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1

Hashas, Mohammed, Jan Jaap Ruiter, and Niels Valdemar Vinding, eds. Imams in Western Europe. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462983830.

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As European Muslims and Muslims in the Middle East diverge, imams in Europe have emerged as major agents of religious authority who shape Islam’s presence in Western societies. This volume examines the theoretical and practical questions concerning the evolving role of imams in Europe. To what extent do imams act as intermediaries between European states and Muslim communities? Do states subsidise imam training? How does institutionalisation of Islam differ between European states?
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TIERRA, Sloan. Divergent Film Quiz: Divergent Trivia Questions and Answers. Independently Published, 2022.

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KEVIN, Roper. Divergent Film Quiz: Divergent Trivia Questions and Answers. Independently Published, 2022.

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ASHLEY, Sawyer. Divergent Film Quiz : Divergent Trivia Questions and Answers: Film Trivia Book. Independently Published, 2021.

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5

Polette, Nancy J. 300 Junior Novel Anticipation Guides. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400605796.

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The author has created reproducible anticipation guides to 300 popular junior novels ranging from classics likeBen and MeandCricket in Times Squareto the award winner,Kira, Kira. The book consists of 300 reproducible sets of open ended values questions to pique the interest of readers. Librarians and teachers will use these anticipation guides to spark interest in reading or as comprehension starters, tapping into prior knowledge and starting the process of understanding. The guides are also valuable for closure and comparative discussions with literature circles. In contrast to the low level
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Lafollette, Hugh. In Defense of Gun Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873363.001.0001.

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The gun control debate is more complex than most disputants acknowledge. We are not tasked with answering a single question: Should we have gun control? There are three distinct policy questions confronting us: Who should we permit to have which guns, and how should we regulate the acquisition, storage, and carrying of guns people may legitimately own? To answer these questions we must decide whether (and which) people have a right to bear arms, what kind of right they have, and how stringent it is. We must also evaluate divergent empirical claims about (a) the role of guns in causing harm, an
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Cowan, Richard. Education. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.67.

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Why should young children learn mathematics? What mathematics should be in the curriculum and how should it be taught? Why do children differ so much in their mastery of primary school mathematics? What are the factors responsible for the production and maintenance of number difficulties? These questions continue to elicit strongly held and divergent views. Although discussion and empirical research can contribute much they are unlikely to settle them. Discussions of these questions provide a context for appreciating the chapters in this section. Improving how we understand mathematical develo
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Asia-Africa development divergence: A question of intent. 2015.

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9

Henley, David. Asia-Africa Development Divergence: A Question of Intent. Zed Books, Limited, 2015.

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Henley, David. Asia-Africa Development Divergence: A Question of Intent. Zed Books, Limited, 2015.

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11

Halle, Randall. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038457.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter describes Europeanization as not simply the immediate sublation of the nation-state into a broader and more advanced form. Europeanization retains the nation-state and yet unleashes the potential of other forms of social organization to exist in increased significance: the local, regional, global, but also the subcultural, minoritarian, ethnic, migrant, diasporic, exiled, displaced, relocated, and nongovernmental. The chapter then shows how cinema offers images for various imaginative communities. It considers questions of spatial and temporal organization in cinema a
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Tsampra, Maria. Crisis and Austerity in Action: Greece. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.39.

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The chapter addresses uneven prosperity in Europe, based on the geographically divergent outcome of the 2008 global financial and eurozone crisis. Austerity-induced recession has led to dramatic output and employment decline in Greece, raising questions about the causes of territorial economic vulnerability, or resilience. Metropolitan Athens, the hub of Greece’s economy, has suffered even more severe employment losses and unemployment, massive business closures, increasing poverty, and homelessness. The factors defining the vulnerability of the national and regional economy to the downturn ar
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Horwitz, Allan V. Between Sanity and Madness. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190907860.001.0001.

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Between Sanity and Madness: Mental Illness from Ancient Greece to the Neuroscientific Era traces the extensive array of answers that various groups have provided to questions about the nature of mental illness and its boundaries with sanity. What distinguishes mental illnesses from other sorts of devalued conditions and from normality? Should medical, religious, psychological, legal, or no authority at all respond to the mentally ill? Why do some people become mad? What treatments might help them recover? Despite general agreement across societies regarding definitions about the pole of madnes
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Broadbent, Jeffrey. Comparative Climate Change Policy Networks. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.38.

