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Journal articles on the topic 'Divorced women. Women Labor supply'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Vanderheyden, Griet, and Dimitri Mortelmans. "Partnereffecten op de arbeidsmarktparticipatie van gescheiden vrouwen." Relaties en Nieuwe Gezinnen 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/reng.v3i9.18243.

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In dit artikel wordt gekeken naar de mate waarin partners een invloed hebben op het vrouwelijke arbeidsaanbod. Vanuit de economische principes van specialisatie en economische behoefte verwachten we dat het arbeidsaanbod van vrouwen negatief beïnvloed wordt door de arbeidstroeven van hun partner. Deze verwachtingen worden in het huidige artikel in een echtscheidingscontext geplaatst. We bekijken de samenhang tussen de arbeidstroeven van de mannelijke partner en het vrouwelijke arbeidsaanbod, en maken hierbij een onderscheid naar ooit‐ en nooit‐gescheiden vrouwen. Er wordt immers verwacht dat het meemaken van een scheiding zorgt voor een onafhankelijkheidseffect, waarbij de arbeidstroeven van de partner minder van belang zullen zijn in het arbeidsbeslissingsproces. Met de data van Scheiding in Vlaanderen (SiV) kunnen we enkel associaties tussen beide partners vaststellen. Deze associaties kunnen mogelijk ook voortspruiten uit een verschillend partnerselectieproces voor ooit‐ en nooit‐gescheidenen. We vinden dat vrouwen met een partner met een hoger inkomen minder vaak werken. Dit geldt zowel voor ooit‐ als nooit‐gescheiden vrouwen. Vrouwen waarvan de partner een hoger opleidingsniveau of een hoger arbeidsaanbod heeft, blijken zelf ook vaker te werken indien het gaat om een eerste huwelijk (nooit‐gescheiden), maar minder vaak indien het gaat om een nieuwe relatie (ooit‐gescheiden). Partners in nieuwsamengestelde gezinnen zijn dus heterogener op vlak van hun arbeidsaanbod en ‐troeven. Abstract : This article is about the influence of partners on women’s labour supply. Based on economic principles, we expect women’s labour supply to be negatively influenced by their partner’s labour market resources. In the current article, this association is analysed in a divorce context. We expect the labour supply of never‐divorced women to be more negatively affected by the labour market resources of their partners than the labour supply of repartnered women who experienced a divorce. Put differently, we expect the labour supply of ever‐divorced women to be less dependent upon their partner’s labour market resources. We determine some associations with data from Divorce in Flanders (DiF). Next to differences in partner effects, these associations can also be attributed to differences in the partner selection process between never‐divorced and ever‐divorced women. We find that women with a high‐income partner tend to work less often, regardless of having experienced a divorce. If their partner works more or has a higher educational level, never‐divorced women tend to work more often themselves. Ever‐divorced women, on the other hand, tend to work less often if their new partner works more or is higher educated.
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2

Johnson, William R., and Jonathan Skinner. "Accounting for Changes in the Labor Supply of Recently Divorced Women." Journal of Human Resources 23, no. 4 (1988): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/145807.

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3

Genadek, Katie R., Wendy A. Stock, and Christiana Stoddard. "No-Fault Divorce Laws and the Labor Supply of Women with and without Children." Journal of Human Resources XLII, no. 1 (2007): 247–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.xlii.1.247.

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4

Hassani-Nezhad, Lena, and Anna Sjögren. "Unilateral Divorce for Women and Labor Supply in the Middle East and North Africa: The Effect of Khul Reform." Feminist Economics 20, no. 4 (July 14, 2014): 113–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2014.932421.

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5

Goldin, Claudia, and Claudia Olivetti. "Shocking Labor Supply: A Reassessment of the Role of World War II on Women's Labor Supply." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.257.

