Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Divisional organizational structure'

The thesis is created in order to conduct a comparative analysis of organizational structure of the company. The parameters for comparison are determined. The first one is the comparative analysis of the Amoeba Management System with a Divisional Structure. The second one is the comparative analysis of Fractal and Matrix Organizational Structure. The conslusions of these analyzes determine the key parameters for management on the basis of the suggested organizational structure for effective management.

Thesis (S.M. in System Design and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-81).
A large business requires efficient and effective internal communication among employees to achieve its goals. Dodds, Watts, and Sable (DWS) introduced a communication network model assessing information flow within a business by examining the relative influences of organizational structure, message volatility, and task decomposability on the probability of successful message transmission, but there is no research available that examines this or similar models in the context of a real business. The model predicts optimal message flow in a "Multi-scale" organizational network, a structure which in practice may most resemble a matrix organization. In this study a survey was designed to measure the influence of rank and department on message transfer - particularly the informational attributes of understanding, accuracy, importance, and influenceability - originating from the Balanced Scorecard in a large, matrix-managed aerospace business. The survey data indicated the following results: - Understanding (of the Balanced Scorecard metrics) was significantly influenced by employee rank and exhibited some effects of departmental expertise with certain metrics. - Belief in the accuracy of the metrics correlated highly with Understanding. - Importance rankings of the metric displayed high alignment across both rank and department, an encouraging result for company management. - Influenceability (people's belief they could affect the metric) was heavily influenced by rank and somewhat influenced by department. It also generally exhibited the lowest levels and highest variation when compared to the other attributes. - A deeper analysis comparing the Engineering and Program Office departments revealed consistently better vertical communication for Engineering, and better lateral communication within ranks for Program Office, which may indicate an additional influence of department culture on information flow. When subjected to a DWS interpretation, the survey results provided clues about relative influences of rank and department on message flow and relative values of other DWS model parameters - task decomposability and message traffic volume - could be gleaned from employee comments and post-survey interviews. The study falls short of making absolute characterizations of the DWS attributes, but is able to make inferences regarding the communication of the separate attributes relative to each other. Indeed, one important implication of the work done here to DWS theory is that for different business concerns and for different organizations within the overall company, there are apparently different mappings onto the DWS communication framework. Analysis of the study data for this organization indicates lateral communication may be better than vertical communication for Understanding and Influenceability; Accuracy does not exhibit dominance by either parameter; and Importance is well communicated laterally and vertically. More empirical data on measurable information traffic such as email is needed from different organizations, industries, and national cultures for DWS parameter values to converge upon more absolute values.
by James Clayton Kopp.
S.M.in System Design and Management

Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1989.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2931. Abstract precedes thesis as [3] preliminary leaves. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-93).

Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 150 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-141).

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between changes in the administrative organizational structure in community colleges and the workload of division chairmen. Changes in administrative organizational structures were characterized by structural complexity variables, primarily horizontal and vertical differentiation. Division chairman workload was analyzed, and division chairmen were described by demographic characteristics and employment patterns.;The division chairman has been identified in the literature to be a critical middle management position whose increasing workload is an issue. Reflecting a time of change in higher education in general, organizational changes have been taking place in community colleges in Virginia, particularly in the direction of consolidation, that were hypothesized to impact on this crucial position. The three year period from 1981-82 to 1984-85 was identified for study. The entire population of division chairmen in Virginia's Community College System was surveyed by a mail questionnaire in January 1985 to determine what changes in administrative organizational structures they perceived contributed to change in their workload.;Using non-parametric statistical tests to analyze the data, it was concluded that changes in community colleges in Virginia had occurred which decreased complexity in the college organizational structure but increased complexity at the divisional level. In examining the division chairman cohort in Virginia's community colleges over a ten year period, it was found that the division chairmen were stable in the position and tended toward increasing education and academic rank as well as prior experience in the two-year college.;There are implications from the study to suggest a further look at the nature of the division chairman position, particularly in Virginia, and preservice training for an applicant pool that is increasingly drawn from within the teaching faculty, with special attention to the female and minority representation. The level of involvement of division chairmen in the decision making process when changes in administrative organizational structure are made is an issue also raised by this study.;Finally, the question of whether the division chairman is primarily a faculty role, "first among peers," or is an administrative role continues to be an issue in collective bargaining. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.).

