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1
Islamic ethics: The place of divine command theory in Islam. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010.
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Attar, Mariam. Islamic ethics: The place of divine command theory in Islam. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010.
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Attar, Mariam. Islamic ethics: The place of divine command theory in Islam. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010.
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Baldini, Gianni, and Monica Soldano, eds. Tecnologie riproduttive e tutela della persona. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-623-5.
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Tecnologie riproduttive e tutela della persona. This book emerged from the collaboration between the department of Biolaw of the University of Florence and the non-profit association Madre Provetta. It represents the first stage in a larger editorial project that aspires to contribute study and research to build towards a common European law on bioethics. The authors who have collaborated on this book are among the leading experts, in their respective fields, on questions raised by technologies of reproduction, which are here elaborated at both medical-scientific level and in their relation to sociology, bioethics, law and politics. The various contributions are divided into three specific thematic areas: liberty of reproduction and rights of the individual, pre-implant genetic diagnosis and the freedom and limitations of scientific research.
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Hofreiter, Christian. Divine Command Theory Readings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810902.003.0005.
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This chapter presents what is arguably the most influential and widespread Christian approach to herem texts: the appeal to divine command theory to account for their counterintuitive morality. The structure of the argument is simple and straightforward: since God only commands what is good, and since God commanded the annihilation of the Canaanites, the latter must be good, our moral intuitions to the contrary notwithstanding. The main proponents of this approach whose work is discussed here are Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, and John Calvin. In addition to a detailed treatment of these authors’ relevant contributions, examples from John Chrysostom and Theodoret of Cyr show that this approach was not limited to Latin, western Christianity.
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al-Attar, Mariam. Islamic Ethics: Divine Command Theory in Arabo-Islamic Thought. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.
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Fieser, James. Moral Philosophy Through The Ages. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2000.
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Moral Philosophy through the Ages. Mountain View, California, USA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2001.
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Jillions, John A. Divine Guidance. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055738.001.0001.
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How are claims to God’s guidance to be understood against the background of fears, fundamentalism, and violence inspired by religious belief? But equally, how are acts of humanity, love, and sacrificial service to be understood, when they also claim to be inspired by God? How is healthy religion to be distinguished from unhealthy religion? Questions like these were the subject of lively debate in the first-century world of Corinth, where the views of Greek, Roman, Jewish, and early Christian residents mixed continually, and where Paul established one of the first Christian communities. While their differences were real, there was also common ground and a shared critique of destructive religion. This study looks at how believers and unbelievers confront questions about divine guidance, discernment, delusion, and rational thought. Part I looks at Greco-Roman views, focusing on the archeology of ancient Corinth and the writings of Homer, Virgil, Lucretius, Posidonius, Cicero, Seneca, Plutarch, and others. Part II surveys Jewish attitudes by looking at Philo and Josephus, Qumran, early rabbinic writers, and other intertestamental literature. Part III unpacks Paul’s First Letter to the Corinthians to show that issues of divine guidance and discernment are woven throughout as Paul shapes a distinctly Christian approach. Part IV brings the historical strands together and considers religious experience research to draw some conclusions about discernment and delusion today in the hope that rational and mystical need not be mutually exclusive.
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Shihadeh, Ayman. Theories of Ethical Value in. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.007.
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This article offers a new interpretation of the debate on the nature of ethical value in the developed kalām tradition. After situating the problem in the broad context of theodicy, it proposes to revise the reading, conventional since George Hourani’s studies published in the early seventies, of the ethical realism propounded in Baṣran and Baghdādī Muʿtazilism and of the rival views of classical Ashʿarism. It argues that the latter school did not subscribe to a simple divine command theory of ethics, but in fact grounded this theory in a fairly developed anti-realism, which became the basis for the more sophisticated consequentialist ethics advanced in neo-Ashʿarite sources.
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Pasnau, Robert, ed. Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy Volume 9. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844637.001.0001.
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Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy annually collects the best current work in the field of medieval philosophy. The various volumes print original essays, reviews, critical discussions, and editions of texts. The aim is to contribute to an understanding of the full range of themes and problems in all aspects of the field, from late antiquity into the Renaissance, and extending over the Jewish, Islamic, and Christian traditions. Volume 9 ranges widely over this terrain, including Mark Kalderon on Augustine’s theory of perception, Alexander Lamprakis on belief in miracles among Baghdad Christian philosophers, Andreas Lammer on Avicenna on time, Ana María Mora-Márquez on logical methodology, Franziska van Buren on Bonaventure’s theory of universals, Eric Hagedorn on Ockham’s divine-command theory, and Dominik Perler on exemplar causes in Suárez.
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Nuovo, Victor. The Philosophy of a Christian Virtuoso iii. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800552.003.0008.
