Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diversité génétique'
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Leroy, Grégoire. "Diversité génétique et gestion génétique des races canines." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004844.
Full textServant-Delmas, Annabelle. "Diversité génétique des erythrovirus humains." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA114824.
Full textPerez, Jean-Marie. "Diversité génétique et antigénique de cowdria ruminantium." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077126.
Full textPasserini, Delphine. "Diversité génétique, génomique et fonctionnelle de Lactococcus lactis." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0041/document.
Full textThe Lactococcus lactis species belong to lactic acid bacteria group widely used for their ability to produce lactic acid in fermented dairy products. The study of the global diversity of L. lactis ssp. lactis was carry out by the integration of biological data obtained from genetic, genomic, physiological, transcriptomic and metabolic analyses. The genetic variability investigated by MLST (MultiLocus Sequence Typing) describe two strains groups according to their phylogeny : the “environmental” strains, displaying high genetic diversity and isolated from different natural environments such as raw milks, plants and animals and the “domesticated” strains, genetically closely related, isolated from starters in dairy industries. Despite the lost of genetic diversity in domesticated strains, probably associated to a specialisation process, the integrative approach showed a genomic and functional diversity as huge as in environmental strains. The characterization of chromosome size and plasmidic content of the lactis subspecies revealed a variation higher than 300 kb in genetic coding capacity for domesticated and environmental strains. Moreover, the domesticated strains belonging to the biovar Diacetylactis showed different physiologies and metabolic regulations resulting in variable amount of aroma produced according to the strains. Finally, the genome sequencing of the A12 strain isolated from sourdough bread and its comparison with 4 other L. lactis genomes already sequenced revealed a spread pangenome (all the genes of a species). Approximately 20 % of each genome correspond to strain specific genes, showing large adaptive capacities of the subspecies. The in-depth study of the A12 strain by transcriptomic analysis allows to highlight mechanisms involved in the adaptation of a strain to a complex ecosystem
Quero, Garcia José. "Diversité génétique et amélioration des taros du Vanuatu." Montpellier, ENSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSA0009.
Full textThis study has been conducted both in Montpellier (CIRAD-Biotrop) and in Vanuatu. The plant material used was issued from the taro national collection of Vanuatu and from a series of full-sib crosses. Agro-morphological descriptors, as well as AFLP molecular markers, have allowed us to validate a method for stratifying taro germplasm collections. Several studies of genetic diversity, based on AFLP and SSR markers, have shown a stronger polymorphism as compared with previous isoenzyme results. The sources of diversity might originate from multiple introductions, from the accumulation of somatic mutations and from sexual reproduction, traditionally considered as very rare. Studies of family heritability and narrow sense heritability (estimated through the parents-offspring regression) have proven that the number of stolons and suckers, the corm shape and the dry matter content shared higher heritabilities than the yield or its components. This result, added to a high percentage of valuable hybrids within several families, highlights the importance of family selection in taro breeding programs. Finally, after building two weakly saturated genetic maps (containing each about 170 markers), one QTL explaining a large part of the phenotypic variance has been detected for the yield. Several other putative QTLs have been observed for traits related to vigour (corm dimensions, plant height and leaf dimensions). Furthermore, several markers were found closely linked to the yellow colour of the corm and a hypothesis concerning the existence of a major gene has been proposed
Dordet-Frisoni, Emilie. "Staphylococcus xylosus : cartographie du génome et diversité génétique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718141.
Full textDordet-Frisoni, Emilie. "Staphylococcus xylosus : cartographie du génome et diversité génétique." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21760.
Full textZitoun, Khamassi Bechira. "Structure et diversité génétique de l'olivier (Olea europaea L. ) en Tunisie." Corte, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CORT0015.
Full textThe olive « Olea europaea L. Ssp europaea» is an emblematic tree in Tunisia. Both wild (var. Sylvestris ) and cultivars (var. Europaea) forms ofthis tree are omnipresent since thousands ofyears. This olive germplasm is diversified but little is known about its origin. Ln order to study the genetic structure and to determine the origin of Tunisian olives, we performed molecular analysis of olive trees sam pied inTunisia (lOI accessions and 20 wild forms) and in Estern and Western Medeterranean (27 cultivars and 10 wild forms). The analysis of the lOI Tunisian olive accessions with RAPDs and SSRs revealed 75 RAPD phenotypes from which 25 were confirmed with SSR genotyping. The 50 remaining ones were c1assified into 17 SSR genotypes. These results showed that tunisian olive germplasm is diversified. Ln conclusion, 41 genotypes were determined and retained for the establishment of molecular reference data base that represent the sum of diversity and enable the construction of « core collection ». Genetic structure ofthese varieties in comparison with the other olive trees sam pied in this study was investigated with both RAPD and SSR data. Four statistical approaches (multivariate analysis (AFe), distance based hierarchical c1ustering, Bayesian inference and analysis of molecular variance (AMOY A)) were used. RAPD and SSR data were analysed in the same manner to determine correlation between these two nuclear approaches. Comparisons showed correlation in qualitative results but quantitative values differed according to the method of analysis. Based on nuclear SSR and RAPD data, two levels of structure were revealed: first: cultivars and oleasters were separated in two distinct groups; second, four less differentiated c1usters, corresponded to two groups of cultivars and two groups of oleasters, were detected. These results showed an East-West divergence of olive cultivars and revealed two wild forms in Tunisia: true oleasters and ferai forms. Based on nuclear and plastid data the origin ofTunisian olive varieties was investigated. Thus, varieties which displayed a chlorotype specific to the Eastern Mediterranean (CE 1 or CE2) and c1ustered with cultivars from the East are probably varieties introduced from the East. Yarieties grouped with oleasters and displayed a chlorotype of the Western Mediterranean (COMI, COM2 or CCK) are locally selected varieties. Ln this group, varieties with the Eastern Mediterranean chlorotype are probably the result of introgression between local genetic pool and introduced varieties. These results suggest different domestication events and a multiple and complex origin of Tunisian cultivars
Tessier, Guillaume. "Variation génétique chez l'épinette noire (Picea mariana) : relier l'expression génique à la diversité génétique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25192.
Full textBaumel, Alex. "Situation des structures de diversité génétique dans l'enquête écologique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819332.
Full textMolinier, Virginie. "Diversité génétique et aromatique de la truffe de Bourgogne." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS021/document.
