Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diversité des espèces de plantes médicinales'
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Ghimire, Suresh Kumar. "Pratiques de cueillette et écologie de la conservation de plantes médicinales de l’Himalaya Népalais : approches ethnoécologique et écologique." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20227.
Full textA large number of medicinal plants (MPs) are threatened in the Himalaya due to over-exploitation for trade. Knowledge of the sustainability of their use is urgently needed. We documented ethnobotanical and ethnoecological knowledge and management practices related to MPs harvesting in Dolpo (northwestern Nepal) in Tibetan and mixed Tibeto-Nepalese societies. Local knowledge and harvesting patterns were incorporated in to the design of ecological studies, the objectives of which were to assess the impact of resource use on MPs at population and landscape levels, and thereby to inform sustainable management practices. We found a rich body of local knowledge relating to the use, ethnoecology and management of MPs. Local knowledge and management practices varied substantially within and between social groups, and were related to socio-cultural and economic factors. MP species diversity and abundance at the landscape-level were related to the diversity of human resource use practices and to heterogeneity in ecological conditions. At the population level, the effect of harvesting was found to depend not only on harvesting intensities and approaches but also on habitat conditions and growth patterns of the concerned species. Based on the cases of two perennial species, Nardostachys grandiflora (Valerianaceae) and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Scrophulariaceae), we conclude that the goal of harvesting sustainability appears to be more easily attained for some species than for others, owing to differences in their growth strategies and in relation to environmental variation that affects the rapidity of recovery of populations from the loss of individuals. Our study brings new elements towards understanding how current human management shapes the structure and dynamics of MPs at population and landscape levels, and clarifies how studies of local knowledge and practices may be used to design more sustainable practices
Al, Hakim Wassim. "Contribution à l'étude des espèces médicinales et aromatiques de Syrie : (répartition, relations avec le climat)." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20031.
Full textBordenave, Bruno. "Mesures de la diversité spécifique des plantes vasculaires en forêt sempervirente de Guyane." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MNHN0022.
Full textDjabou, N. "Caractérisation et variabilité des plantes à parfum aromatiques et médicinales de Corse et de l'Ouest algérien." Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797599.
Full textNaud, Julie. "Espèces herbacées médicinales de sous-bois, cultivées en érablière sous différentes conditions de lumière et de sol, dans le sud du Québec (Canada)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26024/26024.pdf.
Full textDjabou, Nassim. "Caractérisation et variabilité des plantes à parfum aromatiques et médicinales de Corse et de l'ouest Algérien." Corte, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797599.
Full textCorsican and western Algerian flora is rich and well known. The Mediterranean basin is one of the Hotspot where biodiversity is concentrated. Like other regional red areas, these two regions are characterized by high richness endemism but also by strong anthropogenic threats growing rapidly. Essential oils are high value added products used in fields as diverse as perfumes, cosmetics, food processing or aromatherapy and pharmaceuticals. It is present generally in the form of complex mixture of several tens or even hundreds of terpene compounds in variable proportions. Production and characterization of essential oils, the quality control as well as the identification of a possible specificity requires the implementation of modern methods of preparation and analyzes. This work is based on the study of essential oils and volatile part of nine species and subspecies ofTeucrium genius, growing in Corsica and western Algeria. The aim of this work is to contribute to improve knowledge of natural resources from plant biomass by providing objective scientific information. Three major axes have been developed: the main stand concerns the characterization of chemical compositions of essential oils; the other two stands are fully complementary: (i) a genetic axe that aims to establish the genetic sequence of Teucrium plants and examine the impact of the genetic information to production of secondary metabolites (ii) a microbiological demonstration based to antibacterial activity of essential oils studied
Vaillant, Nathalie. "Effet du zinc sur la croissance, l'activité photosynthétique et la synthèse de métabolites secondaires chez différentes espèces de Datura : développement d'un procédé d'épuration des effluents urbains couplé à la production de plantes à intérêt pharmaceutique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF1MM01.
Full textManincor, Natasha de. "Ecologie des plantes et des pollinisateurs dans les prairies calcaires le long d'un gradient latitudinal en France : diversité des espèces et structure des réseaux d'interaction plantes-pollinisateurs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R024/document.
