Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diversité et divergence génétique'
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Montaigne, William. "Diversité génétique et adaptation au milieu chez les arbres forestiers tropicaux : étude chez le genre Virola (Myristicaceae)." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0480/document.
Full textGenetic diversity is an essential component of biodiversity. The maintenance of sufficient genetic resources is needed to ensure the adaptive potential and the viability of natural populations. In the current context of global changes, the study of adaptation in living organisms is a key task, particularly for tropical forest trees that are dominant components (in terms of biomass and as ecological drivers) of some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize genetic diversity and genetic variability to understand the evolutionary processes that act on them. This ecological-genetic study was carried out at the interspecific and intraspecific level in the Virola genus.If overall high levels of genetic diversity are a guarantee of prosperity for the future of the species, it seems essential to perform studies on the impact of environmental disturbance on genetic diversity. In the first section, the genetic consequences of regeneration dynamics were studied in an exhaustive sample of V. michelii in a low-intensity logging plot and in a control plot at the Paracou experimental site. A greater genetic diversity, measured from AFLP markers (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, N = 229), was found in perturbed areas. Because studying genetic diversity within species may be useful for understanding species adaptation to environmental changes, in the second section. I studied local adaptation in a population of V. michelii on the Paracou experimental site. A genome scan approach with AFLPs (N = 229) was conducted on 77 adult individuals and 401 juveniles to identify genetic differences between populations associated to contrasting conditions for an array of environmental variables. Some loci (N = 2) were found to be subject to divergent selection, indicating adaptation to contrasting habitats.In the third section, the study of levels of genetic divergence in three Virola species of the Guiana Shield (V. michelii, V. surinamensis and V. kwatae) was investigated for nuclear and chloroplast molecular markers. V. surinamensis and V. kwatae showed strong genetic similarities despite their contrasting habitats preferences. Coalescent analyses have revealed, on one hand, a recent divergence between these two species suggesting an ecological speciation, and one the other hand that interspecific gene flow occurs between these sister-species.This work focuses on understanding evolutionary processes shaping genetic diversity and provides a useful contribution for biodiversity conservation programs
Barry, Pierre. "Rôles des contraintes génomiques et des traits d'histoire de vie dans la spéciation : une approche de génomique comparative." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG007.
Full textSpeciation is the evolutionary process through which a species splits into two lineages that diverge and accumulate reproductive barriers, until complete reproductive isolation is achieved. During this process, the diverging lineages can still exchange genes by hybridisation, but gene flow is progressively restricted by the accumulation of barriers. This results in semi-permeable genomes, whereby some loci exchange freely between lineages and remain undifferentiated while others do not introgress, thus contributing to the establishment of divergent genomic regions, called genomic islands of speciation. The study of the establishment, accumulation, erosion and maintenance of these barriers and their effects on the semipermeability of the genomes of lineages undergoing speciation helps to understand how new species are formed. The advent of high-throughput sequencing techniques has made it possible to characterise the genomic landscape of divergence in multiple lineages undergoing speciation across the tree of life. These studies have shown the influence of the demographic history and genomic architecture as major determinants of the genomic landscape of divergence. However, other factors could intervene and explain the diversity of evolutionary trajectories that may or may not lead to speciation. The main objective of this thesis is to assess the impact of species' life history traits on speciation. We have chosen to study 20 marine fish species subdivided into two lineages (Atlantic and Mediterranean), and presenting a wide diversity of degrees of divergence and life history traits. These traits are thought to impact on the intensity of genetic drift, dispersal abilities and generation time of the species. In the first chapter, we studied the determinants of genetic diversity, the substrate on which divergence is built during the initial separation of lineages. We observed that adult longevity of marine fishes is negatively correlated w ith genetic diversity, and we demonstrated that this relationship could be explained by a greater variance in reproductive success in long-lived species due to reproductive strategies specific to marine fishes (high juvenile mortality, low adult mortality and increased fecundity with age). Then, in a second chapter, we discovered a great diversity of evolutionary histories between species, characterised by a strong gradient of genetic divergence between Atlantic and Mediterranean lineages. This gradient partly reflects the level of semi-permeability of the genomes. Species with low differentiation show low reproductive isolation, whereas the most highly differentiated species show almost complete reproductive isolation. Species' life history traits partly explain this diversity in isolation levels via different mechanisms. Larval duration negatively influences genetic differentiation by modulating dispersal capacities, the effect of body size indicates a negative effect of long-term abundance on divergence, while longevity seems to impact the number of generations elapsed since ancestral separation. In conclusion, the 20 species studied show a surprising variability of evolutionary histories considering the similarities of their biogeographic history and genomic architecture. The relationships between life-history traits and the evolutionary history of the species proved to be complex, but we were nevertheless able to shed light on some of them by decomposing the involvement of traits in the different stages of speciation. The application of the comparative genomics approach developed in this thesis to other suture zones will further extend our knowledge of the determinants of the tempo and mode of speciation
Ghaleb, Wagdi. "Analyse de la diversité génétique de la réponse germinative à la température de populations de Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb et Dactylis glomerata L." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2273.
Full textSeed germination is an important step in the plant's life cycle, affecting the development, survival and dynamics of seedling populations. Germination begins with the absorption of water by the seed and ends with the elongation of the embryonic axis outside the integument.It is influenced by environmental factors and the genetic heritage of the seed. Temperature is one of the most important factors, which regulates germination in three ways: by determining germination capacity and germination rate, by removing primary and/or secondary dormancy, and by inducing secondary dormancy.The objective of this work is to analyze the genetic diversity of the germinative response to temperature of populations of Lolium perenne L, Festuca arundinacea Schreb, and Dactylis glomerata L.In this study, we distinguished different types of temperature responses, indicating that genetic diversity exists between lots of each species. In this study, we distinguished different types of responses to temperature, indicating that genetic diversity exists between lots of each species. These differences in responses, at constant temperatures between 5 and 32°C, were observed in terms of maximum germination percentage, germination rate (α), germination start time (tc) and time required to reach 95 % of final germination (t95%).Divergent selections were made on the capacity to germinate at sub-optimal temperatures in populations of Lolium perenne L. In a population from the Reims region, there is an important effect of selection for the capacity to germinate at 10 °C, which could be explained by the presence of a major dominant gene for seed dormancy at low-temperature, in segregated within the population. The comparison of allelic frequencies for many markers distributed over the genome between individuals germinating and those not germinating at different temperatures has identified many genes potentially involved in the ability of individuals to germinate at these temperatures. The effect of these genes has yet to be validated, for example by expression studies or by the study of populations created by selection to carry contrasting alleles
Leroy, Grégoire. "Diversité génétique et gestion génétique des races canines." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004844.
