Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diversifiering'
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Prakash, Gyan, and Swanberg Oscar. "Diversifiering : Fastighetsfinansiering i skymningen av Basel III." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297757.
Full textThe financial crisis of 2007-2008 was the start of new banking regulations and austeritymeasures. Basel III was introduced with the intent of managing risks better by introducingstricter capital and liquidity requirements. The new requirements would in return counteractany new systematic risks. The purpose of this study is to investigate Basel III’s impact oncredit diversification on the Swedish market and navigate what the driving forces are and theeffects of regulatory change. The aim is to provide a broad perspective by presenting valuableinformation relevant to the subject and examining the impact of these changes on differentsectors. The results of the study shows that new regulations have entailed a major regulatory changewith subsequent implications on the market. Findings also show that banks have experiencedan increase of costs which have since been shifted to customers. Furthermore, loan-to-valueratios within the real estate sector have decreased as a result of the implementation of BaselIII. The new regulatory framework has paved the way for diversification. However, thedevelopment has been propelled by macro sentiment, reaching for yield-behavior, markettiming and firms outgrowing their dependency on bank capital.
Jämte, Marcus, and Philip Rettig. "Decentraliserat portföljval : Kryptotillgångar som diversifiering vid portföljoptimering." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177482.
Full textEssborg, Jacob. "Internationell diversifiering : "Home bias" från ett svenskt perspektiv." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-80515.
Full textResearch within behavioral economics have proven that there exist several kinds of biases that makes the investors act irrational when deciding for important decisions regarding their investments. This thesis examines the phenomena called “Home bias” (HB) which means that investors tend to invest most of their capital into the local stock market, the thesis also analyze the opportunity of international investments on the stock market from year 2000 to 2020. The results of the analyze proved that this phenomenon still exists since the last research about it had been done, however this home bias have decreased with 7,25 percent from 2000 to 2019. When analysing the return based on index from stocks on the Mid-Cap and Large-Cap list for: Australia, Hong Kong, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, India, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, Germany, Finland, Japan, Russia, Unites States, France, Canada and Spain, the results showed that Russia, Denmark and India have had the highest return during the chosen time period of 20 years. The Swedish stock market have had the highest correlation with the French and German stock market, the lowest correlation was against the Japanese and Indian stock market. When analysing the return of international investments both theory, historical data and the Monte Carlo simulation proved it’s a benefit to diversify the stock portfolio and invest in more countries to achieve a higher rate of return given the risk and perform better than the Swedish stock market.
Löfling, Sarah. "Diversifiering inom jordbruket : En studie om de bakomliggande motiven att diversifiera." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-216617.
Full textToll, Christoffer, and Johan Torselius. "Investeringsdiversifiering med avseende på fastigheter : En studie av svenska institutionella kapitalförvaltare." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-42353.
Full textRailo, Tomi. "Internationell diversifiering i portföljinvesteringar av institutionella investerare.Internationell jämförelse med fokus i Japan." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-706.
Full textBackground: The global capital markets have enlarged investment opportunities and thus also the sources of funds for companies which increasingly face global markets for their services and products. Huge capital movements show that investors are constantly searching ways to minimise risk and maximise returns. In the light of the substantial growth of assets in institutional funds, an important question for international finance is the degree to which institutional investors have diversified their portfolios internationally.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the international diversification of portfolio investments of institutional investors in Japan, the US and the UK and deepen into international diversification in portfolios of Japanese institutional investors.
Demarcations: Institutional investors can use their power directly in companies or indirectly through capital markets. In this thesis, I will not discuss corporate governance issues. Nor is it an aim of this thesis to try to find the optimal portfolio or the best performing portfolio.
Method: Secondary data in this study are based on several sources from academic literature as well as from public data and statistics. Primary data for this study include interviews and background discussions as well as my own calculations. Interviews were made in order to obtain more information and make a proper comparison. The interviews were held in Tokyo, Japan.
Conclusions: International diversification of portfolio investment of institutional investors tend to differ more between countries where the investors are based than between the type of investor in different countries. Institutional investors in UK tend to diversify their investments more internationally compared to Japanese and US counterparts. Japanese institutional investors tend to have very similar international diversification strategies. This can be explained by cultural aspects which traditionally have promoted risk averse and domestic investment strategies. Furthermore, there are reasons which make investment strategies more country contingent. Currency risk, level of knowledge and domestic investment opportunities have critical impact on international investments.
Brodacki, Marcus, and Hanna Jirskog. "Är diversifiering ett översättningsproblem? : Hur lean översätts till en tjänstorganisations olika kontexter." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148228.
Full textBackground: Management concepts, such as lean, need adjustment to fit the unique circumstances of a certain organisation. Translation is a method of adapting management concepts between different contexts but research on the subject has mainly focused on the translation to a single context. The implications that diversification has for the translation to a certain organisation are largely overlooked. It is therefore relevant to study how diversification affects translation and if it can be a reason for the large number of failures in the implementation, and translation, of management concepts. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of the translation that takes place when a diversified service organisation implements lean. To fulfill the purpose we have studied what translation competence that is experienced to be important in the organisation when lean is implemented in a diversified service organisation and how the competence is adapted to the different contexts within the organisation. Furthermore, we have studied which translation types that are used when lean is implemented and how they are adapted to the different contexts of a diversified service organisation. Method: This is a qualitative case study with phenomenological perspective that puts emphasis on hermeneutic context. Semi-structured interviews and document studies provided the empirical material for the study. The empirical material is presented in themes in a narrative way. Conclusion: Diversification per se does not have to imply any difficulties if the translation, in terms of translation type and -competence, is controlled by demand. Transverse processes on the other hand needs to be focused and a holistic approach and a consistency in how lean is used and applied is necessary to make them work in an optimal and customer driven way.
Hellman, Ida. "Småföretagande på Öland : En studie av Wannborga vin & lamms nätverk och diversifiering." Thesis, Högskolan i Kalmar, Humanvetenskapliga institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-446.
Full textForssell, Daniel, and Tobias Källmarker. "Lägg inte alla ägg i samma korg : En studie om internationell diversifiering ur ett svenskt perspektiv." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29446.
