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1

Shipman, Pat. "Doubting Dmanisi." American Scientist 88, no. 6 (2000): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2000.41.3359.

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2

Shipman, Pat. "Doubting Dmanisi." American Scientist 88, no. 6 (2000): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2000.41.491.

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3

Gabunia, Leo, Susan C. Antón, David Lordkipanidze, Abesalom Vekua, Antje Justus, and Carl C. Swisher. "Dmanisi and dispersal." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 10, no. 5 (2001): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.1030.

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4

Schwartz;, J. H. "Taxonomy of the Dmanisi Crania." Science 289, no. 5476 (2000): 55b—56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5476.55b.

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5

DEAN, DAVID, and ERIC DELSON. "Features of the Dmanisi mandible." Nature 373, no. 6514 (1995): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/373473a0.

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6

Eisenmann, Vera. "Old World Fossil Equus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia), Extant Wild Relatives, and Incertae Sedis Forms." Quaternary 5, no. 3 (2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat5030038.

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Discussion of the phylogenetic relations between Plesippus, Allohippus, and Equus. Descriptions and illustrations of 30 Equid extant and fossil species younger than 2 Ma. Particular attention is given to slender forms with short protocones usually referred to ‘Equus altidens’ from Süssenborn and Untermassfeld (Germany), Akhalkalaki and Dmanisi (Georgia), Pirro (Italy), Venta Micena (Spain) and Aïn Hanech (Algeria). Occurrence of Asinine features in fossil taxa from Africa, Greece, Mongolia, and North-Eastern Siberia. Supplementary materials include additional discussions and photographs of fossils in particular from Süssenborn (especially those referred to E. altidens and E. marxi by Reichenau) and from Dmanisi from where a new species is described.
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7

Bartolini-Lucenti, Saverio, Omar Cirilli, Luca Pandolfi, et al. "Zoogeographic significance of Dmanisi large mammal assemblage." Journal of Human Evolution 163 (February 2022): 103125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103125.

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8

Bernor, Raymond L., Omar Cirilli, Maia Bukhsianidze, David Lordkipanidze, and Lorenzo Rook. "The Dmanisi Equus: Systematics, biogeography, and paleoecology." Journal of Human Evolution 158 (September 2021): 103051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103051.

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9

Bermúdez de Castro, José María, María Martinón-Torres, Mark Jan Sier, and Laura Martín-Francés. "On the Variability of the Dmanisi Mandibles." PLoS ONE 9, no. 2 (2014): e88212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088212.

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10

Rightmire, G. Philip, Adam P. Van Arsdale, and David Lordkipanidze. "Variation in the mandibles from Dmanisi, Georgia." Journal of Human Evolution 54, no. 6 (2008): 904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.003.

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11

MACALUSO, Jr, P. JAMES. "Variation in dental remains from Dmanisi, Georgia." Anthropological Science 118, no. 1 (2010): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.090501.

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12

Lordkipanidze, David, Abesalom Vekua, Reid Ferring, et al. "A fourth hominin skull from Dmanisi, Georgia." Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology 288A, no. 11 (2006): 1146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20379.

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13

Chkhviamiani, Jimsher. "Gravestones with Georgian Inscriptions from the High Medieval Period at Dmanisi, Georgia." Kadmos 7 (2015): 35–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/7/35-106.

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This paper discusses gravestones with Georgian inscriptions discovered during the archaeological excavations at the cemetery of the medieval city of Dmanisi. Although the tombstones with epitaphs were discovered in the 1970-1980s, this paper is the first typological, paleographical, and art historical study of the material.
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14

Craze, Paul. "Early human evolution and the skulls of Dmanisi." Significance 10, no. 6 (2013): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2013.00703.x.

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15

Lordkipanidze, David, Tea Jashashvili, Abesalom Vekua, et al. "Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia." Nature 449, no. 7160 (2007): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06134.

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16

Pontzer, Herman, Campbell Rolian, G. Philip Rightmire, et al. "Locomotor anatomy and biomechanics of the Dmanisi hominins." Journal of Human Evolution 58, no. 6 (2010): 492–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.006.

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17

Guimarães, Santiago Wolnei Ferreira, and Carlos Lorenzo Merino. "Dmanisi hominin fossils and the problem of the multiple species in the early Homo genus." NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology 23, no. 2 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/nexus.v23i2.894.