Das stäbchenförmige Bakterium Escherichia coli teilt sich in zwei gleich große Tochterzellen. Dies ist nur möglich, wenn sich die Zelle in der Mitte teilt. Bei E. coli wird die Zellteilung durch den Zusammenschluss der FtsZ-Proteine an der Membran zum Z-Ring eingeleitet. Topologische Regulierung des Z-Ringes erfolgt durch räumlich-zeitliche Oszillationen von Min-Proteinen zwischen den beiden Zellpolen. MinC, MinD und MinE binden an und lösen sich von der Membran unter Hydrolyse von ATP und in antagonistischer Art und Weise, was zu einer alternierenden Ansammlung von MinC und MinD an den Zellpolen führt. Gemittelt über die Zeit ergibt sich somit ein MinD-Verteilungsprofil, das maximale Konzentration an den Zellpolen und ein Minimum in der Zellmitte aufweist. MinC bindet an MinD und folgt somit seiner Verteilung. Der Zusammenschluss von FtsZ-Proteinen wird durch MinC unterbunden, und somit kann sich der Z-ring nur an einer Position herausbilden, die ein Minimum an MinC aufweist - der Zellmitte. Das Min-system wurde in der Vergangenheit auch mit einem in-vitro-Ansatz untersucht, indem Min-Proteine in künstliche, aufliegende Lipiddoppelschichten (supported lipid bilayers, SLB) rekonstitutiert wurden. Dabei bildeten die Min-Proteine kein oszillierendes Muster aus, sondern organisierten sich vielmehr in parallelen und propagierenden Wellen (Loose, 2008, Science, 320). In diesen in-vitro-Experimenten war das Membransubstrat wesentlich größer als die Wellenlänge der Min-Proteinwellen. In vivo hingegen ist die Länge der Zelle in der gleichen Größenordnung wie die charakteristische Länge des Oszillationsmusters der Min-Proteine. Daher war es das Ziel dieser Arbeit, den Einfluß einer beschränkten Fläche und geometrischer Formgebung der künstlichen Lipiddoppelschichten auf die Wellenpropagation der Min-Protein zu untersuchen. Flächige Beschränkung künstlicher Membranen erfolgte durch Mikrostrukturtechnologie. Deckglässchen wurden mit einer Goldschicht und mikroskopischen Aussparungen unterschiedlicher geometrischer Formen strukturiert. Funktionale SLBs bildeten sich nur auf Glasflächen ohne Goldbeschichtung aus. Nach der Rekonstitution der Min-Proteine, organisierten sich diese auf den Membranstücken in parallele Wellen. Dabei bestimmte die flächige Beschränkung der künstlichen Membranen die Ausbreitungsrichtung der Min-Proteinwellen. Min-Proteinwellen konnten entlang gekrümmter Membranstreifen, in Ring- und sogar in Slalomstrukturen geleitet werden. In geraden, länglichen Strukturen richteten sich die Wellen entlang der längsten Achse aus. Kopplung von Proteinwellen auf räumlich getrennten Membranstücken in Abhängigkeit des Abstandes und des sogenannten Molecular Crowdings in der wässrigen Lösung konnte ebenfalls beobachtet werden. Diese Kopplung ist ein Indiz für inhomogene Proteinverteilungen in der Lösung oberhalb der Membran. Desweiteren konnten Min-Proteinwellen auch in diversen dreidimensionalen künstlichen Membranen rekonstitituiert werden. Im Wildtyp von E. coli ähneln die Min-Proteindynamiken der einer Oszillation mit einer charakteristischen Länge von 5 µm. Auf SLBs, bilden Min-Proteine Wellen mit einer Wellenlänge aus, die ca. zehnmal größer ist als in vivo. Dieser Unterschied zwischen der in-vivo- und der in-vitro-Welt wurde untersucht und diskutiert. In vitro konnte die Wellenlänge um 50 % durch Erhöhung des Molecular Crowding in der Lösung sowie um 33 % durch Temperaturerhöhung verkleinert werden. Das oszillierende Muster könnte dahingegen eine Folge der Kompartimentierung sein. Erste Versuche, das Min-System in geschlossene Membrankompartimente zu rekonstitutieren, wurden getestet
Escherichia coli, a rod-like bacterium, divides by binary fission. Cell division into two daughter cells of equal size requires that fission takes place at a midcell position. In E. coli, cell division is initiated by assembly of the FtsZ-proteins at the inner membrane to the Z-ring. Topological regulation of the Z-ring is achieved by spatiotemporal pole-to-pole oscillations of Min-proteins. MinC, MinD and MinE bind to and detach from - under hydrolysis of ATP - the membrane in an antagonistic manner leading to an alternating accumulation of MinC and MinD at the cell poles. Averaged over time, the distribution profile of MinD exhibits maximal concentration at the cell poles and a minimum at the cell center. MinC binds to MinD and thus follows its distribution. FtsZ assembly is inhibited by MinC and therefore the Z-ring can only form at a cell position low in MinC - at the cell center. In the past, the Min-system