Full textTruffles are ectomycorrhizal Ascomycota fungi belonging to the Tuberaceae family and more specifically to the Tuber genus. More than thirty Tuber species are currently described in Europe. In this thesis, we specifically focused on the Tuber aestivum-uncinatum model. This truffle is commonly called "Burgundy Truffle" and has a gastronomic and cultural interest.The first part of this thesis focused on the taxonomic status of the Burgundy truffle (Tuber uncinatum). For this, we used a multi-marker approach combining several genetic markers commonly used at the interspecific scale. Our analyses showed that the two taxa, Tuber aestivum (summer truffle) and Tuber uncinatum are conspecific.In the second part, we addressed the genetic diversity of Tuber aestivum. To do this, we firstly developed specific microsatellite markers by "direct shotgun pyrosequencing". This method has allowed the development of 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Then, we used those markers to genotype individuals from different European locations. We have identified four differentiated subpopulations that not correspond, for the majority, to a geographical distribution. However, one cluster differs from the others by its location (south of France) and its genetic characteristics (presence of rare alleles). These preliminary results may indicate the existence of a particular ecotype attached to a southern ecology: Tuber aestivum sensu stricto.We were then interested, in the third part of this thesis, to the aromatic diversity of Tuber aestivum at a local scale. Our results highlight the existence of a moderate differentiation between individuals from a natural truffle orchard and individuals from planted orchard. From one season to another, genotypic stability was observed. Only C8 volatile organic compounds seem to be related to the genotypes.In the last part, we analyzed harvesting data, over more than thirty years, from an hazelnut truffle orchard initially inoculated by Tuber melanosporum. Through simple statistical analyzes, we noted changes in both quantity and weight of truffles harvested according to the seasons and hazelnut trees. It appears that Tuber aestivum rapidly replaced Tuber melanosporum (in three years). The disappearance of Tuber melanosporum can probably be explained by the canopy closure; Tuber melanosporum not appreciating excessive shading
Kenmoe, Sebastien. "Prévalence et diversité génétique des virus respiratoires au Cameroun." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC417/document.
Full textBackground: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are recognized as an important cause of morbidity, mortality and hospitalization among children in developing countries. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the main cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children and the elderly. Identified in 2001, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a new paramyxovirus. Studies have shown the co-circulation of the subgroups of these two viruses with domination of one of the sub-groups according to the geographical zones and according of years. These two viruses encode two major surface glycoproteins, the highly conserved fusion F protein and the highly variable attachment G protein. Data are still limited in sub-Saharan African countries on prevalence, seasonality and genetic characterization of these two respiratory viruses. In Cameroon, these two viruses have been described only once (5.7 and 5% for HRSV and HMPV respectively) in patients with influenza-like illness in 2012.Objective: This study reports the prevalence, seasonality and the genetic variability of HRSV and HMPV strains in Cameroonian children for 3 consecutive epidemic seasons (September 2011-October 2014). Moreover, the genetic diversity of other respiratory viruses detected during this work is presented as a secondary objective.Methods: A prospective surveillance was conducted to identify inpatient and outpatient children less than 15 years with respiratory symptoms ≤ 5 days. The nasopharyngeal samples were tested for 17 respiratory viruses using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Viral distribution and demographic data were analyzed statistically. Positive samples for HRSV and HMPV were amplified by semi-nested polymerize chain reaction and then partially sequenced at the G gene. Phylogenetic analyzes were performed on the partial nucleotide and protein sequences of the G gene.Results: From September 2011 to October 2014, 822 children under 15 years were enrolled in the study. At least one virus was identified in each of 72.6% (577/822) of children, 31.7% (189/597) of whom were co-detections; 28.5% (226/822) were positive for human adenovirus, 21.4% (176/822) for influenza virus, 15.5% (127.822) for rhinovirus/enterovirus, 9.4% (77/822) for bocavirus, 9% (74/822) for HRSV, 8.2% (67/822) for human coronavirus, 6.2% (50/822) for human parainfluenzavirus, and 3.9% (32/822) for HMPV. HRSV infection was more frequent in children under 2 years (70.3%, 52/74) and hospitalized participants (70.3%, 52/74). While HRSV showed a seasonal pattern with circulation from September to December, sporadic cases of HMPV were detected throughout the year. HRSV-A (19.1%, 9/47) and HRSV-B (17%; 8/47) were observed relatively at the same frequency with (63.8%, 30/47) codetections of HRSV-A/HRSV-B. HMPV-A (71.4%; 10/14) was predominant compared to HMPV-B (28.6; 4/14). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HRSV strains of the study are grouped within subgroup NA-1 (for HRSV-A) and BA-9 (for HRSV-B). Cameroonian HMPV strains are grouped among the members of genotype A2b (for HMPV-A), B1 and B2 (for HMPV-B).Conclusion: This study suggests that about 70% of ARI recorded in children in Cameroon are caused by viruses. The present study is also the first report on the genetic variability of the G gene of HRSV and HMPV strains in the region. Although this work partially fills gaps for some information, additional studies are required to clarify the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary pattern of respiratory viruses in sub-Saharan Africa in general and more particularly in Cameroon
Bridier, Julen. "Etude de la diversité intraspécifique de l’espèce Oenococcus oeni, relation entre variabilité phénotypique et diversité génétique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21881/document.
Full textOenococcus oeni is the main agent responsible for the malolactic fermentation, during the wine making process. Its adaptation to wine environment is a key step for the success of the MLF, and then for wines quality. However, there is a high phenotypic variability among the species and several strains are unable to perform MLF. The selection of the best enological strains implies starting by analyzing the diversity of O. oeni. This study has been divided in three main themes of research. Firstly, the genetic diversity has been analyzed using several approaches, MLST, REA-PFGE and presence of genetic markers. That study proved the structuration of the species in two phylogenetic groups and several subgroups, related to geographical areas. Secondly, the study of the phenotypic diversity showed that all the studied strains present a high variability and the best behavior in wine making conditions is found in those from the phylogenetic group A. Finally, a transcriptional analysis has revealed some molecular mechanisms possibly implicated in stress response in O. oeni
Porcher, Emmanuelle. "Evolution de la diversité génétique neutre et sélectionnée en métapopulation." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112289.
