Academic literature on the topic 'DK Russia'

Creation of productive and plastic varieties of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) resistant to adverse weather factors will improve the efficiency of grain production in conditions of low fertility of sodpodzolic soils in the Leningrad region in Russia. The purpose of the study was to determine the environmental plasticity and adaptation features of the new line of spring barley in comparison with the standards: Suzdalets variety (nutans variety) and Leningradsky variety (pallidum variety). The main abiotic stressors for spring barley plants are increased acidity and low supply with plant nutrients, drought followed with excess moisture at the end of the growing season. Field, laboratory, and statistical methods generally accepted for these studies were used in this work. Using the ecological plasticity index (Isp) and the generative to reproductive organs length ratio ds /dk simplifies the task of evaluating hybrids, lines, and varieties. Genotype-environment interaction is a complex process both in its nature and in intensity. The selection of promising variety samples is aimed at isolating genotypes for which the influence of this interaction is minimal. Of particular importance in the selection of spring barley is the creation of varieties with a genetically determined mechanism of protection against adverse environmental factors.

Purpose. Analysis of electron microscopic changes in rabbit eyes with intravitreal tamponade of perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCL) (perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane and perfluorodecalin).Material and Methods. The study was performed on Chinchilla breed rabbits. 25G vitrectomy with PFCL intravitreal tamponade was performed on 12 eyes of 6 rabbits (perfluorodecalin (Bausch+Lomb «Dk-line», USA) and perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane (ZAO “Optimedservis”, Russia). Standard three-port vitrectomy technique was used. After removal of the vitreous body 2.5 ml of PFCL were injected in vitreous cavity. Research studies were performed in 5, 14 and 30 days after surgery by electron microscopy. Eyes were enucleated in 20 minutes after animal was killed by air embolization. Intact eyes were used as a control. All samples were prepared in same conditions. The damage of the retina architectonics and the presence of intracellular inclusions were evaluated.Results. Tamponade of the vitreous cavity by both types of PFCL in 5, 14 and 30 day caused following similar electron microscopic changes at date: swelling ganglion layer and dystrophy of inner and outer nuclear layer. Electron microscopic changes in outer nuclear layer appeared at 30 days. The photoreceptor neurons were characterized by single ultrastructural changes. Retina pigment epithelium cells had a typical ultrastructure.Conclusion. Intravitreal perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane tamponade caused similar electron microscopic changes as well as perfluorodecalin in the experiment and it was relatively harmless to rabbit retina for up to 14 days. Irreversible changes in the retinal ultrastructure were not observed.

The modern information society is characterized by such signs as the circulation of large volumes of various information kinds (text, graphics, video) from various sources; the existence of poorly structured, contradictory, rapidly changing information. Nowadays, it is difficult for a person to navigate through large streams of information for learning it. Education, which should help a person in this learning, remains conservative and upgrades slowly. Under such conditions, there is a need for a fundamentally new position in vocational education, a position of a tutor. A tutor is understood as a teacher in the process of the individualization principle makes an individual educational program, taking into account interests and aptitudes of the tutor, provides support in its mastering. Introduction of the profilisation of schools and alternative subjects for upper grades will update the tutor position as a position in the regular school manning table. An analysis of the profession classifiers in Great Britain, Poland, the USA, Canada and Russia testifies the presence of the tutor profession. In the National Classifier of Ukraine "Classifier of professions DK 003: 2010" the tutor profession is absent. The article outlines the difference between a tutor and a class teacher, a subject teacher, a social teacher, a school psychologist, an additional education, an assistant and an assistant teacher. The expediency of introduction of the tutor profession into the list of professions in the National Classifier of Ukraine is substantiated. Functional duties of a tutor in the field of secondary education, a tutor in the sphere of higher education and a tutor in the field of additional educational services are provided. Knowledge that a tutor should have for the execution of the following functions is outlined.