was also investigated in an in vitro approach by reconstitution of Min-proteins into a supported lipid bilayer (SLB). Here, Min-proteins did not self-organize into an oscillatory pattern but into parallel and propagating waves (Loose, 2008, Science, 320). In this in vitro assay, the membrane substrate was infinitely large compared to the wavelength. However, in vivo, the cell length is on the same order of magnitude as the respective length scale of the oscillatory pattern of Min-proteins. Therefore, we wished to investigate the effect of lateral confinement and geometric structuring of artificial lipid bilayers on the Min-protein wave propagation. Lateral confinement of artificial membranes was achieved by microfabrication technology. Glass slides were patterned by a gold coating with microscopic windows of different geometries, and functional SLBs were only formed on uncoated areas. Upon reconstitution, Min-proteins organized into parallel waves on the geometric membrane patches. Confinement of the artificial membranes determined the direction of propagation of Min-protein waves. Min-protein waves could be guided along curved membrane stripes, in rings and even along slalom-geometries. In elongated membrane structures, the protein waves always propagate along the longest axis. Coupling of protein waves across spatially separated membrane patches was observed, dependent on gap size and level of molecular crowding of the aqueous media above the bilayer. This indicates the existence of an inhomogeneous and dynamic protein gradient in the solution above the membrane. Furthermore, reconstitution of Min-protein waves in various three-dimensional artificial membranes was achieved. In wild-type E. coli, Min-protein dynamics resemble that of an oscillation with a characteristic length scale of 5 µm. On supported lipid bilayers, Min-proteins self-organize into waves with a wavelength approximately 10-fold larger than in vivo. These discrepancies between the in vivo and in vitro world were investigated and discussed. In vitro, the wavelength could be decreased by a factor of 50 % by increase of the molecular crowding in solution and by 33 % through temperature increase. The oscillatory pattern is thought to be a consequence of compartmentalization and first attempts to encapsulate the Min-system in closed bilayer compartments are presented

This thesis examines the Citizen Military Forces (CMF) from 1947 until it ceased to exist under that name with the release of the report of the Millar Inquiry in 1974. This thesis examines three broad areas: the organizational changes that the CMF adopted or had imposed upon it; the political decision-making surrounding the CMF; and a social analysis of the CMF which questions the viability and validity of a number of the CMF???s long held precepts. The thesis will show that the majority of circumstances and decisions surrounding the CMF were beyond its control. For example, the CMF could not change the prevailing military thought of the post-war period which emphasized increasingly the role of smaller, professional, readily-available armies. The first three chapters recount the CMF???s ???heyday??? in which the Army, assisted by National Service after 1950, was based around it and its influence at the highest levels was strongest. The next two chapters chronicle the background to Australia???s adoption of the ???Pentropic??? organization and the repercussions this had on the CMF. Chapters Six and Seven examine the consequences of the introduction of a second compulsory service scheme and the concomitant result which precluded the CMF from operational service in Vietnam. Chapters Eight and Nine deal with the Millar Inquiry, which offered the CMF a new hope, but in some regards, brought forth little beneficial gains for the CMF. The final chapters analyze some of the characteristics unique to the CMF, such as territorial affiliation, high turnover rates amongst the rank and file and the concept of the ???brilliant amateur???. This thesis concludes that, despite the mixed performance of the CMF, there is still a place for the citizen soldier in contemporary warfare, but far more consideration at the highest political and military levels must be given to the peculiar and difficult, but by no means insurmountable, problems citizen soldiering encounters in Australia.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
92