Full textWe investigated the relationship between the genetic diversity of molecular markers and the genetic variation of quantitative traits in evolving experimental plant metapopulations, in a view to assess the efficiency of several indices (diversity at molecular markers and quantitative genetics parameters) used by conservationists as estimators of evolutionary potential, i. E. The capacity of a population to respond to selection. Twelve metapopulations of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana were grown for 10 generations under controlled conditions of selection (spatially homogeneous or heterogeneous) and population size. Our aim was to investigate the influence of selection regime and genetic drift on the evolution of neutral and selected genetic diversity. We furthermore simulated numerically the evolution of several molecular markers and one quantitative trait to generate predictions about the evolution of genetic variation in metapopulations. The observed decrease in the level of genetic variation for markers was consistent with our theoretical predictions. On the contrary, quantitative genetic parameters exhibited unexpected behaviours, probably due to large sampling variance of measures or to genotype x environment interactions. Moreover, measures of heritability were not informative regarding the observed evolution of traits, the latter being predicted by selection differentials only. We discuss the significance of such results in terms of estimations of evolutionary potential. Finally, we show that the differentiation at a priori neutral marker loci is partially driven by selection: as for quantitative traits, differentiation is larger when selection is heterogeneous, possibly due to initial linkage disequilibria between markers and loci coding the quantitative traits. Such an effect of selection on differentiation at neutral markers has a potentially important influence on the possibility to detect selection by comparison of FstS and QstS
Born, Céline. "Diversité génétique et dynamique des forêts d’Afrique centrale : Une étude multi-échelle de la structure de la diversité génétique d’un arbre pionnier, Aucoumea klaineana." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20252.
Full textThis work contributes to our knowledge on historical, evolutionary and ecological processes linked with the high biological diversity in central Africa. We studied the structure of the genetic diversity of Aucoumea klaineana, a pioneer tree species, endemic to the Lower Guinea forest domain. Several spatial-scales were considered to infer impacts of the different processes (historical, evolutionary and ecological) acting with distinct time-scales on the genetic diversity. Considering the intraspecific genetic variation in the contemporary distribution of species, we showed that the heterogeneity in the distribution of the genetic diversity is due to the isolation of several source populations in forest refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum. After dry and cold periods, forest species recolonized savannahs and reached their current distribution areas. In A. Klaineana, founder effects associated with colonization processes were avoided by the homogeneity in reproductive success in adult trees. At fine-scale, the spatial genetic structure (SGS) generally resulted from the isolation by distance process, the equilibrium between gene dispersal and drift. Such structure is observed for A. Klaineana, characterized by both limited pollen and seed dispersal distances (128 and 118 m respectively). Here, SGS analyses may illustrate that reduced density of trees and/or forest opening is compensated by higher gene dispersal distances. This result is linked with dispersal syndromes of the species that locally contribute to the maintenance of the genetic diversity
Hocquigny, Stéphanie. "La diversité génétique intra-variétale chez la vigne : Caractérisation et origines." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13086.
Full textRaffoux, Xavier. "Diversité et déterminisme génétique de la recombinaison méiotique chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS392/document.
Full textModern agriculture must ensure food security in a context of climate change that will lower yields. A better understanding of the factors controlling meiotic recombination could pave the way to modifying the number and distribution of crossing-over, which would allow a more precise localization of genetic factors controlling agronomic traits, and facilitate gene pyramiding in selection programs. During my thesis, I developed a method for high-throughput measurement of recombination rates in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This allowed me to study the diversity of recombination and interference in a collection of 24 strains representing most of the diversity of the species, as well as within a five-parent di-allele design. The results show an average number of crossovers per meiosis ranging between 24 and 61, higher than in the majority of other species. Furthermore, recombination patterns differ between strains, and ratios of local recombination rates show 9-fold differences in some regions. Strains from unstable habitats, however, do not have a higher level of recombination than those from stable environments. In addition, most strains show interference whose strength is positively correlated with the level of recombination. The study of the relationship between recombination rate and sequence similarity between homologs at different scales (from local to global) indicates that recombination is controlled by both cis elements and trans factors. Lastly, heterozygosity in hybrids has a negative effect on crossing-over, but homozygotes also have a reduced level of recombination due to inbreeding depression. This work will now be used to study the response of recombination to selection and to detect QTL of crossover number in order to identify genes controlling recombination
Rome, Sophie. "Diversité génétique et fonctionnelle des sinorhizobia isolés de Medicago truncatula." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10081.
Full textLiégeois, Florian. "Diversité génétique et histoire naturelle des virus de l'immunodéficience simienne." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20035.
Full textSimian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are found in an extensive number of African primates. It is now well established that SIVs from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in West central Africa and from sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in West Africa are the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2, respectively. To date humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling primate bushmeat. In this thesis, we aimed to identify and characterize full-length genome of new SIVs in three different primate species: Miopithecus talapoin (SIVtal) from Cameroon and captive animals, Western red colobus (SIVwrcPbb and SIVwrcPbt) from West Africa (Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire) and olive colobus from the Taï forest national park in Côte d'Ivoire, in order to further document the natural history of primate lentiviruses and to evaluate the SIV prevalence within the Western red colobus from the Taï forest in Côte d'Ivoire. Phylogenetic analyses of full-length genomes of these viruses confirmed that each of them represents a new SIV lineage. We observed a significant clustering of the SIVtal lineage with the Cercopithecus-specific SIVs and SIVtal and Cercopithecus-specific SIVs share functional motifs specific of these viruses. We also showed that western red colobus are the natural hosts of SIVwrc and that SIVolc, isolated from an olive colobus, is related to SIVwrc. Overall, SIVwrc and SIVolc are related to the SIV from Lhoest lineage and are related to the divergent SIVcol isolated from mantled guereza in Cameroon, in the 5'part of the pol gene. We also present the first molecular epidemiological survey of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVwrc) in wild-living western red colobus monkeys which are frequently hunted by the human population and represent a favourite prey of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). We showed a minimal prevalence of 26% among the individuals sampled. Overall, these results highlight once more the complexity of the natural history and evolution of primate lentiviruses. We showed that wild-living red colobus represent a substantial reservoir of SIVwrc. Moreover, because of their frequent association with other monkey species, the predation pressure exerted by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and by poachers around and inside the park, simian to simian and simian to human SIVwrc cross-species transmission cannot be excluded illustrating the need for surveillance of primate pathogens and their cross-species transmissions in this part of Africa and elsewhere
Kohi, N'Goran Jeanne Andi. "Contribution à l'étude génétique du cacaoyer par les marqueurs moléculaires : diversité génétique et recherche de QTLs." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20159.
Full textTriques, Karine. "Diversité génétique du VIH-1 : impact sur le diagnostic moléculaire et la variabilité génétique intra-patient." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20129.
Full textMeusnier, Isabelle. "Origine et diversité génétique des populations de l'algue verte Caulerpa taxifolia proliférant en Méditerranée." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-149.pdf.
Full textDroillard, Clément. "Origine de la pathogénicité des lagovirus : avancées sur la diversité génétique virale et le développement d’un système de génétique inverse." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1B016.