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The question why Locke failed to publish an ethical system, notwithstanding the value he placed on the moral life, is raised and its answer postponed. Locke’s thoughts about ethics expressed in the Essay and other writings are examined, their sources identified, and the systematic connections between them are considered. Hellenistic sources, especially Epicurean ones, are identified, along with the ethical rationalism and naturalism of Hugo Grotius. Following Grotius, Locke developed a theory of the law of nature, rooted in social convenience, but sanctioned by divine command. In Some Thoughts concerning Education, Locke advocated the cultivation of virtues suitable to the moral and civic life of a gentleman. His abortive attempt to develop a system of ethics in ‘Of Ethics in General’, intended as a chapter of the Essay, but abandoned, brings the reader back to the opening question. Locke concluded that revelation is a more reliable source of moral knowledge.
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Hofreiter, Christian. Summary and Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810902.003.0008.
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This chapter provides a brief analytical summary of the various interpretative options proposed in the book. The reception of herem texts within the OT and the NT, as well as in the earliest Christian period, was largely uncritical. Pagan writers, too, rarely criticized these texts. Beginning with Marcion, readers whose moral compass was shaped by the accounts of Jesus and the writings of Paul began to raise moral concerns about OT warfare texts. The response of ecclesial authors was largely twofold: either to focus on a figurative reading of these texts in light of the NT or to resort to divine command theory to reframe the ethical assessment of the texts. A third, relatively rare reception of herem texts was one that justified massacres and other real-world violence. This chapter analyses the respective strengths and weaknesses of each approach and briefly presents the hermeneutical options available to readers today.
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Sangiovanni, Andrea. Beyond the Political–Orthodox Divide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0011.
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This chapter urges us to abandon the belief that there is a single human rights practice. Belief in what is called the Single Practice Assumption gives rise to the misguided idea—common to both Orthodox and Political views of human rights—that a philosophical theory should aim to reconstruct the moral core to this practice, derive a ‘master list’ of human rights from that core, and then use that list as a critical standard to reform and improve the practice. It is argued instead that we need a concept of human rights broad enough to capture the diversity of ways in which the term ‘human rights’ is used across the world today. The chapter defends what it calls the Broad View—which subsumes Political and Orthodox views as special cases, deployed for different ends in different contexts—and ends by delineating a systematic methodology for deriving particular conceptions of human rights for the very different contexts in which human rights are invoked.
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Hassan, Haslinda, Raja Haslinda Raja Mohd Ali, and Nurulhuda Ghazali. Audit Command Language (ACL) Analytics: A Practical Guide for Beginners. UUM Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672363446.
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Tired of performing an audit manually? This module provides a useful step-by-step approach to perform an audit using ACL. Easy to understand and follow. No such module in the market so far. This module is designed to assist users on how to use ACL as a powerful tool to audit. The module is divided into 8 Chapters. Chapter 1 introduces audit and information technology (IT) audit, audit assertions, audit procedures, and the relationship between audit assertions and audit procedures. Chapter 2 explains ACL in the audit, describing in brief its advantages and disadvantages. Chapter 3 assists users with using ACL. In this chapter, users will learn how to install ACL (version 9), and get familiar with the ACL menus and user interfaces. This module uses a step-by-step approach to guide users from creating a new project from ACL to viewing and modifying the table in ACL. Chapter 4 elaborates how to use ACL commands for data integrity verification. For this purpose, users will learn how to count records, total numeric fields or expression, and check for validity errors. Chapter 5 shows users how to analyse their data using the ACL command. The analyse include statistics, stratify, classify, examine the sequence, check for gaps, check for duplicates, ageing, and summarise commands. The remaining chapters cover three main accounting information systems (AIS) cycles, namely, sales and cash receipts (Chapter 6), purchase and cash payments (Chapter 7), and human resource (Chapter 8). For each cycle, cases are given for better assimilation.
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Dosenrode, Søren. Federalism as a Theory of Regional Integration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.148.
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Federations have existed in a modern form since the constitution of the United States entered into force in 1789. Riker defines a federation as follows (1975, p. 101) “a political organization in which the activities of government are divided between regional governments and a central government in such a way that each kind of government has some activity on which it makes final decision.” The process of getting to the federation, the integration process, is best described as federalism.There is some agreement on the core of what a federation is, and some disagreement over whether to apply the term “federation” strictly to states and state-like actors or in a broader sense. Federations are concrete ways to organize government, but in many writings, they are also given positive attributes, such as enhanced democracy and efficiency, too.There are two ways to think about federalism: as a politico-ideological theory of action and as an academic theory of regional integration. The first theory is propagated by writers such as Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, Jean Monnet, and Altiero Spinelli. This theory is of political rather than academic interest. Academic theories of regional integration are divided into two groups, following the common practice in international relations theory: liberal theories (by far the largest group) and realist theories.Federalism theory as a theory of regional integration was abandoned too early because, inter alia, it had been linked to the development of the European Community, which was in crisis from the mid-1970s till the mid-1980s. This was a mistake. Federalism theory provides the scholar with at least two tools. First, under the title “federation,” it introduces a large number of theories, methods, and empirical studies on how to analyze the European Union and other regional integration projects. Second, as a federalism theory, especially in the realist or the Riker-McKayian version, it provides a theory of how countries may unite peacefully. This approach must be developed in terms of (a) the concept of threat, which must be broadened to include economic, social, and cultural elements, and (b) the role of a basic common culture, which primarily facilitates the founding of the federation and constitutes the foundation securing the maintenance of the new federation.A brief analysis of the development of today’s European Union, following the realist approach, demonstrates that, broadly speaking, a correspondence exists between threat and the integration process: In times of threat, the process of integration and federalization advances; in periods of peace and no crisis, the integration process stagnates.