Full textPerez, Jean-Marie. "Diversité génétique et antigénique de cowdria ruminantium." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077126.
Full textCheikh, Al Bassatneh Marwan. "Diversité taxonomique, phylogénétique et fonctionnelle en région méditerranéenne : congruence ou divergence ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0499.
Full textThe objectives of the thesis are to analyze biodiversity in the European Mediterranean region at the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional levels and understand why these different estimates of biodiversity are convergent or not in a spatialized context and how various environmental factors may explain this convergence or its absence.In this context, the thesis first focused on generating new phylogenetic trees of Mediterranean trees integrating the endemic species of this region, to increase significantly the resolution of current phylogenies. Then, using these phylogenies, indices of phylogenetic diversity were estimated at different scales (country, island, biogeographic zone) and compared with other indices of biodiversity (functional and taxonomic) and to correlatively study the impact of environmental variables on these different biodiversity indices
Dordet-Frisoni, Emilie. "Staphylococcus xylosus : cartographie du génome et diversité génétique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718141.
Full textQuero, Garcia José. "Diversité génétique et amélioration des taros du Vanuatu." Montpellier, ENSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSA0009.
Full textThis study has been conducted both in Montpellier (CIRAD-Biotrop) and in Vanuatu. The plant material used was issued from the taro national collection of Vanuatu and from a series of full-sib crosses. Agro-morphological descriptors, as well as AFLP molecular markers, have allowed us to validate a method for stratifying taro germplasm collections. Several studies of genetic diversity, based on AFLP and SSR markers, have shown a stronger polymorphism as compared with previous isoenzyme results. The sources of diversity might originate from multiple introductions, from the accumulation of somatic mutations and from sexual reproduction, traditionally considered as very rare. Studies of family heritability and narrow sense heritability (estimated through the parents-offspring regression) have proven that the number of stolons and suckers, the corm shape and the dry matter content shared higher heritabilities than the yield or its components. This result, added to a high percentage of valuable hybrids within several families, highlights the importance of family selection in taro breeding programs. Finally, after building two weakly saturated genetic maps (containing each about 170 markers), one QTL explaining a large part of the phenotypic variance has been detected for the yield. Several other putative QTLs have been observed for traits related to vigour (corm dimensions, plant height and leaf dimensions). Furthermore, several markers were found closely linked to the yellow colour of the corm and a hypothesis concerning the existence of a major gene has been proposed
Passerini, Delphine. "Diversité génétique, génomique et fonctionnelle de Lactococcus lactis." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0041/document.
Full textThe Lactococcus lactis species belong to lactic acid bacteria group widely used for their ability to produce lactic acid in fermented dairy products. The study of the global diversity of L. lactis ssp. lactis was carry out by the integration of biological data obtained from genetic, genomic, physiological, transcriptomic and metabolic analyses. The genetic variability investigated by MLST (MultiLocus Sequence Typing) describe two strains groups according to their phylogeny : the “environmental” strains, displaying high genetic diversity and isolated from different natural environments such as raw milks, plants and animals and the “domesticated” strains, genetically closely related, isolated from starters in dairy industries. Despite the lost of genetic diversity in domesticated strains, probably associated to a specialisation process, the integrative approach showed a genomic and functional diversity as huge as in environmental strains. The characterization of chromosome size and plasmidic content of the lactis subspecies revealed a variation higher than 300 kb in genetic coding capacity for domesticated and environmental strains. Moreover, the domesticated strains belonging to the biovar Diacetylactis showed different physiologies and metabolic regulations resulting in variable amount of aroma produced according to the strains. Finally, the genome sequencing of the A12 strain isolated from sourdough bread and its comparison with 4 other L. lactis genomes already sequenced revealed a spread pangenome (all the genes of a species). Approximately 20 % of each genome correspond to strain specific genes, showing large adaptive capacities of the subspecies. The in-depth study of the A12 strain by transcriptomic analysis allows to highlight mechanisms involved in the adaptation of a strain to a complex ecosystem
Molinier, Virginie. "Diversité génétique et aromatique de la truffe de Bourgogne." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS021/document.
Full textTruffles are ectomycorrhizal Ascomycota fungi belonging to the Tuberaceae family and more specifically to the Tuber genus. More than thirty Tuber species are currently described in Europe. In this thesis, we specifically focused on the Tuber aestivum-uncinatum model. This truffle is commonly called "Burgundy Truffle" and has a gastronomic and cultural interest.The first part of this thesis focused on the taxonomic status of the Burgundy truffle (Tuber uncinatum). For this, we used a multi-marker approach combining several genetic markers commonly used at the interspecific scale. Our analyses showed that the two taxa, Tuber aestivum (summer truffle) and Tuber uncinatum are conspecific.In the second part, we addressed the genetic diversity of Tuber aestivum. To do this, we firstly developed specific microsatellite markers by "direct shotgun pyrosequencing". This method has allowed the development of 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Then, we used those markers to genotype individuals from different European locations. We have identified four differentiated subpopulations that not correspond, for the majority, to a geographical distribution. However, one cluster differs from the others by its location (south of France) and its genetic characteristics (presence of rare alleles). These preliminary results may indicate the existence of a particular ecotype attached to a southern ecology: Tuber aestivum sensu stricto.We were then interested, in the third part of this thesis, to the aromatic diversity of Tuber aestivum at a local scale. Our results highlight the existence of a moderate differentiation between individuals from a natural truffle orchard and individuals from planted orchard. From one season to another, genotypic stability was observed. Only C8 volatile organic compounds seem to be related to the genotypes.In the last part, we analyzed harvesting data, over more than thirty years, from an hazelnut truffle orchard initially inoculated by Tuber melanosporum. Through simple statistical analyzes, we noted changes in both quantity and weight of truffles harvested according to the seasons and hazelnut trees. It appears that Tuber aestivum rapidly replaced Tuber melanosporum (in three years). The disappearance of Tuber melanosporum can probably be explained by the canopy closure; Tuber melanosporum not appreciating excessive shading
Kenmoe, Sebastien. "Prévalence et diversité génétique des virus respiratoires au Cameroun." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC417/document.
