrometeorology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105590.

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Climate change has a major impact on crop yield all over the world. Pakistan is one of the major affected countries by climate change. The agrometeorology indices were determined for the South Punjab region, which is a hot spot for climate change and food security. This region is rich in agriculture, but crop yield relationship is estimated with agrometeorology indices (AMI). Temperature stress (33°C), average diurnal temperature range (12°C), Average accumulative growing degree days (1303°C), phototemperature (27°C) and nyctotemperature (21°C) indices were determined for Multan. The variation

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"Altered temperature." In Human Physiology: Age, Stress, and the Environment, edited by H. O. Garland. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192622655.003.0006.

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Abstract Like other mammals, humans are homeothermic animals. We normally keep our core temperature within the narrow range of 36-38°C despite large fluctuations in the environmental temperature and metabolic activity. Environmental temperature variations may be circadian, circannual, or geographic. Diurnal ranges of 35°C are commonly recorded in continental hot deserts. The largest circannual temperature variations occur in the centre of large land masses (for example, N.E. Asia) where winters fall to -65°C and summers have a mean of +20°C. Geographically, individual human populations live in

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Hochachka, Peter W., and George N. Somero. "Temperature." In Biochemical Adaptation. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117028.003.0007.

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Abstract Anyone versed in biogeography, indeed anyone even moderately familiar with natural history, is aware that the distribution patterns of organisms commonly reﬂect gradients or discontinuities in temperature. This type of temperature-related—and, by implication, temperature-caused—patterning is seen in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, in both spatial and temporal contexts, and among all types of organisms. Thus, in moving from lower to higher latitudes, species replacement patterns are ubiquitous and may involve the replacement of one species in a genus by another (a congener). Spe

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Whiteman, C. David. "Atmospheric Scales of Motion and Atmospheric Composition." In Mountain Meteorology. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.003.0010.

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Weather phenomena occur over a very broad range of scales of space and time, from the global circulation systems that extend around the earth’s circumference to the small eddies that cause cigarette smoke to swirl and mix with clear air. Each circulation can be described in terms of its approximate horizontal diameter and lifetime. Large-scale weather systems, such as hemispheric wave patterns called Rossby waves, monsoons, high and low pressure centers, and fronts, are called synopticscale weather systems. Temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind measurements collected simultaneously all ove

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Conference papers on the topic "Diurnal temperature range (DTR)"

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Yinqi, Luo, Liu Liyin, Xie Guoyi, Luo Sui, and Li Suhang. "Analysis of Extreme Diurnal Temperature Range: Based on Generalized Extreme Value Model." In 2024 21st International Computer Conference on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing (ICCWAMTIP). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccwamtip64812.2024.10873678.

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Founda, Dimitra, Anna Mamara, Athanasios Argiriou, Fragiskos Pierros, and Athanasios Sarantopoulos. "Spatial and Temporal Changes of Diurnal Temperature Range in Greece—The Urban Effect." In COMECAP 2023. MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2023026001.

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Zeng, Sidong, Hong Du, Hui Wan, and Jinfeng Huang. "MAPPING SOLAR RADIATION AT DIFFERENT TIMESCALES USING BOTH SUNSHINE DURATION AND DIURNAL TEMPERATURE RANGE IN CHINA." In International Conference on Engineering and Technology Innovations (ICETI). Volkson Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/iceti.01.2017.63.67.

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Kwon, Eilhann, Kelly J. Westby, and Marco J. Castaldi. "Transforming Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Into Fuel via the Gasification/Pyrolysis Process." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3559.

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification/pyrolysis enhancement using CO2 as gasification medium has been studied to understand the performance under various reaction conditions. MSW gasification/pyrolysis has been characterized thermo-gravimetrically under various atmospheres covering the gasification/pyrolysis process, which has been used as a basis for scale-up experimental work using a flow-through reactor (FTR) and drop tube reactor (DTR) (0.5 g/min of sample, 4–5 sec residence time, 500°C-1000°C). For example, FTR has been used to carry out the fast pyrolysis process having a nominal heat

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Murphy, Thomas E., and Halil Berberoglu. "Transient Analysis of Microorganism Temperature and Evaporative Losses in an Algae Biofilm Photobioreactor." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44347.

