Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diversité génétique du VIH-1'
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Triques, Karine. "Diversité génétique du VIH-1 : impact sur le diagnostic moléculaire et la variabilité génétique intra-patient." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20129.
Full textNora, Tamara. "La diversité génétique et phénotypique des populations virales issues de patients infectés par VIH - 1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077187.
Full textDuring my thesis, we developed a new technique for study the genetic diversity of HIV. This method is based on the isolation of infectious clonal viruses directly resulting from single plasma-derived infections events. A comparison of the genomic sequences of clonal viruses from six patients demonstrated strong evidence for extensive recombinaison in vivo, showed that recombination could increase the diversity of drug resistant genotypes and reveals that recombination contributes to the generation and preservation of the HIV-1 diversity. The isolation of clonal viral populations from five different patients permits to evaluate the phenotypic properties of Env proteins exprimed by clonal viruses. Even when comparaisons were restricted to viruses from a same patient with similar tropism, genetically diverses Env proteins exhibited a remarkable fonctionnal diversity, included a wide range of infectivities for a given target cell, differences in their relative ability to infect different target cells and differences in sensibility to inhibition by some entry inhibitors. No correlation was observed between viral infectivity and inhibition by entry inhibitors, indicating that theses properties can be dissociated
Desperrière-Mansaray, Hélène. "Diversité génétique du VIH-1 et implications cliniques : étude d'une cohorte de patients contaminés outre-mer." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11075.
Full textVergne, Laurence. "Génotypes et phénotypes du HIV-1 en Afrique : implications biologiques et thérapeutiques de la diversité génétique." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20114.
Full textMauclere, Philippe. "Séroépidémiologie, diversité génétique et transmissions interespèces des infections rétrovirales HTLV/STLV et VIH/SIV au Cameroun." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N098.
Full textThe sub region of Central Africa is currently considered as the cradle of the retroviral genetic diversity for primates. In Cameroon in the year 1991, the awareness of the HTLV-1 endemic was based on preliminary seroprevalences, and no case of HTLV-2 was still identified. As HIV/AIDS epidemics started out its starling growth, the major variants of HIV-1 were not known as circulating strains in the country, and no research on SIV were conducted on primates. The aim of the study, which was carried out in Cameroon between 1991 and 1997, and in Pasteur Institut in Paris in 1997 and 1998, is to introduce a technical process for the genetic diversity human retroviruses exploration, to characterize retroviral human and simian variant strains
Charpentier, Charlotte. "Diversité génétique du virus de l' immunodéficience humaine de type-1(VIH-1) in vivo : contribution des espèces virales minoritaires et de la recombination." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066573.
Full textVan, Heuserswyn Fran. "Diversité génétique, prévalence et distribution géographique des lentivirus de chimpanzés et gorilles sauvages au Cameroun : implications pour l'origine de VIH-1." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20098.
Full textChimpanzees and SIVsmm infecting sooty mangabeys, are considered to be the immediate source of HIV-1 and HIV-2 respectively. However, information about the prevalence, distribution and genetic diversity of SIVcpz in their primate hosts in the wild was very limited, and evidence for the existence of a virus reservoir was lacking. In this thesis, we aimed to identify and characterize SIVs circulating among great ape species in Cameroon and to identify the natural reservoirs of HIV-1. Using non-invasive sampling methods, we identified the West central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) as the natural reservoir of HIV type 1. We traced the origin of HIV-1 M (pandemic) and HIV-1 N (non-pandemic) to geographically isolated chimpanzee communities in southeast and south central Cameroon respectively. For the first time, we identified viruses closely related to HIV-1 group O, designated SIVgor, in wild Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Phylogenetic analyses, however, indicated that chimpanzees are likely to be the original reservoir of these gorilla viruses. In spite of the close relationship between the identified SIVgor strains and HIV-1 group O, they are still too divergent to represent the immediate precursor of this group of HIV-1. These data show that chimpanzees and also gorillas in Cameroon represent a potential source of human infection. The non-invasive survey of wild ape populations was therefore not only indispensable for identifying the primate origin of HIV-1, but also for ensuring that additional reservoirs of human immunodeficiency viruses are not missed. The V3 peptides of the newly identified SIVcpz and SIVgor strains will be of particular use to investigate whether additional SIVcpz and SIVgor transmissions to humans have occurred but have gone unrecognized
Liégeois, Florian. "Diversité génétique et histoire naturelle des virus de l'immunodéficience simienne." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20035.
Full textSimian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are found in an extensive number of African primates. It is now well established that SIVs from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in West central Africa and from sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in West Africa are the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2, respectively. To date humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling primate bushmeat. In this thesis, we aimed to identify and characterize full-length genome of new SIVs in three different primate species: Miopithecus talapoin (SIVtal) from Cameroon and captive animals, Western red colobus (SIVwrcPbb and SIVwrcPbt) from West Africa (Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire) and olive colobus from the Taï forest national park in Côte d'Ivoire, in order to further document the natural history of primate lentiviruses and to evaluate the SIV prevalence within the Western red colobus from the Taï forest in Côte d'Ivoire. Phylogenetic analyses of full-length genomes of these viruses confirmed that each of them represents a new SIV lineage. We observed a significant clustering of the SIVtal lineage with the Cercopithecus-specific SIVs and SIVtal and Cercopithecus-specific SIVs share functional motifs specific of these viruses. We also showed that western red colobus are the natural hosts of SIVwrc and that SIVolc, isolated from an olive colobus, is related to SIVwrc. Overall, SIVwrc and SIVolc are related to the SIV from Lhoest lineage and are related to the divergent SIVcol isolated from mantled guereza in Cameroon, in the 5'part of the pol gene. We also present the first molecular epidemiological survey of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVwrc) in wild-living western red colobus monkeys which are frequently hunted by the human population and represent a favourite prey of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). We showed a minimal prevalence of 26% among the individuals sampled. Overall, these results highlight once more the complexity of the natural history and evolution of primate lentiviruses. We showed that wild-living red colobus represent a substantial reservoir of SIVwrc. Moreover, because of their frequent association with other monkey species, the predation pressure exerted by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and by poachers around and inside the park, simian to simian and simian to human SIVwrc cross-species transmission cannot be excluded illustrating the need for surveillance of primate pathogens and their cross-species transmissions in this part of Africa and elsewhere
Plantier, Jean-Christophe. "Diversité des VIH : signification et limites du sérotypage V3 : faisabilité du génotypage par hybridation oligonucléotidique." Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR3805.
Full textUnal, Guillemette. "Infection par le VIH-1 groupe O : étude des caractéristiques épidémiologiques et de la réponse immuno-virologique aux antirétroviraux." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS131/document.