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The most prominent feature of the female labor force across the past hundred years is its enormous growth. But many believe that the increase was discontinuous. Our purpose is to identify the short- and long-run impacts of WWII on the labor supply of women who were currently married in 1950 and 1960. Using WWII mobilization rates by state, we find a wartime impact on weeks worked and the labor force participation of married white (non-farm) women in both 1950 and 1960. The impact, moreover, was experienced almost entirely by women in the top half of the education distribution.
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6

Majumder, Sacchidanand, and Soma Dey. "Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Women Participation in Labor Force in Rural Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 46, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v46i1.54233.

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This attempt was made to investigate the socio-economic and demographic factors that influence women participation in labor force in rural Bangladesh using BDHS 2014 data. A total of 11,695 married women aged 15 - 49 in rural areas are selected for analysis. A logistic regression analysis is applied for determining the factors. The result shows that 32.2% rural women are currently employed and the remaining 67.8% are unemployed. The logistic model shows that women’s age has a strong positive association with their participation in labor force. Participation of widowed and divorced/separated women in labor force is much higher as compared to married women. Enhanced education level of women and their husband has decreased women participation in labor force, but it gradually increased with increased education level of household head. Husband’s occupation is a strong determinant of women participation in labor force. Women from middle income households are less interested to participate in labor force as compared to poor women. The result also reveals that with increased household size and number of children under age five, women participation in labor force is decreased. Again, with increased land and livestock ownership of household and NGO membership, women participation in labor force is highly increased. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 46(1): 103-115, June 2020
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7

Carlin, Paul S. "Evidence on the Volunteer Labor Supply of Married Women." Southern Economic Journal 67, no. 4 (April 2001): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1061572.

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8

Eckstein, Zvi, and Osnat Lifshitz. "HOUSEHOLD INTERACTION AND THE LABOR SUPPLY OF MARRIED WOMEN." International Economic Review 56, no. 2 (April 28, 2015): 427–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iere.12110.

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9

Carlin, Paul S. "Evidence on the Volunteer Labor Supply of Married Women." Southern Economic Journal 67, no. 4 (April 2001): 801–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2325-8012.2001.tb00375.x.

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10

Jones, Larry E., Rodolfo E. Manuelli, and Ellen R. McGrattan. "WHY ARE MARRIED WOMEN WORKING SO MUCH?" Journal of Demographic Economics 81, no. 1 (March 2015): 75–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2014.7.

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Abstract:We study the large observed changes in labor supply by married women in the United States over the post-World War II period, a period that saw little change in the labor supply by single women. We investigate the effects of changes in the gender wage gap, the quantitative impact of technological improvements in the production of nonmarket goods, and the potential inferiority of nonmarket goods in explaining the dramatic change in labor supply. We find that small decreases in the gender wage gap can simultaneously explain the significant increases in the average hours worked by married women and the relative constancy in the hours worked by single women and by single and married men. We also find that the impact of technological improvements in the household on married female hours and on the relative wage of females to males is too small for realistic values. Some specifications of the inferiority of home goods match the hours patterns, but they have counterfactual predictions for wages and expenditure patterns.
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11

Awan, Abdul Ghafoor, Zahir Faridi, and Shazia Bibi. "Correlates of Women’s Labor Force Supply in Pakistan." Global Disclosure of Economics and Business 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v5i1.126.

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This study has analyzed correlation among those variables that affect women working hours in labor market in Pakistan. We used primary data that was collected from the rural and urban areas of District Multan. A sample of 300 women having eight years education was taken randomly and formal questionnaire was constructed for this purpose. Ordinary Least Square method was applied for estimation of parameters. The results of our empirical study show that various variables have expected signs in analysis. We found that joint family setup, family expenditures, number of dependent, working days and wage rate impact positively and significantly to the working hours of women. In contrast, number of children, nuclear family size, etcare inversely related to the women working hours. Therefore, we suggest that there should be provision of better education for women to improve their working hours and participation rate in labor market.
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12

Flippen, Chenoa A. "Shadow Labor." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 666, no. 1 (June 14, 2016): 110–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716216644423.