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This chapter explains the method of policy network (PN) analysis and its benefits (and limits) for cross-national comparative analysis. The purpose of the PN approach is to understand how the structure of relationships among organizations engaged in a policy domain affects the content of policy and outcomes. The chapter illustrates the use of the PN method with reference to the ongoing cross-national project Comparing Climate Change Policy Networks (Compon). Global climate change constitutes an (un)naturally occurring quasi-experiment; in the face of a common threat, the various societies have
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Denecke, Wiebke. Masters (zi子). Редактори Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li та Xiaofei Tian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.14.

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“Masters Literature” constitutes China’s most influential and productive repository of philosophical thought, featuring debates about fundamental questions of social order, the good life, governance, heavenly justice, human character, and the cosmos. The chapter first discusses how people have defined the Masters corpus from antiquity to the present and how divergent definitions affect our understanding of this textual genre. It then surveys the most important intellectual camps and approaches within Masters Literature, namely Confucians, Mohists, Persuaders, Lao-Zhuang and Huang-Lao Daoism, s
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Eyice, Mari, and Charlotta Forss. Health and Society in Early Modern Sweden. Amsterdam University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724296.

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The understanding of what health is and how it can be maintained has changed through history. Questions like who can perform healing? and what sort of bodies are considered healthy? have elicited widely divergent responses in different societies. This volume explores how health was understood and practiced in the early modern Nordic region, with a focus on Sweden, including Finland. The chapters examine topics such as the dyslexia of Charles XI, lay perceptions of bodily and mental variability, and the health benefits attributed to using the sauna. Together, the essays give a holistic view of
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Zimmerman, Aaron Z. The Authority to Define “Belief”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809517.003.0005.

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The nature of belief cannot be determined by scientific theorizing alone, but must be relativized to a set of theoretically underdetermined taxonomic choices. Questions about the nature of belief are not wholly scientific. In support of this claim, the author focuses on racial cognition and the various ways in which “belief” might be integrated into our understanding of racism. The stakes are sufficiently high to render blind deference to the stipulations of scientists unwise. Acceptance of the pragmatist definition of “belief” is best seen as a philosophical choice among empirically equivalen
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Nicklas, Tobias. Jesus and Judaism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814801.003.0007.

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This chapter explores the relationship between Jesus and Judaism as described in gospel texts of the late first and second centuries. It addresses two questions: (1) To what extent is Jesus presented as a ‘Jewish’ character, or as related to characters depicted as representatives of ‘Judaism’? (2) To what extent is Jesus described as following, disobeying, or violating Jewish practices? Material is provided by the Gospel of John and the ‘unknown Gospel’ of Papyrus Egerton 2. The two evangelists describe Jesus’ relation to Judaism in different ways: while both remain in a frame shaped by Jewish
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Hesselink, Martijn W. Justifying Contract in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843654.001.0001.

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This book explores the normative foundations of European contract law. It addresses fundamental political questions on contract law in Europe from the perspective of leading contemporary political theories. Does the law of contract need a democratic basis? To what extent should it be Europeanized? What justifies the binding force of contract and the main remedies for breach? When should weaker parties be protected? Should market transactions be held legally void when they are immoral? Which rules of contract law should the parties be free to opt out of? Adopting a critical lens, the book inter
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Crossland, Zoë. Materiality and Embodiment. Edited by Dan Hicks and Mary C. Beaudry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218714.013.0016.

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The ideas of materiality and embodiment are explored in this article. It considers the contribution of archaeology to the interdisciplinary study of materiality and embodiment, focusing especially on the emergence of the archaeology of the body since the late 1980s. Human bodies have been a focus of archaeological study for a long time, with two divergent modes of analysis. What follows in this article is a review of some of the ways in which archaeologists have attempted to overcome these disciplinary limitations, by deploying a range of anti-foundationalist perspectives to theorize the embod
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Nierling, Linda, and Helge Torgersen, eds. Die neutrale Normativität der Technikfolgenabschätzung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748907275.