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Hofreiter, Christian. Reading Herem from the Dawn of the Enlightenment until Today. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810902.003.0007.
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This chapter reviews more recent examples of the reception of herem texts and demonstrates that many if not all of the ancient and medieval approaches to reading herem as Christian scripture continue to have their adepts in modern times: largely uncritical readings (K. Barth), devotional–allegorical interpretations, and violent uses. Many of the moral criticisms also continue to be restated (M. Tindal). Responses to these criticisms sometimes follow a traditional, divine command ethics structure (R. Swinburne) or attempts are made to combine a divine command ethics with the concepts of accommodation and progressive revelation (E. Stump). Yet other approaches bring to bear the categories of myth, metaphor and hyperbole (D. Earl, W. Moberly, N. MacDonald, K. Lawson Younger, N. Wolterstorff). Perhaps the most significant innovation of the modern period is the combination of historical–critical research with an attempt to read herem as Christian scripture (E. Seibert, P. Jenkins).
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Radde-Gallwitz, Andrew. Powers and Properties in Basil of Caesarea’s Homiliae in hexaemeron. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198767206.003.0012.
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This chapter puts Basil’s account of the powers of the elements into dialogue with Galen and Aristotle, pointing out to the way in which the interaction with Greek philosophical sources is intentionally muted. It subsequently illustrates the awkwardness with which Basil, continuing a tradition inaugurated by Philo, attempts to preserve the biblical literalism. It argues that on Basil’s reading the properties of water and earth play important roles in the creation of living beings, and thereby Basil answers the criticism that Genesis portrays God’s creative work as arbitrarily imposed on the natures of things. It concludes that this attempt results in Basil’s being of two minds with respect to the powers and properties of things created—they are inherent in the elements themselves, but also dependent upon divine command and artistry. For Basil, divine power is not mere force, but also craftsmanship.
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Hofreiter, Christian. Making Sense of Old Testament Genocide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810902.001.0001.
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This book investigates the effective history of some of the most problematic passages in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament): passages involving the concept or practice of herem. These texts contain prima facie divine commands to commit genocide as well as descriptions of genocidal military campaigns commended by God. The book presents and analyses the solutions that Christian interpreters from antiquity until today have proposed to the concomitant moral and hermeneutical challenges. A number of ways in which the texts have been used to justify violence and war or to criticize Christianity are also addressed. Apart from offering the most comprehensive presentation of the effective history (Wirkungsgeschichte) of herem texts to date, the book presents an analysis and critical evaluation of the theological and hermeneutical assumptions underlying each of the several approaches and their exegetical and practical consequences. The resulting taxonomy and hermeneutical map is an original contribution to the history of exegesis and to the study of religion and violence. It may also help Christian and other religious readers today make sense of these troubling biblical texts. Apart from an introduction and conclusion, this book contains four diachronic chapters in which the various exegetical approaches are set out: pre-critical (from the OT to the Apostolic Fathers), dissenting (Marcion and other ancient critics), figurative (from Origen to high medieval times), divine command ethics (from Augustine to Calvin) and violent (from Ambrose via the Crusades to Puritan North America). A fifth chapter presents near-contemporary reiterations and variations of the historic approaches.
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Arthur, Richard T. W. Forms and the Scholastic Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812869.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the scholastic background of Leibniz’s thought, and how he sought to reconcile his commitment to the mechanical philosophy with an equally firm commitment to the necessity of forms inherent in natural things. It proceeds from a thorough appraisal of themes in common with Gassendi’s philosophy and their common sources, through Boyle’s criticisms of Sennert’s philosophy of forms, to Leibniz’s defence of their necessity for a proper account of divine providence. It includes a thorough discussion of Leibniz’s construal of organic bodies as machines with inbuilt functionality, setting them in the context of medical and biological scholastic theories.
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De Smet, Daniel. Ismāʿīlī Theology. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.010.
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Under the influence of Arabic Neoplatonism, the Ismā‘īlī branch of Shī‘ite Islam developed such a radical conception of the absolute transcendence of God that ‘theology’—in the sense of a ‘discourse about God’—becomes for them an impossible science. Overtly hostile to both Ashʿarism and Muʿtazilism, Ismā‘īlī authors of the Fātimid period (tenth–eleventh centuries) nevertheless introduced doctrines borrowed fromKalām, but they applied them to the first created being, the Intellect, and not to the Ultimate Principle. Hence, the Word (kalima), the Will (irāda), and the Command (amr) are identified with the Intellect; the ‘most sublime names of God’ are considered as attributes of the Intellect; their plurality does not affect the absolute unity of its essence; moreover, the Intellect is presented as the source of divine revelation.