Full textBackground: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are recognized as an important cause of morbidity, mortality and hospitalization among children in developing countries. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the main cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children and the elderly. Identified in 2001, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a new paramyxovirus. Studies have shown the co-circulation of the subgroups of these two viruses with domination of one of the sub-groups according to the geographical zones and according of years. These two viruses encode two major surface glycoproteins, the highly conserved fusion F protein and the highly variable attachment G protein. Data are still limited in sub-Saharan African countries on prevalence, seasonality and genetic characterization of these two respiratory viruses. In Cameroon, these two viruses have been described only once (5.7 and 5% for HRSV and HMPV respectively) in patients with influenza-like illness in 2012.Objective: This study reports the prevalence, seasonality and the genetic variability of HRSV and HMPV strains in Cameroonian children for 3 consecutive epidemic seasons (September 2011-October 2014). Moreover, the genetic diversity of other respiratory viruses detected during this work is presented as a secondary objective.Methods: A prospective surveillance was conducted to identify inpatient and outpatient children less than 15 years with respiratory symptoms ≤ 5 days. The nasopharyngeal samples were tested for 17 respiratory viruses using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Viral distribution and demographic data were analyzed statistically. Positive samples for HRSV and HMPV were amplified by semi-nested polymerize chain reaction and then partially sequenced at the G gene. Phylogenetic analyzes were performed on the partial nucleotide and protein sequences of the G gene.Results: From September 2011 to October 2014, 822 children under 15 years were enrolled in the study. At least one virus was identified in each of 72.6% (577/822) of children, 31.7% (189/597) of whom were co-detections; 28.5% (226/822) were positive for human adenovirus, 21.4% (176/822) for influenza virus, 15.5% (127.822) for rhinovirus/enterovirus, 9.4% (77/822) for bocavirus, 9% (74/822) for HRSV, 8.2% (67/822) for human coronavirus, 6.2% (50/822) for human parainfluenzavirus, and 3.9% (32/822) for HMPV. HRSV infection was more frequent in children under 2 years (70.3%, 52/74) and hospitalized participants (70.3%, 52/74). While HRSV showed a seasonal pattern with circulation from September to December, sporadic cases of HMPV were detected throughout the year. HRSV-A (19.1%, 9/47) and HRSV-B (17%; 8/47) were observed relatively at the same frequency with (63.8%, 30/47) codetections of HRSV-A/HRSV-B. HMPV-A (71.4%; 10/14) was predominant compared to HMPV-B (28.6; 4/14). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HRSV strains of the study are grouped within subgroup NA-1 (for HRSV-A) and BA-9 (for HRSV-B). Cameroonian HMPV strains are grouped among the members of genotype A2b (for HMPV-A), B1 and B2 (for HMPV-B).Conclusion: This study suggests that about 70% of ARI recorded in children in Cameroon are caused by viruses. The present study is also the first report on the genetic variability of the G gene of HRSV and HMPV strains in the region. Although this work partially fills gaps for some information, additional studies are required to clarify the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary pattern of respiratory viruses in sub-Saharan Africa in general and more particularly in Cameroon
Porcher, Emmanuelle. "Evolution de la diversité génétique neutre et sélectionnée en métapopulation." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112289.
Full textWe investigated the relationship between the genetic diversity of molecular markers and the genetic variation of quantitative traits in evolving experimental plant metapopulations, in a view to assess the efficiency of several indices (diversity at molecular markers and quantitative genetics parameters) used by conservationists as estimators of evolutionary potential, i. E. The capacity of a population to respond to selection. Twelve metapopulations of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana were grown for 10 generations under controlled conditions of selection (spatially homogeneous or heterogeneous) and population size. Our aim was to investigate the influence of selection regime and genetic drift on the evolution of neutral and selected genetic diversity. We furthermore simulated numerically the evolution of several molecular markers and one quantitative trait to generate predictions about the evolution of genetic variation in metapopulations. The observed decrease in the level of genetic variation for markers was consistent with our theoretical predictions. On the contrary, quantitative genetic parameters exhibited unexpected behaviours, probably due to large sampling variance of measures or to genotype x environment interactions. Moreover, measures of heritability were not informative regarding the observed evolution of traits, the latter being predicted by selection differentials only. We discuss the significance of such results in terms of estimations of evolutionary potential. Finally, we show that the differentiation at a priori neutral marker loci is partially driven by selection: as for quantitative traits, differentiation is larger when selection is heterogeneous, possibly due to initial linkage disequilibria between markers and loci coding the quantitative traits. Such an effect of selection on differentiation at neutral markers has a potentially important influence on the possibility to detect selection by comparison of FstS and QstS
Rome, Sophie. "Diversité génétique et fonctionnelle des sinorhizobia isolés de Medicago truncatula." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10081.
Full textLiégeois, Florian. "Diversité génétique et histoire naturelle des virus de l'immunodéficience simienne." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20035.
Full textSimian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are found in an extensive number of African primates. It is now well established that SIVs from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in West central Africa and from sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in West Africa are the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2, respectively. To date humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling primate bushmeat. In this thesis, we aimed to identify and characterize full-length genome of new SIVs in three different primate species: Miopithecus talapoin (SIVtal) from Cameroon and captive animals, Western red colobus (SIVwrcPbb and SIVwrcPbt) from West Africa (Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire) and olive colobus from the Taï forest national park in Côte d'Ivoire, in order to further document the natural history of primate lentiviruses and to evaluate the SIV prevalence within the Western red colobus from the Taï forest in Côte d'Ivoire. Phylogenetic analyses of full-length genomes of these viruses confirmed that each of them represents a new SIV lineage. We observed a significant clustering of the SIVtal lineage with the Cercopithecus-specific SIVs and SIVtal and Cercopithecus-specific SIVs share functional motifs specific of these viruses. We also showed that western red colobus are the natural hosts of SIVwrc and that SIVolc, isolated from an olive colobus, is related to SIVwrc. Overall, SIVwrc and SIVolc are related to the SIV from Lhoest lineage and are related to the divergent SIVcol isolated from mantled guereza in Cameroon, in the 5'part of the pol gene. We also present the first molecular epidemiological survey of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVwrc) in wild-living western red colobus monkeys which are frequently hunted by the human population and represent a favourite prey of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). We showed a minimal prevalence of 26% among the individuals sampled. Overall, these results highlight once more the complexity of the natural history and evolution of primate lentiviruses. We showed that wild-living red colobus represent a substantial reservoir of SIVwrc. Moreover, because of their frequent association with other monkey species, the predation pressure exerted by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and by poachers around and inside the park, simian to simian and simian to human SIVwrc cross-species transmission cannot be excluded illustrating the need for surveillance of primate pathogens and their cross-species transmissions in this part of Africa and elsewhere
Bridier, Julen. "Etude de la diversité intraspécifique de l’espèce Oenococcus oeni, relation entre variabilité phénotypique et diversité génétique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21881/document.
