Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dmin'

Various bis-dmio and -dmit zincate complexes, [Q]₂[Zn(dmio)₂] [Q = NEt₄, 1,4-dmp, Ph₄P and FcCH₂NMe₃] and [Q]₂[Zn(dmit)₂] [Q = FcCH₂NMe₃], have been prepared and characterised by IR, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectral and elemental analysis data. The solid state structure of [FcCH₂NMe₃]₂[Zn(dmio)₂] was determined by X-ray crystallography. The complexes, [Q]₂[Zn(dmio)₂] and [Q]₂[Zn(dmit)₂], have been further used as precursors of various dmio and dmit complexes of tin (IV) and antimony (III) and (V). Metal exchange reactions with these complexes have also been investigated. The neutral tin compounds, R₂Sn(dmio) [RR' = Me₂, Et₂, Bu₂, Ph₂ and MeO₂CH₂CH₂] have been synthesised and characterised by IR, ¹H, ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn-NMR spectral and elemental analysis data and for Me₂Sn(dmio) by X-ray diffraction. The compounds, [Q][R₂Sn(dmio)X] [Q = NEt₄, FcCH₂NMe₃ ; R = Ph, Et ; X = Cl] and [Q][R₂(dmit)X] [Q = FcCH₂NMe₃ ; R = Ph ; X = Cl], have been prepared and halide (X) exchange reactions in [Q][R₂Sn(dmio)X] [Q = NEt₄ ; R=Ph ; X=Cl] have been investigated using alkali metal halides and pseudohalides [NaI, NaBr and NaSCN]. The solid state structures of [NEt₄][Ph₂Sn(dmio)Cl], [NEt₄][Ph₂Sn(dmio)-SCN] and [NEt₄][NEt₄][Et₂Sn(dmio)Br] have been determined. The monoestertin bis-dmio complexes, [Q][MeO₂CCH₂CH₂Sn(dmio)₂] [Q = NEt₄, 1,4-dmp and Ph₄P] and the neutral diestertin dmio complex, [(MeO₂CCH₂CH₂)_2-Sn(dmio)], have been synthesised and characterised. The solid state structure of [NEt₄][MeO₂CCH₂CH₂Sn(dmio)₂] has been determined. Also, the tris-dmio and dmit complexes, [Q]₂[Sn(dmit)₃] [Q = NEt₄, 1,4-dmp, Ph₄P and FcCH₂NME₃] and [Q][Sn(dmit)₃] [Q = FcCH₂NMe₃] have been prepared and characterised. The antimony (III) bis-dmio complexes, [Q][Sb^III(dmio)₂] [Q = NEt₄, 1,4-dmp, Ph₄P and FcCH₂NMe₃], and antimony (III) bis-dmit complex, [Q][Sb^III(dmio)₂] [Q = FcCH₂NMe₃], have been synthesised and fully characterised by IR, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectral and elemental analysis data.

One of the major goals of this thesis is to investigate the extent to which correspondence noise, (i.e., the false pairing of dots in adjacent frames) limits motion detection performance in random dot kinematograms (RDKs). The performance measures of interest are Dmax and Dmin i.e., the largest and smallest inter-frame dot displacement, respectively, for which motion can be reliably detected. Dmax and threshold coherence (i.e., the smallest proportion of dots that must be moved between frames for motion to be reliably detected) in RDKs are known to be affected by false pairing or correspondence noise. Here the roles of correspondence noise and receptive field geometry in limiting performance are investigated. The range of Dmax observed in the literature is consistent with the current information-limit based interpretation. Dmin is interpreted in the light of correspondence noise and under-sampling. Based on the psychophysical experiments performed in the early parts of the dissertation, a model for correspondence noise based on the principle of receptive field scaling is developed for Dmax. Model simulations provide a good account of psychophysically estimated Dmax over a range of stimulus parameters, showing that correspondence noise and receptive field geometry have a major influence on displacement thresholds.

One of the major goals of this thesis is to investigate the extent to which correspondence noise, (i.e., the false pairing of dots in adjacent frames) limits motion detection performance in random dot kinematograms (RDKs). The performance measures of interest are Dmax and Dmin i.e., the largest and smallest inter-frame dot displacement, respectively, for which motion can be reliably detected. Dmax and threshold coherence (i.e., the smallest proportion of dots that must be moved between frames for motion to be reliably detected) in RDKs are known to be affected by false pairing or correspondence noise. Here the roles of correspondence noise and receptive field geometry in limiting performance are investigated. The range of Dmax observed in the literature is consistent with the current information-limit based interpretation. Dmin is interpreted in the light of correspondence noise and under-sampling. Based on the psychophysical experiments performed in the early parts of the dissertation, a model for correspondence noise based on the principle of receptive field scaling is developed for Dmax. Model simulations provide a good account of psychophysically estimated Dmax over a range of stimulus parameters, showing that correspondence noise and receptive field geometry have a major influence on displacement thresholds.

While spatial determinants of emmetropization have been examined extensively in animal models and spatial processing of human myopes has also been studied, there have been few studies investigating temporal aspects of emmetropization and temporal processing in human myopia. The influence of temporal light modulation on eye growth and refractive compensation has been observed in animal models and there is evidence of temporal visual processing deficits in individuals with high myopia or other pathologies. Given this, the aims of this work were to examine the relationships between myopia (i.e. degree of myopia and progression status) and temporal visual performance and to consider any temporal processing deficits in terms of the parallel retinocortical pathways. Three psychophysical studies investigating temporal processing performance were conducted in young adult myopes and non-myopes: (1) backward visual masking, (2) dot motion perception and (3) phantom contour. For each experiment there were approximately 30 young emmetropes, 30 low myopes (myopia less than 5 D) and 30 high myopes (5 to 12 D). In the backward visual masking experiment, myopes were also classified according to their progression status (30 stable myopes and 30 progressing myopes). The first study was based on the observation that the visibility of a target is reduced by a second target, termed the mask, presented quickly after the first target. Myopes were more affected by the mask when the task was biased towards the magnocellular pathway; myopes had a 25% mean reduction in performance compared with emmetropes. However, there was no difference in the effect of the mask when the task was biased towards the parvocellular system. For all test conditions, there was no significant correlation between backward visual masking task performance and either the degree of myopia or myopia progression status. The dot motion perception study measured detection thresholds for the minimum displacement of moving dots, the maximum displacement of moving dots and degree of motion coherence required to correctly determine the direction of motion. The visual processing of these tasks is dominated by the magnocellular pathway. Compared with emmetropes, high myopes had reduced ability to detect the minimum displacement of moving dots for stimuli presented at the fovea (20% higher mean threshold) and possibly at the inferior nasal retina. The minimum displacement threshold was significantly and positively correlated to myopia magnitude and axial length, and significantly and negatively correlated with retinal thickness for the inferior nasal retina. The performance of emmetropes and myopes for all the other dot motion perception tasks were similar. In the phantom contour study, the highest temporal frequency of the flickering phantom pattern at which the contour was visible was determined. Myopes had significantly lower flicker detection limits (21.8 ± 7.1 Hz) than emmetropes (25.6 ± 8.8 Hz) for tasks biased towards the magnocellular pathway for both high (99%) and low (5%) contrast stimuli. There was no difference in flicker limits for a phantom contour task biased towards the parvocellular pathway. For all phantom contour tasks, there was no significant correlation between flicker detection thresholds and magnitude of myopia. Of the psychophysical temporal tasks studied here those primarily involving processing by the magnocellular pathway revealed differences in performance of the refractive error groups. While there are a number of interpretations for this data, this suggests that there may be a temporal processing deficit in some myopes that is selective for the magnocellular system. The minimum displacement dot motion perception task appears the most sensitive test, of those studied, for investigating changes in visual temporal processing in myopia. Data from the visual masking and phantom contour tasks suggest that the alterations to temporal processing occur at an early stage of myopia development. In addition, the link between increased minimum displacement threshold and decreasing retinal thickness suggests that there is a retinal component to the observed modifications in temporal processing.

Les systèmes multi-antennaires (Multiple-Input Multiple-Ouput ou MIMO) dans le domaine des communications numériques permettent d'améliorer la transmission des données selon deux principaux paramètres souvent antagonistes : le débit d'information et la fiabilité de transmission estimée en terme de probabilité d'erreurs binaire moyenne (PEB). Avec de tels systèmes, la connaissance du canal à l'émission (Channel State Information ou CSI) est un point-clé pour diminuer la PEB grâce à différentes stratégies d'allocations de puissance. Ainsi, un précodeur linéaire à l'émission associé à un décodeur linéaire à la réception peuvent optimiser un critère particulier grâce à cette information. Il en résulte une famille importante de précodeurs dénommée «précodeurs diagonaux» : le système MIMO est équivalent à des sous-canaux SISO indépendants. Les critères optimisés sont par exemple la minimisation de l'erreur quadratique moyenne (EQMM), la maximisation de la capacité (WF), obtenir des PEB égales pour tous les flux de données (EE), la maximisation du RSB post-traitement (max-SNR) ou la qualité de service (QdS). L'équipe TST a récemment élaboré un nouveau précodeur non diagonal basé sur la maximisation de la distance minimale entre symboles de la constellation de réception (max-dmin ). L'enjeu de cette thèse est d'estimer les performances en terme de PEB de ce nouveau précodeur et de les comparer avec les méthodes existantes à savoir le code d'Alamouti et les précodeurs diagonaux. Nous nous sommes intéressés en particulier à la démonstration de l'ordre de diversité maximal du max-dmin puis à la détermination d'une bonne approximation de sa PEB. Le précodeur max-dmin est ensuite associé à de la diversité de polarisation permettant de réduire le coût et l'occupation spatiale d'un système MIMO. Malgré l'introduction de corrélation, les performances proposées par le max-dmin demeurent intéressantes. Nous avons ensuite proposé une extension du précodeur max-dmin permettant de supprimer la limitation à deux sous-canaux : les grands systèmes MIMO sont mieux exploités avec plus de deux sous-canaux.

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CNPq
Soils have the capacity to retain metals due to the occurrence of the phenomenon of sorption, which is the accumulation of ions or molecules on the surface of organic and mineral colloids. For their high organic matter content, therefore large amount of organic colloids, the Histosols have high adsorptive capacity. Sorption can be described by means of different models, which consist in equations that seek to describe the phenomenon with minimal loss of information. Because each model is based on different assumptions, it is essential to select the best suited to the conditions to be analyzed, thus avoiding possible contamination of the environment caused by errors in predicting the adsorption capacity of the soil. This study aimed to select the models that best describe the sorption of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb on Histosols. The study was conducted by an adaptation of the Batch of Lab Batch, with increasing concentrations of ZnCl2, CdCl2, Pb(NO3)2 and CuCl2. After determination of the concentration of adsorbed metals, the metal levels involved in complex internal and external sphere were evalueted through by desorption studies. The parameters of the sorption isotherms were determined by the ISOFIT program. To compare the fit of the models, the correlation coefficient, determination coefficient, the Akaike Information Criterion Corrected (AICc), AICc Range (?AICc) and the Weighting of AICc (AICcw) were analyzed. It was observed that the linear model was the best to describe the sorption of Zn, while Langmuir was the best to describe the sorption of Cd and Pb and the Freundlich showed better adjustment to the sorption of Cu. In general, the concentrations of N and fulvic acids were the most important factors that influences the sorption of metals. Most of Zn, Cd and Pb is sorbed in electrostatics bonds, easily reversible. However, Cu in strong and almost irreversible bonds.
Os solos possuem a capacidade de reter metais devido ? ocorr?ncia do fen?meno da sor??o, que consiste no ac?mulo de ?ons ou mol?culas na superf?cie dos col?ides org?nicos e minerais. Por apresentarem alto teor de mat?ria org?nica, portanto grande quantidade de col?ides org?nicos, os Organossolos possuem elevada capacidade adsortiva. A sor??o pode ser descrita por meio de diferentes modelos, que s?o equa??es que buscam descrever o fen?meno com o m?nimo de perda de informa??es. Como cada modelo se baseia em diferentes pressupostos, ? fundamental selecionar o que melhor se adequa ?s condi??es que se pretende analisar, evitando, assim, poss?veis contamina??es do ambiente causadas por erros na previs?o da capacidade adsortiva do solo. Este estudo teve como objetivos selecionar os modelos que melhor descrevem a sor??o de Zn, Cd, Cu e Pb em Organossolos. O estudo foi conduzido atrav?s de uma adapta??o do M?todo Batch de Laborat?rio, com concentra??es crescentes de ZnCl2, CdCl2, Pb(NO3)2 e CuCl2. Ap?s a determina??o dos teores de metais adsorvidos, os teores de metais envolvidos em complexos de esfera interna e externa foram avaliados atrav?s de estudos de dessor??o. Os par?metros das isotermas de sor??o foram determinados pelo programa IsoFit. Para compara??o do ajuste dos modelos, foram analisados o Coeficiente de Correla??o, Coeficiente de Determina??o, o Crit?rio de Informa??o de Akaike Corrigido (AICc), Varia??o de AICc (?AICc) e a Pondera??o de AICc (AICcw). Observou-se que o modelo Linear foi o que melhor descreveu a sor??o de Zn, enquanto Langmuir foi o que melhor descreveu a sor??o de Cd e Pb e o de Freundlich apresentou melhor ajuste ? sor??o de Cu. Em geral, os teores de N e ?cidos f?lvicos foram os fatores que mais influenciaram a sor??o dos metais. A maior parte de Zn, Cd e Pb sorvidas encontra-se em liga??es eletrost?ticas, facilmente revers?veis. Entretanto, o Cu encontra-se em liga??es fortes e quase irrevers?veis.