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Canning, Joseph. 8. Aquinas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198708926.003.0008.
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This chapter examines St Thomas Aquinas' political ideas. Aquinas combined Aristotelian ideas with Christian concepts, distinguishing between the natural and supernatural orders, and attributing inherent validity to the natural order, including political life. His theory of law linked, through reason, the eternal law of God, natural law, human positive law, and divine law. According to Aquinas, government's justification was its purpose — securing the common good. He favoured limited monarchy in a mixed constitution. The chapter first provides a short biography of Aquinas before discussing his views on natural and supernatural orders, government, tyranny, and temporal and spiritual power. It concludes with an assessment of Aquinas' contribution to political thought in the area of just war theory.
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Lim, Timothy H. 10. The religious beliefs of the sectarian communities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198779520.003.0010.
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‘The religious beliefs of the sectarian communities’ explores Jewish beliefs in the Second Temple period. Judaism is a way of life rather than a common faith, but common beliefs are held. The Doctrine of the Two Spirits says that God divided men into those with good and those with evil spirits. Sectarians believed that a man’s spirit could be judged physically. The Jews believe that they are God’s chosen people, and as such they have a series of covenants with Yahweh. The sectarians believe that they are a remnant of true believers that have not strayed from God. Thus, the ‘New Covenant’ is actually a renewal of their existing agreement.
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Harvey, Paul. The Bible in the Civil War. Edited by Paul C. Gutjahr. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258849.013.10.
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Americans of the Civil War era expressed considerable certainty about how biblical passages applied to the dramatic contemporary events of 1861‒1865. Clergy, laypeople, and soldiers on both sides freely divined God’s purposes in history and suggested scriptures to back up their often apocalyptic prognostications. As with the battle for the Bible in the slavery controversy, however, the standard mode of biblical exegesis for mid-nineteenth-century Protestants, common-sense realism, provided such a plethora of answers about the meaning of contemporary events that there was no clear answer. The Bible did not speak plainly. More than just about any theologian or minister, Abraham Lincoln understood that and articulated it in 1865.
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Hill QC, Mark. The Canons of the Church of England. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807568.003.0009.
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This section presents the canons of the Church of England. It begins with a background on the Church of England, focusing on the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, The Book of Common Prayer, and the form and manner of making, ordaining, and consecrating of bishops, priests, and deacons, along with the doctrine and government of the Church, the royal supremacy, and schisms within the Church of Christ. The chapter proceeds by discussing the Church's divine service and administration of the sacraments; church ministers, their irdination, functions, and charge; the order of deaconesses; the lay officers of the Church; things appertaining to churches; the ecclesiastical courts; and the synods of the Church. Finally, it explains how any canon to the repealed enactment may be interpreted.
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Payne, Andrew. The Form of the Good I. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799023.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the premise that understanding the Form of the Good is the unintended end or purpose of philosophic inquiry in the sense of Plato’s functional teleology of action. It begins the presentation of this theme by introducing the three images that Socrates uses to convey his beliefs about the Form of the Good: the Sun, the Divided Line, and the Cave. A motif common to these images is the role of vision as an analogue to knowledge. Plato’s theory of vision in the Timaeus is examined in detail. The image of the Divided Line in particular conveys the thought that we exercise vision for the sake of directing our thought toward intelligible objects. The present chapter concludes with an overview of the comparison Plato frequently employs between vision and knowledge.
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Fischer, Lewis R., ed. The Market for Seamen in the Age of Sail. Liverpool University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9780969588566.001.0001.
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This volume collects eight essays that all attempt to answer two key concerns: did markets for seafarers exist in the age of sail; and, if so, were these markets efficient? The question was initially approach by Charles Kindleberger, who claims a market is efficient if it permits free access for employer and employee, is supply and demand match balance so that wages increase, and that labour must command the same price across the market. The first four focus on the broadly defined early-modern period, and all agree on the existence of the markets but are divided over whether or not they are efficient. The second section asks the same questions of the nineteenth century, and receives similar answers. All of the essays take issue with the definition and application of the term ‘efficiency’ when approaching their conclusions. Each author is considered an expert within their field, and all base their research on the North Atlantic.
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Max, du Plessis. Part III The Right to Justice, C Restrictions on Rules of Law Justified By Action to Combat Impunity, Principle 27 Restrictions on Justifications Related to Due Obedience, Superior Responsibility, and Official Status. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0031.