Full textOenococcus oeni is the main agent responsible for the malolactic fermentation, during the wine making process. Its adaptation to wine environment is a key step for the success of the MLF, and then for wines quality. However, there is a high phenotypic variability among the species and several strains are unable to perform MLF. The selection of the best enological strains implies starting by analyzing the diversity of O. oeni. This study has been divided in three main themes of research. Firstly, the genetic diversity has been analyzed using several approaches, MLST, REA-PFGE and presence of genetic markers. That study proved the structuration of the species in two phylogenetic groups and several subgroups, related to geographical areas. Secondly, the study of the phenotypic diversity showed that all the studied strains present a high variability and the best behavior in wine making conditions is found in those from the phylogenetic group A. Finally, a transcriptional analysis has revealed some molecular mechanisms possibly implicated in stress response in O. oeni
Efombagn, Mousseni Ives Bruno. "Diversité génétique et sélection du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. ) au Cameroun : approches participative, phénotypique et moléculaire." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSARA057.
Full textGénétic diversity of cacao (Theobroma cacao L. ) accessions in farmers’ field and genebanks in Cameroon was studied with 12 microsatellite markers and several phenotypic traits of agronomic interest. Knowledge of farmers on their planting material was collected within the framework of a participatory selection programme, and subsequently compared with molecular and phenotypic data. The molecular assessment of the arm accessions are closely related. GA beong to three main genetic groups of the cacao species : Upper Amazon Forastero (UA), Lower Amazon Forastero (LA) and Trinitario (Tr). The genetic diversity among FA could be largely explained by the contribution of six reference genomes (Amelonado, Criollo, Iquitos Mixed Calabacillo, Nanay, Parinari and Scavina) supposed to be at the origin of cultivated cacao populations in Cameroon. The genes from the Amelonado group predominated in the FA whereas those from Scavina and Criollo were less represented. The large molecular and phenotypic diversity and the presence of private alleles among FA show the potential for selection of this material. This potential was further demonstrated by the identification of several resistant genotypes among FA tested for resistance to Phytophtora pod rot (Ppr), the major cacao production constraint in the country. The results from Ppr evaluations suggest also that farmers’ knowledge on the field resistance of individual cacao trees might be exploited efficiently in the participatory breeding programme
Diogo, Dorothée. "Diversité génétique et diversification chez la levure pathogène opportuniste Candida albicans." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077117.
Full textCandida albicans is a common component of the human digestive tract and is considered the major opportunistic fungal pathogen. Candida albicans is an asexual yeast with a largely clonal propagation and a population structured in clades. The research project introduced in this manuscript aimed to shed light on the genetic diversity underlying the C. Albicans population, between and within clades. We have shown that, during commensalism, large Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) events are fréquent. Moreover, we have evidenced an excess of heterozygosity in the C. Albicans population, suggesting that large LOH events ïnust be counter-selected to maintain a high level of heterozygosity. Additionally, we hâve shown that genetic exchanges are rare between and within clades, demonstrating that clades do not depict cryptic species. Finally, we have performed a comprehensive investigation of the genomic variability in the C. Albicans species. The results have shown a significant number of SNPs and insertions/deletions differentiating C. Albicans strains. Indels events, mainly attributed to transposable éléments and tandem repeats, contributed to a gene content variability among strains. Importantly, we have demonstrated that the distribution of the SVs in the population of C. Albicans is superimposable with the assignment of strains to clades. Taken together, our results contribute to a comprehensive overview of the different events underlying the genetic diversity in the C. Albicans population
Zitoun, Khamassi Bechira. "Structure et diversité génétique de l'olivier (Olea europaea L. ) en Tunisie." Corte, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CORT0015.
Full textThe olive « Olea europaea L. Ssp europaea» is an emblematic tree in Tunisia. Both wild (var. Sylvestris ) and cultivars (var. Europaea) forms ofthis tree are omnipresent since thousands ofyears. This olive germplasm is diversified but little is known about its origin. Ln order to study the genetic structure and to determine the origin of Tunisian olives, we performed molecular analysis of olive trees sam pied inTunisia (lOI accessions and 20 wild forms) and in Estern and Western Medeterranean (27 cultivars and 10 wild forms). The analysis of the lOI Tunisian olive accessions with RAPDs and SSRs revealed 75 RAPD phenotypes from which 25 were confirmed with SSR genotyping. The 50 remaining ones were c1assified into 17 SSR genotypes. These results showed that tunisian olive germplasm is diversified. Ln conclusion, 41 genotypes were determined and retained for the establishment of molecular reference data base that represent the sum of diversity and enable the construction of « core collection ». Genetic structure ofthese varieties in comparison with the other olive trees sam pied in this study was investigated with both RAPD and SSR data. Four statistical approaches (multivariate analysis (AFe), distance based hierarchical c1ustering, Bayesian inference and analysis of molecular variance (AMOY A)) were used. RAPD and SSR data were analysed in the same manner to determine correlation between these two nuclear approaches. Comparisons showed correlation in qualitative results but quantitative values differed according to the method of analysis. Based on nuclear SSR and RAPD data, two levels of structure were revealed: first: cultivars and oleasters were separated in two distinct groups; second, four less differentiated c1usters, corresponded to two groups of cultivars and two groups of oleasters, were detected. These results showed an East-West divergence of olive cultivars and revealed two wild forms in Tunisia: true oleasters and ferai forms. Based on nuclear and plastid data the origin ofTunisian olive varieties was investigated. Thus, varieties which displayed a chlorotype specific to the Eastern Mediterranean (CE 1 or CE2) and c1ustered with cultivars from the East are probably varieties introduced from the East. Yarieties grouped with oleasters and displayed a chlorotype of the Western Mediterranean (COMI, COM2 or CCK) are locally selected varieties. Ln this group, varieties with the Eastern Mediterranean chlorotype are probably the result of introgression between local genetic pool and introduced varieties. These results suggest different domestication events and a multiple and complex origin of Tunisian cultivars
Perrier, Xavier. "Analyse de la diversité génétique : mesures de dissimilarité et représentations arborées." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20201.
Full textGomez, Marisa Anahi. "Diversité génétique des Bradyrhizobia nodulant le soja et mécanismes potentiellement impliqués." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS017.
Full textChaix, Raphaëlle. "Démographie, culture et diversité génétique : le cas des populations humaines nomades." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066045.