Compounds of the form R₂Sn(dmit) (H₂dmit = dimercaptoisotrithione) (R = Me, Et, Bu, Oct, Ph, o-MeOC₆H₄. MeO₂CCH₂CH₂ and PrⁱO₂CCH₂CH₂) and RR'Sn(dmit) (R = Ph, R' = Me) were synthesised and characterised. Five of the compounds were further investigated using solid state ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn nmr and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the compounds Et₂Sn(dmit), (MeO₂CCH₂CH₂)₂Sn(dmit) and PhMeSn(dmit) were determined, and attempts were made to correlate these structures with the solid state nmr data. The addition of a halide ion to the tin atom in the compounds R₂Sn(dmit) to give the anion [R₂Sn(dmit)X]^- (X = halogen) by reaction with a suitable onium halide was investigated. Substitution of the halide, X, in these [Y][R₂Sn(dmit)X] (Y = onium cation) compounds was investigated using alkali metal halides and pseudohalides. The crystal structures of the compounds [1,4-dimethylpyridinium][Ph₂Sn(dmit)NCS] and [1,4-dimethylpyridinium][Ph₂Sn(dmit)I] were determined. The monoestertin bis-dmit complex [NEt₄][MeO₂CCH₂CH₂Sn(dmit)₂], and the tin tris-dmit complexes. [NR₄]₂[Sn(dmit)₃] (NR₄ = NEt₄ and 1,4- dimethylpyridinium), were prepared.. The crystal structures of [NEt₄][MeO₂CCH₂CH₂Sn(dmit)₂] and [NEt₄]₂[Sn(dmit)₃] were determined. A range of lead-dmit complexes, namely Pb^II(dmit), Ph₂Pb(dmit), (Ph₃Pb)₂dmit and [NR₄][Ph₂(dmit)I] (NR₄ = NEt₄ and 1,4-dimethylpyridinium) was also synthesised. The crystal structure of (Ph₃Pb)₂dmit was determined, and cyclic voltammetry studies were carried out on Ph₂Pb(dmit) and (Ph₃Pb)₂dmit.

Au cours de cette thèse, nous étudions la compétition entre les états onde de densité de charge (ODC) et supraconducteur dans le composé multi-bandes à deux chaines TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2. Nous avons réalisé des mesures de résistivité, de pouvoir thermoélectrique et de conductivité thermique sous pression hydrostatique jusqu'aux basses températures. A basse pression, deux ondes de densité de charge détectées par mesures de rayons X et observées par nos mesures de résistivité transverse sont associées aux bandes 1D LUMO et HOMOI de la chaine Ni(dmit)2. A 12kbar, la fusion de ces deux instabilités est associée à l'emboîtement des bandes LUMO avec les bandes HOMOI à travers le point Γ de la première zone de Brillouin. A 18kbar et sur un intervalle de 5-6kbar, on observe un pic de commensurabilité attribué au vecteur d'emboîtement commensurable 2kF = 1/3b*.La supraconductivité est observée à partir de 2kbar et jusqu'à 22kbar avec une température critique 0.6K qui augmente avec la pression et est corrélée à la variation des températures de transition ODC. La supraconductivité est associée à la bande 2D HOMOII du Ni(dmit)2. Les mesures de champ magnétique critique ont permis de donner des informations sur l'évolution de la texture de coexistence métal- ODC en fonction de la pression. Elles mettent aussi en évidence une supraconductivité non conventionnelle avec des nœuds dans le gap.Ces résultats nous ont permis de revisiter le diagramme de phase Température-Pression de ce composé qui s'est révélé beaucoup plus riche que ce qui avait été rapporté jusqu'à maintenant.

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Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)
Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de avaliar a toler?ncia de gram?neas forrageiras e a absor??o, ac?mulo e disponibilidade no solo de c?dmio (Cd). Os experimentos foram instalados em condi??es de casa de vegeta??o do Departamento de Agronomia da Faculdade de Ci?ncias Agr?rias da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina (MG). As forrageiras estudadas foram: Panicum maximum cv. Aruana e cv. Tanz?nia e Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xara?s e cv. Marandu e as doses de Cd foram 0, 5, 10 e 20 mg L-1 de solu??o nutritiva e 0, 2, 4 e 12 mg kg-1 de solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeti??es, sendo o per?odo experimental de 90 dias, em ambos os experimentos. Determinou-se a massa seca e os teores de Cd na parte a?rea, colmo e ra?zes das forrageiras. Os conte?dos de Cd foram calculados com base nos teores e nas produ??es de massa seca em cada parte da planta. No caso do experimento em solo, para avalia??o do teor de Cd foram utilizados os extratores Mehlich-1, DTPA pH 7,3, teor semitotal - USEPA 3051 e teor total - USEPA 3052. O crescimento relativo das forrageiras foi reduzido pelas doses de Cd, tanto na solu??o nutritiva quanto no solo, configurando a fitotoxidade do Cd nessas plantas. Por?m a sequ?ncia de suscetibilidade foi diferenciada para os experimentos, sendo a ordem decrescente de suscetibilidade na solu??o nutritiva a seguinte: Aruana > Tanz?nia > Xara?s > Basilisk > Marandu, enquanto no solo a sequ?ncia foi: Marandu > Xara?s > Aruana > Tanz?nia > Basilisk. Essa diferen?a de suscetibilidade ? atribu?da ?s diferentes intera??es das forrageiras com o solo. Em ambos os experimentos o teor de Cd nas forrageiras aumentou em fun??o das doses Cd. Por?m a presen?a de Cd na solu??o nutritiva fez com que o ac?mulo e ?ndice de transloca??o apresentassem resposta diferenciada para as forrageiras. Os extratores Mehlich-1 e DTPA foram eficientes para expressar o crescimento da planta. De toda forma, as forrageiras foram incapazes de limitar a absor??o e transloca??o de Cd, acarretando em toxicidade e redu??o de crescimento e altos teores de Cd em todas as partes da planta, n?o proporcionando barreira ? entrada do Cd na cadeia alimentar.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2012.
ABSTRACT This work was carried out in order to evaluate the forage grasses tolerance and the absorption, accumulation and bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) on soil. The experiments were settled under conditions of greenhouse on the Department of Agronomy of the College of Agricultural Sciences of the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina (MG), Brazil. The forages grasses evaluated were: Panicum maximum cv. Aruana and cv. Tanz?nia and Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xara?s and cv. Marandu and the four doses of Cd were: 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg l-1 and the nutrients in solution 0, 2, 4 and 12 mg kg-1 for soil, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications, and the trial period of 90 days, in both experiments. The dry weight and concentration of Cd in shoots, stems and roots of forages were determined. The Cd content had been calculated based on the dry matter yield and content in each part of the plant. In the soil experiment, to measure the levels of Cd, there had been used the extractors Mehlich-1, DTPA pH 7.3, semi total content - USEPA 3051 and total content - USEPA 3052. The relative growth of the forage grasses was reduced with doses of Cd applied, both in the nutrient solution and on the soil, setting the phytotoxicity of Cd in these plants. However the sequence of susceptibility was different t tohe experiments, the decreasing order of susceptibility in the nutrient solution was: Aruana> Tanzania> Xara?s> Basilisk > Marandu, while in soil the sequence was: Marandu> Xara?s> Aruana> Tanzania> Basilisk. This difference in susceptibility is attributed to the different interactions of forage with soil. In both experiments (soil and nutrient solution) the Cd content in the forage increased due of increasing doses of Cd. Nevertheless the presence of Cd in the nutritive solution has made the accumulation and translocation index differently for the forages. Mehlich-1 and DTPA showed high positive correlation with relative growth of forages. The forages were unable to limit the absorption and translocation of Cd, resulting in toxicity and declining growth and high levels of Cd in all parts of the plant, providing no barrier to entry of Cd into the food chain.

Neutral diorganotin compounds of the 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate ligand have been prepared. The syntheses of Me₂Sndmit, Et₂Sndmit, Bu₂Sndmit, (C₈H₁₇)₂Sndmit, (C₁₀H₂₁)₂Sndmit and (C₁₄H₂₉)₂Sndmit are described. For the purposes of indicating the formation of different structural phases, D.S.C. powder patterns are reported for initial and recrystallised samples of Me₂Sndmit, Et₂Sndmit and Bu₂Sndmit. Since Et₂Sndmit showed different tin environments by solid phase state N.M.R. and clearly different powder patterns after recrystallisation, the compound was recrystallised from various solvents in an attempt to determine how many crystalline forms exist. To date, two forms have been identified: orthorhombic and monoclinic. The single crystal X-ray structure analyses of these are described. It has also been shown that upon heating a transition from the orthorhombic to the monoclinic form occurs at 140°C. The crystal strict of Me₂Sndmit has also been determined and is reported, along with Mossbauer parameters for Me₂Sndmit and Me₂Sndmio (dmio = 1,3-dithiole-2-one-4,5-dithiolate). Anionic organotin bis-dmit complexes of the form [RSn(dmit)₂][Q]⁺ have also been prepared, with a view to investigating their electrochemical properties. The syntheses of complexes with R chain length ranging from 4 to 18 carbons are described. The problem of formation of [Sn(dmit)₃][Q]₂ is also discussed. D.S.C. curves and cyclic voltammograms for [C₁₄H₂₉Sn(dmit)₂][C₁₄H₂₉NMe₃] and [NEt₄][(dmit)₂SnC₁₀H₂₀Sn(dmit)₂][NEt₄] are also described. Chiral macrocycles have potential uses as catalysts for asymmetric bond-forming reactions and as selective to metal ions. A chiral macrocyclic derivative of dmit was synthesised from methyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-bis-O-[(2-iodoethoxyethyl)-ethyl]-α-D-glucopyranoside. Since reaction of this with dmit proved to be unexpectedly problematic, attempted reactions of the sugar derivative with Na₂dmit in situ, isolated Na₂dmit, [Zn(dmit)₂][NEt₄]₂, [Ph₂Sn(dmit)I][NEt₄] and Cs₂dmit are described.

Introdução. O Ambulatório de Viajantes (DMIP/HC/FMUSP) foi criado em São Paulo em fevereiro de 2001. Atualmente, os viajantes comparecem à clínica para consulta pré-viagem e em caso de doença, quando voltam à cidade. Avaliação pós- viagem não é feita rotineiramente. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo ampliar as informações sobre as viagens realizadas e avaliar a adequação e a adesão às orientações pré-viagem. Métodos. No período de 03/02/2011 a 31/12/2011 foram convidados a participar do estudo os viajantes que procuraram o ambulatório para consulta pré-viagem. Os viajantes que concordaram em participar assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. Orientação pré-viagem: coleta de dados sobre as medidas de prevenção gerais recomendadas em relação a doenças transmitidas por vetores, água e alimentos, exposição acidental a animais; e dados individuais sobre as condições da viagem, vacinação prévia e histórico de saúde. Avaliação Pósviagem: Um questionário foi enviado aos participantes 15 dias após a data prevista de retorno. As respostas foram armazenadas na base de dados Excel. Foi utilizada estatística descritiva para apresentar todas as variáveis relevantes, utilizando Epi Info (CDC) e SPSS. Regressão logística multivariada foi usada para detectar fatores de risco independentes associados com o desenvolvimento de diarréia. Resultados. Foram obtidas 150 respostas (taxa de resposta de 52,8%), sendo 94 % dos participantes brasileiros, 89% com nível universitário, 55,1% do sexo feminino, a maioria entre 25 e 44 anos (54,5%). O tempo desde a consulta até a viagem foi menor de 28 dias em 60,1 %. Os destinos mais frequentes foram África em 58 viajantes (38,7%), seguida pela Ásia em 43 (28,7%). Demanda por serviços de saúde: 10,9% durante a viagem, e 6% no retorno. Causa da procura de atenção médica, diarréia (31,2%), seguido de acidentes em 18,7% e suspeita de malária em 12,5%. Entre os pacientes com diarréia ficar em casa de nativos (RR = 2,38; P = 0,004) e ter várias acomodações (RR 1,93; P = 0,02) foram fatores de risco na análise univariada. Viagem à Ásia foi também fator de risco (P= 0,024). Na análise multivariada a associação não se manteve. Em relação à adesão às medidas profiláticas recomendadas, a utilização de água mineral foi elevada entre todos os viajantes (94,1%), uso de hipoclorito, água fervida e limpeza dos alimentos antes do consumo foi maior no grupo de viajantes com diarréia. Hipoclorito para o consumo de água foi fator de risco (P = 0,003), independentemente do país visitado. Adesão à quimioprofilaxia da malária foi baixa, no entanto, apenas 9,6 % dos viajantes em risco apresentou malária. Exposição acidental a outros animais ocorreu em 4,7% dos viajantes. Relação sexual com conhecidos durante a viagem foi relatada por 20 % dos viajantes; 43,3 % não usaram preservativos; 46,1 % dos viajantes fizeram comentários favoráveis ao atendimento recebido e a utilidade durante a viagem. Conclusões. A principal causa de doença e procura por assistência médica foi diarreia. Adesão à quimioprofilaxia da malária e outras medidas recomendadas foi baixa. A procura por atendimento médico durante e após a viagem foi alta nessa série. Propõe-se aumentar a divulgação do serviço de forma a atingir outros setores da população
Background. The Travelers Outpatient Clinic (DMIP/HC /FMUSP) was established in São Paulo in February 2001. Currently, patients attend the clinic for pre-travel consultation and in case of illness when return to the city. Post-travel evaluation is not done routinely. This research aims to expand the information about the trips; profile occurrences; assess pre-trip orientations; adherence and adequacy, impact on disease prevention, and may be used to improve the pre-travel orientation and quality of care. Methods. In the period from 03/02/2011 to 31/12/2011 were invited to participate in the study travelers seeking outpatient care for pre-travel consultation. Travelers who agreed to participate signed the informed consent form. The study was conducted in two stages. Pre-travel orientation: collecting data on general prevention measures recommended in relation to vector-borne diseases, food and water, accidental exposure to animals, and individual data on the conditions of travel, prior vaccination and health. Post-travel evaluation: A questionnaire was sent to participants 15 days after the expected travel return date. The responses were stored in Excel database. Descriptive statistics were used to present all relevant variables using Epi Info (CDC) and SPSS. Multivariate logistic regression was used to detect independent risk factors associated with the development of diarrhea. Results. Were obtained 150 responses (52.81% response rate); 94% of participants were Brazilians, (89%) had college education, 54.5% of the participants were between 25 and 44 years and 55.1% were female. The time from consultation until the trip was less than 28 days in 60.1%. Travel destination: Africa in 58 travelers (38.7%), followed by Asia in 43 (28.7%). Demand for medical services: 10.9% during the trip, and 6% in return. Cause of seeking medical care: diarrhea (31.2 %) followed by accidents in 18.7% and suspected malaria in 12.5%. Among the patients with diarrhea the accommodation in native houses (RR=2.38 P = 0.004) and multiple accommodations (RR=2.006 P = 0.020) were risk factors. Travel to Asia was also a risk (RR 1.93 P = 0.024). In multivariate analysis the association was not maintained. Regarding adherence to prophylactic measures recommended; the use of mineral water was high among all travelers (94.1%); use of hypochlorite, boiled water and cleaning food before consumption were higher in the group of travelers with diarrhea; finding hypochlorite for water consumption as a risk factor (P = 0.003) regardless of the country visited. Adherence to chemoprophylaxis for malaria was low, however only 9.6% of travelers at risk had malaria. Reporting of accidental exposure to other animals occurred in 4.7% of our travelers. The sexual relationship with acquaintances during the trip was reported by 20% of travelers; of these 43.3% did not use condoms. 46.1% of travelers made favorable comments to the care received and the utility during the trip. Conclusions. The leading cause of illness and demand for medical care was diarrhea. Adherence to chemoprophylaxis for malaria and other recommended measures was low. Looking for medical service during and after the trip was high in this series.Proposes to increase the disclosure of the service in order to reach other sectors of the population .