Full textHIV-1 group O (HIV-1/O) is genetically distinct from HIV-1/M and is endemic in Cameroon while in France 140 HIV-1/O were diagnoses since 1990. The aim of this work was to characterize HIV-1/O epidemiological characteristics, infection natural evolution and immuno-virological response to treatment.In France, based on a large series of 101 HIV-1/O patients, we demonstrated that the natural evolution of HIV-1/O was in between the evolution of HIV-2 and HIV-1/M, but closer to HIV-1/M. We also confirmed in vivo HIV-1/O natural resistance to INNTI treatment. Then, we compared HIV-1/O and HIV-1/M immune-virological response to ARV treatment. In France, we compared data from two cohorts and a clinical trial was performed in Cameroun. One of the HIV-1/O characteristic is the lower CVp before treatment compared to HIV-1/M in naïve patient. This difference had no impact on the virological responses to cART. The proportion of patients with an undetectable pVL was similar between the two groups one year after the beginning of the treatment. Immunological response was close between HIV-1/O and HIV-1/M in France. But when the two populations were compared in Cameroon, the immunological response to cART was lower for HIV-1/O patients than for HIV-1/M patients, although this diffence didn’t had clinical consequences.HIV-1/O medical care based on HIV-1/M guidelines is highly efficient if the treatment doesn’t include NNRTI treatment
Kassi, Kondo. "Diversité génétique et sensibilité aux antifongiques d’isolats cliniques et environnementaux de Cryptococcus à Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONT3521/document.
Full textCryptococcal meningitis (CM) is the second opportunistic infection in HIV infected patients. It is the fourth cause of death due to infectious diseases in Africa with an annual mortality of 600,000. The yeasts responsible belong to the C. neoformans / Cryptococcus gattii species complex. Our study describes epidemiology and resistance to antifungal of environmental and clinical strains of Cryptococcus in Ivory Coast. The isolates are from an active list of 1,750 patients VIH positive and 667 samples taken in the living environment of patients. We demonstrate a high genotypic diversity within our cohort and the presence of several species of Cryptococcus in one sample from the same patient as well as in samples from patients follow up, which had never been shown in West Africa. We found that the recurrent cryptococcosis is caused by multiple infections by different strains over time. Our results describe also, for the first time, the isolation of Cryptococcus from pigeon droppings from Abidjan. And we notice that, as the genotypes of environmental and clinical isolates are very different, that excludes contamination of patients by pigeon droppings. Finally, most of the isolates were susceptible to reference antifungal but a patient might be contaminated by isolates with different susceptibility
Diouara, Abou Abdallah Malick. "Réponse virologique au traitement antirétroviral chez les patients infectés par le VIH-1, suivis en milieux décentralisés en Afrique de l’Ouest (Sénégal, Mali et Guinée Conakry)." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T013/document.
Full textOne of the major barriers to the optimal care of patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy is the limited access to viral load (VL) and genotyping tests, especially in remote areas. These technologies are usually available only at central health facilities in larger cities and plasma is the reference sample. However, plasma or whole blood samples shipment from remote areas to reference lab faces several constraints or even impossible. In order to bring closer patients to reference lab, we have demonstrated the ability of DBS (Dried Blood Spots) collected and shipped in field conditions to provide complete virological monitoring (VL and genotyping). We also documented for the first time, virological outcome of ART and HIV-1 genetic diversity in adult patients followed up in decentralized settings in Senegal, Mali and Guinea Conakry. Overall, despite the low treatment adherence noted sometimes, our findings show no significant differences in the occurrence of virological failure among patients followed up in the central and peripheral health facilities, whatever the country. In Senegal, no integrase inhibitors associated DRM has been found despite the high rate of resistance in patients failing first and second-line treatment. Furthermore, among children born to HIV infected mothers, NNRTI-associated drug resistant mutations (DRM) were more predominant, probably because of systematic use of Nevirapine in MTCT. Our studies also confirm the high genetic diversity of viral subtypes, with the dominance of CRF02_AG in West Africa. This work presented here highlights the feasibility and relevance of DBS as support for the virological monitoring of patients in decentralized settings in West Africa. Furthermore, its use showed high rate of virological failure indicating the need to reinforce adherence to treatment. Finally, our results highlight the utility to considering carefully drug resistance patterns before switching to another ART regimen
Leoz, Marie. "HIV-1 Group O Genetic Diversity : Characterization, Evolution and Associated Viral Properties." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUENR14.
Full textHIV-1 group 0 viruses (HIV-1/0) are rare variants that are mostly found in Cameroon, where the y are thought to represent thousands of cases. The reasons for their limited diffusion are poorly understood: their emergence is estimated to be as ancient as that of the pandemic HIV-1 group M. Almost a century later, HIV-1/0 have developed a broad genetic diversity, which can only ambiguously be described due to the existence of several nomenclatures, each based on few genetic sequences. Little is known of the causes for this diversity and the impact it has on diverse viral properties. The Reverse Transcriptase (RT) mutation Y181C, however, has been proposed as classification criteria and suspected to confer a replicative advantage to the HIV-1/0 strains naturally presenting it. Hence, we aimed at better characterizing HIV-1/0 genetic diversity and exploring their diversification dynamics over tune using Bay Sian inférence. In so doing, we have identified two successive phases of HIV-1/0 diversification, each linked to the development of a particular subgroup: the minor subgroup T emerged in the 1960's, and the major subgroup H emerged from T in the 1980's. Natural presence of RT mutation 181C has been associated with subgroup H, which led to the udefinition of three viral populations: H1181C-like, H/181Y-like and T/181Y-like. A high degree of K28, K103, 1142, D174, L178 signature pattern conservation in the non-catalytic RT pocket of H/181C-like viruses has been observed, but neither presenting the 181C mutation, nor belonging to the H/181C-like cluster or presenting the associated pattern was related to higher replication level in vivo. In an attempt to developing knowledge of H1V-1/0 tropism — a property linked with the evolution of the natural course of HIV-1/M or HIV-2 infection — we have developed a phenotropism assay based on the production of clonai HIV-1/0 Env glycoprotein-presenting pseudotyped viruses. We have shown that the 16 Env we tested only used CCR5, despite the exploration of sequential and/or late stage samples. Finally, in order to allow for phenotypic investigation of diverse HIV-1/0 populations, we participated in the production of three new Infectious Molecular Clones deriving from two representatives of H/181C-like strains and one representative of T/181Y-like strains. These clones have contributed to unravelling the mechanisms for Tetherin counteraction and regulation of NFkB 111 expression by HIV-1/0 Nef and Vpu. In conclusion, our results suggest that HIV-1/O evolution dynamics were more complex than suspected and led to the emergence of two distinct subgroups. We have unified the diverse nomenclature systems, described some characteristics associated to three viral populations, and developed new tools to contribute in a better understanding of the consequences of HIV-1/O genetic diversity
Ngouana, Kammalac Thierry. "Diversité génétique d'isolats de Cryptococcus et Candida issus des patients VIH positifs à Yaoundé et étude de leur sensibilité aux antifongiques et aux extraits de plantes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13512/document.
