Journal articles: 'Divisible and indivisible obligations'

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Petrov, V. "Joint and several liability and separate liability of the heirs for hereditable obligations – short comparative and historical overview." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 28, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2018.4.21.

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The article researches the different approaches for regulation of the liability of the heirs for hereditable obligations. Historical and comparative researches were made. The European legislations can be divided in two big groups. The legislations form the first group set a separate liability of the heirs - each one of them owes only a part of the debt equal to his share of the estate. The legislations of France, Ukraine, Bulgaria, etc. are included in this group. The legislations from the second group govern joint and several liability for the heirs. A creditor of the estate has a right to demand an enforcement of the whole size of hereditable obligation from one of the heirs and this enforcement releases all of the heirs from their liability. This group includes the civil legislations of German, Switzerland, Spain, Russian federation, Macedonia, etc. The author position is that the separate liability is more proper for regulation of the heir’s liability for hereditable debts. Historical, comparative and theleological methods are used for proof of this thesis. The historical development of this liability from Roman private law is traced and researched. A short overview of the aims of each one of the two kinds of liability is made in the article. The joint and several liability protects only the interest of the creditors of the estate. It is considered in the doctrine as a debt security. The separate liability protects the interest not only of the creditors, but of the heirs too. But only the liability for divisible obligations is separate. The liability for indivisible obligations is joint and liability. The separate liability can’t be applicable for them because of the specific of this kind of obligations.

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Arnoult, Julien. "Indivisible territory and divisible cabinets: Introduction." Tocqueville Review/La revue Tocqueville 35, no. 2 (2014): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/toc.2014.0020.

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McNeill, William H. "Review Article: Our World: Divisible or Indivisible?" Journal of Contemporary History 37, no. 3 (July 2002): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220094020370031001.

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Levy, Omer, Rann Smorodinsky, and Moshe Tennenholtz. "Undivide and Conquer: On Selling a Divisible and Homogeneous Good." B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejte-2014-0002.

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AbstractWith the prevalence of cloud computing emerges the challenges of pricing cloud computing services. There are various characteristics of cloud computing which make the problem unique. We study an abstract model which focuses on one such aspect – the sale of a homogeneous and fully divisible good. We cast onto our model the idea of bundling, studied within the context of monopolist pricing of indivisible goods. We demonstrate how selling a divisible good as an indivisible one may increase seller revenues and characterize when this phenomenon occurs, and the corresponding gain factors.

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Bei, Xiaohui, Zihao Li, Jinyan Liu, Shengxin Liu, and Xinhang Lu. "Fair Division of Mixed Divisible and Indivisible Goods." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 02 (April 3, 2020): 1814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i02.5548.

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We study the problem of fair division when the resources contain both divisible and indivisible goods. Classic fairness notions such as envy-freeness (EF) and envy-freeness up to one good (EF1) cannot be directly applied to the mixed goods setting. In this work, we propose a new fairness notion envy-freeness for mixed goods (EFM), which is a direct generalization of both EF and EF1 to the mixed goods setting. We prove that an EFM allocation always exists for any number of agents. We also propose efficient algorithms to compute an EFM allocation for two agents and for n agents with piecewise linear valuations over the divisible goods. Finally, we relax the envy-free requirement, instead asking for ϵ-envy-freeness for mixed goods (ϵ-EFM), and present an algorithm that finds an ϵ-EFM allocation in time polynomial in the number of agents, the number of indivisible goods, and 1/ϵ.

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Bei, Xiaohui, Zihao Li, Jinyan Liu, Shengxin Liu, and Xinhang Lu. "Fair division of mixed divisible and indivisible goods." Artificial Intelligence 293 (April 2021): 103436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2020.103436.

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Kats, Amoz, and Yair Tauman. "Coalition production economies with divisible and indivisible inputs." Journal of Mathematical Economics 14, no. 1 (January 1985): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4068(85)90024-2.

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Fallah-Moghaddam, R., and H. Moshtagh. "Radicability condition on GLn(D)." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 17, no. 11 (November 2018): 1850203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498818502031.

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Given an indivisible field [Formula: see text], let [Formula: see text] be a finite dimensional noncommutative [Formula: see text]-central division algebra. It is shown that if [Formula: see text] is radicable, then [Formula: see text] is the ordinary quaternion division algebra and [Formula: see text] is divisible. Also, it is shown that when [Formula: see text] is a field of characteristic zero and [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is radicable if and only if for any field extension [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] is divisible.

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BASU, PARANTAP, and THOMAS I. RENSTRÖM. "OPTIMAL DYNAMIC LABOR TAXATION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 11, no. 5 (July 5, 2007): 567–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100507060221.

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We analyze optimal dynamic taxation when labor supply is indivisible. As in Hansen (1985) and Rogerson (1988), markets are complete, and an employment lottery determines who works. The consumer can buy insurance to diversify this income uncertainty. The optimal wage tax is generally positive except for some special cases when leisure is nonnormal and the government can use debt as a policy instrument in addition to its tax instruments. We derive a HARA class of preferences, for which we characterize the dynamic paths of the wage tax. The optimal paths of the labor tax differ between divisible- and indivisible-labor economies.

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10

Rubchinsky, Alexander. "Brams–Taylor model of fair division for divisible and indivisible items." Mathematical Social Sciences 60, no. 1 (July 2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2010.03.004.

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Koshevoy, Gleb A., and Dolf Talman. "Competitive equilibria in economies with multiple indivisible and multiple divisible commodities." Journal of Mathematical Economics 42, no. 2 (April 2006): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmateco.2005.10.001.