The recent Decision Model and Notation (DMN) establishes business decisions as first-class citizens of executable business processes. This research note has two objectives: first, to describe DMN's technical and theoretical foundations; second, to identify research directions for investigating DMN's potential benefits on a technological, individual and organizational level. To this end, we integrate perspectives from management science, cognitive theory and information systems research.

The first chapter of diploma thesis discusses about various water processes which remove metals and metalloids compounds from water. A substantial part is devoted to filter materials, which include a new filter material DMI-65. Comprehensive chapter discribes characteristics, proporties and practical application of filter material DMI-65. The next chapter describes the process of pilot testing of material DMI-65 in the water treatment plant in Ivancice. At the end of the diploma thesis, the laboratory test of filter material DMI-65 is described, including the description of particular metals that are removed from the water and the compresion of the filter materiál DMI-65 with other selected filter materials.

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Cadmium is considered the seventh most dangerous substance in the environment and is classified as carcinogen type I, potentially affecting a wide range of living organisms, including humans. In addition to its wide systemic impact and potential lethality, cadmium has been associated to neurobehavioral defects that may also compromise animals ecological status and survival. Despite its potential impact, the comprehension of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cadmium deleterious effects on animals behavior is still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the behavioral effects of cadmium for 1 or 7 days at environmentally relevant concentrations (10 μg/L, 100 μg/L and 1000 μg/L) on zebrafish and to analyze brain oxidative stress and apoptotic markers. Cadmium-exposed zebrafish exhibited a generalized increase in locomotor activity after 1 and 7 days of treatment at all doses in all parameters evaluated, including distance travelled in a 5-min. evaluation period, mean speed and mobile periods. This hyperlocomotory effect significantly compromised animals general performance in exploring a new environment, which was evident in all cadmium exposed animals decreased path efficiency and altered distribution on the water column. Additionally, our results confirmed previous reports of increased oxidative damage in fishes exposed to cadmium and specifically demonstrated higher levels of damaged proteins in brain samples of animals exposed to cadmium at 100 μg/L for 1 day and at 10 μg/L for 7 days when compared to their respective control groups. Lipid peroxidation was also significantly increased in animals brain after 1 day cadmium exposure at 100 μg/L. Real-Time PCR analysis of transcripts for p53 and bax were not altered after 1 day cadmium exposure, but significantly increased after 7 days. Our results present evidence of cadmium deleterious effects on zebrafish cognitive functions and raise attention to the fact that its manifestation appears already after a one day exposure to 10 μg/L, a concentration accepted by most international regulating agencies
O c?dmio ? considerado a s?tima subst?ncia mais perigosa presente no ambiente e ? classificado como carcinog?nico tipo I, potencialmente afetando uma grande quantidade de seres vivos, incluindo os humanos. Ademais, o c?dmio tem sido associado a defeitos neurocomportamentais que podem comprometer o status ecol?gico e a sobreviv?ncia de animais. Apesar do potencial impacto, a compreens?o dos mecanismos celulares e moleculares por tr?s de seus efeitos delet?rios no comportamento de animais ? ainda escassa. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos comportamentais do c?dmio por 1 e 7 dias a concentra??es relevantes no ambiente (10 μg/L, 100 μg/L and 1000 μg/L) em zebrafish e analisar o estresse oxidativo e marcadores de apoptose no enc?falo. Animais expostos ao c?dmio apresentaram aumento na atividade locomotora ap?s 1 e 7 dias de tratamento em todas as concentra??es e par?metros avaliados, incluindo dist?ncia percorrida num per?odo de 5 minutos, velocidade m?dia e per?odos m?veis. A hiperlocomo??o afetou significativamente o desempenho dos animais em explorar um novo ambiente em todos os grupos tratados, evidenciado por uma diminui??o na efici?ncia de percurso e alterada distribui??o na coluna d ?gua. Adicionalmente, nossos resultados confirmaram estudos pr?vios sobre aumento no dano oxidativo em peixes quando expostos ao c?dmio e especialmente demonstraram n?veis mais elevados de dano a prote?nas em amostras de enc?falo em animais tratados a 100 μg/L por 1 dia e a 10 μg/L por 7 dias quando comparados aos seus respectivos controles. Lipoperoxida??o aumentou significativamente no enc?falo de animais expostos por 1 dia a 100 μg/L. An?lises dos marcadores p53 e bax por Real-time PCR apresentaram nenhuma altera??o ap?s 1 dia de exposi??o, mas significativamente aumentaram ap?s 7 dias. Nossos resultados apresentam evid?ncias dos efeitos delet?rios do c?dmio no comportamento de zebrafish e chama aten??o para o fato de que a manifesta??o de seus efeitos aparece a partir de 1 dia de exposi??o a 10 μg/L, uma concentra??o aceita por muitas ag?ncias de regulamenta??o internacional

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A ferrugem asiática da soja, causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi, desde que foi relatada pela primeira vez no Brasil, tem sido alvo de estudos quanto ao emprego de fungicidas para seu controle. Entretanto, devido ao uso indiscriminado destes produtos, em especial provenientes do grupo DMI (“Demethylation inhibitor”) e QoI (“Quinone outside inhibitor”), também conhecidos respectivamente como triazóis e estrubirulinas, relatos de resistência estão cada vez mais comuns atualmente. Com intuito de estudar novas estratégias para o controle químico da ferrugem, experimentos foram conduzidos a nível de laboratório, casa-de-vegetação e campo para avaliar o efeito da associação de fungicidas pertencentes ao grupos dos DMIs e QoIs com fungicidas de múlti-sítios. Os experimentos realizados a nível de laboratório e casa-de-vegetação estudaram o efeito sistêmico e translaminar de diferentes fungicidas comerciais à base de triazóis (Epoxiconazol, Ciproconazol, Protioconazol, Flutriafol e Tebuconazol) e estrubirulinas (Piraclostrobina e Trifloxistrobina), sendo que para o experimento em casa-vegetação foi adicionado diferentes fungicidas multi-sítios (Mancozebe e Chlorothalonil), Com base nos resultados obtidos em laboratório e em casa-de-vegetação, foram realizados experimentos a nível de campo para avaliar o efeito de fungicidas à base dos triazóis; Epoxiconazol e Ciproconazol, e das estrubirulinas Piraclostrobina e Azoxistrobina, em associação com Mancozebe, Metiram e Chlorothalonil. A ferrugem asiática foi avaliada por médio da severidade com auxílio de escala diagramática e os dados obtidos foram integrados para calcular a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Além da avaliação de doença, foi determinado rendimento de grãos (kg/ha) de cada parcela. O bioensaio realizado no laboratório e estufa mostraram que os tratamentos fungicidas utilizados obtiveram uma eficiência mínima de controle da ferrugem asiática da soja de 92 %, comparado com a testemunha. Ensaios de campo, demonstraram que todas as combinações fungicidas empregadas foram eficazes para controlar a ferrugem asiática e consequentemente favorecer um maior ganho de produtividade em comparação com a testemunha. Ao analisar a eficácia de controle da ferrugem asiática nos terços inferior, médio e superior, mostrou que a aplicação de Expoxiconazole com piraclostrobina e Ciproconazol com azoxistrobina reduz ASR (inferior, médio e superior) a queda de folha (%), e aumento no rendimento (kg/ha). Observou-se que a incidência do ASR diferiu entre as partes de dossel. A gravidade aumentou de inferior para a parte superior Ficou evidenciado nesse trabalho, que a aplicação das misturas entre DMI, QoI e multi- sítios promoveu de forma eficaz a redução da doença, propiciou ganho de produtividade e evitou a desfolha das plantas. O emprego de misturas que combinam fungicidas com alto risco de resistência (DMI e QoI) com fungicidas de baixo risco (multi-sítios) podem ser uma nova estratégia para o manejo da ferrugem a curto e a longo prazo. Além disso, em função do efeito residual e protetor de fungicidas multi-sítios promover maior longevidade de moléculas e redução do número de aplicação de fungicidas sistêmicos do grupo dos DMI e QoI.
Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, since it was first reported in Brazil, has been the subject of studies regarding the use of fungicides to its control. However, due to the indiscriminate use of this products, especially from the DMIs ("demethylation inhibitors") and QoIs ("Quinone outside inhibitor") groups, also known respectively as triazoles and strobilurins, resistance reports are increasingly common nowadays. In order to study new strategies for chemical control of ASR, experiments were conducted in laboratory, greenhouse and field to evaluate the effect of fungicides belonging to the DMIs and QoIs groups associated with multi-site fungicides. Experiments were carried out at laboratory and greenhouse in order to study the systemic and translaminar effect of triazoles (Epoxiconazole, Cyproconazole, Prothioconazole, Flutriafol and Tebuconazole) and Strobilurins (Pyraclostrobin and Trifloxystrobin), and for the experiment in greenhouse were mixed these lasts with multi-site fungicides like (Mancozeb and Chlorothalonil). Based on the results obtained in the laboratory and greenhouse, field trial experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of fungicides compounded with triazole like Epoxiconazole and Cyproconazole, and strobilurins like Pyraclostrobin and Azoxystrobin with Mancozeb, Metiram and Chlorothalonil. ASR was assessed by the severity using a diagrammatic scale and the data were integrated to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Besides the evaluation of disease, it was determined grain yield (kg/ha) for each plot. The bioassay conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse showed that the fungicide treatments obtained a minimum efficacy of 92 % against ASR, compared to the control. The field trials showed that all combinations of fungicides used were effective to control ASR and promoted greater yield gain compared to the control. Analyzing the effectiveness to control ASR in the lower, medium and upper part of the canopy, showed that application of Expoxiconazole with Pyraclostrobin, and Cyproconazole with Azoxystrobin reduced ASR (lower, medium and upper) and leaf fall (%), and increased yield gain (kg/ha). It was observed that the incidence of the ASR differed between the canopy parts. The severity increased from lower to the upper part. It was evidenced in this work, that the application of DMI, QoI and multi-site fungicides in association promoted effectively the disease reduction, increased yield and avoided the leaf fall. The use of commercial formulation fungicides with high risk of resistance (DMI and QoI) combined to low risk ones (multi-site) could be a new strategy for the management of the ASR at short and long term. Furthermore, due to the residual effect and protective of multi-site fungicides like Mancozeb, Chlorothalonil and Metiram, can promote higher longevity of DMI and QoI molecules and reduce the number of application of systemic fungicides.
Sem lattes

L’établissement de la symbiose Rhizobium-Légumineuse repose sur une reconnaissance spécifique par la plante hôte de signaux microbiens : les facteurs Nod. Chez Medicago truncatula, la voie de signalisation Nod fait intervenir DMI3, une protéine kinase dépendante du calcium et de la calmoduline (CCaMK), impliquée dans le décodage des oscillations calciques générées dans le noyau en réponse aux facteurs Nod. Le travail de thèse a visé à identifier les substrats ou les régulateurs de la CCaMK afin de mieux comprendre son mode d’action. L’étude comparée du phosphoprotéome racinaire de la lignée sauvage et du mutant dmi3 d’une part, et une approche double hybride d’autre part, ont été réalisées. Une protéine nucléaire, de fonction inconnue, interagissant avec l’enzyme a été identifiée
During the establishment of the rhizobia-legume symbiosis, the host specificity is mediated by bacterial signals named “Nod factors”. Several genes are involved in the Nod factor signal pathway in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Among them, DMI3 is a calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase and is hypothesized to decode the calcium spikes generated into the nucleus in response to Nod factors. The aim of my work was to identify substrates or regulators of DMI3. A root phosphoproteome analysis between wild-type and a mutant strain has been carried out to isolate substrates of DMI3/CCaMK. A yeast-two hybrid approach was aimed at identifying protein partners of DMI3. Then, a novel nuclear protein of unknown function, interacting with DMI3, has been identified