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The D4500 (Skull 5), dated 1.8 Mya., is the most complete fossil within the set of five skulls found in Dmanisi, Georgia, as well as any other fossils associated to contexts of occupation of the early Pleistocene. Its discovery has brought forward the debate of the plurality of species, not just at the beginning of the Homo genus, but for much of its evolution. The Skull 5 fossil presents a mixure of primitive and derivates characters associated to the Homo erectus and Homo habilis sensu lato. Based on the data referring to the five skulls researchers have considered the hypothesis of a single evolving lineage of early Homo as a mode to explain the great variation range of the Dmanisi fossils, similar to the range found in habilines. In other words, it is an explanation that reiterates the existence of only one unique species in the early of the Homo genus: the Homo erectus in a sensu lato. Our work consists of evaluating such supposition through the calculation of the coefficient of variation, which was estimated from the referred set and compared to those from already known species. Results achieved did not support the thinking that one unique species was able to bear all fossils of the early of Homo genus.
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18

Dembo, Mana, Nicholas J. Matzke, Arne Ø. Mooers, and Mark Collard. "Bayesian analysis of a morphological supermatrix sheds light on controversial fossil hominin relationships." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1812 (2015): 20150943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943.

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The phylogenetic relationships of several hominin species remain controversial. Two methodological issues contribute to the uncertainty—use of partial, inconsistent datasets and reliance on phylogenetic methods that are ill-suited to testing competing hypotheses. Here, we report a study designed to overcome these issues. We first compiled a supermatrix of craniodental characters for all widely accepted hominin species. We then took advantage of recently developed Bayesian methods for building trees of serially sampled tips to test among hypotheses that have been put forward in three of the most important current debates in hominin phylogenetics—the relationship between Australopithecus sediba and Homo , the taxonomic status of the Dmanisi hominins, and the place of the so-called hobbit fossils from Flores, Indonesia, in the hominin tree. Based on our results, several published hypotheses can be statistically rejected. For example, the data do not support the claim that Dmanisi hominins and all other early Homo specimens represent a single species, nor that the hobbit fossils are the remains of small-bodied modern humans, one of whom had Down syndrome. More broadly, our study provides a new baseline dataset for future work on hominin phylogeny and illustrates the promise of Bayesian approaches for understanding hominin phylogenetic relationships.
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19

Vasilyev, Sergey, and Svetlana Borutskaya. "Morphology and taxonomy of the oldest man from Dmanisi." TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF MATERIAL CULTURE Russian Academy of Sciences 22 (2020): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/2310-6557-2020-22-204-215.

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20

Vekua, A. "A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia." Science 297, no. 5578 (2002): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1072953.

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21

Cappellini, Enrico, Frido Welker, Luca Pandolfi, et al. "Early Pleistocene enamel proteome from Dmanisi resolves Stephanorhinus phylogeny." Nature 574, no. 7776 (2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1555-y.

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22

Gabunia, L., and A. Vekua. "A Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Dmanisi, East Georgia, Caucasus." Nature 373, no. 6514 (1995): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/373509a0.

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23

Margvelashvili, Ann, Christoph P. E. Zollikofer, David Lordkipanidze, Paul Tafforeau, and Marcia S. Ponce de León. "Comparative analysis of dentognathic pathologies in the Dmanisi mandibles." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 160, no. 2 (2016): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22966.

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24

Rosas, Antonio, and José Maria Bermúdez De Castro. "On the taxonomic affinities of the Dmanisi mandible (Georgia)." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 107, no. 2 (1998): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199810)107:2<145::aid-ajpa2>3.0.co;2-u.

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25

Wallace, Ian J., Brigitte Demes, William L. Jungers, Martin Alvero, and Anne Su. "The bipedalism of the Dmanisi hominins: Pigeon‐toed earlyHomo?" American Journal of Physical Anthropology 136, no. 4 (2008): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20827.

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26

Messager, E., D. Lordkipanidze, E. Kvavadze, C. R. Ferring, and P. Voinchet. "Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of Dmanisi site (Georgia) based on palaeobotanical data." Quaternary International 223-224 (September 2010): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.12.016.