Introduction. Grip strength is a reflection not only of the strength of the hands, but also the strength of the muscles of the whole body, the functional capabilities of the body and an important diagnostic marker of the overall health of a person. The aim of this work was to compare the measurements obtained with the DK-50 and JAMAR® Plus digital handheld dynamometers.Methods. A convenience sample was used of 94 health participants, men and women, aged from 15 to 65 years old. Grip strength of a dominant hand was conducted using a carpal mechanical dynamometer DK-50 (Nizhni Tagil, Russian Federation) and JAMAR® Plus digital handheld dynamometer. The simple Pearson correlation test, linear regression method and the procedure of Bland and Altman were used to estimate difference between an average value of results of measurements of grip strength (AGS) and maximum measurement of grip strength (MGS) of the dominant hand of two dynamometers.Results. The grip strength using JAMAR® Plus dynamometer was higher than with the DK-50 dynamometer by 5.6 ± 4.2 kg for the average grip strength (AGS) and by 6.7 ± 4.3 kg for the maximum grip strength (MGS). The formulas for transferring the data of the car dynamometry of the DK-50 dynamometer to the values obtained from the JAMAR® Plus dynamometer are calculated: AGS JAMAR® Plus == 1,7874 + 1,1208 × AGS DK-50 and MGS JAMAR® Plus = 1.7667 + 1, 1275 × MGS DK-50.Conclusion. For avoiding errors in the interpretation of the results from different studies, it is necessary to take into account which type of dynamometer was used. The resulting formulas (AGS JAMAR® Plus == 1,7874 + 1,1208 × AGS DK50 and MGS JAMAR® Plus = 1,7667 + 1,1275 × MGS DK50) can be used to correct the data of the dynamometer DK-50 for value of JAMAR® Plus dynamometer and to compare the results of Russian studies with data from foreign studies organized using JAMAR® Plus dynamometers. (For citation: Turusheva AV, Frolova EV, Degryse J-M. Comparison of measurement results are obtained with dynamometers DK-50 and JAMAR® Plus. Russian Family Doctor. 2018;22(1):12-17. doi 10.17816/RFD2018112-17).

In order to solve the problem of the land agroecological estimation (natural resources potential) automation and artificial information system development, it is necessary to make the domain knowledge (DK) conceptualization, or conceptual modelling. The unified modelling language (UML) was chosen as a descriptive system. Three abstract objects (class, attribute and relationship) were selected to describe 33 concepts for land plot basic natural characteristics and 13 significant nature process aspects regulating changes of those characteristics. For 6 DK concepts abstract object “class” was chosen, for 27 DK concepts – “attribute”, for 13 nature process aspects – “relationship”. Class “land plot” is a central one interacting with the other 5 classes: “relief”, “agrometeorological resource”, “soil”, “erosion”, “vegetation”. All classes and attributes interdependencies are described by relationship classification of 3 types. The first type is dependency relationship showing on UML diagrams a directed connection between two classes towards the main class, which means that changing the main class properties implies changing the dependant class properties; the second type is association relationship, which is any relationship showing connection characterized by almost any verb of the Russian language; the third type is composition relationship showing connection between composite and its part and is always directed to the composite, where deletion of the composite class implies deletion of all parts. Optimization of the DK conceptual model described by means of UML diagram is a permanent process, thus new classes and concepts can be added to the model throughout the time.

Aim of the study. An actual problem of the modern approach to the management of patients in the post-traumatic period with the aim of predicting, preventing and treating complications of post-traumatic pneumonia is the assessment of the dynamics of the cytokine profile in this period.Material and methods. Investigations were carried out at the time of hospitalization prior medical interventions. During the research the following methods were used: clinical, physical, instrumental, follow-up, radiation (MRI, CT, X-Ray), endoscopic, laboratory. Blood was taken from the peripheral vein on the first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth day of hospitalization to determine the interlikin profile. The definition of Proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10 in the blood serum performed by ELISA on the immunofermental analyzer Abbott AXSYM using standard kits ProCon (“Protein contour”, St. Petersburg, Russia). Data were processed statistically using Student’s t-test.Results. Analysis of the results of determination of IL-1 in the serum of patients DK showed that in all stages of the disease, in addition to IV, the contents of this cytokine exceeded the control values in varying degrees of severity. While the levels of IL-1 in the serum of patients with the 1ststage of the disease was 4.0 times; stage 2–3.4 times; the third stage is 1.5 times higher than normal. And only in patients with very severe stage of pneumonia contents IL-1 did not differ from the norm. A similar picture was observed when determining the serum content of patients with a very severe stage of pneumonia, and only in contrast to the level of IL-1 in patients with a very severe stage of pneumonia, the IL-6 content remained significantly higher than normal. So, the content of IL-10 in patients with a very severe stage of pneumonia of stage I, II, III and IV of the disease averaged 330.7±24.5, respectively; 210.5±17.3; 123.4±15.3 and 98.5±12.7 pg/ml (in all cases p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results obtained in a comparative study of contents of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a) in the blood serum showed that the determination of the spectrum of cytokines in peripheral blood, in our opinion, is the most perspective and can be a key marker for early detection of inflammation. Key words: post-traumatic pneumonii, interlikin profile, peripheral blood serum>˂0.05).Conclusion. The results obtained in a comparative study of contents of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a) in the blood serum showed that the determination of the spectrum of cytokines in peripheral blood, in our opinion, is the most perspective and can be a key marker for early detection of inflammation.