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Principle 27 deals with restrictions on justifications related to the doctrines of due obedience, superior responsibility, and official status. The defence of due obedience (or superior orders) is premised on the notion that orders must be obeyed and that subordinates often have little or no discretion to refuse to abide by orders of their superiors. The doctrine of command responsibility (or superior criminal responsibility), a creation of international criminal law, states that superiors are criminally liable if they fail to prevent or punish the crimes committed by their subordinates. Under international law in respect to international crimes, immunities are divided into functional immunity (immunity ratione materiae) and personal immunity (immunity ratione personae). This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 27 before discussing its theoretical framework and how the doctrines of due obedience, superior responsibility, and official status have been applied in practice.
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Watson, Max, Caroline Lucas, Andrew Hoy, and Jo Wells. Paediatric palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234356.003.0025.
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This chapter on paediatric palliative care covers who needs paediatric palliative care, the differences between paediatric and adult palliative care, ethical issues, psychosocial needs in paediatric palliative care, supporting the sick child, supporting parents, parents’ needs and the role of the health professional, sibling needs, community-based care, bereavement, strategies for self-care, and the Association for Children with Life Threatening or Terminal Conditions and their Families (ACT) Charter. The second half of the chapter is divided into the common symptoms experienced by very ill children and outlines a management system for each. There is also an emergency drugs summary.
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Martin, Denis-Constant. Sounding the Cape: Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa. African Minds, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/978-1-920489-82-3.
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For several centuries Cape Town has accommodated a great variety of musical genres which have usually been associated with specific population groups living in and around the city. Musical styles and genres produced in Cape Town have therefore been assigned an ìidentityî which is first and foremost social. This volume tries to question the relationship established between musical styles and genres, and social --in this case pseudo-racial --identities. In Sounding the Cape, Denis-Constant Martin recomposes and examines through the theoretical prism of creolisation the history of music in Cape Town, deploying analytical tools borrowed from the most recent studies of identity configurations. He demonstrates that musical creation in the Mother City, and in South Africa, has always been nurtured by contacts, exchanges and innovations whatever the efforts made by racist powers to separate and divide people according to their origin. Musicians interviewed at the dawn of the 21st century confirm that mixture and blending characterise all Cape Town's musics. They also emphasise the importance of a rhythmic pattern particular to Cape Town, the ghoema beat, whose origins are obviously mixed. The study of music demonstrates that the history of Cape Town, and of South Africa as a whole, undeniably fostered creole societies. Yet, twenty years after the collapse of apartheid, these societies are still divided along lines that combine economic factors and 'racial'categorisations. Martin concludes that, were music given a greater importance in educational and cultural policies, it could contribute to fighting these divisions and promote the notion of a nation that, in spite of the violence of racism and apartheid, has managed to invent a unique common culture.
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Loke, Alexander. Insights from Comparing the Contract Laws of Asia on Formation and Third Party Beneficiaries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0023.
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This chapter draws out the insights and lessons that the chapters in this book reveal. A broad divide in the philosophical foundations of contract can be found in the bargain theory of contract and the theory of contract as the concordant expression of wills. These help make sense of the starting points adopted by jurisdictions situated in different legal traditions, though the final resolution might very well take surprising turns given that jurisdictions tend to be pluralistic in selecting the rules to be transplanted. At the same time, functional convergence often occurs despite disparate analytical approaches, whether because of a common sense of the just solution, the influence of international norms, or the imperative to honour parties’ agreements. A useful operating precept is to be conscious of the forces of convergence while being alert to the values and policy considerations which finally determine the legal outcomes.
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Pearce, Kenneth L. Language and the Structure of Berkeley's World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198790334.001.0001.
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According to George Berkeley, there is fundamentally nothing in the world but minds and their ideas. Ideas are understood as pure phenomenal ‘feels’ which are momentarily had by a single perceiver, then vanish. Surprisingly, Berkeley tries to sell this idealistic philosophical system as a defense of common sense and an aid to science. However, both common sense and Newtonian science take the perceived world to be highly structured in a way that Berkeley’s system does not appear to allow. This book argues that Berkeley’s solution to this problem lies in his innovative philosophy of language. The solution works at two levels. At the first level, it is by means of our conventions for the use of physical object talk that we impose structure on the world. At a deeper level, the orderliness of the world is explained by the fact that, according to Berkeley, the world itself is a discourse ‘spoken’ by God—the world is literally an object of linguistic interpretation. The structure that our physical object talk—in common sense and in Newtonian physics—aims to capture is the grammatical structure of this divine discourse. This approach yields surprising consequences for some of the most discussed issues in Berkeley’s metaphysics. Most notably, it is argued that, in Berkeley’s view, physical objects are neither ideas nor collections of ideas. Rather, physical objects, like forces, are mere quasi-entities brought into being by our linguistic practices.
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della Cananea, Giacinto, and Roberto Caranta, eds. Tort Liability of Public Authorities in European Laws. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867555.001.0001.