Full textLagoviruses infect leporidae (rabbits and hares). Pathogenic lagoviruses such as Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and European Brown Hare Syndrome virus (EBHSV) often cause fatal viral hepatitis with serious economic and ecological consequences. Non-pathogenic lagoviruses such as European Rabbit Caliciviruses 1 and 2 (RCV-E1 and RCV-E2) and Hare Caliciviruses (HaCV) cause no disease in rabbits and hares, respectively. The emergence of a new pathogenic lagovirus in 2010, named RHDV2, infecting both rabbits and hares, led us to question the origin of lagoviruses pathogenicity. The studied hypothesis is the evolution from non-pathogenic to pathogenic strains. For this purpose, the genetic diversity of non-pathogenic lagoviruses, little known in hares, was studied in this species. Eleven new gene sequences encoding the capsid protein and the first complete genome sequence of a HaCV virus have been obtained. These data showed the high genetic diversity of HaCVs and revealed their circulation long before the first detection of EBHSV in 1980. However, no evolutionary link was found between HaCV and EBHSV. New sequences of complete genomes or coding regions of RCV-E1 and RHDV2 were also characterized. Genetic analyses suggested that a recombination event between an RCV-E1 virus and an unknown virus was at the origin of the emergence of RHDV2. In the second part of the thesis, we attempted to develop a new reverse genetics (RG) system for the RHDV in order to study the molecular basis of the pathogenicity of lagoviruses. The in vivo genotype and phenotype of a reference RHDV strain were characterized and then in vitro and in vivo regeneration assays of this strain in RG were performed to validate the system under development. The results showed that the system was able to produce viral RNA and capsid protein in vitro. In vivo assay to regenerate the virus did not result in the infection of rabbits. However, the majority of the animals seroconverted. These results did not lead to the conclusion that the RG system was able to produce infectious viral particles and points for improvement are proposed
Milot, Emmanuel. "Dispersion et génétique chez un oiseau marin longévif : l'albatros hurleur : dynamique de population, structure et diversité génétiques, consanguinité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26456/26456.pdf.
Full textThe ecological and evolutionary impact of dispersal and inbreeding may be exacerbated in insular species. Albatrosses, in particular, have an extreme way of life raising several questions in that regard. In this thesis, I address some of these questions. In the introduction (chapter 1), I enounce hypotheses that are specific to the study species, the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans), in relation to dispersal, population dynamics, and genetics. However, the fortuitous discovery of a very poor genetic diversity in this species led to substantial modifications of the initial objectives and hypotheses of the thesis. Thus, the patterns of genetic diversity in two sister species, the wandering and Amsterdam (D. amsterdamensis) albatrosses, are studied in chapter 2. Simulations support the hypothesis that the two species inherited a poor genetic diversity from their common ancestor, some 0.8 million years ago. Albatrosses thus appear to challenge the widespread view about the negative consequences of genetic depletion on species survival. In chapter 3, the objective was to identify explicitly which model of population dynamics best applies to the wandering albatross. Populations exhibited little genetic differentiation across the species’ range. All genotypes grouped together in a cluster analysis, suggesting that current colonies have derived from one ancestral source that had a low genetic diversity. In contrast, band re-sighting data indicated that about one bird per cohort has dispersed among islands in the past decades. Therefore, low contemporary dispersal rates are not mirrored by genetic data, presumably because populations are not at migration–drift equilibrium. A metapopulation dynamics model involving the recent colonization of several islands seems consistent with the very low levels of both genetic diversity and structure within the wandering albatross. Yet, other factors likely contributed to shape current genetic patterns. The limited genetic diversity and structure raise questions about inbreeding and its effect. Thus, in chapter 4, evidence for inbreeding in the wandering albatross is reviewed. The hypothesis that reproductive success decreases with increasing genetic similarity between mates was also tested using molecular data and pair breeding histories. While the hypothesis was not supported, a lack of resolution from the markers cannot be ruled out given the very poor genetic diversity in albatrosses. Some perspectives about inbreeding-related aspects (e.g. inbreeding avoidance, purging) based on recent literature are also proposed. Overall, this wandering albatross case study leads to several stimulating hypotheses and shows how complex the understanding of inbreeding dynamics in a long-lived species may be. In chapter 5, failing to successfully apply population assignment methods (because of the lack of genetic resolution), data on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were used in addition to the albatross dataset to explore the performance of an assignment method routinely used in biological investigations. Results show that critical aspects (error rate estimation, migrant detection) relate to how test assumptions are met by empirical data. They also stress the need to validate the assignment procedure with preliminary simulations. This methodological contribution is to some extent a response to the absence of uniformity in the way these methods are generally applied. To conclude, using empirical evidence on dispersal in wandering albatrosses, I suggest perspectives on the causes and the evolution of dispersal in these birds. This dissertation provides new insights about the significance and implications of genetic monomorphim in natural populations, about dispersal and population dynamics in a longlived seabird, and proposes a vision about the interaction between these factors and life history.
Diogo, Dorothée. "Diversité génétique et diversification chez la levure pathogène opportuniste Candida albicans." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077117.
Full textCandida albicans is a common component of the human digestive tract and is considered the major opportunistic fungal pathogen. Candida albicans is an asexual yeast with a largely clonal propagation and a population structured in clades. The research project introduced in this manuscript aimed to shed light on the genetic diversity underlying the C. Albicans population, between and within clades. We have shown that, during commensalism, large Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) events are fréquent. Moreover, we have evidenced an excess of heterozygosity in the C. Albicans population, suggesting that large LOH events ïnust be counter-selected to maintain a high level of heterozygosity. Additionally, we hâve shown that genetic exchanges are rare between and within clades, demonstrating that clades do not depict cryptic species. Finally, we have performed a comprehensive investigation of the genomic variability in the C. Albicans species. The results have shown a significant number of SNPs and insertions/deletions differentiating C. Albicans strains. Indels events, mainly attributed to transposable éléments and tandem repeats, contributed to a gene content variability among strains. Importantly, we have demonstrated that the distribution of the SVs in the population of C. Albicans is superimposable with the assignment of strains to clades. Taken together, our results contribute to a comprehensive overview of the different events underlying the genetic diversity in the C. Albicans population
Perrier, Xavier. "Analyse de la diversité génétique : mesures de dissimilarité et représentations arborées." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20201.
Full textGomez, Marisa Anahi. "Diversité génétique des Bradyrhizobia nodulant le soja et mécanismes potentiellement impliqués." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS017.
Full textChaix, Raphaëlle. "Démographie, culture et diversité génétique : le cas des populations humaines nomades." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066045.
Full textRivière, Taiana. "Diversité génétique, structure des populations et phylogéographie des champignons ectomycorhiziens tropicaux." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20067.
Full textRochus, Christina. "Diversité génétique du mouton domestique : exemple de populations suédoises et françaises." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0008.