Full textThis study have intended to investigate the possible merits of international diversification in different markets under different market conditions, from a Swedish perspective. Correlation was used to measure possible merits of international diversification and the standard deviation was calculated to show the different portfolios from another risk perspective. The study has been based on Markovitz portfolio selection theory and Grubels previous research on international diversification as presented in the article ”International Diversified Portfolios”. Thereafter, monthly index price data has been gathered for the periods before, during and after the recent financial crisis to construct eleven different portfolios. The index prices were fetched for five developed markets, five emerging markets and for the swedish market. Ten of these portfolios were equally weighted with the swedish stock exchange while the eleventh was a Swedish domestic portfolio. By comparing these portfolios to each other we found that the effects of international diversification was most benefitial in the period before the financial crisis, but also that the equally weighted portfolios of emerging markets overall have had the best performance through the whole period. There was no significant relation found between the standard deviation, for the different portfolios return, and correlation between chosen stockmarkets.
Gleisner, Mattias, and Karoline Edström. "Bitcoin som diversifiering : En kvantitativ studie som undersöker korrelationen mellan bitcoin och finansiella tillgångar." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137433.
Full textKjellander, Victor. "Fastighetsbolagens strategi i samband med med finanskrisen 2008." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102085.
Full textHolmgren, Simon, and Tobias Renström. "Placeringar på de nordiska börserna : Diversifieringsmöjligheter och investeringsbeteenden." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-995.
Full textSedan länge har fördelarna med att inkludera aktieposter i bolag från olika länder i aktieportföljer varit kända. Tekniken kallas diversifiering. Fördelarna kan kortfattat beskrivas som högre avkastning till samma risk eller lägre risk till samma avkastning. Detta beskrivs matematiskt inom mean-variance portfolio theory eller, på svenska, portföljteori. Vi tar i denna uppsats ansats i portföljteorin och genomför en kvantitativ undersökning för att ta reda på om dessa fördelar kan uppnås för en svensk aktiesparare med en portfölj där bolag från nordiska marknader ingår. Undersökningen genomfördes genom att insamla data från börs- och branschindex från ländernas börser för perioden 1996-2006 och analysera genomsnittlig risk, avkastning och korrelation på dessa. Vi kan visa att även om korrelationen ökat finns det idag goda möjligheter till diversifiering mellan de nordiska länderna, en svensk aktiesparare bör placera en betydande andel av sitt aktiekapital i danska, finska och norska bolag.
Inom portföljteorin ses det som en självklarhet att samtliga investerare, och däribland aktiesparare, tar vara dessa på möjligheter och därmed alltid håller en portfölj med maximal avkastning till minimal risk. Antagandet är, milt uttryckt, inte självklart och detta undersöks också som en andra frågeställning. Efter att ha intervjuat två aktiemäklare, en privatekonomisk rådgivare och en framstående privatekonom, vilka dagligen jobbar med att rådgiva eller kommentera svenska aktiesparare, kan vi visa att portföljteorins antagande generellt inte stämmer bland svenska aktiesparare. Bland annat tas besluten hellre baserat på aktiespararens kunskaper om bolaget, vilket i stor utsträckning avgörs av bolagets utrymme i media. Att köpa aktier i utländska bolag hindras dessutom av att det är betydligt krångligare att genomföra dessa affärer. Sedan oktober i år (2006) finns det indikationer på att medias fokus förflyttas till att i större utsträckning täcka även nordiska bolag i och med att en gemensam nordisk lista införts. Dessutom bidrar konkurrens från nätmäklare, exempelvis Avanza, till att de stora bankerna just nu satsar på att förbättra sina internetbanker, vilket i framtiden borde förenkla förfarandet att handla utländska aktier.
Norman, Samuel, and John R. Carlsson. "Kommersiella fastigheter i Sverige : Är det en intressant kapitalplacering i jämförelse med aktier?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-9763.
Full textLindkvist, Carl-Henrik. "Icke förväntad korrelation på den svenska aktiebörsen." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6396.
Full textDenna uppsats avser att undersöka och, i den mån det går, förklara icke förväntad korrelation mellan nio olika aktieindex på den svenska aktiebörsen. Begreppet icke förväntad korrelation beskriver här den korrelation mellan aktier, aktieindex eller marknader som inte kan förklaras utifrån underliggande ekonomiska fundament. Ett sätt att undersöka detta fenomen är genom korrelationskoefficienter för residualerna från en skattad modell för aktieavkastning. Den modell som i denna uppsats estimeras för detta ändamål är CAPM-modellen, där icke förväntad korrelation beräknas som absolut medelkorrelation mellan residualerna från OLS och SUR estimering av denna modell. De resultat som erhålles är att icke förväntad korrelation förekommer med ett medelvärde på 0,16 respektive 0,17, vilket motsvarar 58% respektive 57% av den absoluta korrelation som förekommer mellan rådata. Olika förklaringsmodeller för denna korrelation undersöks sedan med regressionsanalys. Denna undersökning finner visst stöd för teorin om informationsasymmetri och flockbeteende hos investerarna som förklaring till icke förväntad korrelation.
Bäckman, David, and Sofie Blomkvist. "Gränsöverskridande företagsförvärv : En event study av systematisk risk." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8820.
Full textInternationaliseringen har ökat under de senaste åren, och företag väljer att lägga delar av verksamheten utomlands. Tidigare forskning undersöker sambandet mellan denna diversifiering och dess konsekvenser för företagen. Gränsöverskridande diversifiering och företagsförvärv bör enligt tidigare forskning ge en lägre systematisk risk då risken sprids ut över flera marknader.
Syftet med studien är att se om tidigare forsknings resultat går att tillämpa idag när svenska företag gör gränsöverskridande företagsförvärv. Vi har valt att applicera en event study-metodik för att undersöka detta samband enligt marknadsmodellen. Studien undersöker 66 svenska fall av gränsöverskridande företagsförvärv, gjorda under perioden 2005 – 2007.
Resultatet visar att tidigare empiri, att företagen skulle ha lägre systematisk risk efter ett gränsöverskridande företagsförvärv, inte går att tillämpa idag på de svenska företagen. Studien finner en ökad systematisk risk efter företagsförvärven, vilket tyder på att ingång på nya marknader i dagens globaliserade samhälle inte ger den lägre systematiska risk som tidigare kunnat påvisas. Även om ett statistiskt signifikant samband funnits för en ökning av systematisk risk uppvisar hälften av de undersökta företagen en lägre systematisk risk efter förvärvet, vilket tyder på att det är andra faktorer förknippade med företagsförvärvet som avgör den slutgiltiga effekten.