Full textCryptococcus neoformans and Candida species are the main causative agents of yeast opportunistic infections among HIV infected persons. However, information on molecular their epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility are scarce in Cameroon. The main objective of this work was to study the genetic diversity and the antifungal susceptibility against antifungal drugs and plant extracts of C. neoformans and Candida isolates from Yaoundé HIV patients. C. neoformans (25) and Candida (317 among which 113 C. albicans) Isolates were obtained, from 171 and 402 HIV patients at the Yaoundé Central Hospital respectively. They were identified by phenotypic and biochemical characters, by mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR. The genetic diversity of 150 C. neoformans isolates (25 initial isolates and 125 colonies) was carried out by serotyping, microsatellite length polymorphism and PCR-RFLP. The genetic diversity of the 113 C. albicans isolates was performed by genotyping and microsatellite length polymorphism. The identification of C. albicans complex species was achieved by PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene. The antifungal susceptibility testing of C. neoformans against posaconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine was carried out by the broth microdilution test using the « Sensititre YeastOne® » kit. The CLSI M27-A3 protocol was used for the determination of the C. albicans isolate's susceptibility against amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole which are frequently used in Cameroon. The antifungal activity of extracts from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa and Monodora tenuifolia was performed by a preliminary screening with the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts. Selected extracts were therefore submitted to the bio-guided fractionation. Selected subfractions were submitted to combination assays. C. neoformans var grubii was the lonely Cryptococcus species isolated in cerebrospinal fluids. Fifteen Candida species were isolates from mucosae with C. albicans remaining the most frequent. C. africana has been isolated for the first time in Cameroon. C. neoformans and C. albicans provided 14 and 65 major molecular types respectively. It was also found that a patient can be infected by 2 different molecular types of C. neoformans. C. albicans genotype A was the most frequent. The PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene allowed the identification of a novel molecular profile among the C. albicans complex and named H (H1-H6). C. neoformans isolates were susceptible to the tested drugs. However, one isolate exhibited reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and one another to 5-fluorocytosine. C. albicans isolates expressed various susceptibility profiles similar to what described in the literature. Furthermore, there was a relationship between the H-typing and the antifungal susceptibility of C. albicans isolates against itraconazole (p-value<0.05). T. mantaly, T. catappa and M. tenuifolia extracts exhibited antifungal activity against tested yeasts. Bioguided fractionation allowed improves of the antifungal activity from crude extracts to subfractions. Synergism was observed, and the most active combination from T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia was also fungicidal on tested yeasts. Conclusively, the present work brings new tools for the comprehension and the better management of C. neoformans and Candida infections among Yaoundé HIV positive patients. The antifungal resistance emergence of yeasts isolates could be compensated by the development of a new antifungal medicine from subfractions combinations of T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia
Perez, Lorena Pia. "Diversité génétique de Trypanosoma cruzi dans les cas de co-infection par le virus VIH au Brésil : données cliniques, biologiques, épidémiologiques." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON1T017.
Full textChazara, Olympe. "Diversité génétique structurale et fonctionnelle du CMH chez le Poulet : implication pour la résistance aux maladies." AgroParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/index.php?halsid=35l606vho81sjdsfhrtdi0bke1&view_this_doc=pastel-00601989&version=1.
Full textThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a complex genomic region in Vertebrates, still imperfectly known in the chicken and which shows a great genetic variability. The MHC is also an interesting region for studying the genetic determinism of adaptation to pathogens in an evolutionary context. Moreover, the MHC plays a central role in the immune response of an animal to infectious diseases, while a better understanding of the genetic determinism of the immune response against pathogens is important for developing a comprehensive strategy to fight against infectious diseases. We therefore used recent tools of genomics, including genetic markers such as SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) to characterize the B region of the chicken MHC. First, genetic diversity has been evaluated in more than 80 breeds or populations with the LEI0258 marker. Then, to cover the entire region using SNP markers, we chose to identify these polymorphisms by resequencing 11 genes of interest and comparing the sequences obtained with the genome sequence and reference sequences available in databases. It also led to the improvement of the knowledge of a number of genes, including three DM-like non-classical class II genes. A 96 SNPs chip, dedicated to the B region of the chicken MHC, has been produced and will soon provide the genotypes of a number of infectious challenge studies conducted at INRA
Gantner, Pierre. "Impact des inhibiteurs de l'intégrase sur la constitution et la compartimentalisation du réservoir viral." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ018.
Full textStrategies aimed at reducing the latent HIV reservoir size, including combined antiretroviral therapy, may enhance the probability of a possible cure. Here, we assessed the dynamics of HIV reservoir among HIV-infected adults initiating a dolutegravir-based regimen (DBR) at different stages of HIV infection. The DRONE trial enrolled individuals starting and responding to a DBR on a 48 weeks follow-up. HIV-DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), HIV-DNA in sorted CD4+ T cell subsets (Effector memory, TEM; Transitional memory, TTM; Central memory, TCM and Naive, TN), HIV-DNA ultra-deep sequencing and serum immune activation biomarkers (sCD14, sCD163, IL-6us and IP-10) were assessed. Overall, 169 participants were allocated to different groups: acute infections (AI, n=20), chronic infections (CI, n=21), individuals in virological success on treatment (VS, n=116), and in the aftermath of virological failures at baseline (VF, n=12). HIV-DNA in PBMCs and in sorted CD4+ T cell subsets, and immune activation markers decreased on DBR in the AI, CI and VF groups but not in the VS group. Participants from the AI group experienced the most dramatic decline. Genetic diversity of the viral reservoir was also affected shortly after DBR initiation in all groups of individuals. Successful DBR produced a rapid decline in the viral reservoir in treatment-naive but also in treatment-failing individuals. More studies on the effect of dolutegravir on viral latency are needed
Gonzalo-Turpin, Héloïse. "Produire des connaissances pertinentes pour l'action en sciences de la conservation : cas de la gestion de la diversité génétique intraspécifique en restauration écologique." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7805/1/gonzalo_turpin.pdf.
Full textMeertens, Laurent. "La diversité génétique des STLV-1 et des STLV-3 et l' étude des mécanismes de répression de l' activité transcriptionnelle de la protéine suppresseur de tumeur p53 par la protéine Tax d' HTLV-2 de sous-type B." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077171.
Full textAghokeng, Fobang Avelin. "Diversite génétique des lentivirus humains et simiens au Cameroun : implication pour la santé publique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20008.
Full textTagnouokam, Ngoupo Paul Alain. "Fréquence et profil génétique des doubles infections VIH-1/M+O et formes recombinantes VIH-1/MO au Cameroun." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUENR11.