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Carrasco, José A., and Lones Smith. "Search at the Margin." American Economic Review 107, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 3146–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151579.

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We extend search theory to multiple indivisible units and perfectly divisible assets, solving them respectively with induction and recursion. Buyer demands and prices are random, and the seller can partially exercise orders. With divisible assets, the Bellman value function is increasing and strictly concave, and the optimal reservation price falls in the position, reflecting increasing holding costs (opportunity cost of delaying optionality for inframarginal units). The marginal value exists, and is strictly convex with a falling purchase cap density. Our model is amenable to price-quantity bargaining; e.g., greater buyer bargaining power is tantamount to greater search frictions. (JEL C61, C78, D25, D83, G31)

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Lazimy, Rafael. "Portfolio selection with divisible and indivisible assets: Mathematical algorithm and economic analysis." Annals of Operations Research 152, no. 1 (December 9, 2006): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-006-0141-5.

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Tortia, Ermanno C. "Accumulation of capital and divisible reserves in labour managed firms." Corporate Ownership and Control 2, no. 3 (2005): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv2i3p2.

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The problem of the accumulation of capital in labour managed firms and worker cooperatives has been attracting considerable attention by past research. The Furubotn-Pejovich effect is considered to be the source undercapitalisation. The paper seeks to show that the presence of undercapitalisation is due to a specific mechanism of reinvestment, i.e. reinvestment of self-financed capital funds in indivisible reserves. The introduction of divisible reserves appropriable by worker members at some point in time would solve the horizon problem. However, it is likely to engender new and unexplored problems connected with the way in which net surpluses are distributed, the reinvestment of individual shares of net surpluses and the reimbursement of individual capital quotas.

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Demeshko, Inna. "MORPHONOLOGICAL TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF BASES VERBS OF WORD- FORMING UNITS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (April 2021): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-207-212.

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The article describes the morphonological structure of word- forming units with indivisible and divisible bases verbs is clarified in the article and the morphonological types and properties of bases verbs of word-forming units in the Ukrainian language are determined. The morphonological structure of word-forming units is determined by the structure of the apical verb, morphonological transformations, morphonological positions, morphonological type, morphonological model. The ending of the verb base, which undergoes changes under the influence of the initial of the formant, signalize morphonological transformations. All word-forming units with an inarticulate verb are divited among 22 morphonological types, with an indivisible verb is divided between 50 morphonological types, notice the character of the verb base, complex morphonological transformations (consonant or vocal alternations, types of final consonant base), open, closed), increase of radical or suffix morpheme, change of accent positions (shift of emphasis on root or suffix morpheme). Morphonologically marked deverbatives of substantive, adjectival, verbative, adverbial blocks are analyzed. The character of realization and regularity of morphonological phenomena in word formation during the formation of deverbatives are influenced by structural and phonemic properties, characteristics of creative bases and word-forming affixes, features of the contact zone on the morpheme seam, stress position, truncation, number of syllables. Indivisible verb bases are characterized by open and closed verb bases, divisible verb bases are characterized only by open verb bases. For articulated verb bases, the open structure of the suffix (V, VCV) is typical, open or cover-open (CV). Analyzing the bases verbs of word-forming units in the Ukrainian language, it is appropriate to take into count the indivisibility and divisibility of bases verbs, the final formative basis, variability / non-variability of verb bases, formant initials, morphonological transformations, morphonological positions, presence / absence of constraints in compatibility.

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Bataineh, Sameer, and Bassam Al-Asir. "Efficient scheduling algorithm for divisible and indivisible tasks in loosely coupled multiprocessor systems." Software Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (1994): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/sej.1994.0003.

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Koshevoy, Gleb, and Dolf Talman. "Competitive equilibria in economies with multiple divisible and indivisible commodities and without money." Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications 6, no. 2 (December 2009): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11784-009-0133-6.

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18

DIMIER, VÉRONIQUE. "For a Republic ‘Diverse and Indivisible’? France's Experience from the Colonial Past." Contemporary European History 13, no. 1 (February 2004): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777303001462.

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The constitutional debate around the establishment of the Union Française (1946) is examined here as part of a long-term debate between two competing definitions of the nation and the republic: an integrating and ‘jacobin’ one, which aimed at moulding the colonial empire along the lines of the ‘one and indivisible’ republic, and another, ‘Girondin’ and contextual one, that saw the Union Française as a possible means of carving out a diverse, possibly divisible, republic. Two different ways of considering both French citizenship and the hybrid citizenship of the Union Française as put together in the Constitution of 1946 developed out of those two conceptions.

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Manurangsi, Pasin, and Warut Suksompong. "When Do Envy-Free Allocations Exist?" Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 2109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33012109.

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We consider a fair division setting in which m indivisible items are to be allocated among n agents, where the agents have additive utilities and the agents’ utilities for individual items are independently sampled from a distribution. Previous work has shown that an envy-free allocation is likely to exist when m = Ω (n log n) but not when m = n + o (n), and left open the question of determining where the phase transition from non-existence to existence occurs. We show that, surprisingly, there is in fact no universal point of transition— instead, the transition is governed by the divisibility relation between m and n. On the one hand, if m is divisible by n, an envy-free allocation exists with high probability as long as m ≥ 2n. On the other hand, if m is not “almost” divisible by , an envy-free allocation is unlikely to exist even when m = Θ(n log n)/log log n).