III
Hilling, Per, and Erik Sjöqvist. "Guld, ett gyllene inslag i portföljen? : En studie om guldets diversifieringsegenskaper för svenska småsparare." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-64405.
Full textKuljanin, Milena. "Investering i internationella fastighetsmarknader : Ett svenskt perspektiv." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-81942.
Full textLund, Emma, and Niclas Hallerth. "Internationalisering av familjeägda företag : Skiljer sig graden av internationalisering mellan familjeägda och icke familjeägda företag?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-243355.
Full textGawria, Paul, and Jacob Yuonan. "Aktiva aktiefonder och investmentbolag : En komparativ studie mellan två aktivt förvaltade sparformer." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35379.
Full textEliasson, Jonas, and Glenn Taftö. "Volatilitetsintegration och Internationell Diversifiering : En empirisk studie om hur Sveriges volatilitetsintegration och diversifieringsmöjligheter har förändrats inom EMU sedan införandet av euron." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-34807.
Full textFlemström, Joel, and Zein Aida M. "Hur har de internationella diversifieringsmöjligheterna förändrats för en investerare på Stockholmsbörsen?" Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3795.
Full textInternationell diversifiering har blivit allt viktigare för investerare. För att kunna göra en riskspridning utifrån utländska kapitalmarknaderna bör dessa inte samvariera perfekt med varandra. På senare år har teknisk utveckling och en globalisering inom företagsvärlden bidragit till en förenklad finansiell marknad för större involvering. Det gör det därför intressant att studera om risken och förutsättningarna för internationell diversifiering förändrats, vilket leder till frågeställningen Hur nyttan av internationell diversifiering påverkats för en investerare på Stockholmsbörsen? Har det blivit svårare att finna marknader med låg korrelation för risk reducering?
Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur korrelationen mellan ett antal index i världen har förändrats mellan två tidsperioder, och om detta medfört högre risker för investeringar. Därmed studera en investerares möjlighet till riskspridning. Detta är en kvantitativ studie som utifrån historiska månadsavslut för 10 index använder en teknisk analys för att skapa prognoser. Undersökningen utgår ifrån portföljteorin och använder mått som korrelation, standardavvikelse och sharpekvot för att beräkna historisk data. Det har även konstruerats likaviktade portföljer för att kunna få en inblick i eventuella utvecklingar.
Tidsperioderna som undersöks är mars 1994 till mars 2002 och mars 2002 till mars 2010, för index i Europa, USA, Asien och Latinamerika. Resultaten visar att korrelationen ökat för samtliga index gentemot Stockholmsbörsen mellan de två tidsperioderna. Risk för de enskilda indexen har däremot inte haft en större ökning eller minskning som medföljd till korrelationen. För de likaviktade portföljerna har man kunnat se en riskreducering för de båda perioderna, och utifrån sharpekvot en ökad riskjusterad avkastning för 2010, som inneburit större positiva effekter för internationell diversifiering.
International diversification has become increasingly important for investors. In order to spread risk between foreign capital markets, these should not be perfectly correlated with each other. In recent years, technological development and globalization in the business sector have contributed to a simplified financial market for greater involvement. It is therefore interesting to study how the risk and the conditions for international diversification has changed. This leads to the question of; How the benefits of international diversification has been affected for an investor on the Stockholm Stock Exchange? Has it been difficult to find markets with low correlation for risk reduction?
This paper aims to examine how the correlation between a number of indices in the world has changed between two time periods, and if this has resulted in increased risks for investments. Thus, study an investor's ability to spread risks. This is a quantitative study which, is based on historical monthly closures for each index and uses a technical analysis to create forecasts. The study is based on the portfolio theory and uses measures as, correlation, standard deviation and the Sharpe ratio to calculate historical data. It has also constructed equal weighted portfolios in order to get a glimpse of any developments.
Time periods under study are from March 1994 to March 2002 and March 2002 to March 2010, with indices in Europe, U.S., Asia and Latin America. The results show that the correlation has increased for all the indices against the Stockholm Stock Exchange between the two time periods. Risk of the individual indices, by contrast, didn’t have a greater increase or decrease that came with the correlation. For the equally weighted portfolios one is able to see a reduction in risk for both periods, and based on Sharpe ratio, increased risk adjusted returns for 2010, which results in larger positive effects of international diversification.
El-madhoun, Youssef, and Johan Larsson. "Revisionsbyråers strategiska val : en kvalitativ studie om revisionsbyråers strategival och de faktorer som påverkar dessa." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20093.
Full textAsk, Amanda, and Sophia Malm. "Reagera - det nya planera : En studie om hur SMFs tillväxtstrategier påverkas av marknadsturbulens." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20793.
Full textBästa examensarbete på kandidatnivå med inriktning mot International Business 2011/2012 (Kalmar Handlande Borgares Donationsfond)
På ett mycket självständigt vis identifierar författarna en högaktuell och intressant problematik för både akademin och det omgivande samhället. Med en god metodmedvetenhet har de genomfört en djuplodad studie av åtta mindre och medelstora företags hanterande av den marknadsturbulens som kommit i spåren av finans och eurokrisen under de senaste åren. Resultatet som presenteras identifierar de huvudsakliga aspekterna i företagets externa miljö som inverkar på dess tillväxtstrategier likväl som de interna resurser företaget behöver utveckla för att hantera en turbulent miljö.
Hagströmer, Sven, and Oscar Stackelberg. "Risk strategy in Swedish investment companies." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191552.
Full textInvestmentbolag är aktörer i näringslivet som fyller funktion ur såväl samhälls- som privatekonomisk synvinkel. Uppsatsens syfte är att kartlägga svenska investmentbolags investeringsstrategi med avseende på risk och huruvida man tillämpar akademisk teori inom området. För att möjliggöra detta har svenska börsnoterade investmentbolag sorterats efter storlek och portföljstruktur. Empirisk undersökning i form av inhämtad fakta och utförda intervjuer har visat att man inte använder akademisk teori med avseende på risk, dock visas att element av dessa tillämpas. Strategin som aktiv ägare handlar istället om att betrakta varje innehav som en enskild investering och med kunskap och erfarenhet i innehavens respektive ledning bidra till en långsiktig strategisk utveckling. Trots att finansbranschen och samhället utvecklats så håller man sig i svenska investmentbolag fortfarande till beprövade arbetsmetoder.
Sönnerfors, Marie, and Elina Rapp. "Valberedningens sammansättning och dess påverkan på styrelsens könsfördelning." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-64891.