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This article examines the forces shaping the labor supply and wages of immigrant Hispanic women in new destinations. The analysis draws on data collected in Durham, North Carolina, and evaluates how labor market outcomes are influenced by variables including human capital, immigration characteristics (including legal status), family structure, and immigrant-specific labor market conditions such as subcontracting. Findings indicate that the main determinants of labor supply among immigrant Hispanic women in Durham relate to family structure, with human capital playing a relatively minor role. Important variation is observed in the degree of work-family conflict across occupations. For wages, human capital and immigration characteristics (including documentation) are more important than family structure. Results show that the position of immigrant Hispanic women in Durham’s low-wage labor market is extremely precarious, with multiple, overlapping sources of disadvantage, particularly related to legal status and family structure.
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13

Dettling, Lisa J. "Broadband in the Labor Market." ILR Review 70, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 451–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793916644721.

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The author investigates how high-speed home Internet use has affected labor supply. Using an instrumental variables strategy that exploits cross-state variation in supply-side constraints to residential broadband Internet access, she finds that exogenously determined high-speed Internet use leads to a 4.1 percentage point increase in labor force participation for married women. No corresponding effect is found for single women or men. Among married women, the largest increases in participation are found among college-educated women with children. Supplemental analyses suggest that Internet use for telework and saving time in home production explains the increase in participation. The results suggest that home Internet facilitates work-family balance.
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14

Cebi, Merve, and Chunbei Wang. "Employer-provided Health Insurance and Labor Supply of Married Women." Eastern Economic Journal 39, no. 4 (November 19, 2012): 493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/eej.2012.33.

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15

Hatton, T. J., and R. E. Bailey. "Household Labor Supply and Women′s Work in Interwar Britain." Explorations in Economic History 30, no. 2 (April 1993): 229–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exeh.1993.1010.

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16

Stier, Haya, and Marta Tienda. "Family, Work and Women: The Labor Supply of Hispanic Immigrant Wives." International Migration Review 26, no. 4 (December 1992): 1291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600410.

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The article focuses on the economic circumstances and the family arrangements that govern the labor supply of Hispanic immigrant wives in the United States. We use a two-stage estimation procedure and a specification that models individual and familial factors that influence the labor supply of all women and those unique to immigrants. The analysis, based on a sample of Hispanic immigrant wives obtained from the 1980 U.S. Census, examines immigrant wives of Mexican, Puerto Rican and Other Hispanic origin and compares their labor supply with that of their native-born counterparts and U.S.- born white wives. Results indicate that the labor force behavior of Hispanic immigrant wives is highly responsive to their earning potential and, unlike that of U.S.-born white wives, is less constrained by their familial role as mothers.
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17

Vinokurov, Evgeny, and Natalia Vinokurova. "Supply in the Russian labor market: gender aspect." Population 24, no. 3 (September 24, 2021): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.3.15.

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The article deals with the economic activity of the Russian population both in general and in the gender aspect. The main attention in the work is focused on the relationship between the economic activity of population and wages. The objectives of the work are, firstly, to identify differences in the behavior of men and women in the labor market in terms of economic activity, and, secondly, to test the hypothesis on the relationship between the economic activity of population and wages. The article provides an overview of the factors affecting the size of labor force and the level of participation in it, as well as statistical data reflecting male and female economic activity in modern Russia. Analysis of the labor activity dynamics leads to the conclusion that there are significant differences in male and female behavior in the labor market. The main cause of these differences is the traditional views of the population on the roles of men and women in society. Also the regression equations connecting the level of economic activity with the average real wage are determined both for the population of the Russian Federation as a whole, and for men and women separately. These equations can be considered as modified functions of the labor supply. Calculations have shown that, despite the general linear nature of the dependence of the economic activity level of population on real wages, its growth leads, ceteris paribus, to an accelerating increase in the activity of men and a slowing increase in the activity of women. The revealed low elasticity of labor supply functions indicates that any significant impact on the level of labor activity can only be provided by significant increase in real wages. First of all, the last statement applies to women.
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18

Stelcner, Morton, and Jon Breslaw. "Income Taxes and the Labor Supply of Married Women in Quebec." Southern Economic Journal 51, no. 4 (April 1985): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1058377.