The article presents the results of 20 years of research on the implementation of a project to create pear varieties and complex donors of monogenously determined dwarfism (gene D) with high winter hardiness, group resistance to fungal diseases — scab (Venturia pirina Aderh., brownish (Entomosporium maculatum Lev.) and Septoria (Septoria piricola Desm.) and bright red color of fruits (gene C). The research was conducted according to generally accepted methods in the pear breeding gardens of Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding in 2000-2019. The study objects were populations of hybrid pear seedlings obtained from targeted crosses of highly adaptive forms and hybrids of pears with descendants of the 4th generation of the Karlikovaya Zelyonaya variety (Nain Vert), heterozygous for the dwarfism gene (Dd) in the first stage, and hybrid seedlings from crossing a DK-2 donor with sources of good fruit taste in the second stage. The aim of the research was to identify winter-hardy complex donors of dwarfism for further use in breeding programs for the creation of intensive pear varieties. Seedlings were grown using conventional technology in a breeding garden on a plot with dark gray forest soil. As a result of research for further use in breeding as complex donors of dwarfism, winter hardiness, group resistance to fungal diseases and red color of fruits, 3 forms were selected in the second stage of crosses (DK-1-6-57, DK-1-674, DK-1-4-38). Their use in long-term innovative breeding programs for the creation of intensive pear varieties will allow to conduct rejections at the early stages of ontogenesis and thereby to reduce the volume of hybrid families by 2-4 times. These complex donors are briefly characterized.

Seeds of maize hybrids in the Russian Federation are obtained using CMS, therefore it is necessary to transfer the developed hybrids to a sterile basis to introduce them into production. The purpose of the work is to study the reaction of self-pollinated maize lines to various types of CMS. There was estimated the response of 26 self-pollinated maize lines to the “M” type of CMS and the response of 23 lines to the “C” type of CMS. The simple sterile hybrids “Milena M”, “Madonna M”, “Krucha M”, “Istok C”, “Nimfa C”, “Malvina C”, which are the mother forms of the new three-linear maize hybrids have been used as the testers of the sources of sterility. The self-pollinated lines have been classified according to the response to the “M” type of CMS as sterility fixers (11), incomplete sterility fixers (7), fertility reducing agents (6), non-uniform in reconstructing ability (2). In relation to the “C” type of CMS there were identified 10 sterility fixers, 3 incomplete sterility fixers, 7 fertility reducing agents, 3 non-uniform in reconstructing ability. The reducing agents of Moldavian type of CMS “FC 18 A”, “T 22 A”, “DS 768/83-3”, “DS 768/85-4”, “DS 768/85”, “DS 768/85-5” are of the greatest practical interest as they can be used as natural reducing agents (paternal forms) in the developed hybrid combinations. The constant natural reducing agents of the “C” type of CMS (“T 22 A”, “PLS 61”, “DK 22/325”, as paternal forms of hybrids grown on sterile cytoplasm of the “C” type) are of practical value. The use of sterile testers in hybridization allows simultaneously with the development of new hybrids to start the first stage of their transfer to a sterile basis, namely to evaluate the response of the lines to the sterile cytoplasm.