Full textIn the current context of biodiversity crisis and the associated risks of ecosystem service failure, plant-pollinator networks are among the most studied mutualistic networks. Without pollinators, many plants could not reproduce and set seed, and 70% of agricultural production directly depends on them. However, pollinating insects constitute some of the terrestrial taxa most affected by global changes. As such, understanding plant-pollinator networks is of particular relevance if we are to prevent catastrophic disruption of pollination interactions and associated ecosystem services. In plant-pollinator networks, species need to be present in the same site and at the same moment for interactions to occur. In France, plant and pollinator abundance, richness and presence differ along the latitudinal gradient, which correspond to natural variations in biodiversity, and these variations could potentially affect network structure. Moreover, interaction networks are often reported based on temporally aggregated data, but in truth pollination interactions are not static and vary in time, since different plant and pollinator species display different phenologies. Large datasets on plant-pollinator interactions which comprise the entire flowering season or multiple years and allow relevant comparisons among networks along environmental gradient are rare. Due to their complexity and variation among years, most studies of mutualistic networks have focused on predicting and comparing classic network metrics which are all influenced by network size, i.e. the number of plant and insect species. Furthermore, most of these networks are based on interactions observed in the field, and thus some existing links between species remain unobserved. As such, visit-based networks represent a subsample of possible interactions, which call for the development of new methodological approaches to better explore the ecological processes determining species interactions. The general aim of this study is to understand and help predict the effects of environmental changes on plant and pollinator communities by studying plant-pollinator associations along an environmental gradient. Here, I provide and analyse a new database made of geo-localized data characterizing plant-pollinator associations at the species level, spatial variation in community structure and trait assemblage, focusing on six different calcareous grasslands along a latitudinal gradient in France. I first compared the taxonomical diversity variation in space (between and within region) and time (along the season). Then, I used a new methodological approach to compare networks of different size and to study the consequences of environmental gradients on plant-pollinator interaction probability. To understand how much distorted is our vision of plant-pollinator networks sampled following classic methods, I built more complete interaction networks using the pollen found on insects. Finally, I studied the mechanism behind geographical variation of floral scents and among-populations differences linked to the variation in the pollinator community. Because of the complexity and variation of plant-pollinator interactions, our study highlighted the importance to consider the entire flowering season and insects flying period, using species-level identifications, to disentangle the ecological species' role and the network variations. The use of new methodological approach allowed us to make networks comparison along the environmental and diversity gradient avoiding data circularity. The high amount of data provided in this thesis permitted to make comparisons at different level, from the entire network to species-specific variation among-populations
Gonzalez, Herrera Mailyn Adriana. "Etude de la diversité spécifique et phylogénétique de communautés de plantes ligneuses en forêt tropicale : apport des séquences ADN dans l'identification des espèces et l'étude des communautés." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/682/.
Full textThis dissertation is anchored in the global need for understanding mechanisms underlying plant diversity, as well as the need to develop technical tools that allow one to study diversity. The studies included in this dissertation were conducted at the sites of Nouragues & Paracou in the rainforest in French Guiana. One of the goals was to test the reliability of DNA barcoding as a tool in tropical plant species identification. DNA barcoding performance was tested for seven plastid markers and one nuclear marker over more than 250 angiosperm species. DNA markers correctly delimit species in about 70% of cases. Despite this imperfect success, DNA barcoding was useful to identify juveniles stages, provided an aid to identification at the herbarium, and reveal potential cryptic species. One major goal of this dissertation was to examine ecological mechanisms that drive species assembly beyond the regeneration phase, integrating for this purpose molecular information. This was done by comparing phylogenetic and species diversity patterns of saplings and trees. I found no changes in species or phylogenetic richness across sapling and tree assemblages. However, rare species were favored across these size classes, increasing species evenness at the tree layer. These results, indicates that negative density-dependence is driving species sorting from sapling to tree assemblages. Elucidation of this mechanism highlights the importance of ecological processes beyond the regeneration phase in the maintenance of biodiversity in tropical tree communities
Rhazi, Mouhssine. "Ecologie de la restauration de la diversité végétale et des espèces rares dans les mares temporaires méditerranéennes (sud. France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30017.
Full textIn the Mediterranean temporary pools of Southern France the decline of extensive grazing resulted in the building up of large biomass of perennial plant species, notably shrubs (elm ash), helophytes (rushes, sedges) and grasses and to the accumulation of litter at the expenses of Isoetion plant communities. The colonisation of the pools by the competitive plant species leads to lower species richness and to the regression of rare species such as Isoetes setacea or Ranunculus revelieri ssp rodiei. The objectives of this work were to understand the processes involved in this dynamics of the vegetation and to test the feasibility of its restoration by the control of dominant species. The works realized in the Roque-Haute Nature reserve (Hérault) and in the Plaine des Maures (Var) have shown that the restoration of the Isoetion type vegetation was possible. Light attenuation and litter were found to play a significant negative role for the species of the Isoetion. The success of the restoration can be explained primarily by the populations remaining in particular as seed stocks. Removing superficial soils was not followed by a fast restoration of the vegetation. This technique result in strong changes in the abiotic conditions (increase water depth, modification of soil) and destroy superficial seed stocks
Bory, Séverine. "Diversité de Vanilla planifolia G. Jackson dans l'Océan Indien et de ses espèces apparentées : aspects génétiques, cytogénétiques et épigénétiques." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258207.