Le gène DMI3 de la légumineuse modèle Medicago truncatula code pour une Calcium and Calmodulin dependent protein Kinase (CCaMK) qui intervient dans les voies de signalisation nécessaires à l'établissement des symbioses mycorhizienne et rhizobienne. Nous avons montré qu'une CCaMK de riz peut restaurer la capacité d'un mutant dmi3 à noduler en présence de rhizobium. Une CCaMK de non légumineuse est donc capable de reconnaître et de transduire le signal calcique induit par les facteurs Nod du rhizobium. De plus, les résultats de complémentation ainsi que les études d'expression tissulaire de ce gène indiquent que DMI3 est requis tout au long du processus d'infection de la racine par les rhizobium. Ce processus infectieux nécessite également le gène RPG. Par des études d'expression tissulaire, nous avons confirmé que RPG, comme DMI3, est étroitement lié au développement des cordons d'infection, des structures symbiotiques particulières nécessaires à l'infection
The DMI3 gene of the model legume Medicago truncatula encodes a Calcium and Calmodulin dependant Protein Kinase (CCaMK) involved in the signalling pathways leading to the establishment of both mycorrhizal and rhizobial root symbiosis. We have shown that a rice CCaMK can restore the nodulation ability of a M. Truncatula dmi3 mutant, indicating that a non-legume CCaMK is able to recognize and transduce a calcium signal elicited by the specific Nod Factors produced by the rhizobial symbiont. Furthermore, complementation experiments and spatial expression studies of DMI3 indicate that the CCaMK is necessary for successful infection of plant roots by rhizobia. This infection process also requires the RPG gene. By spatial expression studies, we confirmed that RPG and DMI3 are both tightly associated with the development of infection threads, which are symbiotic specific structures required for root infection of M. Truncatula by rhizobia

This paper investigates the viability of two different mappings of two parameters of the digital musical instrument Force Ghost. The instrument produces sound by having an  ambience (a recording of rain or of waves on the beach) filtered by bandpass filters  whose center-frequencies are controlled by a midi-keyboard. Five bandpass filters are assigned to each note, corresponding to the fundamental frequency its and its multiples (2f,3f,4f,5f). The mapped parameters are the Q-factor of the bandpass filters and the timbre, defined as the relative level between the even and odd multiples harmonics. These two parameters are mapped to the modulation wheel and the pitch bend wheel. The mappings of the parameters are investigated with the help of musical tasks completed by musicians rounded up with semi-structured interviews. The interviews revealed that the modulation wheel was to be prefered due to the lack of a spring mechanism (which is an attribute of the pitch bend wheel), forcing the wheel back to its default position (in the middle) when released. The results from the musical tasks suggested an indication that none of the sensors have better controllability than the other, regardless of parameter it controls. In conclusion, a sensor that gravitates towards a resting state does not seem to be suitable to control a parameter (scaling) that lacks a “resting value” (as perceived by musicians).
Denna artikel utreder två mappningar av två parametrar hos det digitala musikaliska instrumentet Force Ghost. Instrumentet ljuder genom att en ljudkälla filtreras av bandpassfilter. Ljudkällan i detta fall är ljudet av regnfall i en skog. Varje tangent på ett keyboard är kopplat till minst ett bandpassfilter, vars MIDI-not kopplat till motsvarande frekvens. Denna frekvens är bandpassfiltrets centerfrekvens. När en tangent nedtrycks genereras bandpassfiltret, vilket skapar en ton ur ljudkällan. De två parametrarna i fokus är kopplade till bandpassfiltrerna. De är Q-värdet (kopplat till bandpassfiltrernas bandbredd) och klangfärgen (kopplat till övertonerna; vilka de är och deras amplitudrelation för varje not). Dessa två parametrar är mappade till modulations-hjulet och pitchbend-hjulet. Mappningen av dessa parametrar är undersökt genom musikuppgifter och självständig utforskning genomförda av musiker. Detta spelades in och sedan utfördes en semistrukturerad intervju med musikerna. Intervjuerna visade att modulations-hjulet föredrogs på grund av avsaknaden av fjädermekanismen som finns hos pitchbend-hjulet. Denna mekanism tvingar pitchbend-hjulet tillbaka till sin utgångsposition (i mitten) när den släpps. Resultaten från musikuppgifterna indikerar att ingen av sensorerna har bättre kontrollbarhet än den andre, oavsett vilket parameter den kontrollerar. Sammanfattningsvis, en sensor som graviterar mot ett viloläge verkar inte vara lämplig för att kontrollera en parameter (-skalning) som saknar ett “vilovärde” (så som uppfattat av musiker).

Ce travail a concerné la préparation des premières nanoparticules de supraconducteurs moléculaires dont la croissance en solution a pu être contrôlée par l'ajout de molécules amphiphiles neutres (amines, imines, acides carboxyliques). Notre étude s'est principalement focalisée sur les sels de Bechgaard (TMTSF)2X (TMTSF : tétraméthyltétrasélénafulvalène, X = ClO4 ou PF6) et sur le dérivé (BEDT-TTF)2I3 (BEDT-TTF : bis(éthylènedithio)tétrathiafulvalène). La taille, la morphologie et l'état de dispersion des nanoparticules ont été contrôlés par la nature et la concentration du structurant amphiphile. Ces nanoparticules ont été caractérisées par des méthodes spectroscopiques (IR, Raman, UV-visible, spectrométrie de photoélectrons), diffractométriques et microscopiques (microscopie électronique à transmission et AFM). Elles présentent une transition vers un état supraconducteur mise en évidence par des mesures de résistivité électrique ou de susceptibilité magnétique. Finalement, le pouvoir thermoélectrique des nano-objets de (BEDT-TTF)2I3 a été évalué. Des mesures préliminaires de facteur de mérite thermoélectrique (ZT) en font des candidats potentiels pour la réalisation de modules thermoélectriques organiques
In this work, we described the preparation of the first nanoparticles of molecule-based superconductors for which the growth has been controlled by the addition of neutral amphiphilic molecules (such as amines, imines, carboxylic acids). Our study focused on Bechgaard salts (TMTSF)2X (TMTSF: tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene, X = ClO4 or PF6) and (BEDT-TTF)2I3 (BEDT-TTF: bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene). The size, the morphology and the state of dispersion of the nanoparticles have been controlled by the nature and the concentration of the amphiphilic structuring agent. The particles have been characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, Raman, UV-visible, photoelectron spectroscopy), X-Ray diffraction and microscopy (TEM and AFM). Small particles underwent a transition to a superconducting state, as evidenced by electrical resistivity or magnetic susceptibility measurements. Finally, the thermoelectric power of nano-objects of (BEDT-TTF)2I3 has been evaluated. Preliminary measurements of the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) make them potential candidates for future organic-based thermoelectric generators

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CNPq
The gray leaf spot caused by Stemphylium solani, has occasioned losses in the tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in several regions of Brazil. Although there are resistant cultivars, the control has been made, essentially, with application of fungicides. These, despite the practicality and efficiency can lead to the accumulation of polluting substances in the air and in the fruits. This study aimed to evaluate: 1) the chemical control efficiency of the disease with commercial fungicides registered for crop and with alternative products such as syrups and plant extracts; 2) the influence of these treatments on the development and production of tomato; 3) the contribution of metals in the system and its contents in leaves and fruits; 4) to compare the contents of metals in the fresh mass of the fruits with the limits allowed by the legislation. Three trials were carried out, one in the greenhouse and two in the field, and different products were compared: mancozebe, tebuconazole, copper oxychloride, vi?osa mixture, bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur, garlic extract and water. Were evaluated the progress of the disease, the production and the supply of metals in the soil, plants and fruits (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn). The disease occurred on average at low intensity and did not affect the fruit production, which did not allow an adequate evaluation of the efficiency of the treatments. Among all the products tested, bordeaux and vi?osa mixtures and mancozebe were the most efficient in controlling the disease, however, without affecting the accumulation of fresh and dry mass of the plants and productivity. Bordeaux and vi?osa mixtures were the products that contributed the most to the incorporation of metals to the agrosystem followed by mancozebe and copper oxychloride. The concentration of metals in the fruits was below the maximum limit allowed by the MERCOSUL Technical Regulation, however, it deserves attention in view of fact that the Cd values found in the fruits are very close to the allowed limit, especially in the treatments with vi?osa mixture, oxychloride copper and bordeaux mixture. The continuous use of fungicides and vi?osa and bordeaux mixtures can contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals in the agrosystem. New studies addressing this topic should be made.
A mancha-de-estenf?lio, causada por Stemphylium solani, tem ocasionado perdas na cultura do tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L.) em v?rias regi?es do Brasil. Apesar de existirem cultivares resistentes, o controle tem sido feito, essencialmente, com aplica??o de fungicidas. Estes, apesar da praticidade e efici?ncia podem levar ao ac?mulo de subst?ncias poluentes no ar e nos frutos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar: 1) a efici?ncia do controle qu?mico da doen?a com fungicidas comerciais registrados para a cultura e com produtos alternativos como caldas e extratos de plantas; 2) a influ?ncia destes tratamentos no desenvolvimento e produ??o do tomateiro; 3) o aporte de metais no sistema e os seus teores nas folhas e frutos; 4) comparar os teores de metais na massa fresca dos frutos com os limites permitidos pela legisla??o. Realizaram-se tr?s ensaios, um em casa-de-vegeta??o e dois no campo e compararam-se diferentes produtos: mancozebe, tebuconazole, oxicloreto de cobre, calda vi?osa, calda bordalesa, calda sulfoc?lcica, extrato de alho e ?gua. Avaliaram-se o progresso da doen?a, a produ??o e o aporte de metais no solo, plantas e frutos (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni e Zn). A doen?a ocorreu em m?dia a baixa intensidade e n?o afetou a produ??o de frutos, o que n?o permitiu uma adequada avalia??o da efici?ncia dos tratamentos. Dentre todos os produtos testados, as caldas bordalesa e vi?osa e o mancozebe foram os mais eficientes no controle da doen?a, por?m, sem afetar o ac?mulo de massa fresca e seca das plantas e a produtividade. As caldas bordalesa e vi?osa foram os produtos que mais contribu?ram para a incorpora??o de metais ao agrossistema seguido do mancozebe e do oxicloreto de cobre. A concentra??o de metais nos frutos esteve abaixo do limite m?ximo permitido pelo Regulamento T?cnico MERCOSUL, no entanto, merece aten??o tendo em vista o fato dos valores de Cd encontrados nos frutos estarem muio pr?ximo do limite permitido, especialmente nos tratamentos com calda vi?osa, oxicloreto de cobre e calda bordalesa. O uso cont?nuo de fungicidas e das caldas vi?osa e bordalesa podem contribuir para o ac?mulo de metais pesados no agrossistema. Novos estudos abordando este tema devem ser feitos.

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As Doenças crônico-degenerativas são exemplos da necessidade da educação em saúde, para melhorar a adesão ao tratamento. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi verificar a adesão do paciente portador de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 em tratamento ambulatorial. A população de estudo foi constituída de pacientes maiores de 30 anos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 que iniciaram tratamento no ambulatório, entre 01 de janeiro de 2000 a 31 de dezembro de 2002, com amostra aleatória de 20%(134 pacientes). As variáveis estudadas foram: sexo, idade, comparecimento ao serviço, adesão ao tratamento, abandono ao serviço, renda mensal, tempo de tratamento, ocupação, escolaridade, estado civil, residência, glicemia de jejum, número de consultas, colesterol, triglicérides, hemoglobina glicada, glicemia capilar, glicemia pós prandial e ÍNDICE DE MASSA CORPÓREA. Os dados foram analisados com o uso de proporções, freqüência absoluta e aplicação do teste qui-quadrado para comparação entre os grupos.. A taxa de abandono ao serviço foi de 65%. Dos pacientes que tiveram adesão ao serviço, 70% eram do sexo feminino, com faixa etária entre 61 a 70 anos(36,4%), 39% das mulheres eram do lar e 72,7% compareceram entre 8 e 12 consultas, A maior parte manteve a glicemia de jejum,na última consulta ( 45,5% mulheres e 85,7% homens), sob controle; o Índice de Massa Corpórea manteve acima de 25kg/m2 nas mulheres(54,5%). No grupo de abandono ao serviço,, 54,8% dos homens que abandonaram o serviço exerciam atividades no mercado de trabalho. A maioria compareceu no máximo a 4 consultas. Homens apresentaram menor adesão ao serviço (p<0,05) Houve diferença significativa entre os valores de glicemia de jejum do início para a úlltima consulta nos pacientes que aderiram ao serviço. Conclui-se que o fato do paciente aderir ao serviço não significa que o mesmo aderiu ao tratamento. O paciente necessita ser motivado para melhor adesão ao tratamento. É necessário conhecer o grupo de pacientes e trabalhar os modelos de crenças em saúde associados à educação em saúde.

Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
To meet growing demand for goods and services of modern society there is an increase in industrial activity, is highlighting the versatility of steel for use of its products. Meanwhile, as well as all human activity there is the generation of waste that may contain contaminants, among these heavy metals, which are arranged in an inappropriate manner pose a risk to humans and other living organisms. In soil heavy metals can exist in different chemical forms, presented each of them a degree of availability, and the total content of an indication of soil contamination. The phytoremediation is a technique of bioremediation, which uses the cultivation of plants to remediate contaminated soil and water, either by the extraction (phytoextraction) or stabilization (phytostabilization) of the contaminant in the environment. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the culture of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., the distribution of chemical fractions of zinc and cadmium in the soil, in three of pH values, after contamination with industrial waste containing high levels of these elements, and their possible influence germination and development of the plant. It was conducted in a completely randomized experiment 2x2x3 factorial system, in a sample of Bt horizon of a Argisol Yellow, contaminated and not contaminated with residue from Cia Mercantile and Industrial Ing?, with and without cultivation of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., and receiving the application of three doses of CaCO3. The soil used was collected in the municipality of Pinheiral - RJ, being part of the sample contaminated with waste (66.67 g kg-1) to raise the level pseudo-Zn total of the values above 1500 mg kg-1. The sample was contaminated and not contaminated divided into three groups each received a different dose of CaCO3 (0.00, 0,75; 1,5 mg kg-1). After being incubated for 40 days to 80% of the field capacity, there were planted three Seedpieces of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., genotype Cameroon, in each unit cultivated. At 18 days after planting and germination were evaluated at the average height of the seedlings. At 135 days after planting were collected to shoot and root plants. The substrates were sampled after hatching and at the end of the experiment. In substrates was determined the pH in water and, for the treatments that received waste, the levels of Zn and Cd in the following fractions: soluble (F1), exchangeable (F2), precipitated (F3), absorbed more strongly (F4) and residual (F5). The extractors used to determine the fractions were: deionized water, MgCl2, acetic acid, DTPA and aqua regia. The results showed that the germination and development of Pennisetum purpurem Schum. were limited by the content of Cd and mainly in fractions of Zn more bioavailable (F1, F2). The levels of Zn in the soluble fraction (F1) exceeding 125 mg kg-1, caused a reduction in the germination and the initial development of culture. The cultivation of Pennisetum purpureum Schum. promoted reduction of soil pH of all treatments, and favored the solubility of Zn of contaminated substrates. Leaf contents of Zn greater than 1380 mg kg-1 caused sharp reduction in growth and phytotoxicity symptoms. The Pennisetum purpureum Schum did not show a behavior as plants hyperaccumulative of Zn and Cd, but they showed Zn accumulation and they were efficient in the remediation of Zn and Cd.
Para atender a demanda crescente por bens e servi?os da sociedade moderna houve um incremento da atividade industrial, se destacando a siderurgia pela versatilidade de emprego dos seus produtos. Entretanto, assim como toda atividade humana h? a gera??o de res?duos que podem conter contaminantes, dentre estes os metais pesados, que se dispostos de forma inadequada representam um risco a o homem e outros organismos vivos. Em solos os metais pesados podem existir em diferentes formas qu?micas, apresentando cada uma delas um grau de disponibilidade, sendo o teor total um indicativo de contamina??o do solo. A fitorremedia??o ? uma t?cnica da bioremedia??o, que utiliza o cultivo de plantas para remediar solos e ?guas contaminadas, seja pela extra??o (fitoextra??o) ou estabiliza??o (fitoestabiliza??o) do contaminante no ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cultivo de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., na distribui??o das fra??es qu?micas de zinco e c?dmio no solo, em tr?s valores de pH, ap?s a contamina??o com res?duo industrial contendo altos teores destes elementos, e a sua poss?vel influ?ncia na germina??o e desenvolvimento da planta. Foi conduzido um experimento inteiramente casualizado no sistema fatorial 2x2x3, em amostra de horizonte Bt de um Argissolo Amarelo, contaminado e n?o contaminado, com res?duo da Cia Mercantil e Industrial Ing?, com e sem cultivo de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., e recebendo a aplica??o de tr?s doses de CaCO3. O solo utilizado foi coletado no munic?pio de Pinheiral ? RJ, sendo parte da amostra contaminada com res?duo (66,67 g kg-1), para elevar o teor pseudo-total de Zn a valores superiores a 1500 mg kg-1. A amostra contaminada e n?o contaminada foi dividida em tr?s grupos cada um recebeu uma dose diferente de CaCO3 (0,00; 0,75; 1,5 mg kg-1). Posteriormente sendo incubadas por 40 dias a 80% da capacidade de campo. Ap?s a incuba??o foram plantados tr?s toletes de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., gen?tipo Cameroon, em cada unidade cultivada. Aos 18 dias ap?s o plantio foram avaliadas a germina??o e a altura m?dia das pl?ntulas. Aos 135 dias ap?s o plantio foram coletadas a parte a?rea e raiz das plantas. Os substratos foram amostrados ap?s a incuba??o e no final do experimento. Nestes substratos foi determinado o pH em ?gua e, para os tratamentos que receberam res?duo, os teores de Zn e Cd nas seguintes fra??es: sol?vel (F1), troc?vel (F2), precipitada (F3), adsorvida mais fortemente (F4) e residual (F5). Os extratores utilizados para a determina??o das fra??es foram: ?gua deionizada, MgCl2, ?cido ac?tico, DTPA e ?gua r?gia. Os resultados mostraram que a germina??o e o desenvolvimento de Pennisetum purpurem Schum. foram limitados pelo teor de Cd e principalmente de Zn nas fra??es mais biodispon?veis (F1 e F2). Os teores de Zn na fra??o sol?vel (F1) superiores a 125 mg kg-1, provocaram redu??o na germina??o e no desenvolvimento inicial da cultura. O cultivo de Pennisetum purpureum Schum. promoveu redu??o do pH do solo de todos os tratamentos, tendo favorecido a solubilidade de Zn dos substratos contaminados. Teores foliares de Zn superiores a 1380 mg kg-1 provocaram acentuada redu??o no crescimento e sintomas de fitotoxidez. O Pennisetum purpureum Schum. n?o se comportou como hiperacumulador de Zn e Cd, mas apresentou acumula??o de Zn e efici?ncia na remedia??o de Zn e Cd.

Ce memoire porte sur la synthese, les etudes structurales et les proprietes electroniques de conducteurs moleculaires derives des complexes de coordination m(dmit)#2#x# ou m=ni, pd, pt et dmit=1,3 dithia, 2-thione, 4,5-dithiolato. La premiere partie se rapporte aux complexes donneur-accepteur de formule dm(dmit)#2#y ou d est un donneur d'electrons derive du tetrathiofulvalene (ttf). La synthese et l'etude du mecanisme d'oxydation electrochimique du donneur asymetrique edt-ttf (ethylenedithio-tetrathiofulvalene) sont developpees. Ce donneur a permis la synthese par electrocristallisation de deux nouveaux complexes conducteurs: (edt-ttf)#2pd(dmit)#2#3 (1) et (dte-ttf)#2pd(dmit)#2#2 (2). Ce dernier est metallique jusqu'a 400 mk; une anomalie du comportement electrique en fonction de la temperature observee vers 35 k est correlee a une instabilite de type onde de densite de charge. Une seconde partie presente l'etude structurale et les proprietes electriques de phases monocristallines de la serie (nh#yme#4#y)#xm(dmit)#2 (y variant de 1 a 4). Le compose (nhme#3)#0#,#5ni(dmit)#2 (3) est metallique jusqu'a 100 k temperature a laquelle il subit une transition metal-isolant. La phase (nhme#3)pt(dmit)#2#3,ch#3cn (4) presente une conductivite quasi-constante de 293 k a 180 k puis devient isolante jusqu'a basse temperature (50 k). Les autres complexes etudies, (nh#2me#2)0#,#5ni(dmit)#2 et (nh#yme#4##y)#2ni(dmit)#2#5,2ch#3cn (y=1 et 3) sont semi-conducteurs. Les structures cristallines sont constituees d'empilements d'entites m(dmit)#2; un reseau d'interactions intermoleculaires s. . . S se developpe entre les empilements. Les relations entre structures cristallines, proprietes electriques et structures electroniques sont discutees pour les composes (1), (2), (3) et (4)

A citricultura brasileira se destaca no mercado global de citros, apresentando altos valores de produção e produtividade. Dentre as diversas doenças que afetam a cultura, a podridão floral dos citros (PFC) vem ganhando destaque com o deslocamento de áreas produtoras para regiões mais favoráveis à ocorrência desta doença. A PFC, causada por espécies dos complexos Colletotrichum acutatum e C. gloeosporioides, é especialmente problemática em anos de temperaturas amenas e alta umidade. Os citricultores realizam pulverizações preventivas para o controle da PFC todos os anos, embora condições climáticas favoráveis à doença ocorram apenas ocasionalmente. Além do impacto econômico, as frequentes pulverizações com fungicidas aumentam a pressão de seleção sobre isolados resistentes, o que pode interferir na eficiência do controle químico. A utilização de sistemas de previsão de epidemias pode evitar que pulverizações desnecessárias de fungicidas sejam realizadas caso não haja condições favoráveis à ocorrência da doença. Para o desenvolvimento destes sistemas, é imprescindível determinar um limiar de ação para a aplicação de fungicidas nos pomares. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivos: (i) estabelecer um limiar de ação para a aplicação de fungicidas com base na germinação de conídios de C. acutatum que permita o controle a doença igualmente ou de forma mais eficiente do que o sistema de pulverização adotado pelos citricultores do sudoeste paulista; (ii) caracterizar a sensibilidade de isolados dos complexos C. gloeosporioides e C. acutatum à trifloxistrobina e ao tebuconazol in vitro e molecularmente, para identificar possíveis mudanças de sensibilidade das espécies a estes fungicidas. Para a definição do limiar de ação, tratamentos baseados em índices de risco foram comparados ao tratamento testemunha e ao calendário fixo de aplicações, usualmente adotado pelos produtores. A aplicação de fungicidas quando limiar de 15% de germinação de conídios era atingido, foi eficiente em controlar a doença e reduzir o número de aplicações de fungicidas. Nos ensaios de sensibilidade a fungicidas dois métodos foram utilizados para a determinação da CE50: o da diluição em gradiente espiral para trifloxistrobina e tebuconazol e o da inibição da germinação de conídios para a trifloxistrobina. Foram utilizados isolados coletados entre 1999 e 2016. A CE50 média da coleção de isolados de acordo com o método da diluição em gradiente espiral variou de 0,158 a 0,297 μg/ml e 0,1 a 0,182 μg/ml para trifloxistrobina e tebuconazol, respectivamente. Para a trifloxistrobina, de acordo com o método da inibição da germinação, a CE50 média foi de 0,002 μg/ml. Não foram verificadas características moleculares nem valores de CE50 atrelados à mudança de sensibilidade dos isolados.
Brazilian citrus industry represents a significant share in the global citrus market. Amongst several diseases that affect the crop, postbloom fruit drop (PFD) has been gaining prominence in Sao Paulo with the displacement of citrus areas to regions in which weather conditions are more favorable to the occurrence of this disease. PFD, caused by species of the complexes Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, is especially problematic in years of mild temperatures and high humidity. Citrus growers spray the orchards preventively for PFD control every year, although favorable climatic conditions do not occur regularly. In addition to the economic impact, this practice increases the selection pressure of fungicide resistant isolates, and may decrease the efficiency of chemical control in a long term. The use of disease forecasting systems is able to prevent unnecessary fungicide sprays. For the development of such systems, it is essential to determine an action threshold for the application of fungicides in the orchards. The objectives of this work were: (i) to establish an action threshold for fungicide sprays based on the germination of C. acutatum conidia; (ii) to characterize the sensitivity of C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum isolates to trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in vitro and molecularly. Regarding the definition of the action threshold, treatments based on risk indices were compared to the control treatments and calendar based sprays, usually adopted by growers. The 15% conidia germination threshold was efficient in controlling the disease and reducing the number of fungicide applications. In the fungicide sensitivity tests, two methods were used to determine the EC50, the spiral gradient dilution for trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole, and the method of conidial germination inhibition for trifloxystrobin. Isolates collected between 1999 and 2016 were used. The mean EC50 of the isolate collection determined by the spiral gradient dilution method ranged from 0.158 to 0.297 μg/ml and from 0.1 to 0.182 μg/ml for trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole, respectively. Mean EC50 of trifloxystrobin estimated by the conidial germination inhibition method was 0.002 μg/ml. No mutations or EC50 values indicated shifts of fungicide sensitivity on the isolates.