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Technology assessment (TA) is committed to impartial expertise as well as basic democratic values. And beyond that? What is the normative framework within which TA operates? Is it always the same or does it differ depending on the topic, societal task or country and political culture? How should TA deal with both normative claims from outside and those that originate from within TA itself? In what ways can it identify and process normative claims, and how can and should TA position itself among conflicting political interests and divergent world views? Is ‘neutral’ expertise a help or a hindra
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Corrigan, John. Problem of the Idea of Culture in John Paul II. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2019. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978735491.

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In The Problem of the Idea of Culture in John Paul II: Exposing the Disruptive Agency of the Philosophy of Karol Wojtyla, John Corrigan provides a new lens with which to view and understand the philosophy of Karol Wojtyla/John Paul II. He exposes Wojtyla as a major player in contemporary philosophical debates. The work reformulates the “problem of experience” in light of the questions surrounding our idea of culture. Corrigan argues that for Wojtyla the drama of the “problem of experience” manifests in the apparently divergent accounts of the meaning of human experience as presented by the phi
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Hoffmann, Sebastian, Anne-Katrin Blass, and Joybrato Mukherjee. Canonical Tag Questions in Asian Englishes. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.025.

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The present chapter provides a comparative study of canonical tag questions in Hong Kong, Indian, and Singapore English on the basis of their respective spoken components of the International Corpus of English (ICE). These three postcolonial Asian Englishes represent different phases in the evolutionary model of variety-formation proposed by Schneider (2003, 2007). The present-day manifestation of their shared historical input variety British English is used as a basis of comparison. Differences across these four varieties in terms of forms, functions, and frequencies of tag questions are desc
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Weatherall, Kimberlee. The Emergence and Development of Intellectual Property Law in Australia and New Zealand. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.17.

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This chapter provides both an overview of the history of intellectual property (IP) laws in Australia and New Zealand, and pathways into existing and emerging scholarship in this area. It discusses convergence and divergence in copyright, patent and trademark legislation and case law between Britain and these two former colonies, from early colonial experimentation to the long period of closely mirroring UK reforms. In the late twentieth century, both countries developed more distinctive IP laws, and diverged on a range of fundamental questions. In the twenty-first century, trade policy—trans-
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Duffy, Celia, and Joe Harrop. Towards convergence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199346677.003.0020.

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This chapter concerns the interrelationship between music history and analysis—so-called academic studies—and musical performance, and it considers how such studies might affect or influence the student performer. Until recently, musical performance and academic studies were regarded as separate elements in music education, a separation that is now being challenged. The chapter begins by reviewing existing scholarship on performance studies and by exploring how the concerns of historically informed performance and practice as research can bring the questions underlying that scholarship into fo
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Weiss, Sarah. Ritual Soundings. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042294.001.0001.

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This book documents ways in which women’s performance practices engage with and localize world religions while creating opportunities for women’s agency. This study draws on the rich resources of three disciplines: ethnomusicology, gendered studies of religion, and religious music studies. It is a meta-ethnography formed by comparisons among different ethnographic case studies. The book analyses women’s performances at religious events in cultural settings spread across the world to demonstrate the pivotal roles women can play in localizing the practice of world religions, exploring moments in
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Berman, Joshua A. Diverging Accounts within the Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658809.003.0002.

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Egyptologists have long noted that Ramesses II commissioned three conflicting versions of the battle of Kadesh to be inscribed together at various monumental sites. This chapter lays out the multiple inconsistencies witnessed between these accounts, and explores how Egyptologists have accounted for this. To our minds, when we encounter conflicting historical accounts, the trustworthiness of both accounts is brought into question. The chapter concludes by exploring the modern notion of historiography—largely a phenomenon that emerges only in the nineteenth century—and premodern notions of histo
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Munro, M. The Map and the Territory. punctum books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53288/0319.1.00.

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“I didn’t even know that was a question I could ask.” That remark from a student in an introductory philosophy course points to the primary body of knowledge philosophy produces: a detailed record of what we do not know. When we come to view a philosophical question as well-formed and worthwhile, it is a way of providing as specific a description as we can of something we do not know. The creation or discovery of such questions is like noting a landmark in a territory we’re exploring. When we identify reasonable, if conflicting, answers to this question, we are noting routes to and away from t
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Tomasello, Michael. What did we learn from the ape language studies? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0007.