Full textFrequency and genetic profile of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/1V10 recombinant forms circulating in Cameroon Despite the great genetic divergence between the pandemic HIV-1/M and non pandemic HIV-1/0, four HIV-1/MO intergroup recombinants have been reported in 1999 and 2010. In Cameroon, the co-circulation of two groups (M and 0) provides an ideal environment for HIV-1/MO recombination to occur. In a previous work, we reported new dual infections and six HIV-LIMO putative recombinant forms, associated to or not to dual infections. However, this study had some epidemiological and technical limitations. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the frequency and to characterize genetic profiles of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections, as well as HIV-11M0 recombinant forms in Cameroon. From March 2013 to June 2015, 275 HIV infected patients from Centre Pasteur of Cameroon were included in the study, based on serotyping test, enabling to distinguish HIV serotypes M, 0 and M+0. HIV-1/M and HIV-1/0 specific PCR were further performed in the pol and env genes, in order to confirm serological reactivities, and to detect pollenv discordance, characteristic of putative recombinants. In the likelihood of M+0 dual infections and/or presence of MO recombinant, a breakpoint in the vpr gene, considered a hotspot of recombination was investigated. Finally, full length genomes of recombinants were characterized and genetic link with previous recombinants was investigated by phylogenetic analyses. Among the 275 patients, 199 (72. 4%) were HIV-1/M mono-reactive, 47(17. 1%) HIV-1/0 mono-reactive, and 29 (10. 5%) were M+0 dual reactive. HIV-1/M+0 dual infections were identified in 4 patients (1. 4%), and the presence of recombinants forms in 3 patients (1. 1%). The first recombinant form was detected in a husband and his wife, and was not associated to dual infection, and the second recombinant form was associated to a parental HIV-1/M virus. Full length genomes characterization identified recombinant breakpoints in the vpr gene and the LTR region for the first recombinant form, and in the vpu gene and the LTR region for the second form. No link between these recombinants and previous recombinants was found. HIV-1/M subtypes and HIV-1/0 sub-groups were concordant with the present molecular epidemiology of HIV infection in Cameroon, that is, the predominance of CRF02_AG and HIV-1/0 sub-group H. Geographical origins of patients with HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/M0 recombinants showed that they were from five administrative regions of Cameroon. In this study, we described seven new cases of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/MO recombinants, thus confirming the co-circulation of these forms in Cameroon. Even though their frequency remains low, these forms are found in different geographical regions of Cameroon, pointing out their diffusion potential. We also characterized full length genomes of two new HIV-1/MO recombinants, and identified breakpoints in vpr and vpu genes as well as LTR regions. No link between these recombinants and previous recombinants was found, showing the circulation of multiple URFs, and the great dynamic evolution between HIV-1/M and HIV-1/0. It is therefore, necessary to improve the surveillance of HIV-11M0 recombinant forms in Cameroon, in order to detect potential emergence of a CRF_MO, and to further study their virological and phenotypic properties
Millet, Antoine. "Caractérisation quantitative et génétique de la dynamique sanguine et tissulaire du virus de l'immunodéficience simienne chez le macaque cynomolgus en histoire naturelle The extensive widespread of SIV distribution in macaques suggests that secondary lymphoid tissues are the main drivers of viral dynamics Optimal maturation of the SIV‐specific CD8+ T cell response after primary infection is associated with natural SIV control. ANRS SIC study Modeling acute SIV infection suggests that early establishment of cytotoxic response drives the virological control, and unravels heterogeneous infected cells populations." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2119&f=17058.
Full textSimian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection persists in the body with infected cells containing the integrated viral genome. These cells called "reservoirs" constitute the major barrier to viral eradication and are focus of interest of new therapeutic challenges. The simian model enables the exploration of tissue reservoirs and viral evolution throughout the whole body. In a first part, the aim of our work was to characterize the dynamics of SIV in the blood and tissues in the absence of treatment. In the P-Visconti program, six macaques were infected by SIVmac251 and were followed 6 months before euthanasia. We developed ultrasensitive assays for the SIV DNA quantification (cell infection level) and cell-associated SIV RNA (caSIV RNA), expressing the transcriptional ability of infected cells. In addition, we developed a high throughput sequencing method and bioinformatics tools for in-depth analysis of more than 60 million reads, describing the evolution and number of viral variants in blood and tissues. We showed that the kinetics of the number of infected blood cells and their transcriptional level reflected the kinetics of plasma viremia. Moreover, the evolution of genetic diversity (number of variants and genetic distance) mimicked the evolution of the two markers. The variants constituting the inoculum tended to disappear as soon as day (D)28 in the plasma but persisted longer in the blood cells. The proportion of major variants evolved over time and, despite identical inoculum, a great heterogeneity of infection levels and genetic diversity could be observed among the monkeys. At 6 months post infection, many tissues were collected at euthanasia. We showed a disseminated and replicative infection over 26 anatomical sites, including skin and adipose tissues. Secondary lymphoid organs exhibited the highest levels of infection and transcriptional activity, which were associated with the most divergent viral quasi-species profiles from the inoculum, highlighting the major role of lymph nodes in the viral evolution. Infection level of many tissues was correlated with that observed in blood at the peak of replication. The different lymphoid tissues and several non-lymphoid tissues shared some major variants, indicating high exchanges of virions and/or infected cells between tissues (Manuscript 1). In a second part, we examined a model of SIVmac infected macaques, and 12 out of 16 animals exhibited spontaneous viral control (Simian "controllers": SIC). No difference of viral level was observed in blood at the peak (D15) between SIC and non-controller macaques. In contrast, SIC had a significantly lower level of infection in the lymph nodes since D15. Moreover, after 18 months, SIV DNA loads appeared lower in all SIC tissues. In addition, immunological studies (C. Pereira et al., I. Pasteur) showed that suppressive activity of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells has been developed over time and was related to lower viral reservoir levels (Manuscript 2). Mathematical modeling combining these immuno-virological data (V. Madelain et al., Univ Paris 7) showed a biphasic decay of SIV DNA after the peak of viremia in SIC, that could be related to 2 cell populations (one with short half-life and the other with a long half-life). These results indicate which cells have to been targeted in the context of remission and/or cure studies (Manuscript 3). All of these data demonstrate the key role of lymphoid tissues in the infection dynamics and in viral variants diffusion and diversification. The strong viral spread highlights the need to use molecules that penetrate throughout the whole body
Cibrario, Alice. "Diversité génétique et phénotypique de l’espèce Brettanomyces bruxellensis : influence sur son potentiel d’altération des vins rouges." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0923/document.