Full textBackground: Equality means that women and men should be given the same rights, obligations and opportunities in all areas of life (SCB, 2016). Sweden is the world's fourth most equally-balanced country but despite this only 28,1 percent are women in Swedish Stock Exchange Boards and 10 percent women in Swedish Nomination Committees (WEF, 2016; AllBright, 2015). This even though women more often have a higher degree than men do (SCB, 2016). In order to try to solve the problem of the uneven gender distribution in Swedish Stock Exchange Companies, the Government has repeatedly developed a proposal for quotas, latest by autumn of 2016. The quota proposal has meant that at least 40 percent of each gender should be represented in Swedish Stock Exchange Companies, but the proposal has never had enough support so it was withdrawn (Regeringen, 2016). Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explain whether the composition of the Nomination Committee in companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange affects the gender distribution of the Board. And if so, what characteristics of the individuals in the Nomination Committee that affect the gender distribution in the Board. Research question: Does the composition of the Nomination Committee affect the gender distribution in the Board? And if so, who are the characteristics that affect the gender distribution? Method: This paper has assumed a deductive research where already existing theories was used to develop hypotheses which then was tested (Bryman & Bell, 2013). The theories that created our hypotheses are social categorization theory, homosociality, homosocial reproduction, upper echelon and institutional theory. Hypotheses are tested in a quantitative method and the selection is all companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange which have a nomination committee. As a research strategy, a combination of cross-sectional design and longitudinal design has been used. Results: The results from the tests show that five of our eight hypotheses can be accepted because they show a significant relationship. Those who achieve significance are the proportion of women in the Nomination Committee, the critical mass of women in the Nomination Committee, foreign members of the Nomination Committee, the proportion of post-secondary education, family/sphere as control owners and institutional control owners when represented in the Nomination Committee. Conclusions: The answer to our research question is yes, the composition of the Nomination Committee affects the gender distribution in the Board. And the characteristics that affect are the proportion of women in the Nomination Committee, the critical mass of women in the Nomination Committee, foreign members of the Nomination Committee, the proportion of post-secondary education, family/sphere as control owners and institutional control owners when represented in the Nomination Committee.
Hedström, Eric. "Fragmenterade ledarskapsutmaningar inom svensk försvarsindustri på den internationella marknaden : En kvalitativ studie om ledarskapsutmaningarna kopplade till internationalisering av svensk försvarsindustri." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7222.
Full textEftersom försvarsindustriföretag idag agerar på en marknad som kännetecknas av internationellt samarbete och export ställer detta större krav på kulturell kompetens och mångfald i organisationen. Detta innebär att korskulturella kraven på ledare i försvarsindustriella företag ökar. Det är dock svårt att bygga uppsatsen på tidigare etablerad teori då detta är ett nytt scenario för branschen. Därför blir syftet med undersökningen att genom en grundad teoretisk ansats undersöka vilka ledarskapsutmaningar svenska försvarsindustriföretag står inför när de rör sig mot en mer internationell marknad. Som forskningsobjekt valdes SAAB. Detta då företaget kan ses som ett lämpligt objekt för att undersöka syftet. Resultatet visade att fem teman kunde identifieras. Dessa är motivation, förändring i organisationsfokus, diversifiering, kommunikation och planering samt försvarsindustrins komplexitet. En kärnvariabel identifierades som fragmentering av ledarskapsutmaningar vid internationalisering. Detta innebär att ledarskapsproblematik skiftar fokus från nationell till internationell marknad, förändras eller på något annat sätt utmanas när företaget globaliseras. Analyser av resultatet visar på att det den största ledarskapsproblematiken med att ha verksamhet utomlands är motivation, jämställdhet, tillit, kommunikation och resultatansvar. Dessa fem parametrar är alla inneboende i verksamheten och grundar sig i hur verksamheten sett ut tidigare samt omgivningskarakteristika som påverkar organisationen.
Todorovic, Mirjana, and Cathrine Åstrand. "Ökad kvinnorepresentation i styrelserummen : Påverkan och strategier." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-19661.
Full textThis study aims to present and propose strategies on how corporate boards can become more diversified by increasing the representation of women. Furthermore we will investigate how the composition of corporate boards affects the decision making process. This thesis has a qualitative approach and the results are based on data from interviews. The conclusions of this paper are that greater diversification in the composition of corporate boards affects the decision making process in a positive way. The strategies proposed are that it is necessary for women to learn the power game and to have a position with responsibility over results. The companies have to get their management to actively work with this issue through reward systems. The work of the nominating committees should be monitored to ensure that the adequate method is used when nominating the directors. Our last conclusion is that the government can create incentives by tax reductions or by using their role as an important purchaser that offers valuable contracts.
Höglund, Mikaela, and Camilla Thelander. "Alignment vid en Partiell Förändring : en studie av lågprissatsningar inom flygbranschen." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2170.
Full textBakgrund: Befintlig alignmentteori berör inte de svårigheter som företag möter i att uppnå strategisk alignment, särskilt när de genomgår större förändringar. De förändringar som amerikanska och europeiska fullserviceflygbolag har genomgått genom att introducera lågprisalternativ visar att det har varit svårt att skapa lönsamhet.
Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är, att med hjälp av exempel från flygbranschen, konkretisera befintlig alignmentteori, sätta alignment i relation till olika förändringsprocesser, samt att utifrån de olika förändringsprocesserna diskutera förutsättningar för att uppnå alignment vid en partiell förändring.
Genomförande: Sekundärdatastudie av den amerikanska och europeiska flygmarknaden.
Resultat: Förutsättningarna för att uppnå alignment vid partiell förändring kan underlättas av en dialektisk förändringsprocess i kombination med ett livscykelsynsätt, och försvåras av en teleologisk eller evolutionär förändringsprocess.
Engström, Niclas, and Erik Brolin. "Hållbara fonder - Doing well while doing good." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355269.
Full textOlsson, Stefan, Tommy Persson, and Linnea Bergh. "Is the Swede’s pension portfolio within the PPM system diversified?" Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-213.