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19

Stier, Haya, and Marta Tienda. "Family, Work and Women: The Labor Supply of Hispanic Immigrant Wives." International Migration Review 26, no. 4 (1992): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546884.

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20

Heineck, Guido. "Does religion influence the labor supply of married women in Germany?" Journal of Socio-Economics 33, no. 3 (July 2004): 307–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2003.12.024.

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21

Lee, Kyunghee, and Insik Min. "Child Allowance and Labor Supply of Married Women: A Microsimulation Approach." Survey Research 19, no. 2 (May 31, 2018): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20997/sr.19.2.2.

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22

Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. "Changes in the Labor Supply Behavior of Married Women: 1980–2000." Journal of Labor Economics 25, no. 3 (July 2007): 393–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/513416.

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23

Park, Seeun, and Sun Go. "Children’s age and the labor supply of married women in Korea." Korean Development Economics Association 24, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20464/kdea.2018.24.4.2.

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24

Cortés, Patricia, and José Tessada. "Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Skilled Women." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 88–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.3.3.88.

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Low-skilled immigrants represent a significant fraction of employment in services that are close substitutes of household production. This paper studies whether the increased supply of low-skilled immigrants has led high-skilled women, who have the highest opportunity cost of time, to change their time-use decisions. Exploiting cross-city variation in immigrant concentration, we find that low-skilled immigration increases average hours of market work and the probability of working long hours of women at the top quartile of the wage distribution. Consistently, we find that women in this group decrease the time they spend in household work and increase expenditures on housekeeping services. (JEL J16, J22, J24, J61)
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25

Lehrer, E. L. "The Effects of Religion on the Labor Supply of Married Women." Social Science Research 24, no. 3 (September 1995): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1995.1011.

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26

Kim, Seik, and Nalina Varanasi. "Labor supply of married foreign-born women in credit-constrained households." Economic Modelling 81 (September 2019): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.07.019.

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27

Bradley, Cathy J., David Neumark, Zhehui Luo, and Heather L. Bednarek. "Employment-contingent health insurance, illness, and labor supply of women: evidence from married women with breast cancer." Health Economics 16, no. 7 (2007): 719–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.1191.

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28

Finegan, T. Aldrich, and Robert A. Margo. "Work Relief and the Labor Force Participation of Married Women in 1940." Journal of Economic History 54, no. 1 (March 1994): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700013991.

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Economic analysis of the labor supply of married women has long emphasized the impact of the unemployment of husbands—the added worker effect. This article re-examines the magnitude of the added worker effect in the waning years of the Great Depression. Previous studies of the labor supply of married women during this period failed to take account of various institutional features of New Deal work relief programs, which reduced the size of the added worker effect.
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29

Klepikova, E. "Labor supply elasticity in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2016): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-9-111-128.

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The paper estimates wage elasticity of labor supply in Russia - both intensive and extensive margins. Empirical research is based on the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics data for the period from 2004 to 2014. The study uses an adaptation of the Heckman selection model, estimation proceeds in four stages. It is shown that elasticity of the decision regarding hours worked is insignificant for all demographic groups with the exception of married women, for whom it is significantly negative. The elasticity regarding the decision to participate is positive, but quite low for people aged 25-54, and is much higher for those in the early retirement age. The possible application of the obtained estimates is demonstrated by measuring potential effect of personal income tax and pension system reforms on the labor supply.
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30

Miller, Carole F. "Labor Force Participation among Low-Income Married Women." Review of Black Political Economy 24, no. 4 (June 1996): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02690044.

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Race differences exist in the factors that influence the probability of participation by married women in low-income households. Given a relatively low average level of schooling among the women drawn from the low-income subsample, educational status is not a significant determinant, but experience is a significant positive determinant of the probability of participation among women of both races. The presence of preschool children has a significant, impeding effect on the probability of participation by white women, but is an insignificant factor for black women. Household financial status does not influence the probability of participation by married women from low-income households. Results from a Hausman test suggest that the influence of these variables should be accounted for in the fixed effect rather than as determinants of the demand for leisure. One limitation of the fixed effects model is the assumption of time-invariance of the latent characteristics. Some determinants of labor supply may not remain constant over time, such as the marginal utility of initial wealth. Results from a life cycle model in a setting of uncertainty may provide richer estimates than those reported in this paper.
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31

Ojha, Bhoj Raj. "Women Entrepreneurship Development through Cooperatives." Management Dynamics 21, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v21i1.27048.