Full textThe yeast species Brettanomyces bruxellensis is the most dreaded wine spoilage microorganism because of its repercussions on wine organoleptic wine alteration. It is also present in numerous fermented beverages and its high genetic diversity is partly associated with its ecological origin. Microsatellite analysis of a large collection of isolates (1318) from various geographical origins shows the species’ high genetic diversity, namely among wine strains. Notably, it highlights the coexistence of diploid and triploid individuals worldwide as well as at the region, winery and wine level. Isolation of some of the genotypes in several wine regions in the world suggests this species’ dispersion as well as the putative adaptation of these individuals to the harsh wine environment.The relationship between genetic diversity, matrix type, and physiological traits was further explored. The type of consumable sugars in relation to growth and phenol volatile production capacities of the studied strains, are independent from the ploidy level or ecological origin of the latter. Nevertheless, growth and phenol volatile production profiles (rates and yields) vary, highlighting differences in strains’ growth capacity in different media and aeration conditions. In particular, our data suggests an important adaptation of triploid strains to wine-type environment. From a practical point of view, influence of physicochemical parameters (such as sugars and temperature) on B. bruxellensis’ development in wine has been investigated. In red wine, residual sugar profiles don’t seem to be a relevant tool to estimate the risk associated with “Brett” spoilage. However, the important temperature variations occurring in wine cellars could be a possible explanation for contamination frequency during the first summer of barrel-ageing
Ségurel, Laure. "Mode de vie et diversité génétique dans les populations humaines d'Asie Centrale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547600.
Full textPatin, Etienne. "Influences du mode de vie sur la diversité génétique des populations humaines." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066214.
Full textCappy, Pierre. "Profil de recombinaison, genèse et étude fonctionnelle des recombinants VIH-1/MO : à la frontière de nouvelles espèces de VIH." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES038.
Full textRecombination plays a major role in HIV evolution and amplifies their extraordinary HIV diversity. HIV-1 group O (HIV-1/O) are rare variants that are mostly found in Cameroon, where they are endemic. Due to a high genetic divergence between HIV-1/O and the major group, HIV-1/M, recombination between them had been first thought impossible. Nevertheless, in regions where HIV-1/M and HIV-1/O co-circulate, HIV-1/M+O dual infections have been described, leading in some cases to the emergence of HIV-1/MO recombinants, reminiscent of HIV-1/M unique recombinant forms (URFs). To date, ten URF-MO have been characterised in Cameroon and one in France. Due to scarce data, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying their generation their transmissibility and how they can establish a sustainable infection in patients. In the first part of this work, we investigated the rules governing their generation during reverse transcription through a singe-cycle recombination assay in the first half of the HIV-1 coding sequence. We found out that they were similar to those described for HIV-1/M intra-group recombinants: the sequence identity between the parental strains was the first parameter driving MO recombination, but was clearly not sufficient to predict the breakpoints positions. RNA structures, mostly guiding recombination at genes borders, were thought to be the second parameter involved. We also showed that most of breakpoints were found at the same location for several M/O crossings, while few of them were isolate-specific. We also confirmed the vpr gene was a recombination hot spot, as previously suspected for the forms found in patients. Thanks to a the surveillance of HIV-1 genetic diversity, led by the French National Reference Centre for HIV, we were also able to characterise eight news forms or putative forms in France, suspected through serological dual reactivity, sero-molecular or molecular discrepancies, occurring upon diagnosis or monitoring. With the data gathered in Cameroon and in France, we were able to compare the breakpoints found in vivo with the mapping carried out in cellulo, and found out that they mostly cluster in four regions, three of which are described as hot spots with the single-cycle assay. Using a functional analysis, we investigated the impact of a breakpoints shared by three unrelated chimeras and located outside a recombination hot spot, at the protease/RT border. We found out that a [GagPR-M/RTIN-O] pattern was in favour of URF-MO emergence, while the specular pattern showed mild to strong defects in virion maturation depending on isolates. By investigating this non-specular phenotype, we further demonstrated that capsid is a major barrier to MO inter-group recombination, with a strong impairment of reverse transcription observed when replacing an M capsid by several different heterologous O counterparts. The opposite pattern (CA-M in an HIV-1/O isolate) led to variable phenotypes at the reverse transcription and post-reverse transcription level, suggesting pleiotropic effects. At last, by a thorough study of recombination patterns in the LTRs, according to the number of breakpoints found in the HIV coding sequence, we also revisited the reverse transcription process, and demonstrated that the recombinants generated in LTRs by the strong stops mostly occur during [+] strand strong stop transfer, due to a particular structure in the PBS. In conclusion, this work allowed characterising 8 new URF-MO, leading to a current total of 19 distinct forms, and showing the plasticity of HIV evolution by recombination between highly divergent strains. It also provided new insights in the mechanisms of generation of these forms, showing that the rules defined for intra-group recombination could be extended to inter-group recombinants and that the emergence of recombinants rely on complex coevolution networks, probably partially strain-dependent
Redel, Laetitia. "Maintien de la latence du VIH-1 : implications des facteurs CTIP2 et LSD1." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6175.
Full textHIV-1 expression is controlled by various and complex phenomenons. We have shown that CTIP2 contributes to the post-integrative latency in microglial cells. CTIP2 associates with HDAC1, HDAC2 and SUV39H1 to favour heterochromatic environment surrounding the HIV promoter, thereby silencing HIV-1 expression. I first described that the histone demethylase LSD1 represses HIV-1 transcription in microglial cells. LSD1 is associated with the HIV-1 promoter and facilitates the recruitment of the histone methylase hSET1 which is responsible for the Histone H3 Lysine 4 trimethylation. Moreover, my studies indicate that LSD1 is required in order to recruit CTIP2 onto the HIV-1 promoter. Thus, LSD1 and CTIP2 cooperate physically and functionally to induce a transcriptional repression. In the second part of my thesis, I investigated the influence of CTIP2 on HIV-1 transcription in the T CD4+ lymphocytes. Following Tat expression or PMA treatment, CTIP2 enhances the Tat-mediated transactivation. CTIP2 induces the recruitment of HDAC2, SUV39H1 and HP1γ on the HIV-1 promoter. Here, the recruitment of these enzymes does not lead to the formation of a heterochromatic environment but to the activation of the viral expression. So, my works were able to bring to light the duality of CTIP2 which repress the HIV-1 transcription in latently infected microglial cells and facilitates the HIV-1 expression in productively infected CD4+ T cells
Chenine, Agnès-Laurence. "Etude de l'infection de l'épithélium intestinal par VIH-1." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX20651.
Full textMary, Catherine. "Utilisation séquentielle des sites accepteurs d'épissage lors de l'expression du provirus HIV-1 : analyse par cartographie à la RNAse." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1T236.
Full textMeyer, Laurence. "Délétion CCR5-delta 32 et progression de la maladie VIH-1." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T021.