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Farhadi, Alireza, Mohammad Ghodsi, Mohammad Taghi Hajiaghayi, Sébastien Lahaie, David Pennock, Masoud Seddighin, Saeed Seddighin, and Hadi Yami. "Fair Allocation of Indivisible Goods to Asymmetric Agents." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 64 (January 7, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11291.

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We study fair allocation of indivisible goods to agents with unequal entitlements. Fair allocation has been the subject of many studies in both divisible and indivisible settings. Our emphasis is on the case where the goods are indivisible and agents have unequal entitlements. This problem is a generalization of the work by Procaccia and Wang (2014) wherein the agents are assumed to be symmetric with respect to their entitlements. Although Procaccia and Wang show an almost fair (constant approximation) allocation exists in their setting, our main result is in sharp contrast to their observation. We show that, in some cases with n agents, no allocation can guarantee better than 1/n approximation of a fair allocation when the entitlements are not necessarily equal. Furthermore, we devise a simple algorithm that ensures a 1/n approximation guarantee. Our second result is for a restricted version of the problem where the valuation of every agent for each good is bounded by the total value he wishes to receive in a fair allocation. Although this assumption might seem without loss of generality, we show it enables us to find a 1/2 approximation fair allocation via a greedy algorithm. Finally, we run some experiments on real-world data and show that, in practice, a fair allocation is likely to exist. We also support our experiments by showing positive results for two stochastic variants of the problem, namely stochastic agents and stochastic items.

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Estañ, Teresa, Natividad Llorca, Ricardo Martínez, and Joaquín Sánchez-Soriano. "On the Difficulty of Budget Allocation in Claims Problems with Indivisible Items and Prices." Group Decision and Negotiation 30, no. 5 (June 29, 2021): 1133–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10726-021-09750-1.

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AbstractIn this paper we study the class of claims problems where the amount to be divided is perfectly divisible and claims are made on indivisible units of several items. Each item has a price, and the available amount falls short to be able to cover all the claims at the given prices. We propose several properties that may be of interest in this particular framework. These properties represent the common principles of fairness, efficiency, and non-manipulability by merging or splitting. Efficiency is our focal principle, which is formalized by means of two axioms: non-wastefulness and Pareto efficiency. We show that some combinations of the properties we consider are compatible, others are not.

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Barton, Neil, Claudio Ternullo, and Giorgio Venturi. "On Forms of Justification in Set Theory." Australasian Journal of Logic 17, no. 4 (September 22, 2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/ajl.v17i4.6579.

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In the contemporary philosophy of set theory, discussion of new axiomsthat purport to resolve independence necessitates an explanation of howthey come to bejustified. Ordinarily, justification is divided into two broadkinds:intrinsicjustification relates to how ‘intuitively plausible’ an axiomis, whereasextrinsicjustification supports an axiom by identifying certain‘desirable’ consequences. This paper puts pressure on how this distinctionis formulated and construed. In particular, we argue that the distinction asoften presented is neitherwell-demarcatednor sufficientlyprecise. Instead, wesuggest that the process of justification in set theory should not be thoughtof as neatly divisible in this way, but should rather be understood as a con-ceptually indivisible notion linked to the goal ofexplanation.

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Ahn, Hyun-Soo, Derek D. Wang, and Owen Q. Wu. "Asset Selling Under Debt Obligations." Operations Research 69, no. 4 (July 2021): 1305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.2019.1961.

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We extend the classical asset-selling problem to include debt repayment obligation, selling capacity constraint, and Markov price evolution. Specifically, we consider the problem of selling a divisible asset that is acquired through debt financing. The amount of asset that can be sold per period may be limited by physical constraints. The seller uses part of the sales revenue to repay the debt. If unable to pay off the debt, the seller must go bankrupt and liquidate the remaining asset. Our analysis reveals that in the presence of debt, the optimal asset-selling policy must take into account two opposing forces: an incentive to sell part of the asset early to secure debt payment and an incentive to delay selling the asset to capture revenue potential under limited liability. We analyze how these two forces, originating from debt financing, will distort the seller’s optimal policy.

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Goldberg, Paul W., Alexandros Hollender, and Warut Suksompong. "Contiguous Cake Cutting: Hardness Results and Approximation Algorithms." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 02 (April 3, 2020): 1990–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i02.5570.

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We study the fair allocation of a cake, which serves as a metaphor for a divisible resource, under the requirement that each agent should receive a contiguous piece of the cake. While it is known that no finite envy-free algorithm exists in this setting, we exhibit efficient algorithms that produce allocations with low envy among the agents. We then establish NP-hardness results for various decision problems on the existence of envy-free allocations, such as when we fix the ordering of the agents or constrain the positions of certain cuts. In addition, we consider a discretized setting where indivisible items lie on a line and show a number of hardness results strengthening those from prior work.

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Milz, Manfred. "Bergsonian Vitalism and the Landscape Paintings of Monet and Cézanne: Indivisible Consciousness and Endlessly Divisible Matter." European Legacy 16, no. 7 (December 2011): 883–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2011.626191.

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26

Glasner, Ruth. "IBN RUSHD'S THEORY OF MINIMA NATURALIA." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 11, no. 1 (March 2001): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423901001023.

