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Journal articles on the topic 'Diversity distribution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

McCown, Phillip J., Keith A. Corbino, Shira Stav, Madeline E. Sherlock, and Ronald R. Breaker. "Riboswitch diversity and distribution." RNA 23, no. 7 (April 10, 2017): 995–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.061234.117.

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2

Taylor, F. J. R., Mona Hoppenrath, and Juan F. Saldarriaga. "Dinoflagellate diversity and distribution." Biodiversity and Conservation 17, no. 2 (October 23, 2007): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9258-3.

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3

Xu, Xu, Xu-Dong Gou, Sui Wan, Hang-Yu Liu, Hai-Bo Wei, Jian-Rong Liu, Jia-Hui Ding, et al. "Anomozamites (Bennettitales) in China: species diversity and temporo-spatial distribution." Palaeontographica Abteilung B 300, no. 1-6 (December 12, 2019): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/palb/2019/0067.

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4

Ichikawa, Atsunobu. "Water Distribution and Cultural Diversity." Japan journal of water pollution research 14, no. 4 (1991): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.14.203.

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5

Schwan, Tom G., Sandra J. Raffel, Merry E. Schrumpf, and Stephen F. Porcella. "Diversity and Distribution ofBorrelia hermsii." Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, no. 3 (March 2007): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1303.060958.

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6

Baden, Andrea L. "Primates: Diversity, distribution, and evolution." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22, no. 6 (November 2013): 312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21381.

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7

Phillips, Helen R. P., Carlos A. Guerra, Marie L. C. Bartz, Maria J. I. Briones, George Brown, Thomas W. Crowther, Olga Ferlian, et al. "Global distribution of earthworm diversity." Science 366, no. 6464 (October 24, 2019): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax4851.

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Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, their distribution, and the threats affecting them. We compiled a global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 9212 sites in 57 countries as a basis for predicting patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We found that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at mid-latitudes, displaying patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, high species dissimilarity across tropical locations may cause diversity across the entirety of the tropics to be higher than elsewhere. Climate variables and habitat cover were found to be more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties. These findings suggest that climate and habitat change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and for the functions they provide.

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8

Pereira, Iris Müller, and Aly Valderrama. "Diversity and distribution of Bryophytes and Lichens of El Colorado, Central Chile." Nova Hedwigia 83, no. 1-2 (August 1, 2006): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2006/0083-0117.

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9

Paris, Harry S. "Summer Squash: History, Diversity, and Distribution." HortTechnology 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.1.6.

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Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is grown in many temperate and subtropical regions, ranking high in economic importance among vegetable crops worldwide. A native of North America, summer squash has been grown in Europe since the Renaissance. There are six extant horticultural groups of summer squash: cocozelle, crookneck, scallop, straightneck, vegetable marrow, and zucchini. Most of these groups have existed for hundreds of years. Their differing fruit shapes result in their differential adaptations to various methods of culinary preparation. Differences in flavor, while often subtle, are readily apparent in some instances. The groups differ in geographical distribution and economic importance. The zucchini group, a relatively recent development, has undergone intensive breeding in the United States and Europe and is probably by far the most widely grown and economically important of the summer squash.

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10

Knudsen, Jette T., Roger Eriksson, Jonathan Gershenzon, and Bertil Ståhl. "Diversity and Distribution of Floral Scent." Botanical Review 72, no. 1 (March 2006): 1–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2006)72[1:dadofs]2.0.co;2.

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11

González-Elizondo, M. Socorro, Anton A. Reznicek, and Jorge A. Tena-Flores. "Cyperaceae in Mexico: Diversity and distribution." Botanical Sciences 96, no. 2 (June 19, 2018): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1870.