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IntroductionEntrepreneurs are individuals or group of individuals who invest capital, organize and direct business and industrial units. An entrepreneur assembles, coordinates and directs various factors of production namely land, labor, capital and other materials. "An entrepreneur initiates ventures, employs workers, organizes production, develops markets and influences the development of managerial thoughts" (Shrestha, 1982:11). As stated by Higgins "Entrepreneurship is meant the function of seeing investment and production opportunities, organizing an enterprise to undertake a new production process, raising capital, hiring labor, arranging for the supply of raw materials, finding a site and combining these factors of production into a going concern, introducing new techniques and selecting top managers for day to day operation" (Higgins, 1966:88). The elements common to all of them are the desire for breaking away from traditional ways of doing things, face the organizational and technical problems in decision-making process and measure up to the risks which are implicit in the process (Joshi, 1977: 40). Entrepreneurs can be divided into three broad categories i.e., Private Entrepreneur, Government Entrepreneur and Institutional Entrepreneur (K.C., 1989: 18–19).
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32

Goux, Dominique, Eric Maurin, and Barbara Petrongolo. "Worktime Regulations and Spousal Labor Supply." American Economic Review 104, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 252–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.1.252.

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We study interdependencies in spousal labor supply by exploiting the design of the French workweek reduction, which introduced exogenous variation in one's spouse's labor supply, at constant earnings. Treated employees work on average two hours less per week. Husbands of treated women respond by reducing their labor supply by about half an hour, consistent with substantial leisure complementarity, and specifically cut the nonusual component of their workweek, leaving usual hours unchanged. Women's response to their husband's treatment is instead weak and rarely statistically significant, possibly due to heavier constraints in the organization of their workweek. (JEL J16, J22, K31)
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33

Ribar, David C. "Child Care and the Labor Supply of Married Women: Reduced Form Evidence." Journal of Human Resources 27, no. 1 (1992): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/145915.

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34

Bandiera, Oriana, Robin Burgess, Narayan Das, Selim Gulesci, Imran Rasul, and Munshi Sulaiman. "Labor Markets and Poverty in Village Economies*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 132, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 811–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjx003.

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Abstract We study how women's choices over labor activities in village economies correlate with poverty and whether enabling the poorest women to take on the activities of their richer counterparts can set them on a sustainable trajectory out of poverty. To do this we conduct a large-scale randomized control trial, covering over 21,000 households in 1,309 villages surveyed four times over a seven-year period, to evaluate a nationwide program in Bangladesh that transfers livestock assets and skills to the poorest women. At baseline, the poorest women mostly engage in low return and seasonal casual wage labor while wealthier women solely engage in livestock rearing. The program enables poor women to start engaging in livestock rearing, increasing their aggregate labor supply and earnings. This leads to asset accumulation (livestock, land, and business assets) and poverty reduction, both sustained after four and seven years. These gains do not crowd out the livestock businesses of noneligible households while the wages these receive for casual jobs increase as the poor reduce their labor supply. Our results show that (i) the poor are able to take on the work activities of the nonpoor but face barriers to doing so, and, (ii) one-off interventions that remove these barriers lead to sustainable poverty reduction.
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35

Keane, Michael P. "Labor Supply and Taxes: A Survey." Journal of Economic Literature 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 961–1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.4.961.