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This study describes the thermal modeling of a novel algal biofilm photobioreactor aimed at cultivating algae for biofuel production. The thermal model is developed to assess the photo-bioreactor’s thermal profile and evaporative water loss rate for a range of environmental parameters, including relative humidity, ambient air temperature, solar irradiation, and wind speed. First, a 24 hour simulation of the system has been performed using environmental data for Memphis, TN, USA on a typical spring day to assess the diurnal variations in system performance. Then, a sensitivity analysis is perfo

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Costa, Melvin, Reemal Prasad, Muzammil Ali, M. G. M. Khan, Antoine De Ramon N'Yeurt, and Mohammed Rafiuddin Ahmed. "Variation of Power Output From an OTEC Power Plant Based on Longterm Sea Surface Temperature Data Analysis." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-97126.

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Abstract Though natural resources are abundantly available for utilization of renewable energy sources, many Pacific Island countries continue to rely on fossil fuels. The use of fossil fuels is known to significantly contribute to climate change. Heavy reliance on fossil fuels also hinders the economic development of most of the Pacific Island Countries. To overcome these issues, the energy sector in Fiji is aiming to generate 100% of the required energy using renewables by 2036. One of the viable options which can contribute to this goal is Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power. The s

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Murariu, Gabriel, Romica Cretu, Romana Drasovean, Simona Condurache-Bota, and Iulian Racovita. "SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF SULFUR AND CARBON OXIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN PART OF ROMANIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.49.

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This paper presents the spatial and temporal variability of sulfur and carbon oxide concentrations in the South-eastern part of Romania. Climate change is a general threat to the provision of essential individual resources. The acquisition of data for CO and SO2 concentration was collected from the national air quality monitoring system which includes 158 monitoring stations. The acquisition of data for the concentration of CO and SO2 were collected from the national air quality monitoring system which includes 158 monitoring stations. The study presents the results obtained by processing data

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Niu, Jianlei, and Shuo Zhang. "The Impact of Supercooling on the Effective Cooling Storage Capacity of Phase-Change Materials in Natural Cooling Application." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88637.

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Ice storage is currently the dominant cooling energy storage method. To more effectively utilize natural, renewable cooling sources, such as evaporative cooling and sky-radiative cooling, diurnal storage media operated on daily basis at the temperate range between 10 and 20 °C are the most desirable. In this paper, we presented our experimental investigation of micro-encapsulated paraffin slurry as cooling storage media for building cooling applications. The water slurry of micro-encapsulated N-hexadecane with a melting temperature of 18 °C were cooled to 5 °C and heated to 25 °C cyclically in

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Shakeri, Mostafa, Maryam Soltanzadeh, R. Eric Berson, and M. Keith Sharp. "Comparison of Energy Storage Methods for Solar Electric Production." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6347.

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Energy storage is key to expanding the capacity factor for electric power from solar energy. To accommodate variable weather patterns and electric demand, storage may be needed not just for diurnal cycles, but for variations as long as seasonal. Five solar electric systems with energy storage were simulated and compared, including an ammonia thermochemical energy storage cycle, compressed air energy storage (CAES), pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), vanadium flow battery, and thermal energy storage (TES). To isolate the influence of the storage system, all systems used the same parabo

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Dobson, P. F., T. A. Atkinson, W. Jin, et al. "Hybrid Uses of High-Temperature Reservoir Thermal Energy Storage: Lessons Learned from Previous Projects." In SPE Energy Transition Symposium. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215750-ms.

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Abstract One of the critical challenges of the green energy transition is resolving the mismatch between energy generation provided by intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar and wind and the demand for energy. There is a need for large amounts of energy storage over a range of time scales (diurnal to seasonal) to better balance energy supply and demand. Subsurface geologic reservoirs provide the potential for storage of hot water that can be retrieved when needed and used for power generation or direct-use applications, such as district heating. It is important to identify potenti

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Reports on the topic "Diurnal temperature range (DTR)"

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Tsybekmitova, G. Ts, L. D. Radnaeva, N. A. Tashlykova, et al. THE EFFECT OF CLIMATIC SHIFTS ON BIODIVERSITY OF PHYTOCENOSIS: LAKE ARAKHLEY (EASTERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA). DOICODE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0973-7308-2020-35-3-77-90.

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Lake Arakhley is located within the Lake Baikal basin in Eastern Siberia, Russia. The area is characterized by continental subarctic climate with considerate diurnal temperature range, long cold dry winters and short hot summers with more precipitation occurring during the latter half of the summer. Climatic shifts in high water years and low water years result in morphometric changes in the lake and in the chemical and physical parameters of the ecosystem. During low water years, concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen are decreased, whereas nitrate concentration increases. H

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