Full textSammanfattning Introduktion: Sverige har en lång tradition av olika pensions system, så tidigt som 1914 blev det första sy-stemet implementerat. Systemet har blivit förändrat åtskilliga gånger och 1998 infördes Premie Pensions (PPM) systemet. PPM är en blandning av ett distributionsbaserat system och ett fondbaserat system. 16 procent av en individs inkomst är bundet till det distribu-tionsbaserade systemet för att kunna finansiera dagens pensioner. 2,5 procent av en indi-vids inkomst är låst till det fondbaserade systemet och kan investeras av individen i olika fonder. PPM systemet har blivit utsatt för mycket kritik eftersom tidigare studier påvisat att flertalet svenskar inte gör aktiva fondval samt att de har otillräcklig kunskap. Diversifiering förklaras bäst genom talesättet; att inte placera alla ägg i samma korg. Diver-sifiering är ett mått på hur väl en investerare lyckats sprida risken i sin portfölj genom att fördela tillgångarna i olika sorters värdepapper. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera huruvida svenskens pensionsportfölj inom PPM är diversifierad. Detta syfte valdes för att ingen tidigare studie med ett likadant syfte genomförts samt där-för att risken med att inneha en dåligt diversifierad portfölj kan vara stor. Metodval: En kvantitativ ansats har använts i denna uppsats då syftet med den är att dra slutsatser ba-serat på en stor urvalsgrupp. Andrahandsdata emottaget från PPM har uteslutande använts för att genomföra den empiriska studien. För att underlätta studien har en viss begränsning av information gjorts. I studien har ett urval av 100 individer samt 50 fonder använts. En avgränsning är att endast fonddata för de tre senaste åren använts. Trots dessa tillkorta-kommanden hävdar författarna att en hög validitet och reliabilitet har uppnåtts i uppsatsen. Slutsats: Efter att ha jämfört individernas portföljer mot efficient frontier, har åtskilliga resultat uppdagats som påvisar samma slutsats; att svenskens pensionsportfölj inom PPM är dåligt diversifie-rad. Handlingsplan för ansvariga: Att genomföra vidare studier med syfte att få mer kunskap om varför portföljerna är dåligt diversifierade samt implementera dessa resultat av studien i praktiken.
Introduction: Sweden has a long tradition of pension systems, as early as 1914 was the first system implemented. The system has been changed a number of times and in 1998 was the Premium pension authority (PPM) system introduced. PPM is a mixture of a distribution-based system and fund-based system. 16 per cent of an individual’s income is devoted to the distribution-based system for financing today’s pensions. 2.5 per cent of an individual’s income is looked in the fund-based system and can be invested by the individual in different funds. The PPM system has been a target for much criticism since earlier studies has shown that the Swedes do not make an active choice nor have the demanded knowledge. Diversification is best explained through the saying; not to place all your eggs in the same basket. Diversification is a measure of how well an investor has succeeded to spread the risk of the portfolio by allocating assets in different securities. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study whether the Swedish inhabitant’s pension portfolios within the PPM system are diversified. This purpose has been chosen because no studies have been made with an identical aim and also that the risk with holding a poorly diversified portfolio is grave. Methodology: A quantitative approach has been chosen since the aim of the thesis is to draw conclusions based on large sample numbers. Solitary secondary data, received from PPM, has been used to conduct the empirical study. To simplify the study limitations of information have been made; in the study samples of 100 individuals and 50 funds have been used. A Delimitation of the study is that only fund data for the last three years has been used. Despite the scarcities of the thesis the authors claim that the thesis has high validity and reliability. Conclusions: When benchmarking the individual portfolios against the efficient frontier a number of results were revealed and they all ended up in the same conclusion that the Swede’s pension portfolio within the PPM system is insufficient diversified. Implication for management of the PPM system To conduct further studies with the aim to get knowledge; why the investments are poorly diversified and find ways to transform the suggestions of the study into practice.
Ahnve, Fredrik, and Emil Ahlin. "Investmentbolag som sparform : En jämförelse med aktivt och passivt förvaltade aktiefonder." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341388.
Full textErwing, Gustav, and Björn Svensson. "Substansrabatt i investmentbolag : sambandet med onoterat innehav." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-14987.
Full textThe discount to NAV has been a debatable topic in the corporate world and the scientific field for a long period of time. Even though the underlying factors associated with the discount to NAV has been well documented and widely discussed, scientist remains divided on the topic. A factor that has been determined to have an effect on the discount to NAV is unquoted holdings which also is the starting point for this thesis. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between Swedish investment companies discount to NAV and the companies’ unquoted holdings by studying key performance indicators regarding the companies ‘unquoted holdings. The thesis was based on quarterly observations of the discount to NAV, the quota of unquoted holdings, level of diversification and financial key figures. To answer the hypothesis of the thesis we used Pearson`s test of correlation and linear regression. The thesis result indicates that there is a positive relationship between the discount to NAV and the quota of unquoted growth companies. The results also showed a negative relationship between profitability in unquoted holdings and the discount to NAV.
Cederborg, Patric, and Viktor Olsson. "Det finns två sidor av samma mynt : Hur den svenska valutakursen påverkar små- och medelstora tillverkningsföretags internationella konkurrenskraft." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-27401.
Full textLiljegren, Hanna, and Sara Lealem. "Kvinnliga styrelseledamöters betydelse för prestationer på börsen : En studie om kvinnliga styrelseledamöter bland svenska nyintroduktioner mellan 2010 - 2019." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177873.
Full textBackground: Public information that is available indicates that there is a strong majority of males ruling in the board rooms. As diversity is becoming widely debated in society and different occupations are becoming more gender equal, the boardrooms do not convert in the same past as other occupations. Some Scandinavian countries have gone to long measures to increase gender diversity in the corporate boardrooms. Furthermore, it can enrich to know if the measures taken give the anticipated outcome. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there is any relationship between the profitability and the gender distribution among the board members of newly listed companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange, Large Cap, Mid Cap and Small Cap. Methodology: The study approaches a quantitative method with multiple regressions analyses with separate control variables to examine the correlation between profitability and gender diversity in corporate boards on short-term and long-term. In addition, t-tests were performed to investigate differences between average returns. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there is no statistically determined relationship between the gender diversity of the board and the stock return over the duration of a year from going public.
Ödling, Lisa, and Daniel Sandsjö. "Kvinnor i bolagsstyrelser : Hur reagerar marknaden vid nominering av kvinnliga styrelseledamöter?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-314880.
Full textThe number of female directors of companies has increased in recent years and studies show that companies with diverse boards report higher profitability than other companies. Several of these studies are based on data from small, medium and large listed companies. The government recently proposed a quota law where women will constitute 40 per cent of the directors of companies to push for more equal boards. Hence, studying the benefits of diverse boards and its investor reactions and how the market is moving is of interest. The study shows that when the nomination of female board members is published, it has a negative impact on the company's market, but this effect is not statistically significant. Furthermore, the nomination affect does not have an impact on the stock price change regarding the company's industry affiliation.