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I survey the male and female labor supply literatures, focusing on implications for effects of wages and taxes. For males, I describe and contrast results from three basic types of model: static models (especially those that account for nonlinear taxes), life-cycle models with savings, and life-cycle models with both savings and human capital. For women, more important distinctions are whether models include fixed costs of work, and whether they treat demographics like fertility and marriage (and human capital) as exogenous or endogenous. The literature is characterized by considerable controversy over the responsiveness of labor supply to changes in wages and taxes. At least for males, it is fair to say that most economists believe labor supply elasticities are small. But a sizable minority of studies that I examine obtain large values. Hence, there is no clear consensus on this point. In fact, a simple average of Hicks elasticities across all the studies I examine is 0.31. Several simulation studies have shown that such a value is large enough to generate large efficiency costs of income taxation. For males, I conclude that two factors drive many of the differences in results across studies. One factor is use of direct versus ratio wage measures, with studies that use the former tending to find larger elasticities. Another factor is the failure of most studies to account for human capital returns to work experience. I argue that this may lead to downward bias in elasticity estimates. In a model that includes human capital, I show how even modest elasticities—as conventionally measured—can be consistent with large efficiency costs of taxation. For women, in contrast, it is fair to say that most studies find large labor supply elasticities, especially on the participation margin. In particular, I find that estimates of “long-run” labor supply elasticities—by which I mean estimates that allow for dynamic effects of wages on fertility, marriage, education and work experience—are generally quite large. (JEL D91, J13, J16, J22, J31, H24)
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36

Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. "Female Labor Supply: Why Is the United States Falling Behind?" American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.251.

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In 1990, the US had the sixth highest female labor participation rate among 22 OECD countries. By 2010 its rank had fallen to seventeenth. We find that the expansion of “family-friendly” policies, including parental leave and part-time work entitlements in other OECD countries, explains 29 percent of the decrease in US women's labor force participation relative to these other countries. However, these policies also appear to encourage part-time work and employment in lower level positions: US women are more likely than women in other countries to have full time jobs and to work as managers or professionals.
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37

Forrester, Kellie, and Jennifer Klein. "AN ANALYSIS OF FEMALE LABOR SUPPLY, HOME PRODUCTION, AND HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES." Journal of Demographic Economics 84, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 257–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2018.8.

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Abstract:The United States saw a rapid transformation of its labor market when the female employment to population ratio nearly doubled from 1950 to 2000. As women shift their hours from the home sector to the market sector, goods that were previously produced in the home may be replaced by market services. This paper uses the Panel Study for Income Dynamics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, and the American Time Use Survey to analyze the extent to which households replace home production with purchased market services, and how the relationship between men’s and women’s labor supplies affects these decisions. We show that women who are employed spend less time on home production activities that have close market alternatives than women who are not employed. Additionally, expenditures on market services that can replace home production are higher for married households in which the woman is employed compared to those with nonworking women.
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38

FREIRE, TIAGO. "HOW THE 1978 FOREIGN DOMESTIC WORKERS LAW INCREASED THE LABOR SUPPLY OF SINGAPOREAN WOMEN." Singapore Economic Review 61, no. 05 (December 2016): 1550075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500757.

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In 1978, Singapore became the first country to introduce legislation allowing foreign domestic workers to work in the country under special visas. Although Singapore is often cited in the literature as a success story, no studies have quantified the impact of this legislation. In this paper, we use data derived from the Singapore Yearbook of Manpower Statistics between 1974 and 1985 to determine the influence of the 1978 legislation on the labor supply of Singaporean women. We find that the labor supply of women affected by this policy increased by between 3.1% and 6.2%.
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39

Fosu, Augustin Kwasi. "Explaining Post-1964 Earnings Gains by Black Women: Race or Sex?" Review of Black Political Economy 15, no. 3 (January 1987): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903991.

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This article examines the earnings position of black females relative to white males for the post-1964 period. It finds that over 70 percent of the 1965–78 growth in black female relative median earnings remains after controlling for previous trends, education, and cyclical and labor supply changes. For full-time, year-round workers, the post-1964 trend independently implies a growth rate about 50 percent higher than that actually observed. Approximately one-half of the gains are attributable to race and the rest to the interaction of race and sex. The study finds no support for the censoring hypothesis that allocates a substantial portion of the growth to labor supply decreases. While it suggests occupational mobility to be nonextraneous in the earnings equation, the author argues that the black female now faces a mobility constraint more formidable than previously.
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40

Malakhov, S. "Transaction Costs, Economic Growth and Labor Supply." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2003): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-9-49-61.