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<p><strong>Background</strong>: Cyperaceae, with about 5,500 species and 90 genera worldwide, are the third largest family among Monocots. A unique combination of morphological and karyotypical features, among which stand holokinetic chromosomes, favors a rapid evolution and diversification and a high level of endemism in some groups. Preliminary checklists of Mexican sedges have been published but an updating of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the group for the country is required.</p><p><strong>Questions</strong>: How many and which species and genera of Cyperaceae are in Mexico?, what patterns of geographic distribution display those species?, which are the main gaps in the systematic knowledge in the family?</p><p><strong>Study site and years of study</strong>: Mexico, 1990 to 2016.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: A database of Mexican Cyperaceae was generated with basis in literature review, study of herbarium specimens (11 herbaria in Mexico and the United States) and field work, the last mainly focused on <em>Carex</em>. Diversity and endemism level were calculated. Besides, we analyzed in different space scales their distributional range.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Our dataset includes 460 species and 20 infraspecific taxa in 21 genera that belong to 10 of the 17 tribes of the family. Subfamily Cyperoideae includes almost 100 % of the Mexican sedges, as only one representative of subfamily Mapanioideae is known for the country. At the generic level, a drastic reduction in number (21) in comparison to previous inventories (27) results of recent phylogenetic and taxonomic rearrangements. The most diverse genera are <em>Carex</em> (138 taxa) and <em>Cyperus</em> (125), followed by <em>Rhynchospora</em> (65) and <em>Eleocharis</em> (57). Sedges in Mexico are found from sea level to above 4,300 m, in all types of vegetation. The highest diversity was found for Chiapas (237 taxa, 52 % of the total) and Veracruz (206 taxa, 45 %), followed by Oaxaca and Jalisco. Two genera (<em>Cypringlea</em> and <em>Karinia</em>) and 111 species or infraspecific taxa are endemic to Mexico (24 %), 43 of them micro-endemic (only known from one state in the country). Endemism increases to 57 % when the biogeographic extension known as Megamexico is included. Forty six names are excluded from the Mexican flora.</p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Regardless of the addition of taxa and refining of the databases, the checklist presented here is still preliminary. Collection deficiencies and insufficient taxonomic revision for Mexican sedges are reflected in gaps in their knowledge. There are at least 45 undescribed species; including them the richness of Mexican sedges would exceed 500 species. Many complexes of species are in need of taxonomic revision, mainly in <em>Carex</em> but also in<em> Bulbostylis</em>, <em>Cyperus</em>, <em>Eleocharis</em>, <em>Rhynchospora</em> and <em>Scleria</em>. To advance in the inventory and better understanding of the diversity of Mexican Cyperaceae, we propose some research topics to be addressed in the short term.<p> </p>

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12

Herniou, Elisabeth, Joanne Martin, Karen Miller, James Cook, Mark Wilkinson, and Michael Tristem. "Retroviral Diversity and Distribution in Vertebrates." Journal of Virology 72, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 5955–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.7.5955-5966.1998.

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ABSTRACT We used the PCR to screen for the presence of endogenous retroviruses within the genomes of 18 vertebrate orders across eight classes, concentrating on reptilian, amphibian, and piscine hosts. Thirty novel retroviral sequences were isolated and characterized by sequencing approximately 1 kb of their encoded protease and reverse transcriptase genes. Isolation of novel viruses from so many disparate hosts suggests that retroviruses are likely to be ubiquitous within all but the most basal vertebrate classes and, furthermore, gives a good indication of the overall retroviral diversity within vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that viruses clustering with (but not necessarily closely related to) the spumaviruses and murine leukemia viruses are widespread and abundant in vertebrate genomes. In contrast, we were unable to identify any viruses from hosts outside of mammals and birds which grouped with the other five currently recognized retroviral genera: the lentiviruses, human T-cell leukemia-related viruses, avian leukemia virus-related retroviruses, type D retroviruses, and mammalian type B retroviruses. There was also some indication that viruses isolated from individual vertebrate classes tended to cluster together in phylogenetic reconstructions. This implies that the horizontal transmission of at least some retroviruses, between some vertebrate classes, occurs relatively infrequently. It is likely that many of the retroviral sequences described here are distinct enough from those of previously characterized viruses to represent novel retroviral genera.