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The ‘ape language’ studies have come and gone, with wildly divergent claims about what they have shown. Without question, the most sophisticated skills have been displayed by Kanzi, a male bonobo exposed from youth to a human-like communicative system. This chapter attempts to assess, in an objective a manner as possible, the nature of the communicative skills that Kanzi and other great apes acquired during the various ape language projects. The overall conclusion is that bonobos and other apes possess most of the requisite cognitive skills for something like a human language, including such t
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Eibl, Ferdinand. Social Dictatorships. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834274.001.0001.

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Why have social spending levels and social policy trajectories diverged so drastically across labour-abundant MENA regimes? And how can we explain the persistence of social spending after divergence? This books sets out to answer both questions. Itdevelops a theory about the emergence of authoritarian welfare states, arguing that autocratic leaders need both the incentives and the abilities to distribute welfare for authoritarian welfare states to emerge. The former are shaped by coalition-building dynamics at the onset of regime formation while the latter are conditioned by the external envir
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Zavota, Gina. Plotinus’ “Reverse” Platonism: A Deleuzian Response to the Problem of Emanation Imagery. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474412094.003.0017.

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Gina Zavota’s “Plotinus’ ‘Reverse’ Platonism: A Deleuzian Response to the Problem of Emanation Imagery” attempts a radical rethinking of the Plotinian question of emanation through the lens of Deleuze’s account of ontological individuation and actualization. Zavota notes that, despite its widespread acceptance as a Plotinian concept, Plotinus himself acknowledges the inadequacy of the language of emanation. Rather, just as Deleuze’s virtual Idea does not impose order upon the plane of consistency but instead simply indicates divergent lines of generation, Plotinus’ One does not predetermine th
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Fornecker, Samuel. Bisschop's Bench. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197637135.001.0001.

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Abstract Arminian conformity in late seventeenth-century England was a variegated movement, whose internal diversity helped to reconfigure perennial questions about the relation of the English Church to its continental counterparts, Reformed and Remonstrant, with consequences that no modern study has sought to address. This monograph rectifies this problem by analyzing modes of engagement with the Dutch Remonstrant tradition by Arminian conformists of the later Stuart and early Hanoverian Church of England. In so doing, it argues that several of the period’s fiercest theological controversies
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Bashevkin, Sylvia. Women as Foreign Policy Leaders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190875374.001.0001.

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What is known about women’s participation as decision-makers in international affairs? Is it fair to assume, as many observers do, that female elites will mirror the relatively pacifist preferences of women in the general public as well as the claims of progressive feminist movements? By focusing on women’s presence in senior national security positions in the American political executive, Women as Foreign Policy Leaders offers among the first systematic responses to these questions. It examines four high-profile appointees in the United States since 1980: Jeane Kirkpatrick during the Reagan y
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Inikori, Joseph E., ed. British Imperialism and Globalization, c. 1650-1960. Boydell and Brewer Limited, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781800103610.

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Examining the domestic politics of imperial expansion, these essays question the role of the Industrial Revolution and British imperial leadership beyond the issue of hierarchy and The Great Divergence.
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Walter, Stefanie, Ari Ray, and Nils Redeker. The Politics of Bad Options. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857013.001.0001.

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Why did the Eurozone crisis prove to be so difficult to resolve? Why was it resolved in a manner in which some countries bore a much larger share of the pain than other countries? Why did no country leave the Eurozone rather than implement unprecedented austerity? Who supported and who opposed the different policy options in the crisis domestically, and how did the distributive struggles among these groups shape crisis politics? Building on macro-level statistical data, original survey data from interest groups, and qualitative comparative case studies, this book argues and shows that the answ
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Burnham, Karen. Identity and Consciousness. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038419.003.0004.