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27

Pontzer, Herman, Jessica R. Scott, David Lordkipanidze, and Peter S. Ungar. "Dental microwear texture analysis and diet in the Dmanisi hominins." Journal of Human Evolution 61, no. 6 (2011): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.08.006.

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28

Rightmire, G. Philip, Ann Margvelashvili, and David Lordkipanidze. "Variation among the Dmanisi hominins: Multiple taxa or one species?" American Journal of Physical Anthropology 168, no. 3 (2018): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23759.

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29

Rightmire, G. Philip, Marcia S. Ponce de León, David Lordkipanidze, Ann Margvelashvili, and Christoph P. E. Zollikofer. "Skull 5 from Dmanisi: Descriptive anatomy, comparative studies, and evolutionary significance." Journal of Human Evolution 104 (March 2017): 50–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.01.005.

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30

Martín-Francés, Laura, María Martinón-Torres, Elena Lacasa-Marquina, Pilar Fernández-Colón, Ana Gracia-Téllez, and José María Bermúdez de Castro. "Palaeopathology of the Pleistocene specimen D2600 from Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia)." Comptes Rendus Palevol 13, no. 3 (2014): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2013.10.007.

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31

BRAUER, G. "The morphological affinities of the Plio-Pleistocene mandible from Dmanisi, Georgia." Journal of Human Evolution 30, no. 5 (1996): 445–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1996.0037.

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32

Tappen, Martha, Maia Bukhsianidze, Reid Ferring, Reed Coil, and David Lordkipanidze. "Life and death at Dmanisi, Georgia: Taphonomic signals from the fossil mammals." Journal of Human Evolution 171 (October 2022): 103249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103249.

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33

Bartolini-Lucenti, Saverio, Joan Madurell-Malapeira, Bienvenido Martínez-Navarro, et al. "A comparative study of the Early Pleistocene carnivore guild from Dmanisi (Georgia)." Journal of Human Evolution 162 (January 2022): 103108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103108.

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34

Ferring, R., O. Oms, J. Agusti, et al. "Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85-1.78 Ma." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 26 (2011): 10432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106638108.

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35

Martinón-Torres, María, José María Bermúdez de Castro, Aida Gómez-Robles, et al. "Dental remains from Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia): Morphological analysis and comparative study." Journal of Human Evolution 55, no. 2 (2008): 249–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.12.008.

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36

Ponce de León, Marcia S., Thibault Bienvenu, Assaf Marom, et al. "The primitive brain of early Homo." Science 372, no. 6538 (2021): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz0032.

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The brains of modern humans differ from those of great apes in size, shape, and cortical organization, notably in frontal lobe areas involved in complex cognitive tasks, such as social cognition, tool use, and language. When these differences arose during human evolution is a question of ongoing debate. Here, we show that the brains of early Homo from Africa and Western Asia (Dmanisi) retained a primitive, great ape–like organization of the frontal lobe. By contrast, African Homo younger than 1.5 million years ago, as well as all Southeast Asian Homo erectus, exhibited a more derived, humanlike brain organization. Frontal lobe reorganization, once considered a hallmark of earliest Homo in Africa, thus evolved comparatively late, and long after Homo first dispersed from Africa.
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37

Neves, Walter Alves, and Danilo Vicensotto Bernardo. "The first hominin of Europe." Revista de Arqueologia 24, no. 1 (2011): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24885/sab.v24i1.317.

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Recentemente uma equipe internacional reportou a descoberta dos remanescentes ósseos humanos mais antigos já encontrados na Europa. Um fragmento de mandíbula e um dente isolado foram encontrados no nível TE9C de Sima del Elefante, Atapuerca, Espanha, associados à uma típica indústria Olduvaiense. No estudo, os autores afrmam que o hominíneo TE9-1 pode ser classifcado como Homo antecessor, sendo resultado de um evento de especiação local ocorrida durante o início do Pleistoceno. Aqui nós apresentamos uma análise multivariada aplicada às quatro dimensões da mandíbula, comparando o hominíneo TE9-1 com outros hominíneos fósseis. Considerando a forte associação que encontramos entre ATE9-1, os espécimes de Sangiran, e a grande mandíbula de Dmanisi, as principais afrmações de Carbonell e associados podem ser seriamente questionadas.
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38

Lordkipanidze, D., M. S. Ponce de Leon, A. Margvelashvili, et al. "A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo." Science 342, no. 6156 (2013): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1238484.