Full textDomestic sheep are raised for meat, milk and fibre production and are found all around the world in many types of environments. Sheep have been shown to be genetically diverse but this genetic diversity has not been fully described: there are still many sheep populations which have not yet been studied. The purpose of this thesis was to study genetic diversity in Swedish and French sheep breeds using high density marker arrays. Additional methods, including genotyping of microsatellite markers, and endogenous retroviruses and pedigree information were used to study Swedish sheep populations. Inbreeding and heterozygosity estimated in Gute sheep using the pedigree of the entire registered Swedish population and additionally microsatellite genotypes and pedigree from a sample of the population (N=94) indicated a breeding program with the purpose of reducing inbreeding. Studying genetic relationships among breeds by genotyping endogenous retroviruses indicated Klövsjö, Värmland, Finewool, Gute and Roslag sheep breeds had characteristics of primitive breeds (absence of retroviruses or presence of the specific retrovirus event enJSRV-7) although Finewool, Gute and Roslag sheep breeds had moderate frequencies of enJSRV-18 which is indicative of more modern sheep breeds. Studying variants in two coat colour genes, ASIP and MC1R, and their association with black coat colour revealed different selection histories in five Swedish sheep breeds studied. Studying the population structure of Dalapäls, Fjällnäs, Gotland, Gute and Klövsjö sheep, using high density SNP genotyping revealed that these breeds are genetically distinct breeds. When comparing with other European breeds and south west Asian breeds, they grouped with other north European short-tailed sheep breeds and they had generally accumulated more drift than breeds from other geographical areas. Studying 27 French breeds with high density genotypes revealed that French sheep populations harbour much of European sheep diversity in a small geographic area. Selective sweeps identified: selection hotspots, selection targets in many species; introgression of an adaptive allele; and allelic heterogeneity, which was confirmed with targeted resequencing of a coat colour gene, MC1R, in breeds under selection
Bilhère, Eric. "Etude de la diversité génétique intraspécifique chez la bactérie lactique Œnococcus œni." Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21611.
Full textThe lactic acid bacterium Œnococcus œni plays a key role in winemaking. Since it can survive to acidic pHs and to high concentrations of alcohol, it quickly becomes the predominant species which performs the malolactic fermentation. However, there is a great natural diversity of strains which differ in terms of growth rate, fermentation efficiency or production of aromatic compounds. To better understand the origins of these phenotypic variations, we have studied several aspects of the intraspecific genetic diversity of Œ. œni. First, we have analyzed the population structure of Œ. œni strains using a dual approach involving multilocus sequencing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This work revealed a species particularly well conserved in terms of sequences, but which shows a significant genotypic diversity due to frequent recombination events. In addition, we have detected two sub-populations distinguishable by their allelic repertories and their profiles of macrodigestion. Second, using suppressive subtractive hybridization, we have established a catalog of genes specific to certain strains of Œ. œni. The characterization of one of them, the mobile dpsA gene, revealed that it is involved in the response to oxidative stress and promotes bacterial survival in wine. Third, we have characterized a 18 Kb plasmid isolated from a commercial Œ. œni strain. This is a theta replicating and low copy number plasmid. Analysis of its sequence has revealed strong homologies with plasmids of other lactic acid bacteria frequently found in wine
Le, Clerc Valérie. "Etude de la diversité génétique chez la carotte (Daucus carota L. ) : mise au point de stratégies d'analyse et de régénération des ressources génétiques." Angers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ANGE0001.
Full textSavary, Océane. "Etude génétique et phénotypique de Bisifusarium domesticum." Thesis, Brest, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789622.
Full textBisifusarium domesticum is a cheese associated mold used for its organoleptic properties during Saint-Nectaire and Reblochon production and/or for its “anticollanti” property to prevent cheese stickiness. Despite this frequent use during cheese-making and its prevalence on various cheeses, there is a major lack of scientific knowledge about this species. This PhD project aimed at filling this gap. To do so, a B. domesticum collection (n=25) was created and an unexpected diversity of Fusarium sensu lato isolates was observed which led to the description of four new fungal species (B.allantoides, B. penicilloides, Longinectria lagenoides and L. verticilliforme), including two belonging to a new genus. Low intraspecific genetic diversity among B. domesticum isolates was noted. Then, the adaptation of B. domesticum as well as the novel species to cheese was studied and growth characteristics compatible with cheese-making conditions (temperature, aw, NaCl, growth on cheese), lipolytic and proteolytic abilities of some isolates were favored by temperatures similar to those of ripening cellars. Also, volatile compound productions of interest were highlighted as well as several genes (e.g. siderophore, sodium transporter, sugar transported) potentially linked to adaptation to a cheese environment although further in-depth studies are needed.Finally, no known mycotoxins production or mycotoxin gene clusters were identified, reinforcing the safety status of B. domesticum
Meilhac, Julien. "Impact de la diversité génétique des communautés prairiales sur la production et la biodiversité du sol : Implications pour l'amélioration des plantes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2302/document.
Full textMany studies highlight a positive effect of species diversity on plant community productivity and associated biodiversity. But genetic diversity effect on species community is still poorly studied despite the rare studies showing a positive effect with prospects for application in the field of plant breeding. It is in this context that this thesis examines the genetic diversity effect on grassland communities and associated soil biodiversity. This thesis is based on a real situation via an evaluation design of grassland mixtures installed by and in a plants breeding company. The major results of this thesis are a positive effect of the species genetic diversity on mixture biomass production, especially during drought episodes, and on species abundance equilibrium. These positive effects seem to be the result of a niche differentiation of species which is at the basis of species complementarity in ecology. Temporal complementarity of species has been demonstrated by asynchronous growth dynamics, but also by a complementarity for light acquisition via selection and plasticity mechanisms. Finally, genetic diversity effects have been observed on microbial diversity with plants feedbacks. In view of these results, it appears that genetic diversity occupies a central role in the assembly and structure of plant and microbial communities, leading us to consider how it could be integrated into plant breeding program
Yousef, Mohamad Khalil. "Diversité génétique des souches de chlamydophila pecorum : recherche et identification des marqueurs épidémiologiques." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR4012/document.
Full textChlamydophila pecorum, an obligate intracellular bacterium belonged to Chlamydiaceae family. Screening of a genomic DNA library of C. pecorum by using a specific ovine serum, allowed to identify inclusion membrane protein (IncA) as a potential candidate for C. pecorum serodiagnosis and to highlight a coding tandem repeat (CTR) rich in alanine and proline in the C. pecorum incA gene. The CTR presents several amino acids motifs according to the pathogenesis of C. pecorum strains. The genetic variability of 19 C. pecorum strains isolated from ruminants was studied using MVLST (multi-virulence sequence typing) system. The genes ompA that code for the major outer membrane protein, incA and ORF663 (open reading frame) allowed to distinguish the pathogenic C. pecorum strains from non-pathogenic strains. This hypothesis was confirmed on additional 32 strains including 11 strains isolated from swine. The C. pecorum strains isolated from clinical cases are genetically different from strains isolated from healthy animals. ompA, incA and ORF663 genes are epidemiological molecular markers which could be related to the virulence of C. pecorum
Liu, Shuo. "Histoire évolutive et impact des différents processus évolutifs sur la diversité génétique de l’abricotier (Prunus armeniaca L.)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0190/document.