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Throughout Greg Egan's career, some of his strongest stories have focused on the theme of identity. This chapter first looks at stories that highlight how malleable our brains are in terms of our neurochemistry. Next, it highlights stories where our consciousness is digitized, eventually becoming immortal. It uses information theory as a lens to examine some of the future consciousnesses proposed in Egan's stories and to consider what it means to divorce consciousness from physical embodiment so strictly. When Egan's fiction takes up the question of identity it generally looks under the skin a
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Elgie, Robert, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur. Toward a Comparative Politics of France. Edited by Robert Elgie, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669691.013.30.

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This chapter returns to the questions that were introduced in the Handbook’s Introduction. The first section identifies four distinct periods in the study of French politics, revisiting the outside-in/inside-out themes of the Handbook. The second section focuses on the individual chapters in more detail and classifies them in terms of what they tell us about the study of French politics and whether there has been convergence or divergence between the study of French politics in France and comparative work outside France. In the third section, potential explanations for trends across the chapte
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Gordon, Jeffrey N. Convergence and Persistence in Corporate Law and Governance. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.2.

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This chapter discusses the question of “convergence or persistence” in corporate law and governance. It first considers efforts to measure convergence directly by focusing on the evolution of law-on-the-books governance provisions before analyzing capital market evidence on convergence, with particular emphasis on capital market indicators such as the decline in “cross-listings” onto US stock exchanges by firms from jurisdictions with weaker investor protection and the increase in initial public offerings (IPOs) on emerging market stock markets. The chapter proceeds by reviewing evidence of di
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Kiesel, Dagmar, and Cleophea Ferrari, eds. Gerechter Krieg? Klostermann, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783465143406.

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The question of "just war" weaves a complex historical and systematic net between Orient and Occident as well as between antiquity and the present. Christianity and Islam, poetry and philosophy are both faced with the challenge of situating justice in a phenomenon that by its very nature bears the stigma of cruelty, given diverging dogmatic or methodological premises. This volume offers a variety of perspectives on the subject, from the Greek tragedy via Plato, Aristotle and the philosophy in Rome (Cicero) and the late antique Christian discussion (Augustinus) to the question of humanitarian i
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Roskies, Adina L. What's “Neu” in Neuroethics? Edited by John Bickle. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195304787.003.0019.

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This article highlights some of the more exciting ethical issues raised by neuroscience and shows how some philosophical issues are framed by neuroethics. It suggests that despite the significant areas of overlap between questions raised by genetics and those raised by neuroscience, there are areas in which the ethical issues raised by the two diverge. The article discusses the ability of neuroscience to illuminate issues involving consciousness, the self, personhood, decision making, and the freedom of will and moral cognition. It concludes that even if it is admitted that the questions in ne
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Fox, Ann M. Scene in a New Light. Edited by Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, and Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.14.

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What is the role of the contemporary musical in policing femininity through disability, and how might a reconsideration of the tropes deployed around disabled mothers and daughters provide an answer this question? More specifically, how do monstrous mothers and disabled daughters become figures through which normalcy—whether compulsory femininity, heteronormativity, or able-bodiedness—can be emphasized or subverted? Both the musicalsThe Light in the Piazza(2005) andNext to Normal(2008) feature disabled women whose mental disability is a central element of the plot. Yet the musicals feature rad
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Strawser, Michael. Kierkegaard and the Philosophy of Love. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666999587.

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Ironically, the philosophy of love has long been neglected by philosophers, so-called “lovers of wisdom,” who would seemingly need to understand how one best becomes a lover. In Kierkegaard and the Philosophy of Love, Michael Strawser shows that the philosophy of love lies at the heart of Kierkegaard’s writings, as he argues that the central issue of Kierkegaard’s authorship can and should be understood more broadly as the task of becoming a lover. Strawser starts by identifying the questions (How should I love the other? Is self-love possible? How can I love God?) and themes (love’s immediacy
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Amacher, Korine, Eric Aunoble, and Andrii Portnov, eds. Histoire partagée, mémoires divisées. Ukraine, Russie, Pologne. Editions Antipodes, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33056/antipodes.11698.