Owing to the policy of manpower reduce promoted by government, that results to staffs’ duties in construction division become a heavy load. Their duties include construction, maintain, and repair of buildings in campus that contains the fields of civil engineering, architecture, water and electricity, and air conditioning. Heavy business would lead to pressure on staffs. However, appropriate pressure can excite great potential and achievement among construction division staffs. On the contrary, an excessive working pressure causes negative effect, such as tiredness, impatient, and desire for post transfer. According to above reasons, this research try to understand construction division staff’s business assignment, work load, and pressure from different development process of each colleges. Moreover, this research discusses proper man resource allocation for different process. This research develops a questionnaire and conducts a survey to analyze related factors, including campus area, floor area, staff numbers, student numbers, annual budget, satisfaction from job, and staff numbers of construction division. Descriptive statistics analysis of Excel, SPSS, and Scheffe are major analysis techniques for the questionnaire data. The results show that: 1. Personnel proportion of construction division in public colleges: Based on different scale of public colleges, it shows the following proportion. In concept process, the proportion is 14:11:8. In plan process, it presents 13:11:9. In development process, it shows 14:12:7. The major differences are between the personnel numbers of construction and electricity. 2. Personnel proportion of construction division in private colleges: The proportion of three process shows the results: 7:5:5, 6:5:5, and 6:4:4. There is no much difference between each process, but the total amount is less than public colleges. 3. Almost half the number wasn’t assigned to proper position according to their skills. Otherwise, work load of each staffs in public colleges is heavier than those in private ones.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
企業管理系
103
On December 25th, 2010, Tainan county and city were merged and upgraded to a municipality, known as "Tainan City.” Subsequently, there is a need for Tainan City to adjust the division of administrative regions in order to fulfil the intentions of such a change. The objective of this study is to investigate the factors that affect the division of administrative regions of Tainan City and to evaluate the potentiality for adjustments to be made to the division of administrative regions. In this study, secondary data research methods were used, which included gathering information on research projects, commissioned by the Tainan City Government, concerning the division of administrative regions, and references were made to relevant journals, books, theses and other documents. Furthermore, information on the evolution of administrative regions and its division in Tainan City since the Japanese occupation was also collected and analysed. Further analysis was done regarding the constituency as well as on the 37 local industries, transportation, communities, and so forth. Based on available literature and the current status of Tainan together with literature review, comparative study, and systematic approach, a proposal was made to provide explanations for the nine factors that affected the division of administrative regions of Tainan City, namely- community formation, traffic development, industrial development, geographical elements, natural environment and disaster prevention, population size and regional management , history and culture of Tainan, public opinion trends （including policy matters）, constituency ,and politics. This study is based on the nine major factors mentioned above and references were made to adjustment programs proposed by Tainan City Government commissioned research projects, which include the current status fine-tuning project （37 districts）, police agency constituency project （16 districts）, dual-zone merger project （19 districts - 37 districts）, stratified development project （13 districts）, and greater administrative area project （10 or 11 districts）. A comprehensive analysis of the pros and cons of each project, its applicability and relevant administrative guidance, was done for the purpose of recommending, for future division of Tainan City administrative regions, comprehensive planning and adjustment of administrative divisions (including the determination of villages and neighborhoods）, supporting measures, consistent naming methods, organizational legal reforms and reduction in political resistance to subsequent administrative actions.