Full textLes marqueurs AFLP ont été utilisés pour élucider les schémas d'introduction de V. planifolia et ils montrent que la plupart des accessions cultivées de nos jours dans les îles de l'Océan Indien dérivent d'un seul génotype introduit. A l'exception d'un phénotype particulier, ‘Aiguille' découvert à La Réunion et issu de reproduction sexuée, les accessions cultivées présentent de très faibles niveaux de diversité génétique et ont évolué grâce à l'accumulation de mutations ponctuelles à travers la multiplication végétative. Un schéma de diversification similaire a été révélé pour V. tahitensis J.W. Moore, espèce cultivée en Polynésie dérivant vraisemblablement de V. planifolia. L'analyse comparative des niveaux de diversité chez des espèces spontanées américaines génétiquement proches a révélé des niveaux faible pour V. bahiana Hoehne et élevé pour V. pompona Schiede, corrélés avec l'étendue de leur aire naturelle de dispersion et a confirmé l'existence d'un régime mixte de reproduction chez ses espèces (sexuée et végétative). Ces résultats sont confirmés par les marqueurs microsatellites développés chez V. planifolia. Les marqueurs transférables et polymorphes aux espèces sauvages américaines, africaines et asiatiques ont révélé une différenciation robuste des espèces, ainsi qu'une forte dichotomie du genre entre Ancien Monde et Nouveau Monde. Ces microsatellites seront très utiles pour les études de diversité, d'hybridation et de phylogéographie dans le genre Vanilla.
La cytométrie en flux, la microdensitométrie, les comptages chromosomiques et les longueurs de stomates ont montré que la polyploïdisation a joué un rôle important dans la diversification de V. planifolia à la Réunion. Trois niveaux de ploïdie (2x, 3x, 4x) ont été révélés permettant d'expliquer les particularités des phénotypes réunionnais ‘Stérile' auto-triploïde et ‘Grosse Vanille' auto-tétraploïde. V. pompona possède les caractéristiques d'un ancien tétraploïde ayant évolué soit par fusions de chromosomes soit par contraction génomique. La forte variation de la quantité d'ADN nucléaire et la fréquence élevée de l'aneuploïdie chez toutes les espèces de Vanilla étudiées, montrent de toute évidence que la polyploïdisation est un phénomène majeur et récurrent dans l'évolution du genre.
Il existe de la méthylation dans le génome de V. planifolia mais aucun polymorphisme de méthylation n'a permis d'expliquer les particularités des phénotypes ‘Variegata' et ‘Mexique'. L'origine de ces particularités doit être recherchée par ailleurs.
Comme beaucoup d'autres espèces tropicales introduites pour leur culture, le vanillier possède donc une base génétique très restreinte qui le rend vulnérable aux maladies. Chez une plante d'importance économique comme le vanillier, l'accroissement de la variabilité génétique et l'apport de nouvelles potentialités agronomiques et organoleptiques sont donc des enjeux majeurs pour la recherche. Le vanillier est d'autre part un modèle de choix pour étudier les conséquences de la domestication (à travers la reproduction végétative) mais également pour élucider l'histoire évolutive de la plus grande famille de plantes : les orchidées.
Legionnet, Agnès. "Diversité et fonctionnement génétique des populations naturelles de "Populus nigra L. ", espèce pionnière des ripisylves européennes." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20022.
Full textMotard, Eric. "Etude de l'Ailante (Ailanthus altissima (Mill. ) Swingle) comme exemple de plante invasive : risques pour la biodiversité de la forêt de Fontainebleau." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0012.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the Tree-of-heaven as an example of alien invasive species and assess the risks that it represents for the biodiversity in a forest ecosystem. The aim of this study was to answer these four questions: Where is located the tree of heaven in the forest? Is its expansion significant? How does it proceed? What is its impact on the different biodiversity compartments? What are the mechanisms that help it to expand? Is it easy to control the populations? The study area is the Fontainebleau forest where ailanthus invade progressively. It seems that Ailanthus establishes durably anthropogenic or not gaps occurring in the tree cover. Afterwards, its allelopathy abilities and its vigorous reproduction prevent the other tree species to recover. The study of the impact on all the compartments of the forest ecosystem was conducted on the largest surface invasion site of the forests. Floristic inventories and lichens and bryophytes sampling but also for the litter fauna, soil and analysis of microbial activity have been made along a gradient of density of suckers. Our floristic inventories conducted throughout the forest suggest that Ailanthus altissima is associated with a distinct community, less rich in species than those associated with other species of deciduous trees of the Fontainebleau forest. Our floristic inventories on the plain of Sorques confirm these results in relation to the common oak. TheTree-of-heaven is associated to less rich community of epiphytic lichens than the common oaks. The abundance of Acari and Collembola in the litter decreases while the abundance of Lumbricids increases with Ailanthus altissima suckers density. Overall detritivores are the most affected functional groups of litter by the presence of Ailanthus altissima. The Lumbricids seem the resilient taxonomic group of the forest ecosystem. The abundance of predatory Coleoptera and especially Abax parallelipipedus (which is the most common species in this area) decreases which indicates a significant disturbance of the ecosystem. The richness and diversity of gastropods decreased along the gradient of density of suckers. Finally the activity of soil microorganisms decreases along the gradient Ailanthus altissima density indicating a significant disturbance in the chain of mineralization of nutrients. The findings from this study demonstrate that this invasive species of open and anthropized habitat is also a threat to the forest ecosystem and that Ailanthus altissima acts as a transforming invasive species affecting dramatically the trophic chains. These results justify further development of a control method known as "infusion" which can be incorporated into an eradication protocol
Deraison, Hélène. "Effet de la diversité fonctionnelle de communautés d'insectes herbivores sur la diversité et le fonctionnement d'un écosystème prairial." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2331.