Full textRivière, Taiana. "Diversité génétique, structure des populations et phylogéographie des champignons ectomycorhiziens tropicaux." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20067.
Full textHocquigny, Stéphanie. "La diversité génétique intra-variétale chez la vigne : Caractérisation et origines." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13086.
Full textRochus, Christina. "Diversité génétique du mouton domestique : exemple de populations suédoises et françaises." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0008.
Full textDomestic sheep are raised for meat, milk and fibre production and are found all around the world in many types of environments. Sheep have been shown to be genetically diverse but this genetic diversity has not been fully described: there are still many sheep populations which have not yet been studied. The purpose of this thesis was to study genetic diversity in Swedish and French sheep breeds using high density marker arrays. Additional methods, including genotyping of microsatellite markers, and endogenous retroviruses and pedigree information were used to study Swedish sheep populations. Inbreeding and heterozygosity estimated in Gute sheep using the pedigree of the entire registered Swedish population and additionally microsatellite genotypes and pedigree from a sample of the population (N=94) indicated a breeding program with the purpose of reducing inbreeding. Studying genetic relationships among breeds by genotyping endogenous retroviruses indicated Klövsjö, Värmland, Finewool, Gute and Roslag sheep breeds had characteristics of primitive breeds (absence of retroviruses or presence of the specific retrovirus event enJSRV-7) although Finewool, Gute and Roslag sheep breeds had moderate frequencies of enJSRV-18 which is indicative of more modern sheep breeds. Studying variants in two coat colour genes, ASIP and MC1R, and their association with black coat colour revealed different selection histories in five Swedish sheep breeds studied. Studying the population structure of Dalapäls, Fjällnäs, Gotland, Gute and Klövsjö sheep, using high density SNP genotyping revealed that these breeds are genetically distinct breeds. When comparing with other European breeds and south west Asian breeds, they grouped with other north European short-tailed sheep breeds and they had generally accumulated more drift than breeds from other geographical areas. Studying 27 French breeds with high density genotypes revealed that French sheep populations harbour much of European sheep diversity in a small geographic area. Selective sweeps identified: selection hotspots, selection targets in many species; introgression of an adaptive allele; and allelic heterogeneity, which was confirmed with targeted resequencing of a coat colour gene, MC1R, in breeds under selection
Raffoux, Xavier. "Diversité et déterminisme génétique de la recombinaison méiotique chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS392/document.
Full textModern agriculture must ensure food security in a context of climate change that will lower yields. A better understanding of the factors controlling meiotic recombination could pave the way to modifying the number and distribution of crossing-over, which would allow a more precise localization of genetic factors controlling agronomic traits, and facilitate gene pyramiding in selection programs. During my thesis, I developed a method for high-throughput measurement of recombination rates in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This allowed me to study the diversity of recombination and interference in a collection of 24 strains representing most of the diversity of the species, as well as within a five-parent di-allele design. The results show an average number of crossovers per meiosis ranging between 24 and 61, higher than in the majority of other species. Furthermore, recombination patterns differ between strains, and ratios of local recombination rates show 9-fold differences in some regions. Strains from unstable habitats, however, do not have a higher level of recombination than those from stable environments. In addition, most strains show interference whose strength is positively correlated with the level of recombination. The study of the relationship between recombination rate and sequence similarity between homologs at different scales (from local to global) indicates that recombination is controlled by both cis elements and trans factors. Lastly, heterozygosity in hybrids has a negative effect on crossing-over, but homozygotes also have a reduced level of recombination due to inbreeding depression. This work will now be used to study the response of recombination to selection and to detect QTL of crossover number in order to identify genes controlling recombination
Bardin, Marc. "Diversité phénotypique et génétique des oïdiums des cucurbitacées, Sphaerotheca fuliginea et Erysiphe cichoracearum." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10103.
Full textMella-Flores, Daniella. "Diversité génétique et fonctionnelle des cyanobactéries picoplanctoniques marines et adaptation aux stress environnementaux." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066359.
Full textDalbera-Stefanaggi, Marie-José. "Unité et diversité des parlers corses : le plan phonologique : parenté génétique et affinité." Aix-Marseille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX10036.
Full textBased on original material collected over the past ten years in the field in corsica, this study deals particularly with the phonic aspects of the language (phonetics, phonology, morphology), both from a genetic point of view and from that of its present-day functionary. The work is composed of three unequal parts : the phonic material, a tentative typological classification and a diachronic study. The chapter on the phonic material stresses certain permanent and characteristic features within the domain : glissando on the tonic vowel, specific closing of certain vowels, progressive unvoicing in intervocalic consonants, cacuminalisation. . . The synchronic comparative study, worked out on the basis of noticeably renewed conception of the phenomena of juncture, reveals the diverse types of systems that are present, their possible overlapping and their geographical distribution (backed up by maps). In the diachronic part of the work, after a detailed amount of the research as a whole, an extremely thorough reexamination of the facts makes it quite clear that a division into north = tuscan as opposed to south = sardinian is inadequate and that, as far as the vowel system at least is concerned, three distinct zones must be identified. These zones correspond to three phases of development of the phonic system, phases which have been attested elsewhere in the italian peninsula. In the diachronic reconstruction, an attempt has been made to define the successive phases in the development of the phonic system in relation to the main romance shifts, to show the degree of genetic kinship existing between the dialects and to make manifest such interference as resulted from contact. Over and above the changes commonly acknowledged (palatalisations, assimilations, lenition. . . ), two key hypothesis are postulated concerning the genesis of the southern vowel system (with respect to its syllabic structure) and the genesis of the northern vowel system (via a diphthongisation)
Kohi, N'Goran Jeanne Andi. "Contribution à l'étude génétique du cacaoyer par les marqueurs moléculaires : diversité génétique et recherche de QTLs." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20159.
Full textTriques, Karine. "Diversité génétique du VIH-1 : impact sur le diagnostic moléculaire et la variabilité génétique intra-patient." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20129.
Full textBou, Dagher-Kharrat Magida. "Caractérisation du génome et structuration géographique de la diversité génétique du genre Cedrus." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066275.
Full textHinsinger, Damien. "Diversité et évolution du genre Fraxinus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27439/27439.pdf.