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This book is the first in a series which explores if, and to what extent, there is a common core of shared and connecting elements within the legal systems. It looks at government liability in tort as an entry point for the whole comparative research on the ‘common core of European administrative laws’. The book focuses on administrative procedure. It is divided into four parts. Part I sets the stage, explains the distinctive features of the new research, and deals with issues in methodology. Part II looks briefly at the constitutional and cultural framework in which government liability operates. Part III focuses on the main research done by presenting the case studies and supplying the answers to the hypothetical cases, which are at the heart of the ‘factual method’. Finally, Part IV compares and contrasts the information provided from Part III. It examines both the commonalities and the distinctive traits of these legal systems with a view to understanding their ‘common core’.
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McKenny, Gerald. Karl Barth's Moral Thought. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845528.001.0001.
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Does theological ethics articulate moral norms with the assistance of moral philosophy? Or does it leave that task to moral philosophy alone while it describes a distinctively Christian way of acting or form of life? These questions lie at the heart of theological ethics as a discipline. Karl Barth’s theological ethics makes a strong case for the first alternative. This book follows Barth’s efforts to present God’s grace as a moral norm in his treatments of divine commands, moral reasoning, responsibility, and agency. It shows how Barth’s conviction that grace is the norm of human action generates problems for his ethics at nearly every turn, as it involves a moral good that confronts human beings from outside rather than perfecting them as the kind of creature they are. Yet it defends Barth’s insistence on the right of theology to articulate moral norms, and it shows how Barth may lead theological ethics to exercise that right in a more compelling way than he did.
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Nissinen, Martti. Constructing Prophetic Divination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808558.003.0001.
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This chapter lays the theoretical foundation of the book, defining prophecy as a non-technical, or inspired, form of divination, in which the prophet acts as an intermediary of divine knowledge. It is argued that prophecy is as much a scholarly construct as a historical phenomenon documented in Near Eastern, biblical, as well as Greek textual sources. The knowledge of the historical phenomenon depends essentially on the genre and purpose of the source material which, however, is very fragmentary and, due to its secondary nature, does not yield a full and balanced picture of ancient prophecy. The chapter also discusses the purpose of comparative studies, arguing that they are necessary, not primarily to reveal the influence of one source on the other, but to identify a common category of ancient Eastern Mediterranean prophecy.
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Strong, Rowan. Emigrant Christianity 1880–c.1914. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724247.003.0007.
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This chapter looks at emigrants’ religious experiences in the final decades of the Victorian and Edwardian periods, when emigration took place either in larger wooden sailing ships, or in steamships. These larger vessels made religious encounters across the various classes of passengers less common, but such encounters as did occur are found to be broadly similar to those in previous decades, with both the maintenance of religious difference and new sympathies across religious divides occurring. There were common elements that facilitated this experience. So the conclusion is reached that their particular form of Christianity was important to many emigrants, and the emigrant voyage gave quite a number of emigrants a surprising experience of religious similarity with different Christian denominations. These factors made Christianity a more central aspect of British colonial societies than has been maintained historically.
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Dunlop, Storm. 8. Localized weather. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199571314.003.0008.
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Although certain weather events, such as violent tornadoes, affect relatively small areas on the ground, there are a number of effects that are localized in their influence. ‘Localized weather’ first considers fog, which may be associated with widespread anticyclonic conditions leading to a significant drop in temperature at night, and relatively quiet, or windless, conditions. The two common forms of fog are radiation fog and advection fog. Haze and smog are also discussed along with local winds divided into two groups: sea, land, and lake breezes; and valley and mountain winds. Katabatic winds, föhn conditions, lake effect snow, ice storms, and glaze (or ‘black ice’) are also considered.
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Wood, W. Jay. Christian Theories of Virtue. Edited by Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.44.
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This chapter surveys important points of development in Christian thinking about the virtues. Christians have not been the only champions of virtue for the last two millennia. The centrality of imitating and following Christ to achieve one’s true telos has, however, put a very distinctive stamp on Christian thinking about what qualities of character count as virtues. Moral and theological virtues such as humility, compassion, hope, and love are largely absent from cultural landscapes Christians have shared with other virtue traditions. Even traits named in common with other virtue traditions take on a distinctive Christian form when situated within the Christian narrative. Despite the differences among Christians about how to think about particular virtues, or even whether the virtue tradition is the best way to think about the moral life, they agree that all stand in need of divine aid if they are to achieve Christlikeness.
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Speed, Cathy. Tennis injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0053.
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Tennis is a game of power and endurance, involving running, cutting, sprinting, stopping and starting, lunging, rotation, and smashing. It is played on different surfaces with rackets that can differ significantly in their characteristics and by individuals over a wide range of age and fitness. Injuries in tennis are common and can be related to one or more of these factors, which can be broadly divided into intrinsic and extrinsic types (...
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Meyer, Michel. The common operators in figures and arguments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199691821.003.0004.