Full textBiodiversity is a major determinant of ecosystem functioning. Pioneer biodiversity experiments have shown a general positive relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. However there is now a growing need to integrate the functional diversity within multi-trophic levels to improve our ability to scale biodiversity changes into future ecosystem functioning.We experimentally tested how the functional identity and diversity of generalist insect herbivore communities impact the functioning of a grassland ecosystem. We experimentally and independently manipulated the functional identity and diversity of grasshopper communities.We identified grasshopper functional effect traits determining the intensity of trophic interactions between plant and grasshopper communities. We demonstrated that the mechanisms driving grasshopper community impact on plant biomass depend on their functional identity and diversity. Thus a higher functional diversity of grasshopper mandibular traits increases the size of the feeding niche within communities and the total impact on ecosystem. Finally, ecosystem response to herbivores depends directly on the intensity of herbivory pressure, plant functional diversity and on the changes of plant functional structure within plant communities.Our study contributes to the development of the trait-based approach in the study of trophic interactions to link biodiversity between and within trophic levels on ecosystem functioning
Norden, Natalia. "Importance du processus de régénération naturelle dans le maintien de la diversité en forêt tropicale humide." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30250.
Full textNatural regeneration in tropical forests is a multistage process including seed production, dispersal, germination and subsequent seedling establishment. All these stages may have critical consequences in population dynamics and on species coexistence. We assessed many aspects of seedling regeneration at the Nouragues Station in French Guiana. We monitored seed arrival over a 5-years period. We monitored seedling community dynamics over 28 months. We developed a new approach in order to identify reproductive strategies among 48 tree and liana species. We found that the plant community showed an important variability in seed production. Most species fruited yearly, but as many as a quarter of the studied species showed a masting pattern, a phenomenon very poorly studied in tropical latitudes. The vast array of reproductive and germination strategies displayed by plants results in important temporal pulses in seedling recruitment. We thus assessed the importance of these sources of temporal variability and of spatial environmental heterogeneity in seedling community dynamics. Annual variation in seedfall and environmental filtering both contributed to explaining spatiotemporal variation in local seedling density and diversity. Finally, we showed for 15 seedling taxa that abundance patterns are mainly controlled by seed arrival. .
Ngouana, Kammalac Thierry. "Diversité génétique d'isolats de Cryptococcus et Candida issus des patients VIH positifs à Yaoundé et étude de leur sensibilité aux antifongiques et aux extraits de plantes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13512/document.