Ce travail vise à étudier, expérimentalement et théoriquement, le comportement des ondes de spin dans des couches ultraminces, multicouches et nanostructures magnétiques en présence de l’interaction Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya d’interface (DMI). A cet effet, nous avons utilisé la spectroscopie Brillouin (BLS) de diffusion inélastique de la lumière comme sonde expérimentale. Cette technique s’est avérée un outil extrêmement efficace pour mesurer la DMI ; effet qui se traduit par une asymétrie des raies Stokes et anti-Stokes d’un spectre BLS d’un système magnétique mince en contact d’un métal lourd produisant un fort couplage spin-orbite (SOC, acronyme anglais). Ainsi,en présence de DMI, les fréquences de deux ondes de spin se propageant dans des directions opposées seront différentes du fait de la brisure de symétrie par inversion.Différents systèmes ont été abordés et différentes situations et paramètres ont été considérés.Sur les systèmes simples en couches ultraminces, le comportement en fonction de l’épaisseur du film magnétique ou encore l’effet du recuit ont été cernés mettant en évidence le caractère interfacial de la DMI et le rôle de la qualité structurale et chimique de l’interface ferromagnétique/métal lourd. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que l’addition d’impuretés non magnétiques à fort SOC dans des métaux légers interfacés avec un ferromagnétique peut constituer une approche efficace pour améliorer et contrôler simultanément l’amortissement magnétique, l’anisotropie perpendiculaire ainsi que la DMI. Une corrélation entre ces paramètres issus du SOC a été démontrée.Dans les empilements de couches minces, une attention particulière a été dévolue au rôle des couplages d’échange, dipolaire et des anisotropies magnétiques sur le comportement des ondes de spin en présence de DMI. Il apparaît que la mesure quantitative de la DMI peut s’écarter nettement de celle obtenue à partir de l’expression analytique éprouvée pour les couches minces simples où la valeur de la DMI est directement proportionnelle au vecteur d’onde des ondes de spin. Un calcul complet est ainsi nécessaire pour tous les cas non-symétriques (interfaces non équivalentes, anisotropies d’interface différentes,. . . ). Les résultats théoriques présentés à cet effet représentent un outil extrêmement utile.L’étude de différents réseaux de nanolignes présentant une DMI a été l’occasion de mettre en évidence les effets de taille et de périodicité dans différentes situations. Des nanolignes complètement découplées ou en contact physique partiel sur l’épaisseur ont été abordées. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence l’absence de DMI pour des ondes de spin stationnaires selon la largeur des lignes découplées et corrélé le comportement des ondes de spin à leur longueur d’atténuation et la périodicité des réseaux, alors qu’un comportement magnonique modulé par la présence de la DMI a été observé pour les lignes couplées par l’intermédiaire d’un film ferromagnétique. Les résultats obtenus dans ce travail de thèse participent à la compréhension du comportement magnétique dynamique de systèmes en présence de DMI pouvant contribuer à l’ingénierie efficace de systèmes pour l’électronique de spin du futur ou la spin-orbitronique,notamment à base de configurations de spin chirales tels que les skyrmions
This work aims to investigate, experimentally and theoretically, the behavior of spin waves (SW) in ultrathin layers, multilayers and magnetic nanostructures in the presence of interface Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). For this purpose, we used the Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy (BLS) as an experimental probe. This technique has proven to be an efficient tool for measuring the DMI; an effect that results in an asymmetry of the Stokes and anti-Stokes lines of a BLS spectrum for a thin ferromagnetic film in contact with a heavy metal producing a strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Thus, in the presence of DMI, the frequencies of two SW propagating in opposite directions will be different due to inversion symmetry breaking.Different systems were discussed and different situations and parameters were considered.On simple ultrathin layer systems, the behavior as a function of the thickness of themagnetic film or the effect of annealing have been identified, highlighting the interfacial nature of the DMI and the role of the structural and chemical quality of the ferromagnetic/heavy metal interface.Moreover, we have shown that the addition of non-magnetic impurities with high SOC in light metals interfaced with a ferromagnetic layer can be an effective approach to simultaneously improveand control magnetic damping, perpendicular anisotropy and DMI. A correlation between these SOC parameters has been also demonstrated. In thin film stacks, particular attention has been dedicated to the role of dipolar coupling,exchange coupling and magnetic anisotropy on the behavior of SW in the presence of DMI. It appears that the quantitative measurement of the DMI can deviate significantly from that obtained from the analytical expression known for simple thin layers where the value of the DMI is directly proportional to the wave vector of the SW. A complete calculation is thus necessary for all non-symmetrical cases (non-equivalent interfaces, different interface anisotropies, etc. . . ).The theoretical results presented for this purpose represent an extremely useful tool.The study of different nanostripes arrays in presence of DMI was the opportunity to highlight the effects of size and periodicity in different situations. Completely decoupled nanostripes or inpartial physical contact with periodic layer thickness were discussed. We have thus demonstrated the absence of DMI for stationary spin waves according to the width of the decoupled stripes and correlated the behavior of the SW with their attenuation length and the periodicity of the arrays, whereas a modulated magnetic behavior by the presence of the DMI was observed for the coupled stripes via a ferromagnetic film.The results obtained in this thesis work contribute to the understanding of the dynamic magnetic behavior of systems in the presence of DMI that can contribute to the efficient engineering of future systems for spintronics or spin-orbitronics, particularly based on configurations of chiral spin texture such as skyrmions

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A remo??o de metais t?xicos das ?guas residuais ? de grande interesse no estudo da polui??o da ?gua. Entre os v?rios metais conhecidos por serem altamente t?xico destaca-se o c?dmio, que ? considerado como uma das subst?ncias mais perigosas podendo causar s?rios danos aos rins e ossos. O processo de adsor??o vem sendo utilizado como um m?todo eficaz para a remo??o de ?ons met?licos. Uma alternativa para utiliza??o de adsorventes em forma de p? ? sua utiliza??o em conjunto com outros materiais. Com esse intuito, o presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver blendas polim?ricas (PVA/Amido), tendo a hidroxiapatita (HAP) e o biovidro (BV) dispersos no meio para a remo??o dos ?ons de c?dmio. Realizou-se, inicialmente, a caracteriza??o dos p?s e das blendas polim?ricas por diferentes t?cnicas: An?lise Termogravim?trica (TGA), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Difra??o de Raios X (DRX), Espectrometria de fluoresc?ncia de raios-X (FRX), Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia de For?a At?mica (AFM), Determina??o do Potencial Zeta. Foram realizados os ensaios de adsor??o a fim de estudar a cin?tica e o equil?brio na adsor??o dos ?ons met?licos, bem como um planejamento fatorial atrav?s do software Design Expert. As an?lises de caracteriza??o mostram que os materiais adsorventes s?o adequados para utiliza??o na remo??o de metais pesados. Os dados cin?ticos mostraram melhor correla??o com a equa??o de velocidade de pseudo-segunda ordem e os pontos experimentais se ajustaram ao modelo da isot?rmica de Freundlich. O planejamento experimental apresentou um coeficiente de determina??o (R?) de 0,9826 e 0,9991 para as blendas polim?ricas PVA/Amido/HAP e PVA/Amido/BV, respectivamente, com um n?vel de confian?a de 95%. Com isso, a adsor??o do c?dmio pelas blendas polim?ricas com HAP e BV em solu??o aquosa mostraram-se eficientes, tornando o processo vi?vel para a remo??o de metais pesados.
The removal of toxic metals from wastewater is of great interest in the study of water pollution. Among the various metals known to be highly toxic is cadmium, which is considered one of the most dangerous substances and can cause serious damage to the kidneys and bones. The adsorption process has been used as an effective method for the removal of metallic ions. An alternative to the use of adsorbents in powder form is their use in conjunction with other materials. The aim of the present study was to develop polymer blends (PVA/Starch), with hydroxyapatite (HAP) and bioglass (BV) dispersed in the medium for the removal of cadmium ions. The characterization of the powders and the polymer blends was carried out by different techniques: Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry FRX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Determination of Zeta Potential. The adsorption tests were carried out in order to study the kinetics and the equilibrium in the adsorption of the metallic ions, as well as a factorial planning through the software Design Expert. Characterization analyzes show that the adsorbent materials are suitable for use in the removal of heavy metals. The kinetic data showed better correlation with the pseudo-second order velocity equation and the experimental points conformed to the Freundlich isothermal model. The experimental design presented a coefficient of determination (R?) of 0.9826 and 0.9999 for the polymer blends PVA/Starch/HAP and PVA/Starch/BV, respectively, with a confidence level of 95%. Thus, the adsorption of the cadmium by the polymer blends with HAP and BV in aqueous solution proved to be efficient, making the process viable for the removal of heavy metals.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
A import?ncia da exist?ncia de m?todos adequados de quantifica??o de metais pesados, para a avalia??o dos teores nos solos deve ter melhor correla??o com o absorvido pelas plantas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a disponibilidade e taxa transfer?ncia de Cd, Pb e Ni em solos contaminados; avaliar a efici?ncia dos extratores Mehlich-1, DTPA pH 7,3, Mehlich-3 e ?gua r?gia e; a correla??o entre os teores de Cd, Pb e Ni extra?dos pelos extratores e os teores na planta de milho. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegeta??o em Diamantina MG. Os experimentos foram realizados no delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 4 x 3, sendo quatro n?veis de cada metal: Cd 0, 2, 4 e 12 mg kg-1, Pb 0, 45, 90 e 270 mg kg-1 e Ni 0, 20, 40, 120 mg kg-1 e tr?s tipos de solos que foram classificados como Neossolo Quartzar?nico ?rtico t?pico (NQ), Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distr?fico (LVAd) e Latossolo Vermelho distr?fico (LVd) com tr?s repeti??es. O milho foi utilizado como planta indicadora. Determinaram-se a massa seca e os teores de Cd, Pb e Ni na parte a?rea e ra?zes das plantas de milho. Para aferi??o do teor de Cd, Pb e Ni no solo foram utilizados os extratores Mehlich 1, DTPA pH 7,3, Mehlich-3 e ?gua r?gia. Nos tr?s experimentos, houve maior disponibilidade dos metais no NQ em rela??o aos latossolos (LVAd e LVd), sendo o NQ onde houve maior concentra??o nas partes das plantas de milho. No experimento de Cd e Ni, nos tr?s solos, a parte a?rea apresentou maior crescimento relativo que as ra?zes. J? no experimento de Pb, devido a menor mobilidade deste metal na planta em compara??o ao Cd e Ni, houve maior concentra??o de Pb nas ra?zes que na parte a?rea. Os maiores teores tanto de Cd, quanto Pb e Ni na parte a?rea e ra?zes ocorreram no NQ, sendo o solo onde ocorreu maior transloca??o dos tr?s metais para a parte a?rea. Nos tr?s experimentos, os extratores utilizados tiveram boa correla??o com os teores absorvidos pelas plantas e as extra??es por DTPA pH 7,3 apresentaram melhor correla??o com os teores de Cd e Pb tanto nas ra?zes quanto na parte a?rea. Com rela??o ao Ni, os extratores Mehlich-1 e ?gua r?gia foram os que apresentaram maior correla??o com os teores absorvidos pelas plantas. Os metais pesados Cd, Ni e Pb apresentam maior mobilidade em solos com baixo teor de argila, podendo ser mais facilmente absorvido pelas plantas. O crescimento das plantas pode influenciar a toxidez por metais, de modo que, quanto maior o crescimento menor o efeito t?xico do metal, como verificado nos tr?s experimentos.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.
The importance of the existence of adequate methods of quantification of heavy metals for the evaluation of soil concentrations should have a better correlation with that absorbed by the plants. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Cd, Pb and Ni availability and transfer rate in contaminated soils, to evaluate the efficiency of the extractors Mehlich-1, DTPA pH 7.3, Mehlich-3 and, aqua regia and, the correlation between the Cd, Pb and Ni concentrations extracted by the extractors and the concentrations in the corn plant. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in Diamantina, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design in the 4 x 3 factorial scheme, with four rates of each metal: Cd 0, 2, 4 and 12 mg kg-1, Pb 0, 45, 90 and 270 mg kg-1 and Ni 0, 20, 40, 120 mg kg-1, and three soil types that were classified as Typic Quartzipsamment (TQ), Xantic Hapludox (XH) and Rhodic Hapludox (RH) with three replicates. Corn was used as the indicator plant. The dry mass and the Cd, Pb and Ni concentrations were determined in the shoot and roots of corn plants. The Mehlich 1, DTPA pH 7.3, Mehlich-3 and aqua regia extractors were used to measure the Cd, Pb and Ni concentrations in the soil. In three experiments, a greater availability of metals in TQ regarding latosols (XH and RH), the TQ where there was a higher concentration in parts of corn plants. In the experiment of Cd and Ni in the three soils, the shoots had higher relative growth than the roots. In the Pb experiment, due to the lower mobility of this metal in the plant compared to Cd and Ni, a higher Pb concentration in roots than in shoots. The highest concentrations both of Cd, Pb and Ni as in shoots and roots occurred in TQ, and the soil where higher translocation of the three metals to shoots. In three experiments, the extractors used correlated well with the concentrations absorbed by plants and extractions by DTPA pH 7.3 showed better correlation with Cd and Pb concentration in the roots and shoots. With respect to Ni, the Mehlich-1 extractor and aqua regia showed the highest correlation with the concentrations absorbed by plants. Heavy metals Cd, Ni and Pb have greater mobility in soils with low clay content, and can be more easily absorbed by plants. Plant growth can influence the toxicity of heavy metals, so that the higher the lower the toxic effect growth of the metal, as seen in the three experiments.

Programa de Apoio aos Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais
This study analyzes simulations of Net Primary Production (NPP) from 15 different landsurface models (LSMs) and biomass pools from 6 different LSMs using meteorological conditions measured at 8 sites from Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) project as drivers. The models were not calibrated for the sites. The sites are divided into four biome types: Evergreen Broadleaf Forests (4 sites); Deciduous Broadleaf Forest (1 site); Savanna (1 site); Pasture/Agriculture (2 sites). The mean daily cycles, monthly and annual means of NPP were intercompared and evaluated. There were considerable differences among the NPP simulations, and some of these differences reached up to two orders of magnitude in nocturnal values. Seasonality in dry periods of the NPP could be observed in some models for all biome types. The annual mean NPP simulations from two Evergreen Broadleaf Forests (K34 and K67 sites) were compared with the observations. In general, the simulations by most models do not represent very well the observations; however, the mean value from all simulations is able to represent the observed data. In general, models that represented the Dynamic Vegetation Carbon Fluxes and Nitrogen Cycling Models (DVN) were those that better represented the observed values, suggesting that a more specific description of the vegetation dynamics capture, even without calibration, the carbon exchanges with enough accuracy. The simulated biomass is also divergent between the models, although the distribution of that biomass follows the expected patterns for each biome type. Therefore, we believe that a model calibration can improve the simulations results.
Este estudo analisa simulações de Produção Primária Líquida (NPP) de 15 diferentes modelos de superfície (LSMs) e reservatórios de biomassa de 6 diferentes LSMs usando condições meteorológicas medidas em 8 sítios do projeto Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazônia (LBA) como forçantes. Os modelos não foram calibrados para os sítios. Os sítios foram divididos em quatro tipos de biomas: Florestas de Folhas Largas Sempre-Verdes (4 sítios); Florestas de Folhas Largas Decídua (1 sítio); Savana (cerrado, 1 sítio); Pasto/Agricultura (2 sítios). Os ciclos de NPP médios diários, mensais e anuais foram intercomparados e avaliados. Existem diferenças consideráveis entre as simulações de NPP, e algumas destas diferenças alcançaram até duas ordens de magnitude em valores noturnos. Pôde ser observada sazonalidade de NPP em alguns modelos para todos os tipos de bioma. O NPP médio anual simulado em duas Florestas Sempre-Verdes (sítios K34 e K67) foi comparado com as observações. Em geral, as simulações da maior parte dos modelos não representam muito bem as observações; entretanto, o valor médio de todas as simulações consegue representar os dados observados. Em geral, modelos que representam a vegetação dinâmica, fluxos de carbono e ciclo do nitrogênio (DVN) foram aqueles que melhor representaram os valores observados, sugerindo que uma descrição mais específica da dinâmica da vegetação pode capturar, mesmo sem calibração, as trocas de carbono com suficiente precisão. A biomassa simulada é também divergente entre os modelos, embora a distribuição dessa biomassa segue os padrões esperados para cada tipo de bioma. Logo, acreditamos que uma calibração do modelo pode melhorar os resultados das simulações.