Full textNowadays, increasing attention is focused on perennial crop species and their wild relatives. The domestication of perennials is expected to follow different processes than annuals, and there is limited knowledge about how perennial plant species evolve in response to human intervention or changing environmental conditions. Indeed, the diversity of perennial species results from a series of mechanisms of evolution, which include natural and artificial selection, gene flow between wild and cultivated compartments, and dynamics of dispersion at large scales, often over long periods. Unraveling the evolutionary history and domestication processes of long-lived tree species is expected to provide insights into the potential differences and similarities between annual and perennial species, and furtherly to facilitate breeding efforts for traits of interest.In the current PhD thesis, we focused on apricot species, Prunus armeniaca L., and its related species from the section Armeniaca (Lam.) Koch.. We characterized genetic diversity and variability and addressed a few important questions related to fruit tree origin, evolution and domestication, and further identified candidate genes and loci underlying important agronomic traits that have been under selection during domestication.Our microsatellite data and approximate Bayesian computation revealed that the wild species P. armeniaca and P. sibirica diverged ca. 8 to 16 Mya ago, followed by interspecific hybridization leading to a new, isolated species, in Western China. We also showed that the European and Chinese apricots were domesticated independently either both from the Central Asian wild progenitor or from the hybrid species.Following the same strategy, we studied the genetic diversity and structuration of the only European Armeniaca species, P. brigantina Vill. and thus questioned its classification among the genus Prunus.Finally, taking advantage of the de novo assembly of a high-quality apricot reference genome and of extensive resequencing data, we focused on how selection has influenced genomic architecture in apricot (P. armeniaca). To test for common or distinct signatures of selection, we took advantage of the parallel history of domestication in the European and Chinese apricots and compared with their wild, Central Asian progenitor. We detected evidence for artificial selection at a genome-wide scale, both for European and Chinese apricots, with a significant number of homologous genomic signatures of domestication, thus indicating convergent yet independent selection of a common set of genes during two geographically and culturally distinct domestication processes. We also identified signatures of selection which could be associated with local adaptation in either wild or cultivated apricots.Therefore, a better knowledge on apricot evolutionary history combined with comparative population genomics enables the identification and utilization of adaptive and domestication traits that are important for apricot cultivation, It is expected to provide an unprecedented opportunity to identify the genetic basis of long-lived perennials’ adaptation and domestication
Sušek, Andrej. "Analyse de la diversité de populations naturelles de Helleborus niger L." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS042.
Full textResearch work involved Christmas rose (Helleborus niger L. ) plant material from naturally grown local populations: seven in Slovenia and one in Croatia. The main objective of the research was to evaluate the morphological variations. The evaluation involved the recording of 18 traits (averages, extremes, correlations and discriminant analysis). Some of the traits showed a relatively high level of variation (number of leaves per plant, number of inflorescences per plant). The variation ranges for some traits were found to be wider than those mentioned in the literature. The correlation analysis indicated that there were several related traits. The variability within populations was more expressed that between populations. The molecular marker approach (AFLP) was used to study the genetic variation between and within three populations. The analysis showed that individuals from all three populations appeared scattered along the resulting dendrogram and that they could not be separated into distinct groups on a genetic basis. The analysis of the pollination system suggests that the Christmas rose could be a predominantly cross-pollinating species. The phenotypic and molecular analyses indicate that the populations investigated were not geographically isolated. Regarding the market preferences, the populations with the most valuable plant material are the Žumberak population (Croatia), containing genotyps with the longest peduncles and the largest flowers, and the Peca population, with the highest number of inflorescences per plant. The Slovenian and Croatian Christmas rose populations can be considered as a higly valuable source of genes for genetic breeding
Bou, Dagher-Kharrat Magida. "Caractérisation du génome et structuration géographique de la diversité génétique du genre Cedrus." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066275.
Full textSégurel, Laure. "Mode de vie et diversité génétique dans les populations humaines d'Asie Centrale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547600.
Full textVerne, S. "Diversité et impact des Wolbachia féminisantes sur la structuration génétique d'Armadillidium vulgare." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00181052.
Full textOliveira, José. "Diversité Génétique des Molécules de Réponse Immunitaire Innée dans les Troubles Bipolaires." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC0043.
Full textBipolar disorders (BD) are chronic, multisystem and multifactorial disorders with significant lifetime morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic burden. Understanding its genetic background and triggering environmental factors should improve diagnosis and therapeutic management. Immune dysregulation seems to parallel its onset and progression as well as the development of psychiatric and other medical comorbidities. Chronic low-grade inflammation and microglia activation are thought to be important mechanisms linking infection and childhood trauma with BD, in particular the more severe early-onset subform. Genetic variations in pattern-recognition receptors, the first line of immune defence, may thus participate in one's resilience/vulnerability to environmental exposures, particularly early in life. We explored that possibility by investigating genetic associations between central players of innate immune protection, TLR2, TLR4 and NOD2 and BD, taking into account the potential genetic heterogeneity between the early- and late-onset subgroups. Given that the activation of these pathways increases the production of nitric oxide (NO), a potent innate immune effector, by immune cells and taking into consideration the role of NO in oxidative stress and neurotransmission as well as its dysfunction in both BD and suicide, we simultaneously analysed variants of the three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes with suicidal behaviour in BD. We found TLR4 rs1927914 AA and rs11536891 TT genotypes to be significantly more prevalent in patients than in controls. We also found that NOD2 rs2066842 T allele carrier state may confer some protection against BD as it was more prevalent in controls. These results suggest a genetic vulnerability to pathogen exposure in BD. We also found that the referred association with TLR4 was restricted to the early-onset subgroup and that a TLR2 genotype (rs3804099 TT) was significantly more prevalent in early- than in late-onset patients comforting the hypothesis that genetic factors are of greater importance in early-onset BD. While associations between NOS1, NOS2 and NOS3 with BD were not observed, NOS3 rs1799983 T in homozygous state was associated with violent suicide attempts, seemingly restricted to the early-onset BD bringing further evidence for the potential involvement of endothelial NOS genetic variants in the susceptibility to suicidal behaviour. By investigating the effect of potential interaction between TLR2 and TLR4 and childhood abuses as measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) on the age at onset of BD, we observed a combined effect of TLR2 rs3804099 TT genotype and childhood sexual abuse on determining an earlier age at onset of BD by means of a Kaplan-Meier survival curve. The effects of childhood sexual abuse on age at onset of BD may be amplified in TLR2 rs3804099 risk genotype carriers through immune-mediated pathways.Altogether the present results comfort a multiple-hit model in which immune-related genetic susceptibility contributes to abnormal responses to perinatal infectious insults establishing a lower threshold for subsequent stress-triggered events. Confirmation by replication in independent BD cohorts is warranted. Characteristics of illness severity, immune phenotypes and detailed annotation of type, intensity, frequency and time of stress exposure should be documented in future studies involving large cohorts. Additionally, the development of animal models in conformity with the presented model would facilitate better understanding of the precise mechanisms involved by allowing specific manipulation of genetic and environmental conditions. These approaches may allow the identification of both biological and clinical prodromal manifestations and consequently lead to preventive strategies and novel therapeutic targets
Eyer, Pierre-André. "Modes de reproduction et diversité génétique chez les fourmis du genre Cataglyphis." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209190.