Introdução: A candidemia é uma das infecções nasocomiais mais frequentes a nível mundial e apresenta diferentes espécies de Candida envolvidas com o desenvolvimento dessa patologia. Objetivo: Este estudo analisou os aspectos epidemiológicos e as diferentes espécies de Candida associadas à candidemia. Material e Métodos: Uma revisão de literatura foi realizada, através da leitura de artigos científicos publicados nas bases de dados Pubmed e Scielo nos últimos cinco anos. Utilizou-se as seguintes combinações de descritores: Candidemia, Candidemia e Prevalência, Candidemia e Incidência, Candidemia e Candida. Resultados: A candidemia é a infecção fúngica mais hostil atualmente encontrada e prevalente nas populações estudadas. A população mais afetada são os recém-nascidos. Apresenta altas taxas de mortalidade e disseminação em várias partes do mundo. A nutrição parenteral, a administração de antibióticos de amplo espectro, hospitalização prolongada, cirurgia prévia e colonização por Candida sp são os principais fatores de risco relatados na literatura. Múltiplas espécies fúngicas estão associadas a essa condição, porém C. albicans é a mais predominante, seguida por C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. Conclusões: A Candidemia é uma patologia prevalente e apresenta alta incidência e morbimortalidade nas populações estudadas das diferentes partes do mundo. C. albicans é a espécie mais associada, seguida por C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. Descritores: Candidemia; Prevalência; Incidência; Candida. Referências Treviño-Rangel RJ, Peña-López CD, Hernández-Rodríguez PA, Beltrán-Santiago D, González GM. Association between Candida biofilm-forming bloodstream isolates and the clinical evolution in patients with candidemia: An observational nine-year single center study in Mexico. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2018;35(1):11-16. Kaur H, Chakrabarti A. Strategies to Reduce Mortality in Adult and Neonatal Candidemia in Developing Countries. J Fungi (Basel). 2017;3(3):41. Wu PF, Liu WL, Hsieh MH, Hii IM, Lee YL, Lin YT et al. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of candidemia isolates of non-albicans Candida species from cancer patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2017;6(10):e87. Vasilyeva NV, Raush ER, Rudneva MV, Bogomolova TS, Taraskina AE, Fang Y et al. Etiology of invasive candidosis agents in Russia: a multicenter epidemiological survey. Front Med. 2018;12(1):84-91. Barchiesi F, Orsetti E, Osimani P, Catassi C, Santelli F, Manso E. Factors related to outcome of bloodstream infections due to Candida parapsilosis complex. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:387. Barchiesi F, Orsetti E, Mazzanti S, Trave F, Salvi A, Nitti C, Manso E. Candidemia in the elderly: What does it change? PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0176576. Benedict K, Roy M, Kabbani S, Anderson EJ, Farley MM, Harb S et al. Neonatal and pediatric candidemia: results from population-based active laboratory surveillance in four US locations, 2009-2015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(3):e78-e85. Bhattacharjee P. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species in a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata, India. Curr Med Mycol. 2016;2(2):20-7. Breda GL, Tuon FF, Meis JF, Herkert PF, Hagen F, de Oliveira LZ, Dias VC, da Cunha CA, Queiroz-Telles F. Breakthrough candidemia after the introduction of broad spectrum antifungal agents: A 5-year retrospective study. Med Mycol. 2018;56(4):406-15 Caggiano G, Lovero G, De Giglio O, Barbuti G, Montagna O, Laforgia N et al. Candidemia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: a retrospective, observational survey and analysis of literature Data. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7901763. Fu J, Ding Y, Wei B, Wang L, Xu S, Qin P, Wei L, Jiang L. Epidemiology of Candida albicans and non-C.albicans of neonatal candidemia at a tertiary care hospital in western China. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):329. Guzzetti LB, Vescina CM, Gil MF, Gatti BM. Candidemias en pediatría: distribución de especies y sensibilidad a los antifúngicos [Candidemia in Pediatrics: Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility]. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2017;49(4):320-22. Kofteridis DP, Valachis A, Dimopoulou D, Andrianaki AM, Christidou A, Maraki S, Spernovasilis NA, Samonis G. Factors Influencing Non-albicans Candidemia: A Case-Case-Control Study. 2017; 182(7-8):665-72. Kubiak DW, Farmakiotis D, Arons V, Hollins RM, Rostas SE, Weiser LM et al. Utility of in-house fluconazole disk diffusion susceptibility testing in the treatment of candidemia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;84(3):223-26. Li D, Zhang W, Zheng S, Ma Z, Zhang P, Liu Z. Surveillance study of candidemia in cancer patients in North China. Med Mycol. 