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People have rampantly consumed batteries, thereby obtaining mobile, low cost and highly durable energy. However, many consumers do not recognize that these batteries may contain high level of heavy metals in their composition and so discard them inappropriately with their household trash daily. In order to minimize the problems caused by batteries to the environment, legislations have been created throughout the world. In Brazil, Resolution CONAMA 401 of 2008 established the maximum levels of toxic metals in batteries. This thesis was developed with the objective of verifying the levels of cadmium, lead and mercury in order to validate an analytical method for the determination of theses toxic metals in alkaline batteries. 193 samples of alkaline batteries collected from the Brazilian market between 2010 and 2011 were evaluated; none of the evaluated samples had cadmium levels above the allowed maximum (0.002%). However, 10 samples were found to have levels of mercury that exceeded the allowed maximum of 0.0005% and 8 of the analyzed batteries had levels of lead that were higher than the allowed (0.1%). The results obtained show a high percentage of failure (9.3%) of the samples analyzed, which indicates the necessity of controlling the use of toxic metals.
A popula??o tem consumido desenfreadamente pilhas e baterias, obtendo assim energia m?vel de baixo custo e alta durabilidade. Muitas vezes n?o tendo o conhecimento de que estas pilhas e baterias possuem metais t?xicos em sua constitui??o, o descarte ? feito de forma inadequada, milhares de pilhas sendo descartadas em lixo comum diariamente. Para minimizar os problemas causados pelas pilhas ao meio ambiente, legisla??es foram criadas em diversas partes do mundo. No Brasil a Resolu??o CONAMA 401 de 2008 estabelece os limites m?ximos de metais t?xicos em pilhas e baterias. Com o objetivo de verificar os n?veis de c?dmio, chumbo e merc?rio, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido para validar um m?todo anal?tico para a determina??o destes elementos t?xicos presentes em pilhas alcalinas. Foram avaliadas 193 amostras coletadas no mercado brasileiro nos anos de 2010 e 2011. Nenhuma das amostras possu?a quantidade de c?dmio acima do estipulado (0,002%). Por?m dez e oito amostras apresentaram concentra??o de Hg (0,0005%) e Pb (0,1%) excedendo o limite ambiental, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos indicaram percentual de reprova??o elevado (9,30%) para as pilhas alcalinas ensaiadas, indicando a necessidade do controle desses metais.

Esta tese analisa o padrão decisório do auditor brasileiro (a partir do enfoque da Teoria do Processo Dual em sua versão modificada pela Regret Theory, aqui denominada TPD-m), já que o padrão decisório pode informar a maneira pela qual o auditor exerce seu julgamento. Considerando que auditor e norma precisam estar alinhados, e considerando a adoção de normas baseadas em princípios (IFRS), o objetivo foi aprofundar os estudos de Jamal e Tan (2010), verificando se os tipos de auditores por eles identificados (orientados a princípios, a regras e a clientes) poderiam ser observados empiricamente na amostra delimitada (29 sócios e 35 gerentes de auditoria de firmas Large Six localizadas no Brasil), e se tal tipologia encontraria suporte na literatura que define as características principais desses tipos de auditores. As quatro hipóteses de pesquisa versaram sobre: a ausência de predominância de um único padrão decisório; a associação entre os padrões identificados pelo DMI (se analítico, intuitivo ou emocional) e os tipos de auditores; a homogeneidade na determinação do que seria considerado como mais importante numa auditoria em arrendamento mercantil; a existência de associação entre os agrupamentos identificados pela Metodologia Q e as características condizentes com os tipos de auditores identificados por Jamal e Tan (2010). A primeira hipótese foi verificada com o Teste DMI, e a conclusão indica que o perfil preponderante dos auditores é analítico (explicado pelo processo de accountability vivenciado pelos profissionais), o que fornece sustentação necessária para afirmar que as decisões tomadas por auditores são deliberadas e cuidadosamente analisadas (quando estes têm tempo disponível para análise). Em função do resultado da primeira hipótese, não foi possível verificar a segunda hipótese (não havia indivíduos de padrão intuitivo e emocional suficientes para estabelecer a associação desejada). A terceira hipótese foi verificada pelo exercício de arrendamento baseado na Metodologia Q; os resultados indicam que não há homogeneidade na determinação do que seria considerado mais importante dentre os participantes (nessa análise, fica clara a subdivisão dos participantes analíticos em dois grupos: o primeiro privilegia a análise dos contratos de arrendamento, e o segundo, a definição do valor justo). A quarta hipótese foi verificada analisando-se as palavras mais repetidas observadas nas transcrições das entrevistas, cujo resultado indica que pode haver correspondência entre os agrupamentos da Metodologia Q e os tipos de auditores orientados a princípios e a regras (não foi possível concluir sobre a existência de auditores orientados a clientes). Sobre os métodos empregados: o resultado do exercício de arrendamento corrobora o Teste DMI, já que em todo o grupo de participantes analíticos foi identificada a escolha de atitudes de cunho analítico (de conteúdo mais literal, mais objetivo); a Metodologia Q mostrou-se eficiente na análise da aplicação da norma contábil pelos participantes. Sobre a contribuição teórica, a abordagem da TPD-m ajuda a explicar as evidências empíricas coletadas; além disso, a discussão envolvendo conjuntamente agente e norma contábil, além da conceituação e utilidade de regras e princípios contábeis no processo de julgamento e tomada de decisão contribuem para a consolidação de pesquisas na área.
This doctoral dissertation analyzes the decision making style of the Brazilian auditor (from the point of view of the Dual Process Theory in its version modified by Regret Theory, here called TPD-m), since the decision-making pattern yield information about the way in which the auditor make judgments. Considering that auditor and accounting standard must be aligned, and considering the adoption of principle-based standards (IFRS), the objective was to deepen the studies of Jamal and Tan (2010), trying to identify whether the types of auditors identified by them (oriented by principles, by rules and by clients) could be empirically observed in the defined sample (29 partners and 35 managers of Large Six Brazilian audit firms), and whether it could find support in the literature that defines the main features of these types of auditors. The four research hypothesis were about: the lack of predominance of a single decision-making standard; the association between the patterns identified by DMI (if analytical, intuitive or emotional) and the types of auditors; homogeneity in determining what would be considered more important an audit in leasing; the existence of an association between the clusters identified by the Q Methodology and characteristics consistent with the types of auditors identified by Jamal and Tan (2010). The first hypothesis was verified with DMI Test; findings indicates that the predominant profile of auditors is analytical (explained by the accountability process experienced by professionals), which provides necessary support to affirm that the decisions taken by auditors are deliberate and carefully analyzed (if they have time available for analysis). With this result, it was not possible to verify the second hypothesis (there was no sufficient intuitive and emotional individuals to establish the desired association). The third hypothesis was verified by a lease exercise based on the Methodology Q; findings indicates no uniformity in determining what would be considered most important among the participants (in this analysis, it is clear the subdivision of analytical participants into two groups: the first focuses on the lease agreements, and the second on fair value\'s definition). The fourth hypothesis was verified by analyzing the most repeated words observed in the transcripts of the interviews, and the result indicates that there may be correspondence between the clusters of Q Methodology and types of auditors oriented by principles and by rules (it was not possible to conclude on the existence auditors oriented by clients). About the methods employed: the result of the lease exercise corroborates the DMI Test, as in the whole group of participants was identified analytical choosing an analytical attitudes (more literal content, more objective); Q methodology seems to be efficient in the analysis of the application of the accounting standard by the participants. About theoretical contribution: the approach of TPD-m helps to explain the empirical evidence collected; furthermore, the discussion involving jointly agent and accounting standards, the concept and utility of accounting principles and rules in the judgment and decision making process contributes to the consolidation of research in this area.

Après avoir défini l’Architecture d’Entreprise, en tant que discipline, son contexte de transformation, puis ses principaux cadres et méthodes (la méthode Praxeme surtout), cette thèse décrit les besoins en modélisation, notamment pour représenter les processus métier et les prises de décision opérationnelles.Après un état de l’art des langages et notations existants pour la modélisation des processus métier, des prises de décisions et des règles métier, tant dans le monde académique quand dans le monde industriel, les langages et notations standards sont présentés en détail. Cette thèse démontre les limites des langages et notations pour modéliser les processus métier à représenter les prises de décisions opérationnelles.Puis, elle évalue le nouveau langage DMN (Decision Model and Notation), proposée par l’OMG (Object Management Group) et sujet de recherche principal de cette thèse, afin de vérifier qu’elle constitue une solution alternative mieux adaptée, en appliquant le principe de séparation des préoccupations.Le modèle DMN obtenu est composé d’un diagramme et de tables de décision. Les expérimentations avec un démonstrateur, mises en oeuvre dans cette thèse, montrent qu’il est possible d’automatiser les prises de décisions opérationnelles ainsi modélisées. Plusieurs solutions techniques seront détaillées puis comparées, à la lumière de la MDA (Model Driven Architecture).Enfin, plusieurs perspectives intéressantes de l’utilisation de DMN sont développées dans la conclusion
After defining the Enterprise Architecture, as a discipline, its context of transformation, and then its main frameworks and methods (the Praxeme method above all), this thesis describes the modeling needs, notably to represent the business processes and the operational decisions.After a state of the art of existing languages and notations for the modeling of business processes, decision-making and business rules, both in the academic world and in the industrial world, the standard languages and notations are presented in detail.This thesis demonstrates the limitations of the languages for modeling business processes to represent operational decision-making.It then evaluates the new DMN language (Decision Model and Notation), proposed by the OMG (Object Management Group) and the main research subject of this thesis, in order to verify that it is a better adapted alternative solution, applying the separation of concerns principle.The resulting DMN model is composed of a diagram and decision tables. The experiments with a demonstrator, implemented in this thesis, show that it is possible to automate the operational decision-making and modeled. Several technical solutions will be detailed and compared in light of the MDA (Model Driven Architecture).Finally, several interesting perspectives of the DMN use are developed into the conclusion

Depuis qu'elles ont conquis la surface de la terre, les plantes ont développé de nombreuses stratégies pour faire face aux carences en eau et en nutriments essentiels de leur environnement. L'une des plus fascinantes est sans doute la mise en place d'endosymbioses racinaires avec des microorganismes du sol. Ainsi les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (AM), qu'on trouve associés avec 80% des espèces végétales terrestres, permettent aux plantes d'utiliser plus efficacement les ressources du sol en phosphate et en eau. Les bactéries du sol fixatrices d'azote regroupées sous le terme de rhizobia sont, quant à elles, capables de s'associer aux plantes de la famille des légumineuses et d'induire la formation, sur les racines de leurs hôtes, d'organes spécialisés, les nodules. Dans ces nodules, elles convertissent l'azote moléculaire en ammoniac au profit de la plante, et reçoivent en retour des hydrates de carbone. La légumineuse modèle Medicago truncatula est capable d'interagir à la fois avec les champignons AM et avec la bactérie fixatrice d'azote Sinorhizobium meliloti. Cette interaction avec S. Meliloti débute par un échange de signaux entre les deux partenaires où les molécules symbiotiques clefs sont des lipo-chito-oligosaccharides d'origine bactérienne appelées facteurs Nod (FN). La reconnaissance par la plante des FN déclenche une cascade de signalisation dans les cellules racinaires qui implique plusieurs gènes, dont certains sont également nécessaires à l'établissement de la symbiose AM. Parmi ces gènes communs, DMI3 code une protéine kinase calcium et calmoduline dépendante (CCaMK). Cette CCaMk possède une structure présentant une double sensibilité au calcium et pourrait donc avoir pour rôle de décoder les signatures calciques associées à la mise en place des symbioses rhizobienne et mycorhizienne. Alors que l'infection rhizobienne débute dans l'épiderme racinaire, les divisions cellulaires à l'origine de l'organogénèse nodulaire ont lieu à plusieurs assises cellulaires de distance, au niveau du cortex interne de la racine. Les mécanismes qui régissent la coordination entre ces deux processus ne sont pas connus. Notre travail avait pour objectif d'analyser le rôle du gène DMI3 dans l'épiderme et le cortex racinaires au cours de l''infection (rhizobienne et mycorhizienne) et de l'organogenèse du nodule, ainsi que son implication dans la coordination entre ces deux processus. Nous avons d'abord analysé le profil d'expression de DMI3 dans les racines et les nodules au moyen d'une fusion transcriptionnelle pDMI3::GUS. Nous avons ensuite effectué des expériences de complémentation d'un mutant dmi3 avec le gène DMI3 sous le contrôle de promoteurs tissus spécifiques, afin de restreindre son expression soit à l'épiderme soit au cortex. Par cette approche, nous avons montré que l'expression épidermique de DMI3 restaure la formation de cordons d'infection dans les poils absorbants, mais ceux-ci restent bloqués à la base de la cellule épidermique et ne progressent pas dans la cellule corticale où DMI3 n'est pas exprimé. De même lors de l'inoculation par le champignon mycorhizien Rhizophagus irregularis, les hyphes pénètrent dans les cellules épidermiques mais y restent bloqués. Ces résultats suggèrent que les infections mycorhizienne et rhizobienne sont contrôlées par DMI3 de manière cellule autonome. En ce qui concerne l'organogenèse du nodule, celle-ci n'est pas observée lorsque l'expression de DMI3 est restreinte soit à l'épiderme, soit au cortex, mais est restaurée lorsque DMI3 est exprimé dans les deux tissus. A partir de ces résultats, nous proposons un modèle dans lequel DMI3 serait impliqué dans la production d'un signal mobile dans l'épiderme, dont le rôle serait d'activer DMI3 dans le cortex pour déclencher l'organogenèse nodulaire
Since their arrival on terrestrial landscapes, plants have evolved many strategies to escape water and nutrient deficiency. One of the more fascinating ways is the establishment of root endosymbioses with soil microorganisms. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with 80% of terrestrial plants, which facilitate plant's phosphate and water nutrition. Soil bacteria collectively called rhizobia can form a nitrogen fixing symbiosis with legume plants and lead to the development of a specialized root organ, the nodule, in which they convert molecular dinitrogen into ammonia to the benefit of the plant, and receive carbohydrates in exchange. The model legume Medicago truncatula can interact both with AM fungi and with the nitrogen fixing bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti. A signal exchange between the two partners is the starting point of the rhizobial interaction where key symbiotic molecules are bacterial lipo chitooligosaccharides called Nod Factor (NFs). The recognition by the plant of NFs triggers a signalling cascade in the root cells which involves several genes, some of which being also required for the establishment of the AM symbiosis. Among them DMI3 encodes a calcium and calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CCaMK). Since the CCaMK can bind calcium directly through EF-hands or via calmodulin (CaM), it is thought to decipher the calcium signatures triggered very early during the rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiotic associations. Interestingly, while rhizobial infection is initiated at root epidermis, cell divisions which will lead to nodule primordium formation occur simultaneously in the cortex, several cell layers away from the infection site. How these two processes are coordinated remains poorly understood. The objective of our work was to analyse the role of DMI3 in the root epidermis and cortex during the infection (by rhizobia or AM fungi) and the nodule organogenesis, and its involvement in the coordination of these two processes. We first analysed the expression profile of DMI3 in roots and nodules using a pDMI3::GUS transcriptional fusion. We then performed complementation experiments of a dmi3 mutant with the DMI3 gene under the control of tissue-specific promoters, to restrict the expression of DMI3 either to the epidermis or to the cortex. By this approach, we showed that the epidermal expression of DMI3 allowed the initiation of infection threads which developed normally but aborted when they reached the apposed cortical cell where DMI3 was not expressed. Similarly, upon inoculation with the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, the hyphae penetrate in the epidermis but remain blocked in the epidermal infected cell. These results suggest that both rhizobial and mycorrhizal infection are controlled by DMI3 in a cell autonomous way. Nodule organogenesis was not observed when DMI3 expression was restricted either to the epidermis or to the cortex, but was restored when DMI3 was expressed in both tissues. From these results, we propose a model in which DMI3 is involved in the production of a mobile signal in the epidermis, whose role would be to activate DMI3 in the cortex to trigger early nodule organogenesis