Full textThe role of the Δ32 deletion on the gene coding for the CCR5 receptor for beta chemokines on HIV-1 disease progression was studied in HIV-infected patients followed in several prospective multicenter cohorts. Around 17% of patients with a known date of infection from the SEROCO cohort were heterozygous for the deletion : these patients progressed less rapidly since infection to AlDS or death than the other patients. Ln a collaborative study with the Amsterdam cohort study, this protective effect was observed independently of two other mutations on genes coding for the CCR2 receptor and the SDF-1 ligand. Early serum viral load was 0. 25 log lower in Δ32 heterozygous patients than in wild-type patients; this lower viral load explained partiy. The protective effect of the deletion in the Cox multivariate analysis. This study allowed us to describe an HIV-infected subject who was homozygous for the deletion, which confirms that homozygous patients are not totally protected from HIV infection. The relationship between the Δ32 deletion and the occurrence of several opportunistic infections was studied in 1657 patients followed in the SEROCO, HEMOCO and SEROGEST cohorts. The risk of toxoplasmosis as a first AIDS-defining illness since inclusion was significantly reduced in heterozygous patients, even after adjustment for age, CD4 cell count and primary specifie prophylaxis. Since most patients who are still followed in these cohorts are now treated by highly active antiretroviral therapy, we are going to study whether the deletion affects the response treatment. The relationship between pathophysiology of primary HIV-1 infection and the Δ32 deletion will be studied in the PRIMO cohort which has recruited since 1996 recently infected patients
Brengel-Pesce, Carine. "Virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) et atteinte du système nerveux central : analyse génétique et biologique de variants viraux dérivés de patients atteints d'encéphalite à VIH-1." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10048.
Full textDepatureaux, Agnès. "Les VIH-1 du groupe O : polymorphisme génétique naturel des régions cibles des antirétroviraux, évolution sous pression thérapeutique et réponse virologique." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUENR01.
Full textHIV 1 group 0 (HIV-0) is characterized by a high genetic diversity with regard to HIV 1 group M (HIV-M) and is divided into three clades (A to C). We described here the genetic natural polymorphism of virus resulting from patients identified in France and in Cameroon, then studied the consequences on the interpretation of genotypic and phenotypic resistance to antiretrovirals (ARV), phylogenetic analysis, emergence of mutations and the immunological and virological responses under treatment. We observed a high polymorphism in the ARV target-regions of protease (PR), Reverse Transcriptase (RT), integrase and gp41. According to HIV-M validated-resistance algorithms (H1Vdb, ANRS and REGA), presence of mutations on ARV resistance associated-positions leads to a genotypic resistance or an intermediate susceptibility to the Non Nucleoside RT Inhibitors, to three PR inhibitors (saquinavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir) and to enfuvirtide (T20). Phylogenetic analysis showed that Y181C was a clade A signature mutation. We demonstrated that the presence of HIV-0 signature mutation (N42D) in gp41, conferring the genotypic resistance to T20, did not lead to phenotypic resistance. The study of emergence of genotypic resistance under ARV showed HIV-0 specific mutations, mainly 1_210D on the TI and the 151 on PR. The study of the immunological and virological responses of patients showed that a virological success was achieved, in particular with the new ARV. So, new questions are raised on the mechanisms of resistance of HIV 0 requiring other phenotypical and clinical studies
Damier, Laurence. "Etude de la régulation de l'épissage du transcrit primaire du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1, HIV-1." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10258.
Full textMarban, Céline. "CTIP2, un répresseur de la transcription des gènes du HIV-1 dans les cellules microgliales." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/MARBAN_Celine_2005.pdf.
Full textThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the etiological agent causing AIDS (Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome). The central nervous system (CNS) is the second important target of HIV after the immune system. About 10% of the patients with AIDS present neurological symptoms. The macroglial cells are the major site of HIV production in the brain. HIV-1 gene transcription can be divided in two phases, an initial phase controlled by cellular transcription factors and a late phase mainly controlled by the powerful viral transcription factor Tat. My thesis work was focused on the study of CTIP2 (COUP-TF Interacting Protein 2), a cofactor of the cellular transcription factor COUP-TF, on HIV gene transcription in microglial cells. Our findings reveal the ability of CTIP2 to specifically act as a potent inhibitor of both initial and late transcriptional phases, leading to repression of viral replication in microglial cells. Indeed, CTIP2 is recruited by the cellular transcription factors Sp1 and COUP-TF fixed on the GC boxes of the minimal HIV-1 promoter. Once anchored, CTIP2 will recruit histone deacetylase activities (HDAC) leading to a local deacetylation of histone H3. The central domain of CTIP2 will also allow the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase (HMT) SUV39H1 which specifically methylate the lysine residue in position nine of histone H3 therefore creating a binding site for the heterochromatin associated protein HP1α. HP1α polymerization along the provirus will then generate a heterochromatic environment making the viral promoter inaccessible for the cellular and viral factors implicated in the regulation of HIV-1 gene transcription
Vasilescu, Alexandre. "Etude de la génétique de la résistance face à l'infection par le virus VIH-1 (projet GRIV)." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112089.
Full textThe goal of my project was to identify the human genetic factors which may influence the evolution towards AIDS. To perform this study, I used the GRIV cohort gathering the two extremes of disease outcome which contains 253 slow and 84 rapid progressors (SP & RP). We also used 470 DNAs from seronegative subjects as a control group (CTR). My work has targeted the genes coding for proteins clearly suggested to be involved in disease pathogenesis: namely the genes coding the Th1/Th2 cytokines, main messengers of the immune system, and the genes coding for Fas and FasL proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway. We exhaustively genotype these genes by sequencing the promoter regions, the exons and the flanking regions (up to 1000 base pairs). We identified 101 polymorphisms among which the majority are SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism). These polymorphisms were tested for their association with resistance/susceptibility to disease progression. Promising associations were found for the IL-4 and IL-10 (Th2 cytokines) genes at the haplotype level. No association was observed for the other genes, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-13, IFN-gamma, Fas and FasL. All these results are discussed in the context of HIV-1 infection. The identification of genetic factors associated with these extreme SP and RP phenotypes should allow a better understanding of HIV-1 pathogenic mechanisms and thus allow the rational design of new therapeutic or prophylactic targets. The 20 newly characterized polymorphisms and the knowledge of haplotype blocks will be useful for the scientific community
Thomas, D'Aquin Toni. "Etude de la variabilité génétique du VIH-1 en Côte d'Ivoire et relation avec la résistance aux antiviraux." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21132.