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13

Nanayakkara, Buddhie S., Claire L. O'Brien, and David M. Gordon. "Diversity and distribution ofKlebsiellacapsules inEscherichia coli." Environmental Microbiology Reports 11, no. 2 (November 22, 2018): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12710.

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14

Cleveland, Arthur G. "China’s Mammal Diversity and Geographic Distribution." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 4 (April 20, 2016): 1258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyw072.

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15

Sander, P. Martin. "Ichthyosauria: their diversity, distribution, and phylogeny." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 74, no. 1-2 (May 2000): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02987949.

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16

Mueller, Gregory M., John P. Schmit, Patrick R. Leacock, Bart Buyck, Joaquín Cifuentes, Dennis E. Desjardin, Roy E. Halling, et al. "Global diversity and distribution of macrofungi." Biodiversity and Conservation 16, no. 1 (October 27, 2006): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9108-8.

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17

NUKAZAWA, Kei, So KAZAMA, and Kozo WATANABE. "PREDICTION OF SPATIAL GENETIC DIVERSITY DISTRIBUTION FROM HSI BASED SPECIES DIVERSITY." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 69, no. 4 (2013): I_1303—I_1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.69.i_1303.

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18

Rajaram, R., B. Castellani, and A. N. Wilson. "Advancing Shannon Entropy for Measuring Diversity in Systems." Complexity 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8715605.

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From economic inequality and species diversity to power laws and the analysis of multiple trends and trajectories, diversity within systems is a major issue for science. Part of the challenge is measuring it. Shannon entropy H has been used to rethink diversity within probability distributions, based on the notion of information. However, there are two major limitations to Shannon’s approach. First, it cannot be used to compare diversity distributions that have different levels of scale. Second, it cannot be used to compare parts of diversity distributions to the whole. To address these limitations, we introduce a renormalization of probability distributions based on the notion of case-based entropy Cc as a function of the cumulative probability c. Given a probability density p(x), Cc measures the diversity of the distribution up to a cumulative probability of c, by computing the length or support of an equivalent uniform distribution that has the same Shannon information as the conditional distribution of p^c(x) up to cumulative probability c. We illustrate the utility of our approach by renormalizing and comparing three well-known energy distributions in physics, namely, the Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, and Fermi-Dirac distributions for energy of subatomic particles. The comparison shows that Cc is a vast improvement over H as it provides a scale-free comparison of these diversity distributions and also allows for a comparison between parts of these diversity distributions.

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19

Edvardsen, Bente, Elianne Sirnæs Egge, and Daniel Vaulot. "Diversity and distribution of haptophytes revealed by environmental sequencing and metabarcoding – a review." Perspectives in Phycology 3, no. 2 (September 9, 2016): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pip/2016/0052.

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20

Pawar, Ramdas Gokul, Kisan Dnyandeo Thete, and Laxmikant Vitthalrao Shinde. "Distribution and Diversity of Mosquito Larvae from Kopargaon Teshil, Dist. Ahmednagar (M.S.) India." International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research 3, no. 5 (September 2017): 1305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.5.7.

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21

Rozylowicz, Laurentiu, Dan Cogălniceanu, Paul Székely, Ciprian Samoilă, Iosif Ruben, Marian Tudor, Rodica Plăiaşu, and Florina Stănescu. "Diversity and distribution of amphibians in Romania." ZooKeys 296 (April 30, 2013): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.296.4872.

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22

Temina, Marina, and Eviatar Nevo. "Lichens of Israel: diversity, ecology, and distribution." BioRisk 3 (December 28, 2009): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.25.

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23

Rohwer, F., V. Seguritan, F. Azam, and N. Knowlton. "Diversity and distribution of coral-associated bacteria." Marine Ecology Progress Series 243 (2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps243001.