Full textThe genus Fraxinus contains about 45 species of temperate trees and shrubs colonizing various habitats in the Northern hemisphere. A great intraspecific and interspecific diversity indicated the need to estimate a molecular phylogeny in order to reconstruct and interpret the biogeographic history of this circumpolar angiosperm tree genus, both at the generic and the specific scale in Europe. The study of cpDNA diversity did not allow to distinguish among the different species of the genus, particularly when these species were closely related, due to very low divergence rates at the nucleotide level. However, some taxonomical sections of the genus could be recognised. These results show that the use of cpDNA regions as a molecular barcode cannot be a universal answer for the estimation of forest tree biodiversity, despite the good discrimination and results obtained with herbaceous plants. Thus, subsequent efforts at estimating the phylogeny of the genus were thus directed towards nuclear regions. The sections previously described were retrieved, and species that could not be attributed to a taxonomic group (incertae sedis) were assigned with confidence to the section Melioides. Some species of the section Melioides appeared to have exchanged genes recently or having radiated, forming a polytomy in all datasets. According to this phylogeny, three dispersal events were inferred, two from North America to Asia, the last from Asia to North America. The evolution of the section Fraxinus, which is mainly found in Eurasia, was further investigated and the phylogeny dated, in order to determine associations between past geological and climatic changes and the extant genetic diversity. A major incongruence was detected between tree topologies derived from different regions of the nuclear genome, indicating ancient reticulate evolution between F. angustifolia and F. mandshurica. The Himalaya uplift and climatic changes observed during the end of Tertiary could explain the speciation events in the section, whereas the warmer climate during the Miocene could have provided favourable conditions for expanding natural ranges, favouring reticulate evolution between F. angustifolia and F. mandshurica. All these results confirm the key role of natural hybridization and ancient reticulate evolution, highlighting the major influence of environmental changes on structuring the present taxonomical and genetic diversity of the genus Fraxinus.
Born, Céline. "Diversité génétique et dynamique des forêts d’Afrique centrale : Une étude multi-échelle de la structure de la diversité génétique d’un arbre pionnier, Aucoumea klaineana." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20252.
Full textThis work contributes to our knowledge on historical, evolutionary and ecological processes linked with the high biological diversity in central Africa. We studied the structure of the genetic diversity of Aucoumea klaineana, a pioneer tree species, endemic to the Lower Guinea forest domain. Several spatial-scales were considered to infer impacts of the different processes (historical, evolutionary and ecological) acting with distinct time-scales on the genetic diversity. Considering the intraspecific genetic variation in the contemporary distribution of species, we showed that the heterogeneity in the distribution of the genetic diversity is due to the isolation of several source populations in forest refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum. After dry and cold periods, forest species recolonized savannahs and reached their current distribution areas. In A. Klaineana, founder effects associated with colonization processes were avoided by the homogeneity in reproductive success in adult trees. At fine-scale, the spatial genetic structure (SGS) generally resulted from the isolation by distance process, the equilibrium between gene dispersal and drift. Such structure is observed for A. Klaineana, characterized by both limited pollen and seed dispersal distances (128 and 118 m respectively). Here, SGS analyses may illustrate that reduced density of trees and/or forest opening is compensated by higher gene dispersal distances. This result is linked with dispersal syndromes of the species that locally contribute to the maintenance of the genetic diversity
Mansour, Wael. "PRÉVALENCE ET DIVERSITÉ GÉNÉTIQUE DES SOUCHES HBV ET HDV CIRCULANT AU NIGER ET EN MAURITANIE." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00991555.
Full textSégurel, Laure. "Mode de vie et diversité génétique dans les populations humaines d'Asie Centrale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547600.
Full textVerne, S. "Diversité et impact des Wolbachia féminisantes sur la structuration génétique d'Armadillidium vulgare." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00181052.
Full textEyer, Pierre-André. "Modes de reproduction et diversité génétique chez les fourmis du genre Cataglyphis." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209190.
Full textLes analyses phylogénétiques montrent que la polyandrie est ancestrale au sein du genre Cataglyphis. Le premier axe de ce travail a pour but d’étudier les causes évolutives justifiant le maintien d’un tel système de reproduction au sein de ce genre. Ce travail porte sur les avantages d’une diversité génétique accrue parmi les ouvrières. Une telle diversité génétique permettrait notamment d'accroître le polymorphisme de taille des ouvrières et l'efficacité de la division du travail [Chapitre 1], ou la résistance aux pathogènes de la force ouvrière [Chapitre 2]. [1] Ce premier travail a été réalisé sur Cataglyphis cursor, une espèce strictement monogyne et polyandre. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent une très grande fidélité des ouvrières à la tâche. Ils montrent l’existence d’une association significative entre la tâche réalisée par une ouvrière et sa lignée paternelle, ainsi qu’entre la taille des ouvrières et la tâche effectuée. [2] Le second travail de cette thèse a été réalisé chez C. mauritanica. Nos résultats montrent que la résistance aux pathogènes diffère entre ouvrières issues de différentes lignées paternelles lorsque ces dernières sont isolées. Curieusement, cette différence s’estompe lorsque les lignées paternelles sont regroupées au sein des sociétés polyandres. Dès lors, la polyandrie permettrait d’homogénéiser l’immunité des sociétés. Nos données montrent cependant que la résistance des ouvrières à Metarhizium anisopliae n’est pas corrélée à la diversité génétique de la colonie ou au nombre d’accouplements des reines.
Le second axe de ce travail porte sur les stratégies de reproduction remarquables observées chez les espèces de Cataglyphis appartenant au groupe altisquamis :C. velox, C. mauritanica, C. humeya et C. hispanica. Ces espèces partagent une stratégie unique dans le règne animal, appelée hybridogénèse sociale. L’hybridogénèse classique est un système reproductif dans lequel les parents issus de lignées génétiques distinctes s’hybrident. Alors que les génomes maternels et paternels sont exprimés dans la lignée somatique des descendants, le génome paternel est systématiquement écarté de la lignée germinale. En conséquence, seul le génome maternel est transmis aux générations futures. Dans le schéma d’hybridogénèse sociale reporté dans ces travaux, les reines s’accouplent systématiquement avec un mâle originaire d’une lignée génétique distincte. Elles utilisent la reproduction sexuée pour la production d’une caste ouvrière stérile intégralement hybride (analogue à la lignée somatique) et la reproduction asexuée par parthénogénèse pour la production des castes reproductrices mâles et femelles (analogues à la lignée germinale). Dans ce système, bien que les génomes paternels et maternels soient exprimés dans la caste ouvrière, seul le génome maternel est transmis aux descendants reproducteurs [Chapitre 3]. Le groupe altisquamis est représenté par plusieurs espèces au sein desquelles deux lignées génétiques s’hybrident systématiquement pour la production de la caste ouvrière. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse [4] est une analyse phylogéographique des espèces de ce groupe dans la péninsule ibérique. Les résultats confirment l’existence d’une seule paire de lignées génétiques au sein de chaque espèce. Ces résultats révèlent également une contradiction entre les marqueurs nucléaires et mitochondriaux traduisant la complexité du système reproductif. Ces travaux soulignent l’ambiguïté des relations phylogéniques entre espèces d’un tel système et discutent de son implication dans la spéciation des espèces hybridogénétiques.