2013;51(4):378-84. Li D, Xia R, Zhang Q, Bai C, Li Z, Zhang P. Evaluation of candidemia in epidemiology and risk factors among cancer patients in a cancer center of China: an 8-year case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):536. Lortholary O, Renaudat C, Sitbon K, Desnos-Ollivier M, Bretagne S, Dromer F; French Mycoses Study Group. The risk and clinical outcome of candidemia depending on underlying Intensive Care Med. 2017; 43(5):652-62. Lovero G, De Giglio O, Montagna O, Diella G, Divenuto F, Lopuzzo M, Rutigliano S, Laforgia N, Caggiano G, Montagna MT. Epidemiology of candidemia in neonatal intensive care units: a persistent public health problem. Ann Ig. 2016;28(4):282-87. Márquez F, Iturrieta I, Calvo M, Urrutia M, Godoy-Martínez P. Epidemiología y susceptibilidad antifúngica de especies causantes de candidemia en la ciudad de Valdivia, Chile [Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of species producing candidemia in Valdivia, Chile]. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2017;34(5):441-46. Pinhati HM, Casulari LA, Souza AC, Siqueira RA, Damasceno CM, Colombo AL. Outbreak of candidemia caused by fluconazole resistant Candida parapsilosis strains in an intensive care unit. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):433. Siri L, Legarraga P, García P, González T, Rabagliati R. Cambios clínicos y epidemiológicos de candidemias en pacientes adultos desde 2000 a 2013. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2017;34(1):19-26. Spiers R, Smyth B, Lamagni T, Rooney P, Dorgan E, Wyatt T et al. The epidemiology and management of candidemia in Northern Ireland during 2002-2011, including a 12-month enhanced case review. Med Mycol. 2019;57(1):23-9. Tiraboschi IN, Pozzi NC, Farías L, García S, Fernández NB. Epidemiología, especies, resistencia antifúngica y evolución de las candidemias en un hospital universitario de Buenos Aires, Argentina, durante 16 años [Epidemiology, species, antifungal resistance and outcome of candidemia in a university hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina for 16 years]. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2017;34(5):431-40. Vena A, Bouza E, Valerio M, Padilla B, Paño-Pardo JR, Fernández-Ruiz M et al. Candidemia in non-ICU surgical wards: comparison with medical wards. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0185339. Kelly MS, Benjamin DK Jr, Smith PB. The epidemiology and diagnosis of invasive candidiasis among premature infants. Clin Perinatol. 2015;42(1):105-17, viii-ix. Wu JQ, Zhu LP, Ou XT, Xu B, Hu XP, Wang X et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for non-Candida albicans candidemia in non-neutropenic patients at a Chinese teaching hospital. Med Mycol. 2011;49(5):552-55. Navalkele BD, Revankar S, Chandrasekar P. Candida auris: a worrisome, globally emerging pathogen. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017;15(9):819-27. Spivak ES, Hanson KE. Candida auris: an Emerging Fungal Pathogen. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(2):e01588-17. Colombo AL, Guimarães T, Sukienik T, Pasqualotto AC, Andreotti R, Queiroz-Telles F et al. Prognostic factors and historical trends in the epidemiology of candidemia in critically ill patients: an analysis of five multicenter studies sequentially conducted over a 9-year period Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1489-98. Gehring GM, Carrilho CMM, Pelisson M, Perugini M, Tano ZN. Candidemia: Revisão Bibliográfica. J Infect Control. 2015;4(4):1-19. Lepak A, Andes D. Fungal sepsis: optimizing antifungal therapy in the critical care setting. Crit Care Clin. 2011;27(1):123-47. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(4):e1-50. Wisplinghoff H, Ebbers J, Geurtz L, Stefanik D, Major Y, Edmond MB et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections due to Candida spp. in the USA: species distribution, clinical features and antifungal susceptibilities. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;43(1):78-81.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and discuss Russia&rsquo
s Asia-Pacific policy after the end of the Cold War by focusing on Moscow&rsquo
s bilateral relations with the major regional countries and its overall multilateral approach and policies towards the Asia-Pacific region. Contrary to the views of scholars who claim that Russia has already emerged as a major power in the Asia-Pacific, the thesis argues that Russia&rsquo
s strategy of becoming a great power in the Asia-Pacific Region has significant limitations stemming from its competitive and assertive policies that ignore the role of multilateralism and international cooperation. Although Russia has been actively engaged in the region at the bilateral level and through its participation in the regional organizations in the post-Cold war era, this region has its own particular dynamics which necessitate a greater level of regional economic integration and a liberal approach to multilateralism rather than a realist &ldquo
power politics&rdquo
approach. Russia&rsquo
s policy of aligning itself with China militarily in the region has counterproductive consequences as it intensifies geopolitical competition in the region, and marginalizes Moscow further. The thesis is composed of six chapters. After the introduction, the second chapter examines origins of Russia&rsquo
s presence in the Asia-Pacific Region. The following chapter discusses the sources of Russia&rsquo
s increasing interest in the Region. The fourth chapter is concerned with Russia&rsquo
s relations with main actors of the Asia-Pacific Region while the fifth chapter focuses on Russia&rsquo
s involvement in theregional organizations. The last chapter is the conclusion.