Mitteregger, Love. "Home Biasness & International Diversification : Are The Benefits of International Diversification Starting to Deteriorate?" Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-41041.
Full textHur vanligt är egentligen home biasness hos den moderna investeraren? Till vilken grad diversifierar egentligen den vanliga Svenska investeraren sina tillgångar internationellt? Påverkar en eventuellt inhemskt investeringsfilosofi investeraren negativt? Korrelationstester för olika världsindex kommer utföras, så att en överskådade blick kan fås över hur världsmarknader rör sig allt mer symmetriskt, då starkare symmetri mellan marknader minskar nyttan av internationell diversifiering. Data om innehav från Sveriges topp tio fonder, sett till fondförmögenhet utifrån Morningstar, har samlats från finansinspektionen per 2014-12-31. Dessa fonder ska representera den typiske Svenska investeraren och dess diversifieringsvanor. Genom att ha samlat data från ett flertal internationella index har effektiv front samt en fiktiv kombination av index skapats för att få fram huruvida avkastning i relation till risk ökar genom internationell diversifiering. Denna kombination av index jämförs sedan mot utveckling av en handfull internationellt samlade index för att se om diversifiering förbättrar avkastningen i relation till risk. Resultatet säger att det index som är mest diversifierade inte är så gynnsamt som teorin påstår. Anledningen till detta kan bero på den ökade korrelationen bland aktiemarknader idag jämfört med för 15 år sedan. De flesta Svenska fonderna har en större andel av sitt innehav i Svenska värdepapper och överlag, förutom diverse undantag, så har det gynnat dessa fonder i avkastning sett till risk.
Gherab, Sara, and Amela Ferhatovic. "Diversifieringsmöjligheter och deras effekt på avkastning : en jämförande studie av etiska och traditionella fonder." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-24494.
Full textAndersson, Isabella, and Adrian Stelling. "Svenska fonders investeringsstrategier och prestation : En kvantitativ studie om hur fondens tillämpning av SRI och ESG-integrering påverkar den riskjusterade avkastningen." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38438.
Full textIntresset för hållbara fonder har ökat på senare tid. ESG har blivit en del av bolagens vardag och SRI en del av förvaltarnas strategier. Då det saknas forskning inom området på aktiefonder har vi valt att undersöka hur investeringsstrategier inom “Socially Responsible Investment” (SRI) påverkar den riskjusterade avkastningen. Studien undersökte 51 stycken aktiefonder mellan 2014 och 2019 som hade rapporterat sina hållbarhetsstrategier via den så kallade hållbarhetsprofilen. Från denna information skapades portföljer beroende på fondernas strategiska arbete som sedan jämfördes med konventionella fonder som motsvarigheter. Carhart fyrfaktormodell användes för att beräkna den riskjusterade avkastningen, sharpekvoten för att utröna avkastning i förhållande till risken och standardavvikelsen för att beräkna den totala risken i portföljen. Slutsatserna av undersökningen blev att samtliga aktiefonder arbetar med kombinationer av flera hållbarhetsstrategier för att genomföra hållbara investeringar. I linje med tidigare forskning visade resultaten även att exkludering i låg grad uppvisar en högre riskjusterad avkastning jämfört med en högre exkluderingsgrad. Detta resultatet var dock efter statistiskt test inte signifikant, vilket i sin tur genererade slutsatsen att den riskjusterade avkastningen inte påverkades av i vilken grad fonden använde sig av negativ screening. Den totala risken påverkades varken av att SRI-fonderna i jämförelse med de konventionella fonderna haft sämre möjligheter till diversifiering eller att SRI-fondernas på grund av ESG-integrering kunnat minska risken.
Snögren, Michelle, and Ida Tallskog. "Fastighetsinriktat investmentbolag som diversifierad portfölj : Analys av ett noterat aktiebolag." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254857.
Full textSweden has had a booming economy during the recent years. The Swedish Riksbank however believes that the economy will slow down in the near future. During times of uncertainty stable assets are often preferable where real estate assets are one interesting option with a low correlation to many other asset classes. This study examines the portfolio the real estate investment company Fastator consisting of companies active in the real estate sector. Fastator's ownership share in the companies are between 50 to 100% and their level of activity in each investment depends on whether they are acting as an active owner, on a project basis or keeing the investment as a financial asset.The study has analyzed Fastator's portfolio to see if it, based on modern portfolio theory and theories around diversification, could be considered as being diversified. Earlier studies in the field have also been examined to assist in answering the question. The evaluation of the portfolio's diversification is based on geographical locations of the underlying assets as well as the property types in the portfolio. Knowledge on the various property types that exist was obtained by looking at the portfolios of the largest real estate companies in Sweden.It is concluded that Fastator's portfolio cannot be considered diversified since the portfolio is not evenly weighted as required in the theory of modern portfolio.
Thyrén, Carl, and Samuel Siltala. "Hur agerar investerare och vad säger teorierna? : - En studie inom aktiemarknaden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-329253.
Full textThe stock market has a variety of theories that explains how people act and how they base their decisions. The chosen theories in the study are portfolio theory, the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), behavioral finance, behavioral portfolio theory and the adaptive market hypothesis (AMH). The study uses cross-sectional design in the form of a survey to collect quantitative data. The purpose of the paper is to examine how investors act, how much they diversify and how risk averse they are, and then the results are compared with the theories of this thesis. The conclusions drawn by the study are that investors who own stocks are the ones that are the most confident, have studied economics, work at banks and those who prefer to buy stocks themselves, and that men tend to be more confident than women. Those who diversify most are younger investors, those who study economics, are shareholders and/or prefer to trade shares themselves, which means that the more relevant knowledge and experience investors have about stocks, the more they diversify. It has not been decided which theory best explains how investors act; most theories are rather used to clarify the results.
Aaltonen, David, and Mathias Sköld. "Behöver pensionssystemet en förändring? : En studie om investmentbolag i premiepensionssystemet." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-33515.