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39

Baena, Javier, David Lordkipanidze, Felipe Cuartero, et al. "Technical and technological complexity in the beginning: The study of Dmanisi lithic assemblage." Quaternary International 223-224 (September 2010): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.019.

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40

Messager, E., D. Lordkipanidze, C. Delhon, and C. R. Ferring. "Palaeoecological implications of the Lower Pleistocene phytolith record from the Dmanisi Site (Georgia)." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 288, no. 1-4 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.020.

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41

Skinner, Matthew M., Adam D. Gordon, and Nicole J. Collard. "Mandibular size and shape variation in the hominins at Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia." Journal of Human Evolution 51, no. 1 (2006): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.01.006.

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42

Calvo-Rathert, M., A. Goguitchaichvili, D. Sologashvili, et al. "New paleomagnetic data from the hominin bearing Dmanisi paleo-anthropologic site (southern Georgia, Caucasus)." Quaternary Research 69, no. 1 (2008): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.09.001.

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The Dmanisi site has yielded human remains and lithic industry associated with Late Pliocene–early Pleistocene fauna. The site is composed of volcanogenic sediments overlying basaltic lava flows. The lithostratigraphic sequence comprises two basic depositional units: Unit A, overlying the basalt flows, and Unit B on top. A paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic study has been carried out on 106 specimens from Units A and B and the uppermost basalt flow. The lava and Unit A provide normal polarities, while reversed polarities and anomalous directions are observed in Unit B, the latter probably due to overlapping of a secondary and a primary reversed polarity component. The lower part of the section shows a clear correlation with the Olduvai subchron, and the upper levels could be as young as 1.07 Ma. As human remains were found both in units with normal and reversed polarity, different non-contemporaneous human occupations might have been possible.
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43

Ferring, Reid, Oriol Oms, Sebastien Nomade, et al. "Early Pleistocene stratigraphy, sedimentary environments, and formation contexts at Dmanisi in the Georgian Caucasus." Journal of Human Evolution 172 (November 2022): 103254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103254.

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44

Agustí, Jordi, Giorgi Chochishvili, Iván Lozano-Fernández, Marc Furió, Pedro Piñero, and Roger de Marfà. "Small mammals (Insectivora, Rodentia, Lagomorpha) from the Early Pleistocene hominin-bearing site of Dmanisi (Georgia)." Journal of Human Evolution 170 (September 2022): 103238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103238.

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45

Schwartz, J. H., I. Tattersall, and Z. Chi. "Comment on "A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo"." Science 344, no. 6182 (2014): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1250056.

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46

Margvelashvili, A., C. P. E. Zollikofer, D. Lordkipanidze, T. Peltomaki, and M. S. Ponce de Leon. "Tooth wear and dentoalveolar remodeling are key factors of morphological variation in the Dmanisi mandibles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 43 (2013): 17278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316052110.

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47

Messager, E., D. Lordkipanidze, C. R. Ferring, and B. Deniaux. "Fossil fruit identification by SEM investigations, a tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of Dmanisi site, Georgia." Journal of Archaeological Science 35, no. 10 (2008): 2715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.04.026.

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48

Gabunia, L. "Earliest Pleistocene Hominid Cranial Remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, Geological Setting, and Age." Science 288, no. 5468 (2000): 1019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5468.1019.

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49

Moncel, Marie-Hélène. "Early Humans at the Gates of Europe. Proceedings of the first international symposium Dmanisi, Tbilisi (Georgia), september 1998. (Les premiers hommes aux portes de l'Europe. Actes du premier symposium international Dmanisi, Tbilisi (Georgie), septembre 1998)." L'Anthropologie 105, no. 3 (2001): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-5521(01)80028-5.

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50

Garcia, Tristan, Gilbert Féraud, Christophe Falguères, Henry de Lumley, Christian Perrenoud, and David Lordkipanidze. "Earliest human remains in Eurasia: New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Dmanisi hominid-bearing levels, Georgia." Quaternary Geochronology 5, no. 4 (2010): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2009.09.012.

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