This dissertation will analyse the history of the Russian Archaeological Institute in Constantinople, which operated between 1895 and 1914. Established under the administrative structure of the Russian Embassy in Constantinople, the institute occupied a place at the intersection of science and politics. Focusing nearly exclusively on Byzantine and Slavic antiquities in the Ottoman Empire, the activities of the institute reflected the imperial identity of Russia at the turn of the century. As was explicitly expressed by Russian diplomats, bureaucrats, and scholars, the establishment of an archaeological institution in the Ottoman capital was regarded as a foreign policy tool to extend Russia’s influence in the Near East, a tool of “soft power” in modern parlance. On the Ottoman side, foreign archaeological activities were regarded with suspicion especially in the later part of the 19th century. In an attempt to preserve its vulnerable sovereignty, Ottoman Empire closely monitored foreign archaeological activities on its territories. For the Ottoman Empire, archaeology was also a way of projecting its image as a modern, Westernised empire. For both Russian and Ottoman archaeologists, European scholarship was regarded as an example that should be followed, and a rival at the same time. Russian archaeologists had to close down their office with the outbreak of World War I. The complications that arose with the disintegration of the institute were solved only in the late 1920s between the Soviet Union and Republican Turkey, under completely different political circumstances.

The period 1917-1921 provides an insight not only into the policies of the new Soviet state but the mindset of its leaders. These four years were a time of intense political struggle and socio-economic disruption, which exposed the tension between ideology and practice in Bolshevik discourse and policy making. Workers, specifically metalworkers, were a focal point of Bolshevik ideology and policies in this period. This thesis will explore how the Soviet state conceptualised metalworkers, through ideology, and how this informed their engagement with workers, through policy. This will be done through an examination of state statistical data and how prominent state polices, cultural policy and treatment of dissent, and discourse changed over this period. It will also focus on a case study of Sormovo Metalworks, a suburb of Nizhnii Novgrorod, and use local sources to investigate how the tension between ideology and practice played out on a local level. It will explore how local Bolsheviks conceptualised and engaged with Sormovo workers and how this was shaped by three things: Bolshevik ideology, the context of the Civil War and the specific local conditions of Sormovo and its workforce. The Civil War period witnessed a change in the discourse and policies of the Soviet state, which became more coercive, interventionist and repressive as the war progressed. Sormovo Metalworks was a large metalworking complex in a largely rural province; it had a skilled workforce with a tradition of labour activism through striking and was dominated by the Socialist Revolutionary Party. The move towards an increasingly centralised state was utilised by local Bolsheviks in Sormovo in an attempt to end the labour activism of its workforce and crush political opposition. However, despite the increasingly assertive discourse about the identity of metalworkers and the state’s drive for economic, political and cultural centralisation, Sormovo workers had the ability to challenge, subvert and negotiate state labels and even policies. This case study reveals that although Sormovo workers suffered repeated challenges to their identity by the state, local government and the economic crises of the Civil War, they continued to utilise self-identification based on their skill and shared socio-economic experience. This in turn shaped their vertical and horizontal social, economic and political relationships with those around them. Although the central state became politically and economically centralised and authoritarian, the identity of the grassroots in Sormovo remained diverse and fluid.