Full textCryptococcus neoformans and Candida species are the main causative agents of yeast opportunistic infections among HIV infected persons. However, information on molecular their epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility are scarce in Cameroon. The main objective of this work was to study the genetic diversity and the antifungal susceptibility against antifungal drugs and plant extracts of C. neoformans and Candida isolates from Yaoundé HIV patients. C. neoformans (25) and Candida (317 among which 113 C. albicans) Isolates were obtained, from 171 and 402 HIV patients at the Yaoundé Central Hospital respectively. They were identified by phenotypic and biochemical characters, by mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR. The genetic diversity of 150 C. neoformans isolates (25 initial isolates and 125 colonies) was carried out by serotyping, microsatellite length polymorphism and PCR-RFLP. The genetic diversity of the 113 C. albicans isolates was performed by genotyping and microsatellite length polymorphism. The identification of C. albicans complex species was achieved by PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene. The antifungal susceptibility testing of C. neoformans against posaconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine was carried out by the broth microdilution test using the « Sensititre YeastOne® » kit. The CLSI M27-A3 protocol was used for the determination of the C. albicans isolate's susceptibility against amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole which are frequently used in Cameroon. The antifungal activity of extracts from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa and Monodora tenuifolia was performed by a preliminary screening with the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts. Selected extracts were therefore submitted to the bio-guided fractionation. Selected subfractions were submitted to combination assays. C. neoformans var grubii was the lonely Cryptococcus species isolated in cerebrospinal fluids. Fifteen Candida species were isolates from mucosae with C. albicans remaining the most frequent. C. africana has been isolated for the first time in Cameroon. C. neoformans and C. albicans provided 14 and 65 major molecular types respectively. It was also found that a patient can be infected by 2 different molecular types of C. neoformans. C. albicans genotype A was the most frequent. The PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene allowed the identification of a novel molecular profile among the C. albicans complex and named H (H1-H6). C. neoformans isolates were susceptible to the tested drugs. However, one isolate exhibited reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and one another to 5-fluorocytosine. C. albicans isolates expressed various susceptibility profiles similar to what described in the literature. Furthermore, there was a relationship between the H-typing and the antifungal susceptibility of C. albicans isolates against itraconazole (p-value<0.05). T. mantaly, T. catappa and M. tenuifolia extracts exhibited antifungal activity against tested yeasts. Bioguided fractionation allowed improves of the antifungal activity from crude extracts to subfractions. Synergism was observed, and the most active combination from T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia was also fungicidal on tested yeasts. Conclusively, the present work brings new tools for the comprehension and the better management of C. neoformans and Candida infections among Yaoundé HIV positive patients. The antifungal resistance emergence of yeasts isolates could be compensated by the development of a new antifungal medicine from subfractions combinations of T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia
Laurençon, Lise. "Contribution à l'étude phytochimique de Solidago virgaurea : application dans le domaine bucco-dentaire et étude de la variabilité phytochimique pour la création d'une filière." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4018/document.
Full textToward the promotion of plant diversity of Maritime Alps, a common plant of the alpine area, Solidago virgaurea, was chosen to its inhibiting activity of Candida albicans yeast-hyphal conversion, a causal agent of opportunistic oral infections named candidiasis. In a first step, an aqueous extract of S. virgaurea was submitted to bioassay guided fractionation. This led to an active saponin-containing fraction from which eleven saponins were characterized by carrying out NMR experiments along with HRMS analyses. Five out of these were identified for the first time and bioassays showed that saponins activity varied according to the molecular structure of the compound. In a second step, the saponins composition of various S. virgaurea populations was studied qualitatively and quantitatively, using HPLC and HPTLC. Results demonstrated that saponins composition depends on various factors. Finally, the overall chemical composition of different S. virgaurea extracts was investigated searching for additional bioactivities. Among all the identified compounds, three new octulosonic acids were characterized and three phenolic compounds were found for the first time in S. virgaurea. Moreover, bioassays on extracts and fractions showed antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activity and inhibition of cancer cell lines in vitro. Further bioassays have now to be completed. As a conclusion, this work was the starting point of an oral care product development and the setting-up of an innovative sector
Ndayishimiye, Joel. "Diversité, endémisme, géographie et conservation des Fabaceae de l'Afrique Centrale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209839.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Prieur-Richard, Anne-Hélène. "Les communautés végétales plus diverses sont-elles plus résistantes aux invasions ? Une approche expérimentale dans les friches méditerranéennes." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20005.
Full textRengifo, Carrillo Mayra Graciela. "Etude phytochimique de trois espèces vénézuéliennes appartenant aux familles Burseraceae, Araliaceae, et Lamiaceae et de deux cultivars de la famille Pittosporaceae." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCE020/document.