Full textOne of the major characteristics of HIV is its high genetic diversity. In developing countries where HIV-1 non-B subtypes are predominant, few data concerning HIV-1 natural or primary resistance to antiretroviral drug are available. We characterized the genetic diversity of HIV-1 variants infecting drug-naive patients from Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Most HIV-1 viruses were recombinant CRF02_AG. In this population, we showed an increasing frequency of key resistance mutations from 1997 to 2004. Moreover, a number of HIV-1 genomes were entirely sequenced. We characterized second-generation HIV-1 recombinants with genomic structure involving CRF09_cpx and other previously described recombinants. A continued monitoring of HIV-1 resistance and genetic diversity is necessary in Côte d'Ivoire
Descours, Benjamin. "Influence de la réponse lymphocytaire T CD8 spécifque du HIV-1 sur le réservoir viral cellulaire." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066270.
Full textKanja, Marine. "Coévolution dans le gène pol du VIH-1 : un carrefour aux frontières de nouvelles espèces du VIH." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ077/document.
Full textIntegrase (IN) is one of the viral enzymes ensuring HIV replication. The functionality of proteins, which, like those from HIV, have sequence variability, relies on nonconserved residues, in addition to the conserved amino acids between strains, which have an important role especially when they are part of coevolution networks. These networks can counteract the deleterious effect of a mutation by introducing compensatory mutations elsewhere in the protein. This work has demonstrated, through a comparative study of different strains of HIV, extensive coevolution networks in IN. A major result is the identification of a new motif that provides multiple roles in the infectious cycle. The pattern differs between HIV groups M and O, but is strictly conserved within these two groups despite some genetic flexibility in cell culture. This suggests that these groups followed convergent, although distinct, evolution pathways
Solas, Caroline. "Facteurs pharmacologiques impliqués dans l'échec thérapeutique aux inhibiteurs de la protéase du VIH-1." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX22954.
Full textDussart-Robin, Sylvie. "Ubiquitinylation de la protéine Vif du VIH-1 et du facteur antiviral APOBEC3G par les HECT E3 ligases." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX20670.
Full textZazopoulos, Emmanuel. "Étude de la structure et de la fonction de la protéine Nef du virus d'immunodéficience humaine de type 1." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1T078.
Full textWassim, Ekram. "Mécanismes moléculaires gouvernant la sélection et l'encapsidation de l'ARN génomique du VIH-1 : l’encapsidation sélective de l’ARN génomique du VIH-1." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ027.
Full textPackaging of HIV-1 genomic RNA (gRNA) is a highly regulated and selective process that leads to prefrential selection and packaging of dimeric gRNA from a cellular medium containing a large excess of cellular and spliced viral mRNAs. This event underlies interaction between the nucleocapsid domain in the context of the uncleaved Gag precursor and a Packaging signal located in the 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR) of the gRNA and/or the beginning of gag gene. Despite a considerable effort, the molecular mechanisms beyond the selective encapsidation of HIV-1 gRNA is still unknown. To address this, we first characterized the relative affinities of Pr55gag to various HIV-1 RNA fragments (spliced and unspliced) by biochemical and spectroscopic approaches which all revealed that Pr55gag exhibits a higher binding affinity for viral gRNA than for viral spliced species. Interestingly, we noticed that Pr55Gag, through its nucleic acid chaperone activity, was able to stabilize the dimeric form of almost all viral RNA species (spliced and unspliced) suggesting that RNA dimermaturation does not allow the gRNA discrimination. Further characterization of specific Gag binding sites to short RNA fragments corresponding to the minimal packaging signal by competition experiments, inhibition of Gag/RNA interaction by antisense oligo-deoxynucleotides, as well as the detection of Pr55Gag RNA binding sites on gRNA by enzymatic and chemical footprinting confirmed the crucial role of SL1 (or DIS) as a specific binding site for Pr55Gag. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that SL1 and/or RNA dimerization is a specific recognition signal for Pr55Gag to specifically select and probably induce HIV-1 gRNA packaging
Suzanne, Stella. "Ctip2 : Un facteur clé dans l’établissement de la latence transcriptionnelle post-intégrative du VIH-1." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/SUZANNE_Stella_2008.pdf.
Full textHIV-1 expression is controlled by multiple cellular and viral factors. I first described that the cellular cofactor CTIP2 represses the HIV-1 replication in microglial cells at the first time of the infection. Then I demonstrated that CTIP2 associates with HDAC1, HDAC2 and SUV39H1 to favour heterochromatic environment close to the HIV-1 promoter and silence viral gene transcription. So, CTIP2 induces transcriptional post-Integrative latency in microglial cells. In the second part of my thesis, I investigated the influence of this transcriptional repressor on HIV-1 Vpr function and specifically on induced cell cycle arrest in infected cells by this viral protein. Indeed, p21 gene expression is enhanced upon HIV infection and contributes to G2/M phase blocking; CTIP2 impairs this Vpr-mediated effect and the subsequent cell cycle arrest. I further demonstrated that the first enzymatic complex we first identified on the HIV-1 promoter was recruited by CTIP2 on p21 promoter to repress its expression. All together, my results suggest that CTIP2 is a constitutive repressor of the p21 gene promoter and thus, a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 Vpr function. I revealed that CTIP2-mediated anti-HIV activity is not restricted to HIV-1 gene transcriptional silencing but results from conjunctions of multiple repressive activities targeting the viral and the cellular genomes to induce and maintain the post-integrative latency
Do, Hervé. "Etude génomique du SIDA : le projet GRIV (Génétique de la résistance à l'infection par le virus VIH-1)." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066495.
Full textClerc, Isabelle. "Etude de la transcription antisens et fonctions des protéines associées chez les virus HTLV et VIH-1." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON1T021.
Full textGenome of retrovirus exists in two different forms : either as a simngle stranded RNA being translated or encapsidated, or as a double stranded DNA integrated in the genome of the infected host cell. This latter form, also termed proviral DNA, is crucial for the production of all viral mRNAs necessary for the synthesis of the various viral proteins, which in turn involves the promoter region localised in the 5'LTR (Long Terminal Repeat). However, proviral DNA also possesses a second LTR as its 3' end, capable of regulating a type of trnascription known as antisense. Interestingly, in the case of the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1), this antisense transcription is involved in the production of a bZIP-containing transcription factor termed HBZ for HTLV-1 bZIP factor. We demonstrate here that HBZ inhibits c-Jun transcriptional activity in vivo by sequestration of c-Jun to nuclear bodies. In addition, we show that HBZ interacts with p300/CBP and provide evidence that this interaction interferes with the ability of Tax to bind p300/CBP and thereby inhibits the association of the coactivators with the viral promoter. These results support a role for HBZ in facilitating HTLV-1 persistence in the infected host by negatively controlling viral expression. We have also accumulated new results demonstrating that antisense transcripts exist in HTLV-2 and HIV-1. Furthermore, our data present strong evidence for the existence of encoded proteins from these antisense transcripts. On the basis of these interesting results, our hypothesis is that antisense transcription is involved in the production of viral proteins with important functions in the retroviral life cycle
Frange, Pierre. "Caractérisation virologique des virus VIH-1 isolés en primo-infection en France." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T022.