Social insects represent the most extreme form of cooperative life in the animal kingdom. This is based on the existence of a division of reproductive activities between the reproductive individuals (queens and males) and a majority of workers performing all logistical tasks at the expense of their own reproduction. In social Hymenoptera, comparative analysis of reproductive strategies reveals that colonies headed by a single mated queen (monogyny/monoandry) is the ancestral structure of colonies. This structure provides a high genetic correlation between the workers and the brood they raise and, therefore, their overall reproductive success (inclusive fitness). However, an increasing number of genetic studies reveal that the reproductive structure of colonies can strongly differ from this pattern. This is particularly obvious in ants, which have a very large social polymorphism resulting in a large variability in the number of reproductive females within colonies. The Formicidae are also remarkable for the diversity of their modes of reproduction. This diversity relates to mating frequency (monoandry/polyandry) or conditional use of sexual and asexual reproduction. In some species, new queens are produced by parthenogenesis (they are almost clones of their mothers), while the workers arise from a classical sexual reproduction. By using alternative modes of reproduction for queen and worker castes, queens can increase the transmission rate of their genes to their reproductive female offspring while maintaining genetic diversity in the worker population. This high diversity of social structures and modes of reproduction suggests the occurrence of many selective forces. This thesis aimed at determining environmental and genetic factors responsible for the large social polymorphism and the high diversity of reproductive modes display by Cataglyphis desert ants. This thesis is divided into two main parts.
Phylogenetic analyses show that polyandry is ancestral across the genus Cataglyphis. The first part of this thesis examines the genetic hypothesis to account for the evolution and maintenance of multiple mating by queen in this genus. This work focuses on the benefits of increased genetic diversity among workers. Such genetic diversity may increase the size polymorphism of the worker force and improve efficiency of the division of labor [Chapter 1] or increase pathogen resistance of the colony [Chapter 2]. In Chapter 1, the genetic hypothesis to enhance efficiency of division of labor was tested on Cataglyphis cursor, a strictly monogynous and polyandrous species. The results reveal a great fidelity in task performance by workers. They reveal a significant association between patriline and task preference: workers belonging to different patrilines differ in their propensity to perform a given task. We also found that worker size is closely associated with task specialization. The second work of this thesis [Chapter 2] was performed in C. mauritanica. Our results show that resistance to pathogens differs between workers from different patrilines when patrilines are raised separately. Surprisingly, this difference disappears when the patrilines are grouped within polyandrous colonies. Therefore, polyandry would standardize the overall resistance of colonies. Consistent with this result, our data show a positive association between the number of matings by the queens and colony resistance to Metarhizium anisopliae.
The second part of this thesis expounds the unorthodox reproductive strategies observed in species belonging to the group Cataglyphis altisquamis: C. velox, C. mauritanica, C. hispanica and C. humeya. These species share a unique strategy in the animal kingdom, called social hybridogenesis. Hybridogenesis is a sexual reproductive system, whereby parents from different genetic origin hybridize. Both the maternal and paternal genomes are expressed in somatic tissues, but the paternal genome is systematically excluded from the germ line, which is therefore purely maternal. Consequently, only the maternal genome spread across generations. Here, we report a unique case of hybridogenesis at a social level. Queens mate exclusively with males originating from a different genetic lineage than their own to produce hybrid workers, while they use parthenogenesis to produce the male and female reproductive castes. In consequences, all sterile workers (somatic line) are sexually produced hybridogens, whereas sexual forms (germ line) are clonally produced. Thus, only maternal genes are perpetuated across generations [Chapter 3]. The group C. altisquamis is represented by several hybridogenetic species in which two highly divergent genetic lineages co-occur, despite their constant hybridization. The last chapter of this thesis [Chapter 4] is a phylogeographic analysis of C. altisquamis species in the Iberian Peninsula. Our results confirm the existence of a single pair of genetic lineages within each species. Our results also reveal strong incongruences between nuclear and mitochondrial markers that reflect the reproductive system complexities. These studies reveal phylogenetic ambiguities among these hybridogenetic species and discuss the involvement of such unconventional system in speciation process.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Morin, Ricardo. "Diversité et structure génétique des populations de noyer cendré, Juglans cinerea L." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0014/MQ41968.pdf.
Full textMérette, David. "Diversité génétique et morphologique des hybrides asexués Fundulus diaphanus X F. heteroclitus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26112/26112.pdf.
Full textPresence of asexual hybrids between Fundulus diaphanus and F. heteroclitus at two sites in Nova Scotia (Porter’s Lake and Saint-Mary’s River) has been documented in the literature. Random sampling of Fundulus along the salinity gradient of Porter’s Lake and genotyping using eight microsatellite markers revealed one main clone and its mutational derivatives in the lake, representing 97% of hybrids encountered. Also, a novel method of morphological identification of F. diaphanus, F. heteroclitus and hybrids based on a maximum likelihood algorithm has been elaborated for fieldwork purposes, allowing a quick, over 90% efficient, way to diagnose the three Fundulus types. Morphological analyses performed using geometric morphometrics also revealed that hybrids were no less variable morphologically than parental species. Finally, the presence of one main clone in different salinities and an important morphological variability suggest the presence of a General-Purpose Genotype in Porter’s Lake.
Vignola, Stéphanie. "La levure Geotrichum candidum, diversité et applications en fromagerie." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28366.
Full textGeotrichum candidum is a dimorphic yeast which plays several important roles within the surface microbial ecosystem of mold- and smear-ripened cheeses. Its various abilities, in particular those of alkalinization and production of aromatic compounds in cheeses are, however, recognized to be strain-dependent. Few studies have been carried out on the genetics of the species G. candidum, although this kind of information would be very useful in order to optimize the production of ripening cultures used in different types of surface ripened cheeses. In this project, the complete genomes of 11 Geotrichum/Galactomyces spp. strains isolated from dairy products or the environment were sequenced. Furthermore, in order to have a complete characterization of the strains, their morphology and their ability to grow in presence of different carbon sources, at 35°C, and in soft-cheese model curds were tested. Our results showed divergence between the genomic sequences of Geotrichum spp. and Galactomyces spp. strains, leading to the distinction of the different species studied and to the identification of different sub-groups among the G. candidum species that are consistent with those established in a previous study using Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). Differences were also observed between Geotrichum spp. strains for their morphology, their ability to metabolize different carbon sources, and their alkalinisation and proteolytic activities on soft-cheese model curd. The genome sequencing and the phenotypic characterization of the Geotrichum spp. strains provide new information about their characteristics and behavior in different media. This work is therefore of great importance to perform a better selection of G. candidum strains for the development and improvement of surface ripened cheeses.