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The paper presents the model of allocation of time within dispersion of current prices and under uncertainty of future prices. It is argued that, with a given wage rate and a chosen level of consumption, the individual maximizes savings as the function of time of search. As a result, when the wage rate is increased, the substitution effect is limited by higher prices of imperfect markets, and the income effect is limited by inferiority of consumption goods. The model discovers some differences of economic behavior of men and women. The level of development of an economy also changes the economic behavior, which in its turn contributes differently to economic growth.
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41

Cao, Yani, and Chanyoung Lee. "The Effect of Family Structure on Labor Supply of Married Women in China." Journal of China Studies 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.20288/jcs.2019.22.3.93.

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42

Dhouha, HajAli. "An Attempt in Modeling the Labor Supply Process of Married Women in Tunisia." Marriage & Family Review 52, no. 7 (January 22, 2016): 613–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1140105.

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43

Ribar, David C. "A Structural Model of Child Care and the Labor Supply of Married Women." Journal of Labor Economics 13, no. 3 (July 1995): 558–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/298385.

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44

Amin, Shahina. "Life-cycle labor supply of married women and family income inequality in Malaysia." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 8, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354786032000045219.

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45

Fosu, Augustin Kwasi. "Occupational Mobility of Black Women, 1958–1981: The Impact of Post-1964 Antidiscrimination Measures." ILR Review 45, no. 2 (January 1992): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204500206.

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This study finds that between 1965 and 1981, black women's occupational mobility rose relative to that of white women and white men by about 20% and 24%, respectively, and that more than half of these gains remain even after controlling for pre-existing trends, cyclical economic conditions, education, and factors potentially influencing the labor supply. No evidence is found to support the null hypothesis that this pattern is explained in significant measure by a decline in the labor supply of black women. The author argues, instead, that the results reflect the effects of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and, by the mid-1970s, affirmative action laws.
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46

Ellis, Rachel. "Prison Labor in a Pandemic." Contexts 19, no. 4 (November 2020): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504220977950.

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Facing the spread of coronavirus, the rapidly rising demand for hand sanitizer led to a short supply. In New York, Governor Cuomo's solution was to contract the Division of Correctional Industries. The profiting off of forced labor on the backs of incarcerated men and women is explained further in this policy brief.
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47

Mawadah, Sokhikhatul. "KURVA PENAWARAN TENAGA KERJA DAN JAM KERJA PEREMPUAN." Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender 12, no. 3 (February 1, 2018): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/sa.v12i3.2084.