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24

Rozylowicz, Laurentiu, Dan Cogălniceanu, Paul Székely, Ciprian Samoilă, Florina Stănescu, Marian Tudor, Diana Székely, and Ruben Iosif. "Diversity and distribution of reptiles in Romania." ZooKeys 341 (October 8, 2013): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.341.5502.

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25

White, Michael J. "Segregation and Diversity Measures in Population Distribution." Population Index 52, no. 2 (1986): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3644339.

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26

Venkatachalam, Ambayeram, Nagamani Thirunavukkarasu, and Trichur S. Suryanarayanan. "Distribution and diversity of endophytes in seagrasses." Fungal Ecology 13 (February 2015): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2014.07.003.

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27

Faller, Beáta, Fabio Pardi, and Mike Steel. "Distribution of phylogenetic diversity under random extinction." Journal of Theoretical Biology 251, no. 2 (March 2008): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.11.034.

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28

Cowlishaw, Guy, and Jocelyn E. Hacker. "Distribution, Diversity, And Latitude in African Primates." American Naturalist 150, no. 4 (October 1997): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/286078.

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29

Adams, Byron J., Richard D. Bardgett, Edward Ayres, Diana H. Wall, Jackie Aislabie, Stuart Bamforth, Roberto Bargagli, et al. "Diversity and distribution of Victoria Land biota." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38, no. 10 (October 2006): 3003–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.04.030.

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30

James, S. W., C. Csuzdi, C. H. Chang, N. M. Aspe, J. J. Jiménez, A. Feijoo, M. Blouin, and P. Lavelle. "Comment on “Global distribution of earthworm diversity”." Science 371, no. 6525 (January 7, 2021): eabe4629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abe4629.

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Phillips et al. (Reports, 25 October 2019, p. 480) incorrectly conclude that tropical earthworm communities are less diverse and abundant than temperate communities. This result is an artifact generated by some low-quality datasets, lower sampling intensity in the tropics, different patterns in richness-area relationships, the occurrence of invasive species in managed soils, and a focus on local rather than regional richness.

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31

Vukov, Tanja, Milos Kalezic, Ljiljana Tomovic, Imre Krizmanic, Danko Jovic, Nenad Labus, and Georg Dzukic. "Amphibians in Serbia: Distribution and diversity patterns." Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, no. 6 (2013): 90–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bnhmb1306090v.

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32

Tomovic, Ljiljana, Rastko Ajtic, Katarina Ljubisavljevic, Aleksandar Urosevic, Danko Jovic, Imre Krizmanic, Nenad Labus, et al. "Reptiles in Serbia: Distribution and diversity patterns." Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, no. 7 (2014): 129–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bnhmb1407129t.

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33

Nkoa, Roger, Micheal D. K. Owen, and Clarence J. Swanton. "Weed Abundance, Distribution, Diversity, and Community Analyses." Weed Science 63, SP1 (February 2015): 64–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-13-00075.1.

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Understanding abundance and distribution of weed species within the landscape of an agroecosystem is an important goal for weed science. Abundance is a measure of the number or frequency of individuals in an area. Distribution is a measure of the geographical range of a weed species. The study of weed population's abundance and distribution is helpful in determining how a population changes over time in response to selective pressures applied by our agronomic practices. Accurate estimates, however, of these two key variables are very important if we are to manage agricultural land both for productivity and for biodiversity.

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34

Yang, Yong. "Diversity and distribution of gymnosperms in China." Biodiversity Science 23, no. 2 (2015): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.2015017.

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35

Hamer, Keith. "History explains avian diversity and distribution patterns." Journal of Biogeography 32, no. 4 (February 8, 2005): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01248.x.

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36

Freitas, Sara, Stephen Hatosy, Jed A. Fuhrman, Susan M. Huse, David B. Mark Welch, Mitchell L. Sogin, and Adam C. Martiny. "Global distribution and diversity of marine Verrucomicrobia." ISME Journal 6, no. 8 (February 9, 2012): 1499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.3.