Full textHigh genetic diversity is a major characteristics of HIV-1. In France, although subtype B strains are still predominant, the proportion of non-B viruses isolated in patients at the time of primary HIV-1 (PHI) infection increases over time. Between 1997 and 2007, 28.4% of patients were infected with non-B subtypes strains. Forty-nine viruses showed different phylogenies between the pol and env genes, indicating that recombinations have occurred in 8.3% of cases. These recombinants were isolated both in patients from Sub-Saharan Africa (28.3%) and in white subjects (6.3%).The phenotypic analysis of viral tropism of 131 non-B strains showed a very low (0.8%) proportion of CXCR4-tropic strains (X4 strains) at the time of PHI. Compared to phenotypic tests, genotypic predictions can overestimate (12.2% versus 0.8%) the proportion of X4 strains in non-B subtypes.The phylogenetic analysis of 987 strains isolated in 1999-2010 showed that 12.7% of PHI cosegregated into 56 transmission chains. PHIs are a significant source of onward transmission, especially in men having sex with men, with increasing frequency during the recent years (10.2% in 1999-2006 versus 15.2% in 2006-2010, p=0.02).The comparison of the viral quasispecies isolated in plasma and PBMC samples from 8 patients at the time of PHI ("recipients") and their transmitting partners ("donors") suggested that a severe genetic bottleneck occurrs during HIV-1 heterosexual and homosexual transmission. Indeed, we observed in all cases the transmission of a single variant, which was derived from an infrequent variant population within the blood of the donor. The proportion of X4 quasispecies in donors were higher in case of X4 versus CCR5-tropic viral transmission, suggesting that X4 transmission may be associated with a threshold of X4 circulating quasispecies in donors
Gueudin, Marie. "Mise au point des techniques de quantification génomique des variants VIH-1 groupe O et VIH-2 : Applications in vitro et ex vitro." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUES009.
Full textWe developed techniques of real time PCR which make it possible to quantify the plasmatic RNA and the DNA HIV of the variants HIV-1 group O anf HIV-2. We applied these techniques to the study of viral multiplication. To compare the early stages of the multiplication cycle of HIV-1 group M and HIV-2, we made the techniques of PCR comparable by synthesizing plasmids containing the fragments amplified during both PCR HIV-1 and PCR HIV-2. We quantified total HIV DNA and DNA circular forms with 2-LTR during kinetics of infection. The kinetics show that HIV-2 produces less DNA than HIV-1, which shows that HIV-2 is less effective during the entry and/or reserve transcription. We also note that the 2-LTR forms are more frequent in the case of HIV-2 infection. The quantification of total HIV DNA on samples coming from untreated patients infected by HIV-1 or HIV-2 confirms the in vitro results : there is a significant difference between DNA viral loads among patients having more than 300 CD4/µl
Stefic, Karl. "Diversité du Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine 1 (VIH-1) et évolution de la sensibilité aux anti-corps neutralisants : analyses au niveau individuel et au niveau populationnel." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR3316.
Full textNeutralizing antibodies exert a selection pressure that drives HIV-1 evolution, playing a major role in its diversification. We were interested in the relationship between the genetic diversity of the virus and its neutralization by antibodies at both the individual and the populational levels. At the individual level, viral populations with distinct genetic properties have been observed in the central nervous system in about half of the subjects infected with HIV-1. We studied this phenomenon, termed compartmentalization. Our results suggest that the selection pressure by neutralizing antibodies is not responsible for the evolution pathway of neurotropic variants in the CSF. We also observed specific features for these neurotropic variants. In the second part of this work, we evaluated the sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies of recently transmitted CRF02_AG viruses isolated in France. We observed an increased resistance to some monoclonal antibodies, which was positively correlated with the diversification of the viruses during the study period. This is in line with the hypothesis of the repercussion of the selection pressure within individuals towards a greater resistance of HIV-1 at the populational level
Perrin, Sophie. "Vieillissement, infection par le VIH-1 & traitements antirétroviraux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5058.
Full textAntiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased life expectancy in HIV-infected patients. Moreover, some age-related disorders were found to be more frequent in HIV infected and treated patients than in an age-matched general population, suggesting a modified time course of aging in HIV infected patients. The ANRS EP45 « Aging » study (clinicalTrials.gov, NCT01038999) investigated in PBMC from HIV-1 infected patients under treatment or not the cellular mechanisms known to be involved in aging. The study was performed on a cohort of 130 patients HIV-1 infected age- and sex-matched with 49 seronegative control subjects. Patients never treated with ART (naïve) or under first line were recruited by 3 AIDS centres (Marseille, Montpellier, Nice). Results presented here describe explorations of mitochondria and nuclear lamin. No alteration of lamin A maturation was detected in PBMC from HIV-1 infected patients under treatment with protease inhibitor. However, these cells could not be the most appropriate models to investigate lamin A-related aging pathway. On another hand, mitochondrial modifications were observed in lymphocytes from HIV infected naive patients. These alterations were only partly rescued by ART whereas its induced slight changes in monocytes that appeared to be less sensitive to infection. While second generation of ART are less toxic than the first one, their secondary effects, due to long term exposure and/or generalised to different tissues, could lead to a modified time course of aging in HIV infected patients
Tong, Phuoc Bao Viet. "Développement d’une nouvelle classe d'agents de sortie de latence du VIH-1." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT009.
Full textDespite its efficiency to prevent viral multiplication, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unable to cure patients with HIV-1. Indeed, if ART is stopped, a viral rebound is observed. This increase in blood viral load is due to the activation of HIV-1 reservoirs, among which latently-infected memory CD4+ T cells. These cells are rare (1-10 per million of quiescent T cells), appear very quickly following infection and have a long half-life (almost 4 years). To purge this long-lived reservoir the "Shock and Kill" (or kick and kill) approach was developed. This strategy relies on the use of latency reversing agents (LRAs) to induce reservoir activation. All LRAs developed until now target cellular proteins such as histone deacetylases or protein kinase C. These LRAs did not affect the reservoir size of HIV+ patients.Here we present a new LRA family that binds to and activates an HIV-1 protein. These compounds were identified by in silico screening, are not cytotoxic and affect the biological activity of their target. They were less efficient than available LRAs on HIV-1 latent cell lines. Nevertheless, when tested on latent T-cells from HIV-1 patients in ex vivo assays, the lead compound D10 at 50 nM was ~ 80% more efficient than bryostatin-1, one of the best LRA available to date.Using a chemoinformatic approach, we selected 11 analogs of D10, termed N1 to N11. Some of these analogs (N5, N8) showed a stronger effect than D10 on latent cell lines. The study of this family enabled us to elaborate a structure/ function relationship.We thus identified a new family of HIV latency reversing agents targeting a viral protein and that should therefore be more specific than LRAs that target cellular proteins