Full textLes analyses phylogénétiques montrent que la polyandrie est ancestrale au sein du genre Cataglyphis. Le premier axe de ce travail a pour but d’étudier les causes évolutives justifiant le maintien d’un tel système de reproduction au sein de ce genre. Ce travail porte sur les avantages d’une diversité génétique accrue parmi les ouvrières. Une telle diversité génétique permettrait notamment d'accroître le polymorphisme de taille des ouvrières et l'efficacité de la division du travail [Chapitre 1], ou la résistance aux pathogènes de la force ouvrière [Chapitre 2]. [1] Ce premier travail a été réalisé sur Cataglyphis cursor, une espèce strictement monogyne et polyandre. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent une très grande fidélité des ouvrières à la tâche. Ils montrent l’existence d’une association significative entre la tâche réalisée par une ouvrière et sa lignée paternelle, ainsi qu’entre la taille des ouvrières et la tâche effectuée. [2] Le second travail de cette thèse a été réalisé chez C. mauritanica. Nos résultats montrent que la résistance aux pathogènes diffère entre ouvrières issues de différentes lignées paternelles lorsque ces dernières sont isolées. Curieusement, cette différence s’estompe lorsque les lignées paternelles sont regroupées au sein des sociétés polyandres. Dès lors, la polyandrie permettrait d’homogénéiser l’immunité des sociétés. Nos données montrent cependant que la résistance des ouvrières à Metarhizium anisopliae n’est pas corrélée à la diversité génétique de la colonie ou au nombre d’accouplements des reines.
Le second axe de ce travail porte sur les stratégies de reproduction remarquables observées chez les espèces de Cataglyphis appartenant au groupe altisquamis :C. velox, C. mauritanica, C. humeya et C. hispanica. Ces espèces partagent une stratégie unique dans le règne animal, appelée hybridogénèse sociale. L’hybridogénèse classique est un système reproductif dans lequel les parents issus de lignées génétiques distinctes s’hybrident. Alors que les génomes maternels et paternels sont exprimés dans la lignée somatique des descendants, le génome paternel est systématiquement écarté de la lignée germinale. En conséquence, seul le génome maternel est transmis aux générations futures. Dans le schéma d’hybridogénèse sociale reporté dans ces travaux, les reines s’accouplent systématiquement avec un mâle originaire d’une lignée génétique distincte. Elles utilisent la reproduction sexuée pour la production d’une caste ouvrière stérile intégralement hybride (analogue à la lignée somatique) et la reproduction asexuée par parthénogénèse pour la production des castes reproductrices mâles et femelles (analogues à la lignée germinale). Dans ce système, bien que les génomes paternels et maternels soient exprimés dans la caste ouvrière, seul le génome maternel est transmis aux descendants reproducteurs [Chapitre 3]. Le groupe altisquamis est représenté par plusieurs espèces au sein desquelles deux lignées génétiques s’hybrident systématiquement pour la production de la caste ouvrière. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse [4] est une analyse phylogéographique des espèces de ce groupe dans la péninsule ibérique. Les résultats confirment l’existence d’une seule paire de lignées génétiques au sein de chaque espèce. Ces résultats révèlent également une contradiction entre les marqueurs nucléaires et mitochondriaux traduisant la complexité du système reproductif. Ces travaux soulignent l’ambiguïté des relations phylogéniques entre espèces d’un tel système et discutent de son implication dans la spéciation des espèces hybridogénétiques.
Social insects represent the most extreme form of cooperative life in the animal kingdom. This is based on the existence of a division of reproductive activities between the reproductive individuals (queens and males) and a majority of workers performing all logistical tasks at the expense of their own reproduction. In social Hymenoptera, comparative analysis of reproductive strategies reveals that colonies headed by a single mated queen (monogyny/monoandry) is the ancestral structure of colonies. This structure provides a high genetic correlation between the workers and the brood they raise and, therefore, their overall reproductive success (inclusive fitness). However, an increasing number of genetic studies reveal that the reproductive structure of colonies can strongly differ from this pattern. This is particularly obvious in ants, which have a very large social polymorphism resulting in a large variability in the number of reproductive females within colonies. The Formicidae are also remarkable for the diversity of their modes of reproduction. This diversity relates to mating frequency (monoandry/polyandry) or conditional use of sexual and asexual reproduction. In some species, new queens are produced by parthenogenesis (they are almost clones of their mothers), while the workers arise from a classical sexual reproduction. By using alternative modes of reproduction for queen and worker castes, queens can increase the transmission rate of their genes to their reproductive female offspring while maintaining genetic diversity in the worker population. This high diversity of social structures and modes of reproduction suggests the occurrence of many selective forces. This thesis aimed at determining environmental and genetic factors responsible for the large social polymorphism and the high diversity of reproductive modes display by Cataglyphis desert ants. This thesis is divided into two main parts.
Phylogenetic analyses show that polyandry is ancestral across the genus Cataglyphis. The first part of this thesis examines the genetic hypothesis to account for the evolution and maintenance of multiple mating by queen in this genus. This work focuses on the benefits of increased genetic diversity among workers. Such genetic diversity may increase the size polymorphism of the worker force and improve efficiency of the division of labor [Chapter 1] or increase pathogen resistance of the colony [Chapter 2]. In Chapter 1, the genetic hypothesis to enhance efficiency of division of labor was tested on Cataglyphis cursor, a strictly monogynous and polyandrous species. The results reveal a great fidelity in task performance by workers. They reveal a significant association between patriline and task preference: workers belonging to different patrilines differ in their propensity to perform a given task. We also found that worker size is closely associated with task specialization. The second work of this thesis [Chapter 2] was performed in C. mauritanica. Our results show that resistance to pathogens differs between workers from different patrilines when patrilines are raised separately. Surprisingly, this difference disappears when the patrilines are grouped within polyandrous colonies. Therefore, polyandry would standardize the overall resistance of colonies. Consistent with this result, our data show a positive association between the number of matings by the queens and colony resistance to Metarhizium anisopliae.