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37

Lim, Boon Leong, Pok Yeung, Chiwai Cheng, and Jane Emily Hill. "Distribution and diversity of phytate-mineralizing bacteria." ISME Journal 1, no. 4 (June 7, 2007): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.40.

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38

Burgess, Treena I., Diane White, Keith M. McDougall, Jeff Garnas, William A. Dunstan, Santiago Català, Angus J. Carnegie, et al. "Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 2 (2017): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc16032.

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The introduction and subsequent impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi within native vegetation is one of the major conservation issues for biodiversity in Australia. Recently, many new Phytophthora species have been described from Australia’s native ecosystems; however, their distribution, origin, and potential impact remain unknown. Historical bias in Phytophthora detection has been towards sites showing symptoms of disease, and traditional isolation methods show variable effectiveness of detecting different Phytophthora species. However, we now have at our disposal new techniques based on the sampling of environmental DNA and metabarcoding through the use of high-throughput sequencing. Here, we report on the diversity and distribution of Phytophthora in Australia using metabarcoding of 640 soil samples and we compare the diversity detected using this technique with that available in curated databases. Phytophthora was detected in 65% of sites, and phylogenetic analysis revealed 68 distinct Phytophthora phylotypes. Of these, 21 were identified as potentially unique taxa and 25 were new detections in natural areas and/or new introductions to Australia. There are 66 Phytophthora taxa listed in Australian databases, 43 of which were also detected in this metabarcoding study. This study revealed high Phytophthora richness within native vegetation and the additional records provide a valuable baseline resource for future studies. Many of the Phytophthora species now uncovered in Australia’s native ecosystems are newly described and until more is known we need to be cautious with regard to the spread and conservation management of these new species in Australia’s unique ecosystems.

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39

Ollerton, Jeff. "Pollinator Diversity: Distribution, Ecological Function, and Conservation." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 48, no. 1 (November 2, 2017): 353–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022919.

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40

Symington, Margaret M. "Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution." Economic Botany 48, no. 2 (April 1994): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02908211.

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41

Foissner, Wilhelm. "Protist diversity and distribution: some basic considerations." Biodiversity and Conservation 17, no. 2 (October 26, 2007): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9248-5.

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42

Kaushik, Megha, Sanjay Kumar, Rajeev Kumar Kapoor, Jugsharan Singh Virdi, and Pooja Gulati. "Integrons in Enterobacteriaceae : diversity, distribution and epidemiology." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 51, no. 2 (February 2018): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.10.004.

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43

Sendra, Alberto, Alberto Jiménez‐Valverde, Jesús Selfa, and Ana Sofia P. S. Reboleira. "Diversity, ecology, distribution and biogeography of Diplura." Insect Conservation and Diversity 14, no. 4 (March 18, 2021): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/icad.12480.

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44

Lawal, R. A., and O. Hanotte. "Domestic chicken diversity: Origin, distribution, and adaptation." Animal Genetics 52, no. 4 (May 31, 2021): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/age.13091.

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45

Wasowicz, Pawel. "Diversity and distribution of Icelandic ferns (Polypodiopsida)." Botanica Complutensis 45 (February 22, 2021): e72025. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/bocm.72025.

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In this paper a comprehensive list of Icelandic ferns (Polypodiopsida sensu PPG I) is presented alongside detailed distribution maps (5×5 km grid). Apart from general characteristics of the local range, details on ecology and conservation status are provided, including most common habitat types for each species, altitudinal range and a local red list status assessment according to IUCN criteria. The most important bibliography records for each species are also listed.

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46

Leipnik, Roy B., and C. E. M. Pearce. "Diversity sensitivity and multimodal Bayesian statistical analysis by relative entropy." ANZIAM Journal 47, no. 2 (October 2005): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181100010038.

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AbstractA list of recognised social diversities is assembled, including those used in social action programmes in the USA. Responses to diversity are discussed and diversity sensitivity defined as the derivative of response with respect to a defining parameter of a diversity distribution. Rewards (or penalties) for diversity are listed also; sensitivities to the responses to the rewards for diversity are called diversity sensitivities of the second kind. The statistics of bimodal and multimodal distributions are discussed, including the parametric estimation of such distributions by mixtures of multivariate normal distributions. An example is considered in detail.