Duboz, Priscilla. "Diversité populationnelle et don de sang à Marseille." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20709.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study foreign populations’ presence in Marseilles in relation to their representation in the blood donors population. The history of foreign population in Marseilles (chapter 2), current demography of theses populations (chapter 3) and presentation of our samples (chapter 4) allow us, in chapter 5, to examine integration and insertion notions, generally applied to theses populations. Chapter 6, devoted to the study of the representation of the different component of foreign population in Marseilles’ blood donors, permit to conceive Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerannée as a socio-economic observatory of foreign populations and their descendants. Finally, the last chapter propose to examine the questions of insertion, citizenship and blood donation, understood as a creator of a certain social link (chapter 7)
Baumel, Alex. "Situation des structures de diversité génétique dans l'enquête écologique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819332.
Full textSadeuh, Mba Serge Alain. "Circulation, diversité génétique et évolution des entérovirus humains au Cameroun : interaction avec les poliovirus vaccinaux et les entérovirus simiens." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077224.
Full textThe genetic diversity of human enteroviruses (EVs), including polioviruses (PVs), circulating in Cameroon was investigated in acute flaccid paralysis patients throughout the entire territory as well as in healthy children from the far northern region of the country. The results showed a high frequency combined with a high genetic diversity of human EVs in Cameroon. The frequency of EVs belonging to the Human Enterovirus C species (HEV-C) was as high as 56. 5% of the identified isolates. Apart from worldwide distributed types, several African specific types and variants were identified. The investigation of genetic exchanges between HEV-C, including vaccine polioviruses, confirmed the fact that frequent recombination in the non structural regions of the genome contribute to their genetic diversity. PVs in particular co-circulate and exchange the sequences of their non structural regions with CVA-13, -17 and -20. The co-circulation of PVs and diverse HEV-C may be a major viral factor for the emergence of pathogenic recombinant vaccine¬derived PVs (VDPVs). In the other hand, simian specific EVs as well as EVs previously known human EVs were identified in the stools of captive and wild non human primates (NHP). Four novel types of simian EVs in particular were identified. The results confirm that cross-species transmission of at least some EV types can happen naturally and could play a role in the emergence of new EV types from humans to NHP and vice-versa
Verne, Sébastien. "Diversité et impact des "Wolbachia" féminisantes sur la structuration génétique d'"Armadillidium vulgare"." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2281.
Full textAmong endosymbionts, Wolbachia pipientis is the most abundantly studied reproductive parasite. This parasite also induces the widest range of effects on its host. By manipulating host reproduction, it is expected that Wolbachia will affect host genetic structure. The woodlouse, Armadillidium vulgare (Isopod, Crustacean), is known to host two feminizing Wolbachia strains (wVulC and wVulM), as well as a third unidentified feminizing genetic factor (f). This work reveals the presence of a third Wolbachia strain that is probably the result of recombination between the two previously identified strains. Wolbachia prevalence and genetic structure of the A vulgare host was analyzed both at a sub-regional and metapopulational scale. Results reveal that Wolbachia prevalence is generally low but varies greatly among populations. The use of microsatellite markers revealed a high genetic diversity and a low genetic structure among populations, which is compatible with isolation by distance (IBD). Conversely, mtDNA analysis revealed a low polymorphism within populations and a high genetic structure among populations, results which are incompatible with IBD. It is therefore proposed that feminizing factors have evolved under frequency dependent selection thus favouring the maintenance of a low number of divergent mitotypes by genetic hitchhiking. Associated with a lower female than male dispersal, high connectivity between subpopulations seems to favour high Wolbachia prevalence at the metapopulation scale. The analyses of sex bias in genetic structure indicate that feminizing factors, such as Wolbachia and f, can greatly bias mitotype frequencies between sexes, while also inducing a sex-biased genetic structure on nuclear DNA
Terrado, Ramon. "Diversité et succession des protistes dans l'océan Arctique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27849/27849.pdf.
Full textAinouche, Malika. "Les Populations diploïdes et tétraploïdes du genre Bromus L. , section Bromus Sm. (Poaceae) : analyse de la diversité génétique." Rennes 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN10131.
Full textMaudet, Célia. "Diversité et caractérisation génétique des races bovines et caprines originaires de la région Rhône-Alpes." Grenoble 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10175.
Full textPetit, Florence. "Polymorphisme érythrocytaire : approche anthropologique et interprétation de patterns de diversité génétique, entre peuplement et sélection." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0240.
Full textMy Ph.D. work is based on the search for a better understanding of the geographical distribution of red blood cell polymorphisms: the surface antigens of red cell blood group systems (BGS) and the intracellular glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The analysis on 75 Eurasian populations of frequencies of the DI*01 allele coding for Diego a antigen of Diego BGS, the C2-M217 and C2-M401 haplotypes of the Y chromosome, geographic coordinates and languages, has shown a correlation between these markers. The DI*01 distribution seems to follow the Mongol conquests, carried by the Altaic-speaking nomads possessing the C2-M217 and C2-M401 haplotypes with a radial expansion from Mongolia. The study of the G6PD gene in 80 individuals from French Guiana of the Noir Marron community originating from sub-Saharan Africa, addresses health-environment relations. Characteristic mutations of sub-Saharan variants of G6PD deficiency have occurred in one in eight people. The G6PD deficiency distribution was previously unknown in French Guiana and is still poorly known in Latin America and the Caribbean, where Plasmodium vivax still cracks down. Its treatment requires the use of primaquine which may cause severe haemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals. My third objective was to highlight the influence of different factors on the distribution of polymorphisms of 10 BGS studying 343 populations. Through model adjustments, allelic frequencies have been confronted to environmental and cultural data. Finally, a study has been also conducted on the Duffy BGS by analyses of detection of natural selection on SNP data
Wan, Kanglin. "Diversité génétique et résistance aux médicaments anti-tuberculeux de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en Chine." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734513.
Full textSenneville, Sauphie. "Diversité génétique et conservation de l'if du Canada, Taxus canadensis (Marsh.) au Québec." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0003/MQ44960.pdf.
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