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The essence of the theory of minima naturalia is the contention that a physical body is not infinitely divisible qua that specific body. A drop of water cannot be divided again and again and still maintain its “wateriness”. There are several statements in Aristotle's Physics which suggest such an interpretation, and the theory of minima naturalia is commonly considered to have originated in the thirteenth century as an interpretation of these statements. The present paper is a preliminary presentation of the role of Ibn Rushd in the evolution of the theory, hitherto neglected. His theory developed not only as an elaboration on the “suitable” statements of Aristotle, but mainly as an attempt to solve the difficulties raised by Aristotle's thesis (developed in Physics VI and VII) that body and motion are continuous, infinitely divisible entities and are associated qua such. According to Ibn Rushd's interpretation, body and motion are associated not qua being continuous but qua having indivisible minimal parts. It seems that Epicurus' and Ibn Rushd's theories of minima developed as responses to Physics VI and offer modifications of classical atomism and of classical Aristotelianism (respectively), which to a certain extent reduce the gap between these two systems.

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Barton, Neil, Claudio Ternullo, and Giorgio Venturi. "On Forms of Justification in Set Theory." Australasian Journal of Logic 17, no. 4 (September 21, 2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/ajl.v17i4.5354.

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In the contemporary philosophy of set theory, discussion of new axioms that purport to resolve independence necessitates an explanation of how they come to be justified. Ordinarily, justification is divided into two broad kinds: intrinsic justification relates to how ‘intuitively plausible’ an axiom is, whereas extrinsic justification supports an axiom by identifying certain ‘desirable’ consequences. This paper puts pressure on how this distinction is formulated and construed. In particular, we argue that the distinction as often presented is neither well-demarcated nor sufficiently precise. Instead, we suggest that the process of justification in set theory should not be thought of as neatly divisible in this way, but should rather be understood as a conceptually indivisible notion linked to the goal of explanation.

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Togeby, Ole. "Hvad er betydning?" HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 15, no. 29 (March 3, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v15i29.25690.

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In the same way as Descartes defined body and soul, linguistic expression and meaning can be defined as extensive and divisible and as inextensive and indivisible respectively. Linguistic meaning is analysed in a model containing 1) the situation or scene of communication, 2) the physical utterance act, 3) the inextensive thought which is what the utterance counts as, and 4) the situation that the thought is a representation of. The thought is inextensive in time and space, but organized in a logical hierarchy of conceptual meaning included in propositional meaning, included in informational meaning, included in interactional meaning. Such a model of linguistic meaning makes it possible to make a functional analysis of, among other things, the overwhelming amount of monosemiation of the almost always polysemic lexemes of language.

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Goldberg, Paul, Alexandros Hollender, and Warut Suksompong. "Contiguous Cake Cutting: Hardness Results and Approximation Algorithms." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 69 (September 22, 2020): 109–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12222.

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We study the fair allocation of a cake, which serves as a metaphor for a divisible resource, under the requirement that each agent should receive a contiguous piece of the cake. While it is known that no finite envy-free algorithm exists in this setting, we exhibit efficient algorithms that produce allocations with low envy among the agents. We then establish NP-hardness results for various decision problems on the existence of envy-free allocations, such as when we fix the ordering of the agents or constrain the positions of certain cuts. In addition, we consider a discretized setting where indivisible items lie on a line and show a number of hardness results extending and strengthening those from prior work. Finally, we investigate connections between approximate and exact envy-freeness, as well as between continuous and discrete cake cutting.

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Arunachaleswaran, Eshwar Ram, Siddharth Barman, and Nidhi Rathi. "Fair Division with a Secretive Agent." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 1732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011732.

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We study classic fair-division problems in a partial information setting. This paper respectively addresses fair division of rent, cake, and indivisible goods among agents with cardinal preferences. We will show that, for all of these settings and under appropriate valuations, a fair (or an approximately fair) division among n agents can be efficiently computed using only the valuations of n − 1 agents. The nth (secretive) agent can make an arbitrary selection after the division has been proposed and, irrespective of her choice, the computed division will admit an overall fair allocation.For the rent-division setting we prove that well-behaved utilities of n − 1 agents suffice to find a rent division among n rooms such that, for every possible room selection of the secretive agent, there exists an allocation (of the remaining n − 1 rooms among the n − 1 agents) which ensures overall envy freeness (fairness). We complement this existential result by developing a polynomial-time algorithm for the case of quasilinear utilities. In this partial information setting, we also develop efficient algorithms to compute allocations that are envy-free up to one good (EF1) and ε-approximate envy free. These two notions of fairness are applicable in the context of indivisible goods and divisible goods (cake cutting), respectively.One of the main technical contributions of this paper is the development of novel connections between different fairdivision paradigms, e.g., we use our existential results for envy-free rent-division to develop an efficient EF1 algorithm.

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Suárez Marrero, Pablo Alejandro. "Algunas consideraciones analíticas sobre el performance musical." Estudios Artísticos 4, no. 5 (July 2, 2018): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/25009311.13500.

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Con el presente trabajo se busca allanar la zanja que existe entre los abordajes tradicionales del discurso musical y los estudios de performance. Para la realización de investigaciones artísticas sobre performances musicales se debe tener en cuenta dicha expresión como subjetividad cambiante a lo largo de su devenir histórico, construido en las diversas “formas de hacer” que la da a conocer; y como objeto que perdura y es cognoscible a través de la escucha analítica de sus soportes de difusión. Entonces, para el abordaje crítico de los performances musicales resulta importante la triangulación de los resultados provenientes de diferentes estrategias analíticas, con los cuales se deconstruiría un todo único, divisible sólo a nivel epistemológico pero indivisible como forma particular de producción subjetiva. Esto redunda en las relaciones de condicionamiento mutuo existentes entre las expresiones artísticas y su marco generador, así como su uso en la conformación de un discurso performativo propio.