Full textPurpose: The purpose of this study is evaluate if there is another investment opportunity than the current investment opportunities in the Swedish pension system. In order to do this the study will produce a portfolio of a Swedishand an international investment company with a good balance between risk and return for a comparison of today’s premium pension scheme. Methodology: The study is based on historical data for ten years which further is analyzed through the Pearson R model. The selection consists of investment companies in the Nordic- and the American market. Along with the quantitative study an interview will be made with a representative well familiar with savings and pension investments. Finally the credibility of the study and methodology criticism is presented. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical frame of reference consists of previous theories that are relevant to produce the best-suited portfolio. Markowitz modern portfolio theory is the main theory which is supplemented by additional essential measures as the Sharpe ratio. Furthermore, a developed portfolio theory by Grubel & Solnik is applied to get an international perspective. Result: The result consists of a presentation of the processed data as underlies the analysis being carried out. Conclusions: The study produces a portfolio in the form of Bure Equity AB and Berkshire Hathaway. In comparison with the pre-existing pension options the study’s portfolio shows a significantly higher nominal return. The constellation of Bure Equity AB and Berkshire Hathaway exhibits a nominal return of 19,75 % in relation to the active saver in the premium pension with a nominal return of 7 %. The passive saver assigned to AP7 Safa exhibits a nominal return of 11 %.
David, Aaltonen, and Mathias Sköld. "Investmentbolag och Premiepension : En studie om premiepensionssystemet." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-33695.
Full textPurpose: The purpose of this study is evaluate if there is another investment opportunity than the current investment opportunities in the Swedish pension system. In order to do this the study will produce a portfolio of a Swedishand an international investment company with a good balance between risk and return for a comparison of today’s premium pension scheme. Methodology: The study is based on historical data for ten years which further is analyzed through the Pearson R model. The selection consists of investment companies in the Nordic- and the American market. Along with the quantitative study an interview will be made with a representative well familiar with savings and pension investments. Finally the credibility of the study and methodology criticism is presented. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical frame of reference consists of previous theories that are relevant to produce the best-suited portfolio. Markowitz modern portfolio theory is the main theory which is supplemented by additional essential measures as the Sharpe ratio. Furthermore, a developed portfolio theory by Grubel & Solnik is applied to get an international perspective. Result: The result consists of a presentation of the processed data as underlies the analysis being carried out. Conclusions: The study produces a portfolio in the form of Bure Equity AB and Berkshire Hathaway. In comparison with the pre-existing pension options the study’s portfolio shows a significantly higher nominal return. The constellation of Bure Equity AB and Berkshire Hathaway exhibits a nominal return of 19,75 % in relation to the active saver in the premium pension with a nominal return of 7 %. The passive saver assigned to AP7 Safa exhibits a nominal return of 11 %.
Nyqvist, Vidar, and Mario Milic. "Bitcoins roll i en Investeringsportfölj : A Mean-Variance Analysis of the Diversification Benefits." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104722.
Full textLarsson, Olsson Simon. "Användandet av algoritmer inom investeringar kopplat till OMX30 : Tillämpning av maskininlärning inom portföljhantering: En K-Betydelsemetod." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-43906.
Full textMezgebu, Deborah. "Kvalitativ studie: svenska pensionsinstitut : Internationell investeringsstrategi mot fastigheter." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213131.
Full textThere are good arguments in favor of international portfolio diversification: markets do not move in a synchronized way and thus by exposing to different markets, the overall portfolio risk reduces. In mature capital markets where large institutional investors have a structural surplus of capital, one can choose to move a portion abroad. By moving part of the capital to other emerging or developed markets, equal or better returns can be earned while at the same time the risk in the portfolio is diversifies. However International diversification implies some obstacles and risks, though many of these have today diminished in importance. A successful strategy therefore aims to maximize the benefits while trying to avoid possible risks and obstacles. In autumn of 2016 the Swedish newspaper Fastighetsvärden published an article stating that "Swedish real estate companies acquire abroad in a way we have not experienced since the late 1980s; Real estate for a value of 250 billion is controlled by 40 Swedish companies in 25 countries". While Swedish intuitions direct or through subsidiaries or joint ventures are at present major players in the Swedish real estate market; in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, one can see the reappearance of diversification towards the international real estate market. The thesis addresses questions concerning if and how to make real estate acquisition abroad with less risk and what the conditions are for implementing such a transition. The result of the qualitative study enriched the response to the main purpose of this essay; to validate the reason for the growing interest in international diversification among Swedish pension institutions. The increase in international diversification implies that a favorable strategy has been found to overcome many of the obstacles and risks entailed by such transition. Why one chooses to invest abroad can be explained in two steps: the underlying reason and the underlying cause. The reason is to diversify the overall portfolio risk and find a stable long-term return. However, the underlying cause for today’s investments are based on the good long-term growth Sweden has had, which is not secured for the future. Moreover there is capital surplus and big competition on a small market like Sweden. The alternative is therefore to go abroad, and as Sweden already generates good returns, it has been more about trying to diversify through different segments in similar economically stable markets. It means entering in markets such as Finland, Germany and England by joint ventures with local managers, which in such an international transition minimizes risk.
Blomkvist, Oscar. "Smart Beta - index weighting." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168745.
Full textDenna studie är ett examensarbete som avslutar ett 120 poängs mastersprogram i Matematik med inriktning mot Finansiell Matematik och Matematisk Statistik på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH). Ämnet Smart beta studeras i kontexten av en indexfond, där de olika testade principerna för viktning i portföljerna är: likaviktad, maximerad Sharpe-kvot, maximerad diversifiering, och fundamental viktning användandes av P/E-tal. Utfallet i testerna utvärderas i ackumulerad avkastning, portföljrisk, kostnad att handla i portföljen, och ett antal mått på fördelningen av tillgångarna. Studien går stegvis igenom processen för att samla in, ordna, och ”tvätta” data. En kort förklaring av historisk simulering, metoden för att estimera stokastiska variabler såsom kovariansmatriser, är inkluderad, såväl som en analys av distributionen av data. Processen för att optimera portföljerna och hur regler för att vara en UCITS-fond kan omformas till optimeringsvillkor beskrivs. Resultaten indikerar att alla utom den mest diversifierade portföljen har högre ackumulerad avkastning än den marknadsviktade portföljen under testperioden. I alla testade fall ökar handelsvolymen liksom marknadspåverkan när en annan strategi än marknadsviktad används. Portföljen med maximerad Sharpe-kvot ger en hög avkastning med bibehållen låg risk. Den fundamentalt viktade portföljen ger bäst avkastning, men med en litet förhöjd risk. Kombinationen av de båda metoderna ger den portföljen med högst ackumulerad avkastning och samtidigt lägst risk under testperioden.