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Déboulonnement de statues de Lénine en Ukraine ; réhabilitation du passé impérial et stalinien en Russie ; nouvelle «politique historique» officielle en Pologne: depuis la chute du communisme en 1989-1991, les questions mémorielles sont au centre de l’actualité polonaise, ukrainienne et russe. Elles alimentent les batailles géopolitiques en cours autour de l’ancrage européen de la Pologne ou de l’Ukraine, de l’annexion de la Crimée ou de la guerre dans le Donbass. Or, la Russie, l’Ukraine et la Pologne sont liées par une histoire commune où les conflits font disparaître les cohabitations et la
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Maloney, Stephanie A., and O. Carter Snead. Technology and the American Constitution. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.11.

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This chapter examines how the structural provisions of the American Constitution and the federalist system of government they create uniquely shape the landscape of regulation for technology in the United States. The chapter’s inquiry focuses on the biomedical technologies associated with assisted reproduction and embryo research. These areas present vexing normative questions about the introduction and deployment of these technologies, showing the mechanisms, dynamics, virtues, and limits of the federalist system of government for the regulation of technology. In particular, the differing jur
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Bagby, Stephen. Sin in Origen’s Commentary on Romans. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2018. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978746503.

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Sin in Origen’s Commentary on Romans examines Origen as a critical third century voice seeking to articulate a cogent doctrine of sin, and presents his magisterial Commentary on Romans as a unique window to understanding his mature thought on the subject. It argues that Origen’s teaching on original and volitional sin demonstrates continuity with and divergence from the prevailing theological tradition. It offers a substantial, revisionist account of the thought of one of the most important thinkers in early Christianity and takes up important anthropological and soteriological questions in Or
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Tan, Yeling. Disaggregating China, Inc. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501759635.001.0001.

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Set in the aftermath of China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), this book questions the extent to which the liberal internationalist promise of membership has been fulfilled in China. The book unpacks the policies that various Chinese government actors adopted in response to WTO rules and shows that rather than disciplining the state, WTO entry provoked a divergence of policy responses across different parts of the complex party-state. It argues that these responses draw from three competing strategies of economic governance: market-substituting (directive), market-shaping (deve
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47

Upchurch, T. Adams. Christian Nation? ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400626180.

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This fascinating study examines America's complex and confusing history of arguing with itself over religion and secularism, God and politics, church and state. Hundreds of books are devoted to the ever-timely subject of the separation of church and state in America, but none does exactly what Christian Nation?: The United States in Popular Perception and Historical Reality does. Unlike other studies, this intriguing examination asks the right questions, defines the terms of the debate, explores the widely diverging points of view with equal respect for all sides, and provides insightful comme
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48

Jutterström, Mats. Markets as Open Systems: Organizing and Reorganizing a Financial Market. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815761.003.0008.

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What are the drivers of market reorganization? Based on an in-depth longitudinal example—frequent reorganizations of a huge financial market—this chapter focuses on contextual drivers of market reorganization. The chapter highlights three drivers of reorganization that made the lives of the organizers both unexpected and difficult: side markets, general ideas diverging from practice, and new ideas. Moreover, the question of market reform frequency is addressed; the study illustrates how it may be propelled by contextual dynamics and unrealistic ideas still hoped for. The chapter demonstrates t
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49

Berman, Joshua A. Blending Discordant Laws in Biblical Narrative. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658809.003.0009.

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This chapter highlights a peculiar phenomenon in biblical literature outside of the Pentateuch: a biblical writer will invoke iterations of a given law from two or more of the Pentateuch’s four corpora. Scholars have assumed that this phenomenon was limited to post-exilic literature, and stemmed from the exigencies of exile and return that created an urgent need to create a vehicle that would grant legitimacy to various communities and their legal traditions. However, the broad array of books in which such legal blending is found mandates us to question whether the legal blend is strictly a li
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50

Ramadan, Moussa Abou. Muslim Jurists’ Criteria for the Division of the World into Dar al-Harb and Dar al-Islam. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805878.003.0011.

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There is disagreement over the definition of dar al-Islam and dar al-harb between classical and contemporary jurists. Different authors have laid down different criteria; we find different opinions even within the same school; and at times variations may even be found with regard to the same author and/or in the same treatise. Some jurists give preference to Islamic law, while other focus on the safety of Muslims. The majority accepts that dar al-Islam can be transformed into dar al-harb, while Ibn Hajar holds that a territory belonging to dar al-Islam will never lose its status. There is also
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