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Sen, Arijit. "On Allocation Contests for Publicly Provided Goods." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 7, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978718760445.

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In many countries, the government provides goods and services that are rival in consumption—essential commodities, such as water, public transportation and basic health care, and merit goods like professional education and tertiary health care. For such goods, the government has to specify allocation rules under which citizens can access them. Affluent citizens often have the incentive and the ability to influence public allocation rules by engaging in allocation contests. This article presents simple models of allocation contests for a divisible essential commodity and an indivisible merit good, and studies contest equilibria and their implications for social outcomes. Given allocation contests over public provision, falling public supply of an essential commodity can have magnified negative impact on social welfare, and raising the reservation quota of a publicly provided merit good for a set of disadvantaged citizens might effectively lower their access to the good. JEL: C72, D61, H42

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Surun, Isabelle. "Writing Sovereignty in Invisible Ink? Autochthonous Sovereignty and Territorial Appropriations in Nineteenth-Century Franco-African Treaties." Annales (English ed.) 69, no. 02 (June 2014): 187–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000741.

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Abstract This article focuses on the modes of territorial appropriation that characterized the transition from the old to the new colonial regime, when Europeans built their empires in Africa. It analyzes the juridical construction of colonial territorialities based on a corpus of treaties concluded between agents of the French colonial authority and African chiefs, an instrument of legal appropriation that has to date been little explored by historians of international law. Studying the terminology used in these treaties reveals the instability of these categories and the uncertainty of European negotiators regarding the meaning of the legal frameworks they sought to impose on African chiefs. During the last decades of the nineteenth century, the protectorate emerged as the most common legal arrangement for regulating the sharing or transfer of sovereignty, based on a distinction between its external and internal dimensions. The consent of African chiefs to such arrangements therefore hung on whether they considered their territorial sovereignty to be divisible or indivisible.

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Surun, Isabelle. "Une souveraineté à l ’encre sympathique? Souveraineté autochtone et appropriations territoriales dans les traités franco-africains au XIXesiécle." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 69, no. 2 (June 2014): 313–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900008519.

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RésuméCet article analyse les modalités de l' appropriation territoriale qui caractérisent la période de transition entre ancien et nouveau régime colonial, pendant laquelle les Européens ont construit leur territoire colonial en Afrique. Il aborde la construction juridique de la souveraineté coloniale en étudiant un corpus de traités conclus entre représentants de l' autorité coloniale française et chefs d’État africains au XIXesiècle – un instrument juridique d’appropriation peu étudié jusqu’à présent par les historiens du droit international. La terminologie en usage dans ces traités révèle l' indétermination des catégories et, à travers elle, les incertitudes des négociateurs européens quant au régime de domination qu’ils entendent imposer, jusqu’à ce que le protectorat émerge finalement comme le dispositif juridique le plus courant pour régler les partages et les transferts de souveraineté, reposant sur une distinction entre souveraineté extérieure et intérieure. Dès lors, le consentement ou non des chefs africains à ce type d’arrangement juridique dépend de leur conception de leur souveraineté comme divisible ou indivisible.

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Surun, Isabelle. "Une souveraineté à l ’encre sympathique? Souveraineté autochtone et appropriations territoriales dans les traités franco-africains au XIXe siécle." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 69, no. 02 (June 2014): 313–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ahs.2014.0084.

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Résumé Cet article analyse les modalités de l' appropriation territoriale qui caractérisent la période de transition entre ancien et nouveau régime colonial, pendant laquelle les Européens ont construit leur territoire colonial en Afrique. Il aborde la construction juridique de la souveraineté coloniale en étudiant un corpus de traités conclus entre représentants de l' autorité coloniale française et chefs d’État africains au XIXe siècle – un instrument juridique d’appropriation peu étudié jusqu’à présent par les historiens du droit international. La terminologie en usage dans ces traités révèle l' indétermination des catégories et, à travers elle, les incertitudes des négociateurs européens quant au régime de domination qu’ils entendent imposer, jusqu’à ce que le protectorat émerge finalement comme le dispositif juridique le plus courant pour régler les partages et les transferts de souveraineté, reposant sur une distinction entre souveraineté extérieure et intérieure. Dès lors, le consentement ou non des chefs africains à ce type d’arrangement juridique dépend de leur conception de leur souveraineté comme divisible ou indivisible.

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Callamard, Agnès. "Combating Discrimination and Intolerence with a Free Speech Framework." Religion & Human Rights 5, no. 2-3 (2010): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187103210x528174.

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AbstractThe objective of this article is to address the questions as to whether Articles 19 and 20 of the ICCPR are an indivisible whole, and particularly as to whether States can impose restrictions on freedom of expression without first embracing the full scope of such freedom? The overriding objective is to clarify the nature of the obligations of States under Article 20 (limitations as an option or an obligation) following a series of freedom of expression related incidents that have polarised societies, created tensions and fuelled xenophobia and racist attitudes and highlighted the substantive ambiguities as to the “demarcation line” between freedom of expression and hate speech, especially in relation to religious issues.

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van der Laan, Gerard, Dolf Talman, and Zaifu Yang. "Existence and Welfare Properties of Equilibrium in an Exchange Economy with Multiple Divisible and Indivisible Commodities and Linear Production Technologies." Journal of Economic Theory 103, no. 2 (April 2002): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeth.2000.2758.