Barnard, Vanessa, and Linnéa Hörberg. "Ekonomer kontra ingenjörer på aktiemarknaden : en studie med fokus på riskpreferenser." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-417512.
Full textDuring 2007 – 2008 when the global financial crisis was in full effect, a majority of the investors on the stock market were forced to exit due to a harsher financial environment and increasing complexity of financial products. The results of this outcome were associated with losses of financial assets for the investors. Previous research has identified and supported the need for financial literacy during financial crises. Could financial literacy be a key factor in resolving these issues? And if so, what kind of knowledge can lead to greater financial literacy? The purpose of this study is to examine how engineers and economists build and rebalance their portfolios. The aim has been to identify the risk preferences that exists for each target group, and to analyze stock market participation – before, during, and after the global financial crisis. This in turn, is crucial for the ability to compare the investors university education and to investigate possible differences in terms of knowledge. The results show that the investors in this study display risk averse behaviours and hold assets associated with risks that are lower than the market risk. Furthermore, economists tend to be more risk averse than engineers which in comparison are more risk neutral in their market behaviours.
Wiklund, David, and Johan Ågren. "Bankernas rapportering av socialt ansvar och dess inverkan på bankens medieexponering." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-27585.
Full textToday's society is increasing demands on companies to act from a sustainability perspective. In line with this, more and more companies choose to be transparent through sustainability reporting, although sustainability reporting is not a legal requirement. Previous studies of banks' social reporting has largely been supported by the legitimacy theory. The studies have found that corporate reporting of social responsibility is affected by the variables such as; proximity to customers, media exposure, size of company and stakeholder values.Our study is based on previous research and aims to describe and analyze whether the banks' reporting of social responsibility regarding their working conditions and product contributes to greater media exposure. Furthermore, this study aims to describe and analyze how the underlying factors of the bank size, diversification and decentralized decision-making affect the sustainability reports subcategories: product responsibility and labor practices and decent work.The study includes sustainability reports from 110 banks in the GRI database. Data for five variables was collected and compared with the variable media exposure, defined as the number of hits for the banks in Googles search engine for news. The variables used in the study of banks are: reporting of labor practices and decent work, product responsibility reporting, size, decentralization and diversification. The results of the study demonstrate thata more detailed reporting of product responsibility contributes to the bank gaining more media attention. Furthermore, the result shows that extent of the product reporting is influenced by the bank´s size and diversification. The results of the study also show that the bank's reporting of employment does not contribute to increased media exposure. However, the results reveal that if the organization applies more decentralized decision-making, it is more likely that the bank reports on the social responsibility for working conditions to a greater extent.
hellman, Joakim, and Alexander Björklund. "Co-living och fastighetsföretagens strategier." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23099.
Full textBackground: The urbanization that has taken place for a long time has created a majorhousing shortage in big cities in Sweden. As sustainability and the environment havebecome increasingly important, this has led to a gained interest in sharing economy andin new forms of housing from the market and the real estate companies. Parallels canbe observed between the new phenomenon co-living and the collectiveaccommodations that emerged in the 1960s and 70s where people with similar interestslived together. Co-living is a form of housing that has received a lot of attention inrecent years as it is surface efficient, economical and includes more social interactionsthan in traditional rental properties. Real estate companies’ incentives to invest in thissegment can be manifested in different ways. Therefore, it is interesting to investigatewhat strategy they use when choosing to involve themselves in co-living.Purpose: The study aims to examine what strategic role co-living plays for the real estate companies? In order to answer the purpose, it has been broken down in to three issues:- Why does real estate companies invest in co-living?- How is co-living conducted?- What does it require to conduct co-living?Methodology: The study was conducted as a qualitative examination where data is gathered through semi-structured interviews.Conclusion: What has emerged in the study is that the real estate companies' strategy in co-living varies. Interest in co-living is great in Sweden and it turns out that companies see opportunities in expanding and broadening the variety in their range of housing types and in keeping their customers within the company. The companies' internal capabilities and resources have proven to be important factors when deciding a strategy for investment in co-living. Companies that consider themselves to have the right capabilities and resources choose to start co-living on their own, while one company in the study thought it was a better strategy to become part-owner of another leading co-living company and thus gain the right knowledge. Furthermore, it turned out that the companies saw co-living as a way to find new innovative products and services for their organization.
Lundh, Mattias. "Fem strategier för hantering av översvämningsrisker från havet : En beskrivande fallstudie av Falsterbonäset, Vellinge kommun." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Centrum för forskning om samhällsrisker, CSR (från 2020), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85387.
Full textBackground: In a global perspective are floods, after storms, the natural hazard that causes the most economic damage. Within the European Union (EU), floods gained increased focus after Europe was hit by major floods in 2002. Because of this, the EU-funded project STAR-FLOOD was launched in October 2012. Among other things, the project resulted in a guidebook for how flood risks can be managed. The guidebook, written by Raadgever et.al. (2016), recommends a mix of strategies (diversification) for the management of flood risks. Within the EU, flood risks have traditionally been managed through structural protection, being just one of several strategies. In Sweden, floods are managed mainly in the acute phase and through private insurance. Flood protection has recently become increasingly important for how floods are handled in Sweden, which can be exemplified by the levee that is to be built on Falsterbonäset in Vellinge municipality in Skåne. However, there is a paradox with this type of structural flood protection, and it is that these can increase the risk of flooding. The paradox is called the levee effect and means that structural flood protection can lead to a false sense of security in those who live in the protected area. A diversified strategy for managing flood risks can reduce the risk of the levee effect. Purpose: Study to which extent a diversified strategy can be traced in the case of structural protection that is planned structural on Falsterbonäset. Method: A descriptive case study of how flood risks from the sea are managed on Falsterbonäset. The material has mainly been collected through qualitative interviews which have then been analysed with a directed qualitative content analysis. As a complement to the interviews, other material has also been analysed, mainly municipal documents. The theory on which the study is based, is the levee effect and the theory of risk homeostasis. Results: Based on the guidebook by Raadgever et.al. (2016), it is possible for Vellinge municipality to do more to reduce the probability and the consequences of floods on Falsterbonäset. For example, it would have been possible to limit the development in the protected area and set clear requirements for heights for new buildings. At the same time, the municipality's strategy has never been as diversified as it is now, due to the forthcoming flood protection. However, there are some indications of conditions for a levee effect to occur.