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47

Grossman, Gene M., and Giovanni Maggi. "Diversity and Trade." American Economic Review 90, no. 5 (December 1, 2000): 1255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1255.

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We develop a competitive model of trade between countries with similar aggregate factor endowments. The trade pattern reflects differences in the distribution of talent across the labor forces of the two countries. The country with a relatively homogeneous population exports the good produced by a technology with complementarities between tasks. The country with a more diverse workforce exports the good for which individual success is more important. Imperfect observability of talent strengthens the forces of comparative advantage. Finally, we examine the effects of trade on income distribution and the composition of firms in each industry. (JEL F11, D51)

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48

Navarro-Barranco, Carlos, José Manuel Guerra-García, Luis Sánchez-Tocino, and José Carlos García-Gómez. "Amphipods from marine cave sediments of the southern Iberian Peninsula: diversity and ecological distribution." Scientia Marina 78, no. 3 (July 30, 2014): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04043.28e.

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49

Mookherjee, Dilip, and Debraj Ray. "Inequality and Markets: Some Implications of Occupational Diversity." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 38–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.2.4.38.

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This paper studies income distribution in an economy with borrowing constraints. Parents leave both financial and educational bequests; these determine the occupational choices of children. Occupational returns are determined by market conditions. If the span of occupational investments is large, long-run wealth distributions display persistent inequality. With a “rich” set of occupations, so that training costs form an interval, the distribution is unique and the average return to education must rise with educational investment. This finding contrasts with the usual presumption of diminishing returns to human capital. It is the central testable proposition of this paper. (JEL D14, D31, J24)

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50

Tang, Lili, Runxi Wang, Kate S. He, Cong Shi, Tong Yang, Yaping Huang, Pufan Zheng, and Fuchen Shi. "Throwing light on dark diversity of vascular plants in China: predicting the distribution of dark and threatened species under global climate change." PeerJ 7 (April 9, 2019): e6731. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6731.

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Background As global climate change accelerates, ecologists and conservationists are increasingly investigating changes in biodiversity and predicting species distribution based on species observed at sites, but rarely consider those plant species that could potentially inhabit but are absent from these areas (i.e., the dark diversity and its distribution). Here, we estimated the dark diversity of vascular plants in China and picked up threatened dark species from the result, and applied maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to project current and future distributions of those dark species in their potential regions (those regions that have these dark species). Methods We used the Beals probability index to estimate dark diversity in China based on available species distribution information and explored which environmental variables had significant impacts on dark diversity by incorporating bioclimatic data into the random forest (RF) model. We collected occurrence data of threatened dark species (Eucommia ulmoides, Liriodendron chinense, Phoebe bournei, Fagus longipetiolata, Amentotaxus argotaenia, and Cathaya argyrophylla) and related bioclimatic information that can be used to predict their distributions. In addition, we used MaxEnt modeling to project their distributions in suitable areas under future (2050 and 2070) climate change scenarios. Results We found that every study region’s dark diversity was lower than its observed species richness. In these areas, their numbers of dark species are ranging from 0 to 215, with a generally increasing trend from western regions to the east. RF results showed that temperature variables had a more significant effect on dark diversity than those associated with precipitation. The results of MaxEnt modeling showed that most threatened dark species were climatically suitable in their potential regions from current to 2070. Discussions The results of this study provide the first ever dark diversity patterns concentrated in China, even though it was estimated at the provincial scale. A combination of dark diversity and MaxEnt modeling is an effective way to shed light on the species that make up the dark diversity, such as projecting the distribution of specific dark species under global climate change. Besides, the combination of dark diversity and species distribution models (SDMs) may also be of value for ex situ conservation, ecological restoration, and species invasion prevention in the future.

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