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Biriukov, Dmitry Sergeyevich. "The Aristotelian Paradigm of Participation in Byzantine Theology: Gregory of Nyssa on Human Nature as a Monad and Gregory of Palamas on Impossibility of Participation in the Divine Essence." Philosophy of Religion: Analytic Researches 4, no. 2 (2020): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2587-683x-2020-4-2-36-58.

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The article examines how the Aristotelian paradigm of participation works in Gregory of Nyssa’s and Gregory of Palamas’ teachings. Gregory of Nyssa uses this paradigm while developing his teaching on human nature as a monad in the treatise “To Ablabius” and relies in this regard on the “Isagoga” by Porphyry. This version of the Aristotelian paradigm of participation, which is present in Porphyry and Gregory of Nyssa, includes, first, the discourse of the participation of hypostases in their own essence, and, second, the discourse of divisibility of the participating whereas the participated remains indivisible. Gregory Palamas also uses the Aristotelian paradigm of participation in his argumentation on nonparticibility of the divine essence, and, as I suggest in the article, borrows it from Gregory of Nyssa. At the same time, Palamas transforms this discourse and associates the category of divisibility with the situation of participation as such, so that the participated appears divisible. This allows him to assert that in God the energies are participable and not the Divine essence.

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Daswani, Girish. "(In-)Dividual Pentecostals in Ghana." Journal of Religion in Africa 41, no. 3 (2011): 256–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006611x586211.

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AbstractHow are Ghanaian Pentecostals related to others, not just as individuals but relationally and as partible and divisible selves that have an influential force over each other? In answering this question I use the example of two Ghanaian Pentecostal women who face personal problems in their lives and who seek different alternatives in alleviating their suffering. While claims to individuality may be important in born-again conversion, I argue that we also need to consider how Pentecostal Christians are dividual and related to others. In doing so, I examine these Ghanaian Pentecostal women as ethical subjects who are involved in balancing individual achievements against moral obligations to others.

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Petrov, Boris Sergeevich, and Alexander Valentinovich Galin. "Problems of transporting heavy containers by road transport in Russian Federation." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University 2020, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2020-1-13-23.

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The article considers the problem of heavy cargo transporting as an integral part of functioning of industry in the country. The transportation of such types of cargo is regulated by the legislation related to the national transport infrastructure. There have been considered the ways of transporting heavy sea containers by road transport in the Russian Federation. Definitions of the divisible and indivisible cargo, the maximum mass of the road train have been given, the indicators of the maximum permissible mass of the vehicle and the axle load on the roads of Russia, approved by legislative acts of the Russian Federation, have been presented. The issues of the correct choice of freight vehicles and compliance with the rules for transportation of heavy cargo, in particular compliance with the permissible total weight and axle loads, have been considered. There has been proposed the method for calculating axle loads and the solution to the problem of redistributing axle loads by moving the seat of the towing vehicle, transporting a heavy sea container by train being used as the example. The obtained values make it possible to estimate the possibility of carrying heavy cargo without violating standards approved by the legislation of Russia

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COLLINS, CATH. "Truth-Justice-Reparations Interaction Effects in Transitional Justice Practice: The Case of the ‘Valech Commission’ in Chile." Journal of Latin American Studies 49, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x16001437.

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AbstractRecent thinking and practice in transitional justice suggest that victims and societies hold indivisible, perhaps even simultaneous, rights to truth, justice and reparations after gross human rights violations. This article analyses the advantages and drawbacks of such holistic approaches to transitional justice, through a case study of Chile's second official truth commission, the ‘Valech Commission’. The article illustrates the politics of ongoing contestation about authoritarian era crimes in Latin America, showing how and why the commission was designed to deliver on certain truth-and-reparations obligations towards survivors of past state repression, while attempting to explicitly decouple truth revelations from judicial consequences. It also discusses the implications of associating truth-telling and reparations in a single instance, and in doing so contributes to debates about the potentially contradictory or counterproductive outcomes that may arise from the yoking together of truth, justice and reparations functions in transitional justice policy design.

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Anisimov, Vladimir, Anton Shaban, Evgenii Anisimov, Tatyana Saurenko, and Vladimir Yavorsky. "Optimization of perishable goods delivery in supply chains with random demand." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125802017.

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The article suggests a model for defining a rational range and volume of supply of perishable goods in their supply chains functioning at the time of random demand. In the verbal formulation, the goal of the model is to determine the range and delivery volumes of perishable goods that maximize profits with restrictions on the funds available for their purchase, storage volumes and weight, as well as on lost profits. The formalized representation of the model is determined by the properties of the supplied perishable goods. If these goods are divisible, then the model is formalized as a linear programming problem. In this case, the rational assortment and volume of goods is determined by solving it, for example, using the simplex method.If the goods under consideration are piece (indivisible), they are formalized in the form of a corresponding integer programming problem. In this case, the rational assortment and volume of goods is determined by solving it, for example, based on the branch and bound method. The peculiarity of the model is that it takes into account the stochastic nature of demand for goods, their limited shelf life, as well as the possibility of storing goods and the availability of funds necessary to purchase the next batch.

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Fiore, Elaine Gomes, Cristiane Tavares Matias, Fabiane Alessandra Bee, and Mariangela Almeida. "Do transgenic food fulfill the obligations of respecting food security and nutritional concept in a developing country?" Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional 25, no. 3 (October 17, 2018): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/san.v25i3.8649795.