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<p class="IIABSTRAK333">The labor supply curve is a curve that states the relationship of wages and hours of work. The higher a person's wages the fewer hours they work. The curve should not be appropriate if it is associated with women's working hours, because there are still many women who work a lot but pay little. Especially for women who work on households, how many hours work to work at home and work in the office. The purpose of this paper is to find out the relationship of wages and working hours of women, Analyzing the labor supply curve based on Central Java Provincial BPS data on women's working hours and knowing the relevance of the labor supply curve to the current (working women) society condition. From the discussion in this writing is known that many factors that affect the labor supply curve, one of which is the factor of women who take care of the household. So there is a relationship between the labor supply curve with female work hours but is less relevant. The labor supply curve does address wages and hours of work but does not deal specifically with wages, working hours and women. There should be a distinction or an exception to women. especially working hours of working women (as professions) with women who only work as housewives. let alone strengthened from the data of BPS statistics center agency which shows the number of working hours of women more than the number of man hours worked.</p><p class="IIABSTRAK333">_________________________________________________________</p><p>Kurva penawaran tenaga kerja adalah kurva yang menyatakan hubungan upah dan jam kerja. Semakin tinggi upah seseorang maka semakin sedikit jam kerjanya. Kurva tersebut tidak sepatut­nya tepat jika dikaitkan dengan jam kerja perempuan, karena masih banyak perempuan yang jam kerjanya banyak tetapi upahnya sedikit. Apalagi untuk perempuan yang bekerja mengurusi rumah tangga, berapa banyak jumlah jam kerja untuk di bekerja di rumah dan bekerja di kantor. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan upah dan jam kerja perempuan, Meng­analisa kurva penawaran tenaga kerja berdasarkan data BPS Pro­vinsi Jateng tentang jam kerja perempuan dan Mengetahui relevansi kurva penawaran tenaga kerja dengan keadaan masyarakat (perempuan bekerja) dewasa ini. Dari pembahasan dalam penulisan ini diketahui bahwa banyak faktor yang mem­pengaruhi kurva penawaran tenaga kerja, salah satunya adalah faktor wanita yang mengurus rumah tangga. Jadi ada hubungan antara kurva penawaran tenaga kerja dengan jam kerja per­empuan tetapi kurang relevan. Kurva penawaran tenaga kerja me­mang membahas tentang upah dan jam kerja tetapi tidak mem­bahas spesifik tentang upah, jam kerja dan perempuan. Seharus­nya ada pembeda/pengecualian terhadap perempuan, khususnya jam kerja perempuan yang bekerja (sebagai profesi) dengan perempuan yang hanya bekerja sebagai ibu rumah tangga. Apalagi dikuatkan dari data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) yang menunjukkan jumlah jam kerja wanita lebih banyak dibanding jumlah jam kerja laki-laki.</p>
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48

Alesina, Alberto, Andrea Ichino, and Loukas Karabarbounis. "Gender-Based Taxation and the Division of Family Chores." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.3.2.1.

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Gender-based taxation (GBT) satisfies Ramsey's rule because it taxes at a lower rate the more elastic labor supply of women. We study GBT in a model in which labor elasticities emerge endogenously from intrahousehold bargaining. We explore the cases of superior bargaining power for men, higher male wages, and higher female home productivity. In all cases, men commit to a career in the market, take less home duties than women, and have lower labor supply elasticity. When society resolves its distributional concerns efficiently with gender-specific lump sum transfers, GBT with higher marginal tax rates on (single and married) men is optimal. (JEL D13, H21, H24, J16, J22)
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49

Leonard, Jonathan S. "Women and Affirmative Action." Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.1.61.

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This paper reviews evidence indicating that, as it has been enforced so far, affirmative action has contributed negligibly to women's progress in the workplace. Affirmative action can be modeled as a tax on employers whose female employment growth falls below a certain rate. Clearly, if labor supply shifts result in female employment growth greater than the regulatory standard, the tax constraint will not be binding. As we shall see, this may help explain an affirmative action program that is generally ineffective for women, although it has been effective for minorities. Federal anti-bias policies in general, and the system of affirmative action goals in particular, have been accused of instituting employment quotas. This paper reviews evidence on the homogenization of the workplace predicted by the quota theory, as well as considering more direct evidence on whether affirmative action goals are really quotas in lambs' clothing. I shall also review the slim evidence on the most fundamental and controversial criticism of affirmative action: that rather than reducing discrimination against women and minorities, it has induced discrimination against white males. A new methodology employing direct productivity measures rather than the traditional but limited wage equation residuals proves useful in exploring this issue.
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50

Figinski, Theodore, and David Neumark. "Does Eliminating the Earnings Test Increase the Incidence of Low Income Among Older Women?" Research on Aging 40, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 27–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027516676877.

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Reducing or eliminating Social Security’s retirement earnings test (RET) can encourage labor supply of older individuals receiving benefits. However, these reforms can encourage earlier claiming of Social Security benefits, permanently lowering future benefits. We explore the consequences, for older women, of eliminating the RET from the full retirement age to age 69 (in 2000), relying on the intercohort variation in exposure to changes in the RET to estimate these effects. The evidence is consistent with the conclusion that eliminating the RET increased the likelihood of having very low incomes among women in their mid-70s and older—ages at which the lower benefits from claiming earlier could outweigh higher income in the earlier period when women or their husbands increased their labor supply.
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