Full textThis thesis was carried out in the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, on the Health Sciences section of Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (France) and also in the Laboratory of Natural Products of Sciences Faculty of Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela). The aim of this thesis was the isolation, purification and identification of bioactive molecules from several plant species. ln this context, the study of Venezuelan species, Bursera inversa (Bùrseraceae), Lepechinia Bullata (Lamiaceae) and Hydrocotyle multifida (Araliaceae), together with the cultivars, Pittosporum tenuifolium 'Variegatum' and Pittosporum tenuifolium 'Gold star' was carried out. The study led to the isolation of thirteen natural glycosides, one caffeic acid derivative and several long chain hydrocarbons by column chromatography, preparative thin layer chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, high performance chromatography and vacuum liquid chromatography. The structures were elucidate mainly by spectroscopie techniques, NMR-1 D and 2D, and mass spectrometry. The compounds were characterized as thirteen oleanane-type saponins (among them nine are new natural compounds), rosmarinic acid and several long chain alkanes and fattv acid esters
Este trabajo se presenta bajo la forma de secciones, donde en primer lugar se expone una breve introducción acerca de los géneros de interés para este estudio, como son Bursera (Burseraceae), Hydrocotyle (Araliaceae), Lepechinia (Lamiaceae) y Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae); así como los motivos que llevaron a la realización de este estudio fitoquímico. Cada género es tratado en un capítulo diferente, que abarca una revisión bibliográfica extensa (considerando los aspectos etnobotánicos, fitoquímicos y farmacológicos) del género, seguida por el procedimiento experimental llevado a cabo en cada especie analizada y por último el análisis de los resultados obtenidos.Los compuestos aislados de cultivares de Pittosporum tenuifolium estudiados: 'Variegatum' y 'Gold Star' se encuentran descritos en el primer capítulo entre los que se encuentran ocho nuevas saponinas triterpénicas tipo-oleanano: PT-PI y PT-P4 de los tallos deP. tenuifolium 'Variegatum', PT-P2 y PT-P3 de las hojas de este mismo cultivar, PT-P7 y PT-P8 de los tallos de P. tenuifolium 'Gold Star' y por último, PT-P5 y PT-P6 aisladas de los tallos de ambos cultivares. Además también se describe el compuesto ya conocido, udosaponinaF (PT-P9), identificado en los tallos de P. tenuifolium 'Variegatum' De las especie Hydrocotyle multifìda se aislaron cinco saponinas triterpénicas, descritas en el segundo capítulo, las cuales tienen al ácido oleanólico como genina. Dos de las cinco saponinas son productos naturales nuevos, HmE-P3 y HmE-P2 minoritario; las otras tres saponinas son compuestos ya conocidos, momordin I (HmE-P1), sandrosaponina X (HmE-P2 mayoritario) y hemslósido Mal (HmE-P4) En el tercer capítulo que abarca al género Bursera, incluye los resultados del estudio fitoquímico de las semillas de Bursera inversa, entre los que se puede mencionar la identificación de 45 compuestos en las semillas de esta planta. El último capítulo contiene la descripción del compuesto mayoritario, aislado de las mias de Lepechinia bullata e identificado como el ácido rosmarínico (LB-TI)
Gerardin, Théo. "Plasticité et diversité de l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau chez deux espèces de chêne blanc d’Europe : les chênes pédonculé (Quercus robur L.) et sessile (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) : approche descriptive de la dynamique de réponse stomatique aux changements environnementaux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0120/document.
Full textQuercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. are two sympatric oak species occupying distinctive ecological niches as well as presenting disparate drought tolerances. Available litterature reports the existence of stable inter-specific differences of water use efficiency (WUE) between the two species, Q. petraea displaying higher values than Q. robur. Water use efficiency can be studied at several integration scales both spatially and temporally. Based on instantaneous foliar gaz exchange, the intrinsic water use efficiency can be determined (Wi). On the other hand, water use can be characterised by measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of plant tissues (13C) or by estimation of the whole plant transpiration efficiency (TE), thus allowing a time-integrated estimate of water use. The characterisation of WUE through these different estimators allowed us to put in evidence in oak seedlings grown under controlled conditions a higher transpiration efficiency in Q. robur even though no differences were observed between the two species regarding instantaneous measurements (Wi). TE variations were mainly linked to the variations of the biomass production by the plants while Wi variations were essentially associated to the stomatal conductance. Both intra and inter specific variations of the dynamics of stomatal response to step changes of environmental factors (light, CO2, VPD) could not be clearly linked to the variations of the different WUE estimates nor their respective components. Nevertheless, drought conditions impacted the stomatal dynamics in both species towards faster stomatal responses, especially for stomatal closing. Furthermore, the main observed differences between species were linked to biomass production. Both species displayed different carbon allocation strategies, especially regarding the root compartment. Thus, Q. petraea produced a significantly more ramified and thinner root system than Q. robur. Such behaviour was accentuated under drought stress, under which Q. robur was more sensitive than Q. petraea in term of biomass production. The complexity of the relationships between water use efficiency and all of these morphological and physiological traits as well as the possible drought tolerance implications in both oak species are discussed in this PhD thesis
Ahmed, Lina Qadir. "Analyse de la variabilité inter- et intra-spécifique de cinq espèces prairiales en réponse à la température pendant la germination et la phase hétérotrophe initiale." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2265/document.