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This study seeks to identify if this developing country fulfills the obligations of respecting the Food and Nutritional Security when producing and commercializing transgenic foods. A bibliographic research was carried. The objective was to respond to the fulfillment of Food and Nutrition Security and the use of transgenics, based on the concept of Food and Nutritional Security, its interface with the Human Right to Adequate Food and the food and nutritional dimensions of the theme. Regarding the environment, the technology of transgenics, when used in a massive way for protection against insects and weeds, is not always safe. The use of certain herbicides, linked to production control, can also be deleterious. Epidemiological studies on the nutritional advantages are insufficient and the possibility of allergenicity exists, if the protocols for seed release are not considered. Lack of enforcement in these protocols and in labeling threaten Food Safety, since the population is vulnerable to the consumption of foods whose origin are not well known. Even with the transgenic food, a bigger amount of food is not available for everybody. The importance of food and nutritional education is emphasized in this study. Since the concept of Food and Nutritional Security is indivisible, we come to the conclusion that Food and Nutritional Security in a developing country is not fulfilled.

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Allen, J. G. "THE OFFICE OF THE CROWN." Cambridge Law Journal 77, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 298–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197318000338.

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AbstractA troubling veil of mystery still shrouds the central institution of the British Constitution – the Crown. In this paper, I examine the modern utility of five historical doctrines: the doctrine of the “King's two bodies”; the doctrine that the Crown is a “corporation sole”; the doctrine that the King can “do no wrong”; the doctrine that (high) public offices are “emanations” of the Crown; and the doctrine that the Crown is “one and indivisible”. Using some insights from social ontology, the history of office in the Western legal tradition, and the sociology of role and status, I argue that the first four of these doctrines can be refashioned into a conception of the Crown as an office. An office is an enduring institutional entity to which individuals bear a relationship from time to time, but which is separate from any individual incumbent and is to be considered in legal analysis as a separate acting subject. Using the logic of office, official personality and official action, I distinguish between the Queen, the Crown, Her Majesty's Government and the Commonwealth and argue that together they provide a serviceable model of the modern British Constitution. The final doctrine, however, must be abandoned – the Crown is plural and divisible and this must be taken into account when using the Crown to reason about the UK's relationship to other constitutional orders.

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Semina, T. V. "Medicine and society: micro level of social interaction." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 26, no. 3 (December 16, 2020): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2020-26-3-43-65.

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This article examines the features of the interaction of social institutions of medicine and health care in modern Russian society at the micro level — within the social system “doctor — patient”. Sufficient space is given to a comparative analysis of traditional (paternalistic and collegial) and modern (informational and contractual) models of social relations between doctors and patients. Ne author highlights the factors under which the widespread use of information and contractual models in Russian realities contribute to the transformation of traditionally solidary social relations in the system under consideration into conflict ones. The article, based on the original author’s sociological research, examines the features of the conflict confrontation between doctors and patients, identifies their specific differences from traditional social conflicts. On the one hand, the conflicts that unfold in the social system “doctor — patient” are precisely social conflicts, since the interaction in this system embraces both all representatives of the medical community and practically all members of society, each of which, one way or another, becomes patient. On the other hand, if the prerequisite and then the basis of the usual conflict interaction is the presence of a single indivisible object, then in the case of a social conflict in the “doctor — patient” system, health can hardly be considered “a single and indivisible object”. Health for the subjects of this conflict is indeed an important spiritual value, but much more often the conflict arises over the rights and obligations, as well as the distribution of power among the interacting parties. Enough attention is paid to the analysis of the macro-, meso- and micro- causes of this conflict, as well as to the problem of the influence of the media on the genesis of this type of conflict relationship; tendencies that are especially characteristic in the relationship between the patient audience and the media in recent times are highlighted and revealed.

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Schukin, Timur. "‘The Chapters on Physics’ by Gregory Palamas: Historical Context, the Motivation of the Author, Addressee." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 6 (February 2021): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.6.21.

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Introduction. In spite of the fact that major researchers of Gregory Palamas’ theology, Robert Sinkewicz and John Demetracopoulos, offered detailed explanations of when and for what ‘The chapters on physics’ of Gregory Palamas were written, it seems that this issue was not finally resolved. Methods. This article, therefore, has two goals. The first is to answer the question why in ‘The chapters on physics’ the polemic against Barlaam and Akindynos, although it occupies a large part of the treatise, is presented as a part of the broader theological and philosophical program of Palamas, and what role does the cosmological part (1–14 chapters) play in the structure of the treatise. In the author’s opinion, such a statement of the question will allow us to understand what Gregory Palamas was guided by when writing the text. The second objective is to offer a social portrait of the addressee of this treatise, delivering some of representatives of the stratum on which the Palamas was oriented. Analysis. In answering the first question, special attention is paid to chapter 81 of the treatise, which, in the author’s opinion, reflects the intent of the entire text, namely, to demonstrate that the logic according to which something indivisible can be thought of as divisible without ceasing to be indivisible, works not only in the case of essence and energy, that is, in theology, but also in cosmology and anthropology. In answering the second question, the focus is on the figure of Matthew Kantakouzenos, who was at the time of writing the treatise in conflict with his father, emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, thereby causing discord in the political party, which at that time was a defender of the ideas of Hesychasm. It was Matthew Kantakouzenos, in the author’s opinion, or the social stratum behind him, who could be the recipients of the treatise. Results. The analysis of the treatise and its historical context shows that it was written largely for political reasons as a program text of Hesychasm, equipped with natural science and philosophical tools, since its recipients were both the broad educated strata of Byzantine society and direct participants in political life in the middle of the 14th century.