碩士
國立中興大學
圖書資訊學研究所
90
Scholarly journals play an important role in university library collections. Over the past few years the electronic journals have been rapidly developed and earnestly studied. Quite a few researches indicated that electronic journals have influenced the organizational structure and division of labor in many American acadeimic university libraries; however, there are few researches addressed the situations of university libraries in Taiwan until recently. It is the purpose of this research to study the impacts of the electronic journals on organizational structure and division of labor, and the expectation of the intermediate-level supervisors on the organizational adjustment in university libraries for the reference of scheme in organizational structure when electronic journals are considered. This work studied the influence of electronic journals on organizational structure in libraries. Two questionnaires were administrated. The First questionnaire investigated the issue “the organizational structure of electronic journals’ management in university libraries”, which investigated the work situations of electronic journals and the effects on librarians of 29 national university libraries and 32 private university libraries in Taiwan. The other questionnaires investigating “the organizational adjustments of university libraries” were sent to 158 librarians. To explore the issue of organizational adjustments and specialization, the subjects of study were chosen from the intermediate-level supervisors or persons in charge of manage electronic journals. A total of 41 libraries responded to the questionnaire of “the organizational structure of electronic journals’ management in university libraries”. The return rate was approximately 67.21%. A total of 105 librarians responded to the questionnaire of “the organizational adjustments of university libraries”. The return rate was approximately 66.46%. Data were analyzed through SPSS（Statistical Package for Social Science） and EXCEL. The main analyzing methods were frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, etc. The research found that both printed and electronic journals were used in university library collections. Moreover, just 12.2% universities libraries centralized electronic journals processing in one division. There were many divisions related to electronic journals, and there were 3/4 university libraries cooperatively managing electronic journals through several divisions. The boundary between technical services division and public services division were vague; this condition was especially obvious in the divisions of journals, reference, and information. The future adjustment on organizational structure was to focus on manpower. In other respects, the amount of printed journal subscriptions have not been significantly reduced. Therefore, the workload has not been reduced. On the other hand, the workload of electronic journals processing has increased progressively with the increased electronic journal subscriptions. Moreover, electronic journals required librarians having more skills and abilities in many areas. In conclusion, the librarians working in university libraries have been affected by electronic journals on organizational structure and division of labor. They expected that organizational structure could be adjusted by three modes: 1. to create a new division or position to take charge of the tasks of electronic journals; 2. to form a project team or task force that are divided beyond functions; 3. to coordinate by task-related librarians. Most repliers that expect to form an exclusive division to manage electronic journals suggest to manage all kinds of electronic resources by this division. Five suggestions based on the results of this study are as follows. 1. Establish an appropriate mode to adjust organizational structure and division of labor according to the internal and external library environments. 2. Draw up the distribution of funds as early as possible. 3. Develop adequate channels of communication for managing electronic journals. 4. Provide various learning channels to train librarians to own more abilities in managing electronic journals. 5. Reinforce cooperations with other libraries or organizations.

碩士
東吳大學
EMBA高階經營碩士在職專班
104
Custodian Bank is, in essence, a financial institution service safekeeping assets or securities on behalf of the clients, and providing multi-safekeeping services, arranging settlement of any purchases and sales, and deliveries in /out of such securities and currency. Obviously, these sophisticated services are imperatively characterized by financially professional competence. Over hundred years empirical development in western society, the completeness of framework that formulated custodial concept into mature manipulation, as a result, the Custodian Bank operation has merging into flourish era context. It was not until year of 1982, Taiwan banking system has successively ploughed through the Custodian business field in the wake of free investment decree and unlocked free stock market policy, domestically. The magnificent custodian high-elevation growth scale has achieved rich harvest from both domestic and international stocking market in 21st century, unprecedentedly. Nevertheless, a measurement report in terms of reinforcement of bank custodial strength, excellent services, and efficiency management are potentially still undermining Taiwan custodian banks' competition endurance confronting by today's variable post-modern era of which should be our arduous steep journey to attainment. The papers initially sets forth the acknowledgement of fundamental concept in custodian bank rules and establishment which also covers currently bank custodial operating status, entrepreneurial risks, and class services. Moreover, the papers probes the availability targeting banking efficiency integrating into "Organizational Structure and Division of Labor" paradigm as wholeness. To begin with accumulating and sorting possible relevant custodial data from most of domestic financial institutions in between years of 2011 to 2015, in which the custodian banks are classified into two groups, i.e., (1) Function-oriented model (2) Grouping-oriented model. Thereafter, a nation-wide custodial banks' "Questionnaire Survey" investigation has conducted to identify their respective adoption model level. Finally, to examine on comparative basis between differently current banking organizational running structure labor models. Basing on the concrete evident results, two parts of appropriately analytical discussion will intensively explore the differentiae between Cause (WHY) and Effect (WHAT): The first part is focusing on "Performance Appraisal" which is subject to the figures that consolidate the data as a whole from each custodian institution core activities. One could immediately calculate and evaluate the Market Share, the Market Ranking, the Efficiency, and, of course, the Cause for each Custodian Institution respectively. In part two, to evaluate on T-test calculator tool basis, this papers intends to verify the significant differentiation in two models and that whether or not in each model is possibly embedded certain uncertainties that might be imperil or be effectuate the general custodial traffic volume. Wishfully, this thesis report might conduce to an alternative orientation to strengthen bank custodial performance adequately and more effectually.

碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
90
ABSTRACT The present situation of our nation is treacherous. The important responsibility of defense security cannot be slackened at any moment. And the unique institution in national defense, Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology (CSIST), which engages in research and development of high weaponry technology, is a non-profitable organization and regards national security as its prime responsibility. CSIST is different from other non-governmental organizations in nature, its management performance will directly influence the overall national defense development and comprehensiveness. Like the management of all kinds of enterprises, the effectiveness of organization and manpower are the essential factors of success in CSIST. Under such a sensitive and special environment, the accomplishment of missions in CSIST is mostly determined by the interaction between leaders and their subordinates. This research take Electronics Systems Division in CSIST as an exemplary population to explore the relationships among the leading style of the executives, the personal traits of the subordinates, the characteristics of jobs, and job satisfaction. And the former three factors’ influences on job satisfaction are evaluated empirically to identify their relative importance. After stratified convenient sampling and statistical analysis, the research findings show that the job satisfaction of individuals who engage in research and development in this institute will not be influenced significantly by different kinds of organization design. However, the leading style of the executives, the personal traits of subordinates, and the characteristics of jobs (i.e. the features of missions) are confirmed to have remarkable impacts on individuals’ job satisfaction. The researcher in accordance with the above-mentioned conclusions has synthetically proposed theoretical and practical suggestions as well.

Das stäbchenförmige Bakterium Escherichia coli teilt sich in zwei gleich große Tochterzellen. Dies ist nur möglich, wenn sich die Zelle in der Mitte teilt. Bei E. coli wird die Zellteilung durch den Zusammenschluss der FtsZ-Proteine an der Membran zum Z-Ring eingeleitet. Topologische Regulierung des Z-Ringes erfolgt durch räumlich-zeitliche Oszillationen von Min-Proteinen zwischen den beiden Zellpolen. MinC, MinD und MinE binden an und lösen sich von der Membran unter Hydrolyse von ATP und in antagonistischer Art und Weise, was zu einer alternierenden Ansammlung von MinC und MinD an den Zellpolen führt. Gemittelt über die Zeit ergibt sich somit ein MinD-Verteilungsprofil, das maximale Konzentration an den Zellpolen und ein Minimum in der Zellmitte aufweist. MinC bindet an MinD und folgt somit seiner Verteilung. Der Zusammenschluss von FtsZ-Proteinen wird durch MinC unterbunden, und somit kann sich der Z-ring nur an einer Position herausbilden, die ein Minimum an MinC aufweist - der Zellmitte. Das Min-system wurde in der Vergangenheit auch mit einem in-vitro-Ansatz untersucht, indem Min-Proteine in künstliche, aufliegende Lipiddoppelschichten (supported lipid bilayers, SLB) rekonstitutiert wurden. Dabei bildeten die Min-Proteine kein oszillierendes Muster aus, sondern organisierten sich vielmehr in parallelen und propagierenden Wellen (Loose, 2008, Science, 320). In diesen in-vitro-Experimenten war das Membransubstrat wesentlich größer als die Wellenlänge der Min-Proteinwellen. In vivo hingegen ist die Länge der Zelle in der gleichen Größenordnung wie die charakteristische Länge des Oszillationsmusters der Min-Proteine. Daher war es das Ziel dieser Arbeit, den Einfluß einer beschränkten Fläche und geometrischer Formgebung der künstlichen Lipiddoppelschichten auf die Wellenpropagation der Min-Protein zu untersuchen. Flächige Beschränkung künstlicher Membranen erfolgte durch Mikrostrukturtechnologie. Deckglässchen wurden mit einer Goldschicht und mikroskopischen Aussparungen unterschiedlicher geometrischer Formen strukturiert. Funktionale SLBs bildeten sich nur auf Glasflächen ohne Goldbeschichtung aus. Nach der Rekonstitution der Min-Proteine, organisierten sich diese auf den Membranstücken in parallele Wellen. Dabei bestimmte die flächige Beschränkung der künstlichen Membranen die Ausbreitungsrichtung der Min-Proteinwellen. Min-Proteinwellen konnten entlang gekrümmter Membranstreifen, in Ring- und sogar in Slalomstrukturen geleitet werden. In geraden, länglichen Strukturen richteten sich die Wellen entlang der längsten Achse aus. Kopplung von Proteinwellen auf räumlich getrennten Membranstücken in Abhängigkeit des Abstandes und des sogenannten Molecular Crowdings in der wässrigen Lösung konnte ebenfalls beobachtet werden. Diese Kopplung ist ein Indiz für inhomogene Proteinverteilungen in der Lösung oberhalb der Membran. Desweiteren konnten Min-Proteinwellen auch in diversen dreidimensionalen künstlichen Membranen rekonstitituiert werden. Im Wildtyp von E. coli ähneln die Min-Proteindynamiken der einer Oszillation mit einer charakteristischen Länge von 5 µm. Auf SLBs, bilden Min-Proteine Wellen mit einer Wellenlänge aus, die ca. zehnmal größer ist als in vivo. Dieser Unterschied zwischen der in-vivo- und der in-vitro-Welt wurde untersucht und diskutiert. In vitro konnte die Wellenlänge um 50 % durch Erhöhung des Molecular Crowding in der Lösung sowie um 33 % durch Temperaturerhöhung verkleinert werden. Das oszillierende Muster könnte dahingegen eine Folge der Kompartimentierung sein. Erste Versuche, das Min-System in geschlossene Membrankompartimente zu rekonstitutieren, wurden getestet.