Full textGermination and heterotrophic growth are key phases for plant establishment. They are under genetic control and affected by temperature. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the inter- and intra-specific variability of five pasture species in their responses to temperature during germination and heterotrophic growth.Thirty two populations of Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, Medicago sativa, and Onobrychis viciifolia were evaluated under eight constant temperatures between 5 and 40°C.The novelty of this work comes from the wide range of temperatures and the number of populations evaluated. It was observed that, within species, the response of populations to temperature shows high variability and significant differences. No germination was observed at 40°C for any of the 23 grasses, O. viciifolia germinated poorly while M. sativa varieties were little affected. Heterotrophic growth of the 32 populations was affected by temperature. The growths of the axes were negligible or lethal at 40°C. Response curves of maximum growth rate of the axis were asymmetric bell-shaped.Significant interactions between temperature and population were detected for germination and heterotrophic growth. Germination of populations from cold sites is enhanced by warmer temperatures and limited by colder ones and vice versa for warm-adapted populations. This study demonstrates that genetic variability does exist within the five studied species. This variability could be exploited to breed new varieties adapted to the future climate
Carriconde, Fabian. "Dispersion et colonisation chez le champignon ectomycorhizien Tricholoma scalpturatum." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU30095.
Full textTricholoma scalpturatum is a cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal fungus symbiotically associated with a broad range of trees and shrubs. The main objectives of the present work were to better understand (1) the level of genetic diversity within this taxon and its distribution, and (2) the dispersal and colonization abilities of fungi in general. Molecular typing from sporophores revealed (i) the existence of a high level of genetic diversity within T. Scalpturatum, (ii) the presence of two distinct genetic groups (groups 1 & 2) at a local and large scales (in Europe), (iii) the investment in sexual reproduction for colonization of the habitat, and (iv) limited abilities to disperse for both groups. Finally, analyses of diversity from mycorrhizae showed a good match between sporophores and mycorrhizae
Demenou, Boris. "ORIGINE, DIVERSITE ET PHYLOGEOGRAPHIE DE LA FLORE GUINEO-CONGOLAISE DU DAHOMEY GAP: ORIGIN, DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GUINEO-CONGOLIAN FLORA OF THE DAHOMEY GAP." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/267777.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
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Attié, Marc. "Étude sur l'entomofaune associée à la flore indigène de l'île de la Réunion." La Réunion, 1999. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/99_02_Attie.pdf.
Full textThieury, Charlotte. "Recherche de composés cytotoxiques dans la biodiversité végétale de la Nouvelle-Calédonie." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0007.
Full textAs old as human consciousness, correspondence between plants and their healing properties is known. An analysis of our pharmacopoeia shows that even now humans seek these drugs in nature. This study on anticancer drugs has focused on valuing nature as a source of new substances named "leads", bioactive compounds that are at the base of drug development.The first part of this study focused on the pharmacomodulation of a natural anticancer molecule from a locally-known plant. 23 flavokawain derivatives (FKD) were synthesized to improve the understanding of the structural requirements necessary for optimal selectivity and cytotoxicity via an SAR study. Six molecules have shown significant improvements in terms of activity and selectivity. The study of their mechanisms of action revealed that FKD induced a variable cell cycle arrest depending on the p53 status of cancer cell lines as well as apoptosis. The action delays of FKD depended of Akt/mTor status of cancer cell lines. The second part of this study focused on the phytochemical exploration of new caledonian endemic plants to discover new sources of cytotoxic molecules. The ccreening of cytotoxic activities helped to highlight interesting activities in Diospyros olen, Meiogyne baillonii and several species of Soulamea. A phytochemistry work led to the isolation of many molecules including three news: sapranthine H and macrocarpasines A and B. Aristolactame BII and elliptinone exhibited strong cytotoxic activity. Aristolactame BII led to a cell cycle arrest depending on the p53 status of cancer cell lines.This valuation work is essential in an objective of protecting an endangered biodiversity like it’s the case in New Caledonia to allow the establishment of backup programs
Bellanger, Solène. "Etude de la biologie d'une messicole en régression : le bleuet (Centaurea cyanus L.)." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741148.
Full textEl, Hamaoui El Nachar Abir. "Évaluation de l’effet antidiabétique de plantes médicinales de la forêt boréale et identification des principes actifs de deux espèces prometteuses." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12621.