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There are four basic operators common to figurative speech and argumentation—approval, disapproval, and between the two, modification and addition. These operate at different levels: as identity, difference, inference, and opposition; as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony; and they can also define the four possible types of audience responses. Four sets of operators, =, +, ±, and – span the spectrum from acquiescence to rejection, and correspond to four types of audiences which perform these acts of adherence, requalification, addition, and contradiction. These four basic operators can already be found in Aristotle, but they are also present in contemporary rhetoric (e.g. the General Rhetoric of the Group Mu). Figures and arguments, though different, are for the same reason divided into four basic classes.
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Knoll and, Benjamin R., and Cammie Jo Bolin. Support and Skepticism Regarding Women’s Ordination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882365.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on why some people support women’s ordination while others oppose it. It takes a deep dive into face-to-face personal narrative interviews to uncover the common themes and patterns of explanations that people give to justify their positions. It uncovers a few key themes that are common to individuals in a variety of religious traditions, including scriptural authority, personal experiences, and gender stereotypes about the gifts and talents that men and women possess. It is striking that despite interviewees’ reasons for supporting or opposing women’s ordination, many indicated they would gladly change their position if their congregation changed its policy. Middle-aged and older women, however, seem to have the most difficulty overall accepting women as pastors.
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Singh, Harminder, Smeer Salam, and Theodore H. Schwartz. Endocrine Silent Pituitary Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0016.
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Pituitary adenomas are the most common intracranial neoplasms in adults, with a prevalence of 7% to 17%. Clinically, they can be divided into 2 categories based on whether they secrete pituitary hormones: functional (secretory) and nonfunctional (nonsecretory or endocrine silent) adenomas. The biologic latency of nonfunctional (endocrine silent) adenomas makes them usually diagnosed at the stage of macro (>1 cm) and giant (>4 cm) adenomas. Because these tumors are nonfunctioning, their primary symptoms are due to mass effect, particularly on the optic chiasm and normal pituitary gland and stalk superiorly, and the cavernous sinus laterally. Visual field disturbance is the most common presenting complaint, followed by pituitary dysfunction and headaches. Surgical outcomes, therefore, are aimed at determining visual outcome in addition to rates of gross total resection, recurrence, and postoperative pituitary dysfunction. Several recent case series have documented the increased success of the endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal approach for resecting nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, particularly in relation to the classic open cranial and microsurgical transsphenoidal techniques.
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Stone, Michael E. Other Secret Jewish Groups and Traditions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842383.003.0006.
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We look at some of the other secret groups in Second Temple Judaism: magicians, schools of magic and divination, priestly craft societies, and Hasideans. The possible connections of ultra-pietist groups mentioned in Rabbinic sources to the Essenes is noted, but regarded as unproven. Ḥāburôt and their possible Qumranite connections. The extreme concern with ritual purity is common to many groups. The possible debt of the Karaites to the Qumranite tradition is discussed and traditions about discovery of books in caves. The origin in such a discovery of the text transmitted WQQ by the Geniza copies of the Damascus Document is considered. The role of ritual purity in very many of known Second Temple period social groups is examined. Is it possible for human ability to comprehend the Divine? What mysteries, if any, did the ancient texts reveal? The differences and similarities among these texts are explored.
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Nissinen, Martti. Prophetic Intermediation in the Ancient Near East. Edited by Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.1.
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The chapter serves as an introduction to the written evidence of the historical phenomenon of prophecy in the ancient Near East. Prophecy is understood as intermediation of divine knowledge by non-technical means, constituting one of the many modes of divination. The documents of ancient Near Eastern prophecy are scarce and their chronological or geographical distribution is uneven, the majority of texts deriving from Mari (seventeenth century B.C.E.) and Assyria (seventh century B.C.E.). Nevertheless, the phenomenon can be observed across the Near East, allowing a historical and phenomenological comparison with the later evidence of Greek oracles. The chapter surveys the prophetic phenomenon from the perspectives of writing and literary interpretation, spirit possession, gender, and the relationships of prophets with religious and political institutions. Enough commonalities are found in the Near Eastern, Greek, and biblical texts to warrant the assumption of the existence of a common ancient Eastern Mediterranean prophetic phenomenon.
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Herzog, Lisa. Reclaiming the System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830405.001.0001.
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The world of wage labour seems to have become a soulless machine, an engine of social and environmental destruction. Employees seem to be nothing but ‘cogs’ in this system—but is this true? Located at the intersection of political theory, moral philosophy, and business ethics, this book questions the picture of the world of work as a ‘system’. Hierarchical organizations, both in the public and in the private sphere, have specific features of their own. This does not mean, however, that they cannot leave room for moral responsibility, and maybe even human flourishing. Drawing on detailed empirical case studies, Lisa Herzog analyses the nature of organizations from a normative perspective: their rule-bound character, the ways in which they deal with divided knowledge, and organizational cultures and their relation to morality. She asks how individual agency and organizational structures would have to mesh to avoid common moral pitfalls. She develops the notion of ‘transformational agency’, which refers to a critical, creative way of engaging with one’s organizational role while remaining committed to basic moral norms. The last part zooms out to the political and institutional changes that would be required to re-embed organizations into a just society. Whether we submit to ‘the system’ or try to reclaim it, Herzog argues, is a question of eminent political importance in our globalized world.