The second part of this thesis expounds the unorthodox reproductive strategies observed in species belonging to the group Cataglyphis altisquamis: C. velox, C. mauritanica, C. hispanica and C. humeya. These species share a unique strategy in the animal kingdom, called social hybridogenesis. Hybridogenesis is a sexual reproductive system, whereby parents from different genetic origin hybridize. Both the maternal and paternal genomes are expressed in somatic tissues, but the paternal genome is systematically excluded from the germ line, which is therefore purely maternal. Consequently, only the maternal genome spread across generations. Here, we report a unique case of hybridogenesis at a social level. Queens mate exclusively with males originating from a different genetic lineage than their own to produce hybrid workers, while they use parthenogenesis to produce the male and female reproductive castes. In consequences, all sterile workers (somatic line) are sexually produced hybridogens, whereas sexual forms (germ line) are clonally produced. Thus, only maternal genes are perpetuated across generations [Chapter 3]. The group C. altisquamis is represented by several hybridogenetic species in which two highly divergent genetic lineages co-occur, despite their constant hybridization. The last chapter of this thesis [Chapter 4] is a phylogeographic analysis of C. altisquamis species in the Iberian Peninsula. Our results confirm the existence of a single pair of genetic lineages within each species. Our results also reveal strong incongruences between nuclear and mitochondrial markers that reflect the reproductive system complexities. These studies reveal phylogenetic ambiguities among these hybridogenetic species and discuss the involvement of such unconventional system in speciation process.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Morin, Ricardo. "Diversité et structure génétique des populations de noyer cendré, Juglans cinerea L." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0014/MQ41968.pdf.
Full textMérette, David. "Diversité génétique et morphologique des hybrides asexués Fundulus diaphanus X F. heteroclitus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26112/26112.pdf.
Full textPresence of asexual hybrids between Fundulus diaphanus and F. heteroclitus at two sites in Nova Scotia (Porter’s Lake and Saint-Mary’s River) has been documented in the literature. Random sampling of Fundulus along the salinity gradient of Porter’s Lake and genotyping using eight microsatellite markers revealed one main clone and its mutational derivatives in the lake, representing 97% of hybrids encountered. Also, a novel method of morphological identification of F. diaphanus, F. heteroclitus and hybrids based on a maximum likelihood algorithm has been elaborated for fieldwork purposes, allowing a quick, over 90% efficient, way to diagnose the three Fundulus types. Morphological analyses performed using geometric morphometrics also revealed that hybrids were no less variable morphologically than parental species. Finally, the presence of one main clone in different salinities and an important morphological variability suggest the presence of a General-Purpose Genotype in Porter’s Lake.
Taïbi, Amel. "Analyse de la diversité génétique des souches de Lactococcus Lactis ssp. cremoris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27985/27985.pdf.
Full textNavarro, Élisabeth. "Diversité du genre Nitrobacter : structure génétique d'une population naturelle d'un écosystème aquatique." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10011.
Full textPatin, Etienne. "Influences du mode de vie sur la diversité génétique des populations humaines." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066214.
Full textLapierre, Marguerite. "Extensions du modèle standard neutre pertinentes pour l'analyse de la diversité génétique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066395/document.
Full textThe general setting of this thesis is the analysis of evolutionary forces that generate polymorphisms and divergence between genomes within a species. The theoretical framework used in the majority of disciplines of molecular evolution is the neutral theory, formulated by Motoo Kimura in 1968. This model is characterized by the hypotheses of neutrality, constant population size and panmixia. First, we investigated how this theoretical framework is used in practice and what are the consequences of these hypotheses on the inferences and predictions made in this framework. To this end, we carried out two studies confronting existing demographic inference methods with data. A first study demonstrated that methods frequently used for bacterial demographic inference, based on a single reconstructed phylogenetic tree, are biased by selection, recombination and sampling bias. We then compared several demographic inference methods, by applying them to an African human population, the Yoruba. This study showed the limits of an existing method, and illustrates the issue of identifiability of demographic histories, when the inference is based on the site frequency spectrum. Finally, in a third study we analyzed several genetic polymorphism datasets with an alternative reference model comprising multiple mergers and demography. We compared how the current reference model and this alternative model can explain the observed genetic diversity
Lapierre, Marguerite. "Extensions du modèle standard neutre pertinentes pour l'analyse de la diversité génétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066395.
Full textThe general setting of this thesis is the analysis of evolutionary forces that generate polymorphisms and divergence between genomes within a species. The theoretical framework used in the majority of disciplines of molecular evolution is the neutral theory, formulated by Motoo Kimura in 1968. This model is characterized by the hypotheses of neutrality, constant population size and panmixia. First, we investigated how this theoretical framework is used in practice and what are the consequences of these hypotheses on the inferences and predictions made in this framework. To this end, we carried out two studies confronting existing demographic inference methods with data. A first study demonstrated that methods frequently used for bacterial demographic inference, based on a single reconstructed phylogenetic tree, are biased by selection, recombination and sampling bias. We then compared several demographic inference methods, by applying them to an African human population, the Yoruba. This study showed the limits of an existing method, and illustrates the issue of identifiability of demographic histories, when the inference is based on the site frequency spectrum. Finally, in a third study we analyzed several genetic polymorphism datasets with an alternative reference model comprising multiple mergers and demography. We compared how the current reference model and this alternative model can explain the observed genetic diversity
Lippé, Catherine. "Conservation génétique du chevalier cuivré (Moxostoma hubbsi) : effet tampon du temps de génération sur l'érosion de la diversité génétique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23329/23329.pdf.
Full textIncreasing human activities have caused destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats, leading to the extinction of many species. Since genetic diversity plays an important role in the evolutionary potential of a species, conservation genetics is increasingly providing adequate tools needed towards the preservation of biodiversity. The Copper redhorse (Moxostoma hubbsi), an endangered species of Québec, has an extremely restricted distribution, limited to the Richelieu River and a short section of the St.Lawrence River. Surprisingly, this unique and ageing remaining population exhibits a high level of genetic diversity without sign of inbreeding, where recent demographic history and effective population size estimates suggest a gradual demographic decline scaled on a large time period. Our results clearly demonstrate the potential of genetic data towards effective conservation, as well suggesting that long generation times may act as a buffering effect contributing to reduce the pace of genetic diversity erosion in threatened species.