Full textType 2 diabetes is a chronic disease for which incidence is continuously increasing. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes among Aboriginal people in Canada is three to five times higher than the rest of the Canadian population. The boreal forest has several medicinal plants with potential for the treatment or prevention of diabetes. Some of these plants are part of the Cree traditional and alternative medicine. Ethnobotanical surveys led our research team to identify 17 medicinal plant extracts used by the Crees of Eeyou Istchee (James Bay, Quebec) to treat symptoms of diabetes. Some extracts showed anti-diabetic activities in muscle cells, adipocytes and in vivo studies in animals. The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the effect of these 17 plants on hepatic glucose homeostasis, to identify the most promising species and isolate its active constituents. Similarly, Canadian lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium.Ait, is part of the Canadian boreal forest and is known for its anti-diabetic activities. Biotransformation of blueberry juice gives it an increased antioxidant activity and a different biological profile. The second aim of this thesis is to elucidate the mechanisms of action by which biotransformed blueberry juice (BJ) exerts its anti-diabetic effect and identify its active constituents. The results showed that three Cree plants stood out with their effect on hepatic glucose homeostasis. Picea glauca exerts its effect by reducing glucose production whereas Larix laricina works by increasing its the storage. Abies balsamea showed the most promising profile, simultaneously and powerfully reducing glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) involving both insulin-dependent and -independent pathways and stimulating Glycogen synthase (GS) via phosphorylation of Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Bioassay-guided fractionation of Abies balsamea led to the isolation of three active compounds; Abietic acid (AA), dehydroabietic acid (DAA) and squalene (SQ). The active constituents have shown the same mechanism of action as the crude extract by decreasing the activity of G6Pase, increasing that of the GS and activating signaling pathways. DAA stood out for its most powerful effect close to that of the crude extract in all experiments. Our results showed that anti-diabetic activity of BJ involves decrease in hepatic glucose production, increase of storage and enhancement of glucose uptake in muscle. Its bioassayiv guided fractionation led to isolate seven fractions, three of which were the most active. Identification of components in the active fractions resulted in four isolated phenolic compounds; chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and catechol. Catechol stood out with its most powerful effects by decreasing the activity of G6Pase, increasing the GS and stimulating glucose transport in muscle. Our results thus confirm that the reduction of hepatic glucose production likely contributes to the therapeutic potential of several anti-diabetic Cree traditional plant and especially that of Abies balsamea whose active compounds may help in the development of new anti-diabetic molecules. In addition, the results of this thesis showed that the anti-diabetic activity of BJ involves control of glucose homeostasis in the liver and muscle. Identification of catechol as an active compound with anti-diabetic promising potential can be used for future therapeutic purposes.
Auger, Mia. "Évaluation de l'effet inhibiteur de 33 espèces végétales sur la lipase pancréatique in vitro." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24415.
Full textType 2 diabetes and obesity affect the global population and, disproportionately, the adult population of the Eeyou Istchee Cree. In order to contribute to the documentation of the antidiabetic activities of 17 medicinal plants of the boreal forest traditionally recommended for treating the symptoms of diabetes, this study evaluates the pancreatic lipase enzymatic activity of different plant species. In addition, an evaluation of the enzymatic activity of the pancreatic lipase is carried out with antidiabetic species of the urban pharmacopoeia of Niamey (Niger) as well as with Quebec berries. Finally, phenolic compounds are identified in these last two groups of plant species. Results of these studies demonstrate that the majority of the evaluated species have an inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase in vitro. Species showing the strongest inhibitory activities towards pancreatic lipase are Kalmia angustifolia, Gaultheria hispidula and Acacia nilotica. Thus, this study supports the accuracy of traditionnal knowledge by adding the documentation of an antidiabetic activity of plant species to the scientific repertoire.
Norton, Christian H. "Inuit Ethnobotany in the North American Subarctic and Arctic: Celebrating a Rich History and Expanding Research into New Areas Using Biocultural Diversity." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22249.
Full textKoutouki, Konstantia. "The placebo effect: international patent law and the protection of traditional plant medicine." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2772.
Full textThe underlying theme of this thesis is the systemic indifference that exists within international intellectual property law towards Indigenous traditional knowledge. In general, there appears to be a widening gap between the importance international law accords to matters of commercial interest and those of a social nature. Indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is especially disadvantaged in this dichotomous system since it is not only representative of enormous commercial profits but it is also the core of many Indigenous belief and social systems. The crystallization of international law's preoccupation with the effective protection of commercial interests came in the form of the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement incorporated into the World Trade Organization (WTO). Two years previously, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was signed, reflecting international law's perceived dedication to sustainable development and became the first international treaty to address Indigenous traditional knowledge. These two pieces of international law are often seen as balancing the commercial and sustainable development needs of the international economy. Upon further examination however, one is left the impression that the idea of the CBD effectively and successfully defending the needs of sustainable development and Indigenous traditional knowledge against pressure to the contrary from TRIPS and the WTO is simplistic at best. The thesis also explore the role patent law plays in the creation of modern industries, such as the pharmaceutical industry, and how these industries are able, through the power gained via patent law, to influence national and especially international legislation. Equally, it deals with the role patents play in disempowering peoples with Indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants leading to a situation where such knowledge is marginalized along with its bearers. The thesis addresses the institutional shortcomings of the international legal system that allows such a situation to exist and suggests an urgent need to closely examine the social and economic inequalities within the North and South and not just between them. Finally the thesis suggests that international law needs to be guided by the many legal traditions available worldwide and in this particular case perhaps contract law is better suited to the needs of Indigenous traditional knowledge holders.