Escherichia coli, a rod-like bacterium, divides by binary fission. Cell division into two daughter cells of equal size requires that fission takes place at a midcell position. In E. coli, cell division is initiated by assembly of the FtsZ-proteins at the inner membrane to the Z-ring. Topological regulation of the Z-ring is achieved by spatiotemporal pole-to-pole oscillations of Min-proteins. MinC, MinD and MinE bind to and detach from - under hydrolysis of ATP - the membrane in an antagonistic manner leading to an alternating accumulation of MinC and MinD at the cell poles. Averaged over time, the distribution profile of MinD exhibits maximal concentration at the cell poles and a minimum at the cell center. MinC binds to MinD and thus follows its distribution. FtsZ assembly is inhibited by MinC and therefore the Z-ring can only form at a cell position low in MinC - at the cell center. In the past, the Min-system was also investigated in an in vitro approach by reconstitution of Min-proteins into a supported lipid bilayer (SLB). Here, Min-proteins did not self-organize into an oscillatory pattern but into parallel and propagating waves (Loose, 2008, Science, 320). In this in vitro assay, the membrane substrate was infinitely large compared to the wavelength. However, in vivo, the cell length is on the same order of magnitude as the respective length scale of the oscillatory pattern of Min-proteins. Therefore, we wished to investigate the effect of lateral confinement and geometric structuring of artificial lipid bilayers on the Min-protein wave propagation. Lateral confinement of artificial membranes was achieved by microfabrication technology. Glass slides were patterned by a gold coating with microscopic windows of different geometries, and functional SLBs were only formed on uncoated areas. Upon reconstitution, Min-proteins organized into parallel waves on the geometric membrane patches. Confinement of the artificial membranes determined the direction of propagation of Min-protein waves. Min-protein waves could be guided along curved membrane stripes, in rings and even along slalom-geometries. In elongated membrane structures, the protein waves always propagate along the longest axis. Coupling of protein waves across spatially separated membrane patches was observed, dependent on gap size and level of molecular crowding of the aqueous media above the bilayer. This indicates the existence of an inhomogeneous and dynamic protein gradient in the solution above the membrane. Furthermore, reconstitution of Min-protein waves in various three-dimensional artificial membranes was achieved. In wild-type E. coli, Min-protein dynamics resemble that of an oscillation with a characteristic length scale of 5 µm. On supported lipid bilayers, Min-proteins self-organize into waves with a wavelength approximately 10-fold larger than in vivo. These discrepancies between the in vivo and in vitro world were investigated and discussed. In vitro, the wavelength could be decreased by a factor of 50 % by increase of the molecular crowding in solution and by 33 % through temperature increase. The oscillatory pattern is thought to be a consequence of compartmentalization and first attempts to encapsulate the Min-system in closed bilayer compartments are presented.

The theoretical part of the dissertation focuses on the describtion of the modern trends in the development of the organizational structure of the company and specific evolutionary phases of the entrepreneurial subject. The practical part is based on the application of the skills obtained in the theoretical part on the particular entrepreneurial subject, the ASECCO company.