This thesis examines the social history of female urban prostitution in the final years of the Russian empire (1900-1917). During this period, the tsarist authorities legally tolerated prostitution under a system named regulation (reglemantatsiia) or the medical-police supervision of prostitution (vrachebno-politseiskii nadzor za prostitutsiei). The stated aim of regulation was to reduce levels of venereal disease, yet in practice the system functioned rather to control the movement and settlement of prostitutes by making them known to the authorities. This thesis focuses on the different groups that the rules of regulation directly affected, including prostitutes, their clients, their managers, and wider urban communities. It examines specific urban spaces, the state-licensed brothel, and the lives of registered prostitutes and their clients. This approach allows an exploration of how the system operated in practice and how the regulation of prostitution fitted within wider attempts by the imperial state to monitor lower-class people. In doing so, this thesis contributes to the growing literature on sexuality, on the intersections of gender and class, and on the experiences of lower-class people in late imperial Russia. To illuminate the diversity of both state practice and social experience, this thesis draws on a wide range of correspondence from ‘above’ and ‘below’, including letters between central and provincial government institutions and petitions written by lower-class people to those in authority. This research moves away from focusing solely on the capital of St Petersburg to examine how the regulation of prostitution functioned at a local level, drawing on archival material from Arkhangel’sk, Riga, and Tartu. It argues that responses to the regulation system were rooted in the specific social, environmental and economic circumstances of a particular place and strongly influenced by the socio-economic transformations of the final decades of tsarist rule. In light of this, the thesis maps official and unofficial reactions to regulation onto the shifting social and economic landscape of modernising Russia. It explores how early twentieth-century urbanisation, industrialisation and transportation developments posed further challenges to the ambitions of the tsarist authorities to ‘know’ and monitor all the women who sold sex.

This study is concerned with the influence of regionalism in the Congresses of People's Deputies of the USSR and Russia between 1989 and 1993 and its implications for future reform including the development of federal relations in Russia. In particular, emphasis will be placed on regionalist tendencies developed in Siberia and the Russian Far East. After perestroika, the discussion of federal relations showed varieties of possible developments, ranging from a unitary system to a confederation. Despite these varieties, it appears to be generally perceived that stable and 'genuine' federal relations are required in Russia. However, little attention has been paid to the role of the newly re-emerging political actor, the deputies of the central legislature, who are directly engaged in the establishment of such federal relations. This study reaches three main conclusions. First of all, regional socio-economic disparities affected the attitudes of deputies towards reform, including changes in centre-periphery relations. Secondly, the analysis suggests that at least two main streams of regionalism were developed during 1989-1993: one developed in the Congress by the regional deputy groups, and the other outside the Congresses by regional political leaders. Thirdly, despite growing regionalist tendencies in Russia at that time, regional political actors were not strong enough to initiate a federal structure of their preference, lacking horizontal and vertical coordination. This discussion of regionalism in the Congress leads us to a further conclusion that regional interest articulation was rather chaotic, hampering legislation of policies and thus facilitating the regionalisation of reform. Despite strong regionalist tendencies in some sub-national units, particularly based on ethno-nationalist sentiments, such a development may erode the legacy of reform as well as regional autonomy itself.

One of the great opportunities afforded to the political scientist since the fall of the Soviet Union has been that of examining politics ‘on the ground’ in non-metropolitan areas. The current study addresses the development of regional and local political party organisations in post-communist Russia. Focusing on the six movements which won representation in the 1999 election to the State Duma, it uses three case study regions in the middle Volga - the Republic of Tatarstan and the provinces of Samara and Ul’yanovsk - to examine party activity at the regional and district levels. Based on extensive fieldwork in Russia, the investigation utilises a broad range of local sources and interviews in its analysis. However, in order to avoid the danger of simply providing an observational study of local politics, wide use is also made of national opinion survey and focus group data. The study begins by examining the context of party activity in Russia, giving a brief history of the party system and its institutional framework. Thereafter, examination is made of the role of parties in regional and local politics, based mainly on official electoral statistics from 1995-2001. This analysis begins by looking at the Russian Federation’s eighty-nine regions in a comparative context, before narrowing the focus to the three case study regions. Parties’ activities, and their interactions with the respective political systems in each region, are examined in detail. Thereafter, the functioning of parties at three levels - federal, regional and district - is examined, using both theoretical and empirical methods. The study goes on to examine the role played by members in Russia’s political parties, most specifically at a regional and local level, utilising survey and focus group material (undertaken specifically for this study) to case new light on the entry patterns, bases of activism, and attitudes of party members in the middle Volga. Furthermore, parties are examined in the context of the 1999-2001 electoral cycle. This analysis concludes that, in the federal elections, particularly that to the State Duma in December 1999, regional nuances dominated over the national campaign; but that party participation was limited in region-specific elections.