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Watson, Francis, and Sarah Parkhouse, eds. Connecting Gospels. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814801.001.0001.
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By the late second century, early Christian gospels had been divided into two groups by a canonical boundary that assigned normative status to four of them while consigning their competitors to the margins. The project of this volume is to find ways to reconnect these divided texts. The primary aim is not to address the question whether the canonical/non-canonical distinction reflects substantive and objectively verifiable differences between the two bodies of texts—although that issue may arise at various points. Starting from the assumption that, in spite of their differences, all early gospels express a common belief in the absolute significance of Jesus and his earthly career, the intention is to make their interconnectedness fruitful for interpretation. The approach taken is thematic and comparative: a selected theme or topic is traced across two or more gospels on either side of the canonical boundary, and the resulting convergences and divergences shed light not least on the canonical texts themselves as they are read from new and unfamiliar vantage points. The outcome is to demonstrate that early gospel literature can be regarded as a single field of study, in contrast to the overwhelming predominance of the canonical four characteristic of traditional gospels scholarship.
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Cohen, Charles L. The Abrahamic Religions: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190654344.001.0001.
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Connected by their mutual—if differentiated—veneration of the One God proclaimed by Abraham, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam compose a family of related traditions. The Abrahamic Religions: A Very Short Introduction explores their intertwined histories and the ways in which encounters among their adherents have helped construct their own independent religious identities from antiquity to the present. Those identities have not been fixed and static, but have rather reflected particular historical contexts. The political arrangements in which the religions emerged and intermingled—notably, their changing relationships to state power—have figured importantly in their development. The common heritages of the Abrahamic religions have both brought them together and divided them.
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Lee, Jongkyung. Passages outside of chs 13–23 that express inclusivity towards the nations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816768.003.0009.
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In this chapter, the passages that sound positive towards the nations in the book of Isaiah outside of chs 13-23 are surveyed and discussed in the order of their presumed date of composition. A particular interest in the positive future for the nations began to take a meaningful place in the book through the introduction of 2:2-4 in the exilic period. Various aspects were added to the vision of 2:2-4 at different periods such as: 1) compassion towards the nations that had experienced divine judgement in a way comparable to Israel; 2) the nations’ subservience towards Israel in the new world-order; 3) visions about lowered cultic boundaries between Israel and the nations; and 4) Zion becoming one of many places of YHWH’s dominion. Of these, the first two aspects (with greater emphasis on the first) were what our hypothesized late-exilic passages in chs 13-23 have in common.
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Kuehn, Evan F. Troeltsch's Eschatological Absolute. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197506653.001.0001.
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This study argues that the core of Ernst Troeltsch’s theological project is an eschatological conception of the Absolute. Troeltsch developed his idea of the Absolute from post-Kantian religious and philosophical thought and applied it to the Christian doctrine of eschatology. Troeltsch’s eschatological Absolute must be understood in the context of questions being raised at the turn of the twentieth century by research on New Testament apocalypticism, as well as by modern critical methodologies in the historical sciences. The study is a revisionist response to common approaches to Troeltsch that read him as introducing problematic historicist and immanentist assumptions into Christian theology. Instead it argues that Troeltsch’s theological modernism presents a compelling account of the meaningfulness of history while retaining a commitment to divine transcendence that is unconditioned by history. As such, his theology remains relevant to theological research today, well beyond theological circles that normally take Troeltsch’s legacy to contribute in a constructive way to their work.
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Nolte, David D. Introduction to Modern Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844624.001.0001.
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Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time (2nd Edition) combines the topics of modern dynamics—chaos theory, dynamics on complex networks and the geometry of dynamical spaces—into a coherent framework. This text is divided into four parts: Geometric Mechanics, Nonlinear Dynamics, Complex Systems, and Relativity. These topics share a common and simple mathematical language that helps students gain a unified physical intuition. Geometric mechanics lays the foundation and sets the tone for the rest of the book by emphasizing dynamical spaces, like state space and phase space, whose geometric properties define the set of all trajectories through those spaces. The section on nonlinear dynamics has chapters on chaos theory, synchronization, and networks. Chaos theory provides the language and tools to understand nonlinear systems, introducing fixed points that are classified through stability analysis and nullclines that shepherd system trajectories. Synchronization and networks are central paradigms in this book because they demonstrate how collective behavior emerges from the interactions of many individual nonlinear elements. The section on complex systems contains chapters on neural dynamics, evolutionary dynamics, and economic dynamics. The final section contains chapters on metric spaces and the special and general theories of relativity. In the second edition, sections on conventional topics, like applications of Lagrangians, have been strengthened, as well as being updated to provide a modern perspective. Several of the introductory chapters have been rearranged for improved logical flow and there are expanded homework problems at the end of each chapter.