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Antipas, V. P., N. K. Uzunoglu, and G. S. Stamatakos. "A Patient-specific in vivo Tumor and Normal Tissue Model for Prediction of the Response to Radiotherapy." Methods of Information in Medicine 46, no. 03 (2007): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/me0312.

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Summary Objectives: Integration of multiscale experimental cancer biology through the development of computer simulation models seems to be a necessary step towards the better understanding of cancer and patient-individualized treatment optimization. The integration of a four-dimensional patient-specific model of in vivo tumor response to radiotherapy developed by our group with a model of slowly responding normal tissue based on W. Duechting’s approach is presented in this paper. The case of glioblastoma multiforme and its surrounding neural tissue is addressed as a modeling paradigm. Methods: A cubic discretizing mesh is superimposed upon the anatomic region of interest as is reconstructed from pertinent imaging (e.g. MRI) data. On each geometrical cell of the mesh the most crucial biological “laws” e.g. metabolism, cell cycling, tumor geometry changes, cell kill following irradiation etc. are applied. Slowly responding normal neural tissue is modeled by a functional compartment containing indivisible cells and a divisible compartment containing glial cells. Results: The model code has been executed for a simulated period normally covering the radiotherapy course duration and extending a few days after its completion. The following schemes have been simulated: standard fractionation, hyperfractionation, accelerated fractionation, accelerated hyperfractionation and hypofractionation. The predictions are in agreement with the outcome of the RTOG 83-02 phase I/II trial, the retrospective study conducted by Sugawara et al. and the theoretical predictions of Duechting et al. Conclusions: The presented model, although oversimplified, may serve as a basis for a refined simulation of the biological mechanisms involved in tumor and normal tissue response to radiotherapy.

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Petyur, Roman. "Ukraine’s Security Problem: in Search for a solution." Wschód Europy. Studia humanistyczno-społeczne 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/we.2020.6.2.115-125.

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Independent Ukraine will soon turn 30, but the country in the heart of Europe cannot boast a predictable and stable security position. The conflict with Russia after the regime change in 2014 proved, that a prolonged conventional war in Europe is still a probability. In order to install a durable peace, the all-European security arrangement shall have no low-profile security positions of those European countries, which do not enjoy membership in military unions. The Cold-war legacy of perception of security as a divisible notion is a contradiction to the idea of security for Europe. As long as there are divergences in the level of security, there would be a temptation to test the opponent’s readiness and strength on the territory of a weaker country. This is what happened in Georgia in 2008 and has been happening in Ukraine since 2014. In search for a solution, a special attention shall be paid to the issues of status and perception of security. For a small power, which is not a member of a military bloc, it is existential to follow an approach of collective security, not collective defence. Perception of security as indivisible supposes prioritising intensive engagement of the UN and the OSCE. Ukraine as a small power shall also enhance its security position through implementation of decent democratic procedures and true market reforms. These measures have a potential to create global economic linkages through integration of Ukraine’s economy to the global capitalist system not as a supplier of raw materials, but on parity basis.

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Babić, Ilija. "The Concept and the Legal Nature of Legal Support // Pojam i pravna priroda zakonskog izdržavanja." Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 7, no. 7 (July 27, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp1707041b.

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In the paper, the author points out the difference between the obligation prescribed by the Family Law of the Republika Srpska (FL) and the obligations arising under the legal act (e.g. a contract on lifelong support, a contract on support, a contract on assignment and division of property during lifetime or the will). He points out that the obligation to support prescribed FL is not formed directly on the basis of law, but rather on the basis of facts stipulated by law. The author states that the obligation of legal support as stipulated by FL is financial (in some cases, non-financial), long-lasting, positive, determined by gender, with possibility to litigate, divisible, related to the personality, compulsive and with no possibility to superannuate. In addition, it is the obligation which is based on the decision of the court from filing a lawsuit. In case when a person legally not obliged to give support contributed to it, the amount of received alimony will not be returned. The amount of support is changed through the decision of the court or an agreement, while the order of the persons required to give support is determined by the Family Law.

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Ssenyonjo, Manisuli. "The Domestic Protection and Promotion of Human Rights under the 1995 Ugandan Constitution." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 20, no. 4 (December 2002): 445–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934410202000404.

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This article examines the domestic constitutional framework for protection and promotion of human rights in Uganda. It considers the historical evolution of Uganda's Bill of Rights in the context of Uganda's history, which has been characterised by gross human rights violations. It observes that in 1986 Museveni under his ‘Movement’ or ‘no-party’ government declared a period of ‘fundamental change’, but argues that despite some positive aspects, the change as related to the protection and promotion of human rights has been far from being ‘fundamental’. It contends that, although the 1995 Ugandan Constitution attempts to protect human rights, the constitutional restrictions on civil and political rights and the relegation of most economic and social rights as ‘directive principles' coupled with elastic executive powers together with the ‘no-party’ political system undermine the effective protection and promotion of civil, political as well as economic, social and cultural rights. The article concludes by calling for a democratic constitutional reform representative of all interest groups, judicial activism on the part of the Ugandan Judiciary and Human Rights Commission and developing a culture of constitutionalism in Uganda to give effect to the indivisible and interdependent nature of all human rights in accordance with Uganda's international human rights obligations as a State party to the two international human rights covenants on civil and political as well as economic, social and cultural rights.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Divisible and indivisible obligations'

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