This thesis analyzes the Western missile defense initiatives and their role in Russia'
s relations with NATO and the U.S. The main question of this thesis is whether the Western missile defense initiatives have paved the way for a new era of cooperation between Russia and the West or not. The main argument of this thesis is that Russia has failed to collaborate with NATO in a meaningful manner on missile defense issue as Russia has not adjusted its security policies and nuclear strategy, which are still based on the Cold War thinking, to the changing conditions of global security in the post Cold War era. The missile defense initiatives have a negative impact on the relations between Russia and the West due to the intransigent stance of Russia on this issue. A robust cooperation can only be achieved between Russia and NATO if Moscow changes its Cold War mentality about global security issues.

This thesis explores the repopulation of Leningrad following the blockade of the city during the Second World War. In the years after the lifting of the siege blockade survivors remaining in Leningrad were joined annually by hundreds of thousands of incomers. However, while the siege has recently been the subject of a number of scholarly and literary treatments, much less attention has been paid to what happened next in terms of the mass resettlement of the city. Accounts of the consequences of the blockade that touch upon the postwar population have deployed the term ‘Leningraders’ as shorthand for a cohesive community of blockade survivors, embedded in the culture and landscape of the city. Even pieces of work that have portrayed post-siege Leningrad as a ‘city of migrants’ have concentrated on the impact of the loss of the prewar population rather than on the multifarious experiences of its itinerant populations. The thesis addresses the role of widespread experiences of displacement and resettlement in structuring relationships among individuals and between citizens and the authorities in the post-siege civic environment. It examines the repopulation in the context of evolving Soviet practices of population management after the war and in terms of the intersection of population movements with the re-affirmation of a civic community in a city which had lost a vast proportion of its population, just as it gained the basis for a powerful new narrative of belonging. It demonstrates how competing visions of the desired postwar order on a national and local scale were constructed and contested in relation to displaced people who were often targeted as a potentially transgressive presence in the postwar landscape.

This thesis of 84,616 words uses the Eastern Crisis of 1875-78 to consider the Press in Great Britain and Russia. 5 case-study chapters consider respectively the reaction to the Bosnian and Hercegovinian revolt of 1875, the Bulgarian 'Atrocity Campaign' of 1876, the outpouring of public sympathy in Russia for the cause of the Serbs in 1876, the involvement of Greece in Eastern crisis, and the British 'Jingo' movement. For each case study, the relationship of the mass activity to the newspaper and periodical press is considered, as well as tracing the interplay between government and Press, and examining whether the Press was able to act as an intermediary between people and government. As this is a comparative study, these movements are considered not only through their own national Press, but through that of the other nation. A recurring theme throughout, is the running current of suspicion existing between Britain and Russia throughout this period, which is analysed in some detail, and shown to have been a highly significant factor in much of what was undertaken by both governments and individuals in Britain and Russia at this time.

Using an array of original materials from Russian regional and central archives this detailed study of Soviet Karelia from 1918-1919 is the first to appear in English after the fall of the Soviet Union. It adds to the still limited number of regional studies of the civil war period and using the Karelian districts as a case study discusses how the Bolsheviks consolidated power on the periphery, what factors hindered this process and what were the sources of resistance. Karelia is unique for a combination of reasons. First, it is a grain deficit region and so was always in need of help with the supply of grain from the Volga and other parts of central Russia. Second, the political influence of the Left Socialist Revolutionary party (Left SRs) continued for a considerable time after the events of July 1918. The thesis explores how power was transferred in the region following the October revolution and how the planned political objectives of the Bolsheviks were stalled by the lack of political control in the districts not least of all, for most of 1918, because of the influence of the Left SRs. However, despite political, economic, social and military crises the Bolsheviks gained more experience in power as the civil war progressed and a semblance of order emerged from the chaos. They gained enough control over the food supply shortages for the population to subsist and increased their control in key Soviet institutions, such as the provincial security police (the Cheka) and the Red Army, which ultimately ensured the survival of the Bolshevik regime and victory in the civil war.