Le gène DMI2 joue un rôle central dans l'établissement des symbioses Endomycorhizienne à Arbuscule et Légumineuse-Rhizobium. Il est impliqué dans les étapes précoces de la perception/transduction du signal Nod Factor. DMI2 code un Receptor-Like-Kinase à trois domaines LRR et un domaine NSL dans la partie extracellulaire. Son expression est spécifique des racines et induite dans les primordia nodulaires et la zone de préinfection du nodule suggèrant un rôle dans la préparation des cellules à l'infection. DMI2 est situé dans la membrane plasmique et semble former des homodimères et interagir avec d'autres proteines des étapes précoces de la voie de transduction du signal, DMI1 and LYK3. L'interaction avec NFP reste incertaine. L'analyse fonctionnelle des RLKs NFP, LYK3 et DMI2 montre l'autophosphorylation des kinases LYK3 et DMI2, contrairement à NFP. La transphosphorylation de NFP par DMI2 et/ou LYK3 n'a pas été obtenue. Nous proposons un modèle de transduction des signaux symbiotiques
The DMI2 gene plays a central role for the establishment of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and the Legume-Rhizobium symbioses. It is involved in the early steps of perception and transduction of the rhizobial Nod Factor signal. DMI2 encodes a Receptor-Like-Kinase with three LRR and one NSL domain in the extracellular part. DMI2 expression is specific of roots and is induced in nodule primordial and nodule preinfection zone which suggests a role in preparation of the cell to the infection. DMI2 is localised in the plasma membrane and seems to form homodimers and interact with other proteins of the early steps of the signalling pathway, DMI1 and LYK3. Interaction with NFP remains hypothetical. A functional analysis of the NFP, LYK3 and DMI2 RLKs shows autophosphorylation of the LYK3 and DMI2 kinases, contrary to NFP. No evidence of transphosphorylation of NFP by DMI2 and/or LYK3 were obtained. We propose a model of the symbiotic signal transduction

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Os metais pesados est?o presentes em res?duos industriais. Estes metais podem gerar um grande impacto ambiental contaminado ?gua, solos e plantas. A a??o qu?mica de metais pesados tem despertado grande interesse ambiental. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal testar o desempenho de tecnologias eletroqu?micas para a remo??o e quantifica??o de metais pesados. Primeiramente, a t?cnica eletroanal?tica de esgotamento ou redissolu??o (Adsortion stripping voltammetry, em ingl?s) com eletrodo de carbono v?treo (GC) foi padronizada a fim de usar essa metodologia para a quantifica??o dos metais durante sua elimina??o mediante o processo de eletrocoagula??o (EC). As curvas anal?ticas necess?rias foram avaliadas visando obter confiabilidade na determina??o e quantifica??o de Cd2+ e Pb2+ separadamente ou em uma mistura (solu??es sint?ticas contendo Cd2+ e Pb2+). Entretanto, o processo de remo??o mediante a EC foi desenvolvida empregando uma c?lula eletroqu?mica em fluxo cont?nuo (EFC) para a remo??o de Cd2+ e Pb2+. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando eletrodos em placas paralelas de Al com 10 cm de di?metro e ?rea de 63,5 cm2. A otimiza??o das condi??es para a remo??o de Cd2+ e Pb2+ no tratamento de 2 L de solu??o, com fluxo de 151 L h-1 foram estudadas em fun??o de diferentes valores de corrente aplicada durante 30 min. A remo??o dos ?ons de Cd2+ e Pb2+ da solu??o foram monitoradas durante a eletr?lise utilizando a voltametria de redissolu??o empregando o GC como sensor. Os resultados mostraram que a elimina??o de Pb2+? eficiente quando o processo de EC ? utilizado, obtendo valores de remo??o de 98% em 30 min. Este comportamento ? dependente da corrente aplicada, o que implica num aumento do consumo de energia. A partir dos resultados tamb?m verificou-se que a voltametria de redissolu??o (AdSV) ? bastante confi?vel na determina??o da concentra??o de Pb2+, quando comprada com a t?cnica de absor??o at?mica (AA). Diante disto, como segundo objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a remo??o de Cd2+ e Pb2+ mediante a EC, acoplando esta tecnologia eletroqu?mica com a metodologia eletroanal?tica para a quantifica??o destes metais durante sua remo??o de efluentes sint?ticos. A efici?ncia de remo??o, com o aumento da corrente foi confirmada, obteve-se remo??o 93% e 100% de Cd2+ e Pb2+ respectivamente, ap?s 30 min de EC. O aumento da corrente promove a oxida??o dos eletrodos de sacrif?cio, e consequentemente o aumento da quantidade de coagulantes, que influencia a elimina??o dos metais em solu??o. A AdSV ? uma maneira r?pida, confi?vel, econ?mica e simples para determinar ?ons de Cd2+ e Pb2+ durante suas remo??es, o m?todo eletroanal?tico pode ser utilizado com confian?a aceit?vel, assegurando a precis?o da quantifica??o e uma boa sensibilidade e, al?m disso, ? mais barato do que os normalmente usados, que requerem a utiliza??o de reagentes t?xicos e mais caros. Os nossos resultados demonstraram o potencial de t?cnicas eletroanal?ticas para monitorar o curso de interven??es ambientais. Assim, a aplica??o das duas t?cnicas associadas pode ser um caminho confi?vel para monitoramento de impactos ambientais devido ? contamina??o de ecossistemas aqu?ticos por metais pesados.
Heavy metals are present in industrial waste. These metals can generate a large environmental impact contaminating water, soil and plants. The chemical action of heavy metals has attracted environmental interest. In this context, this study aimed to test t he performance of electrochemical technologies for removing and quantifying heavy metals. First ly , the electroanalytical technique of stripping voltammetry with glassy carbon electrode (GC) was standardized in order to use this method for the quantificatio n of metals during their removal by electrocoagulation process (EC). A nalytical curves were evaluated to obtain reliability of the determin ation and quantification of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ separately or in a mixture. Meanwhile , EC process was developed using an el ectrochemical cell in a continuous flow (EFC) for removing Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ . The se experiments were performed using Al parallel plates with 10 cm of diameter ( ? 63.5 cm 2 ) . The optimization of conditions for removing Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ , dissolved in 2 L of solution at 151 L h - 1 , were studied by applying different values of current for 30 min. Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ concentrations were monitored during electrolysis using stripping voltammetry. The results showed that the removal of Pb 2 + was effective when the EC pro cess is used, obtaining removals of 98% in 30 min. This behavior is dependent on the applied current, which implies an increase in power consumption. From the results also verified that the stripping voltammetry technique is quite reliable deter mining Pb 2+ concentration , when compared with the measurements obtained by atomic absorption method (AA). In view of this, t he second objective of this study was to evaluate the removal of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ (mixture solution) by EC . Removal efficiency increasing current was confirmed when 93% and 100% of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ was removed after 30 min . The increase in the current promotes the oxidation of sacrificial electrodes, and consequently increased amount of coagulant, which influences the removal of heavy metals in solution. Adsortive voltammetry is a fast, reliable, economical and simple way to determine Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ during their removal. I t is more economical than those normally used, which require the use of toxic and expensive reagents. Our results demonstrated the potential use of electroanalytical techniques to monitor the course of environmental interventions. Thus, the application of the two techniques associated can be a reliable way to monitor environmental impacts due to the pollution of aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals.

Ce memoire rapporte l'etude structurale en variation de temperature, de 10k a 295k, de trois conducteurs moleculaires: 1) le sel (tmtsf)#2no#3 qui est le seul sel de bechgaard a ne pas subir de transition metal-supraonducteur, presente une transition ordre-desordre a 41k. Des structures cristallines ont ete determinees a 295k et a 12k ; nous rendons compte de la mise en ordre des anions a basse temperature. 2) le complexe ttfni(dmit)#2#2 est metallique jusqu'a 50mk et devient supraconducteur sous pression. Des determinations structurales ont ete faites a 295k, 150k et 12k ; un fort caractere quasi-unidimensionnel et un taux de transfert de charge constant en variation de temperature sont mis en evidence. 3) le sel (bedt-ttf)#3cl#2, 2h#2o subit une transition metal-isolant vers 100k et devient supraconducteur sous pression. Des structures cristallines ont ete determinees a 190k, 130k et 10k ; nosu rendons compte d'une localisation des charges dans le materiau a basse temperature. De plus dans chaque sel, le tenseur de dilatation thermique etudie en remontee de temperature entre 12k et 295k et l'evolution des couplages electroniques (integrales de transfert, structures de bandes, surfaces de fermi) sont presentes et discutes

Practical resistance of Erysiphe necator to quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) is now widespread, and resistance to demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) has also developed.  The goal of this research was to characterize fungicide resistance by elucidating resistance mechanisms and determining its stability.  QoI resistance persisted for several years in a field population after QoI application ended.  Resistant isolates were highly competitive in mixed populations in competition assays under laboratory conditions, indicating a lack of fitness cost.  In one competition trial under field conditions, resistance frequency declined, possibly due to spore migration and influx of background inoculum, but in a second trial, it did not decline.  Double resistance to QoI and DMI was detected and DMI application may have been partially responsible for maintaining QoI resistance in the field.  One isolate with QoI resistance but an undetectable level of the major QoI mutation was shown to be heteroplasmic -- resistant strains could be selected from this isolate.  

DMI resistance mechanisms in E. necator included the Y136F mutation in CYP51 and cyp51 over-expression.  The first mechanism was present in almost all isolates with substantial levels of resistance, and cyp51 expression level was correlated with resistance level.  Three cyp51 genotypes were detected.  Wildtype isolates with the TAT genotype were sensitive to DMIs, while isolates with increased resistance had either a TTT or TWT genotype; TWT indicated the presence of both wildtype and mutant alleles.  Cyp51 was expressed 1.4 to 19 times more in mutants than in wildtype.  It is not known whether the significant differences in cyp51 expression level among isolates and among genotype groups are due to gene copy number variation.  DMI resistance was found to decline after years of subculturing, and the decline appeared to occur after a few culture transfers of field samples on fungicide-free host leaves.  The observed decline, together with the finding that isolates could be "trained" to increase resistance, and may be slightly induced in cyp51 expression when successively challenged to grow in increasing fungicide concentration, indicate instability of DMI resistance.

Ph. D.

A dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT) pode ocorrer como consequência de exercício excêntrico isolado ou de resistência, sendo descrita como dor ou sensação desconfortável após o exercício extenuante ao qual o corpo não está acostumado. Caracteriza-se por se desenvolver entre 24-48 horas após a sessão de exercício, principalmente em indivíduos não treinados. Apesar de todos os tipos de exercício físico envolverem a contração excêntrica em determinado momento, um exemplo clássico deste tipo de condição é correr em uma descida, ou quando se toca o solo após um salto em distância, ambos os exemplos levam em consideração a ativação de fibras musculares do músculo quadríceps da coxa. O processo de transmissão desta informação dolorosa envolve eventos inicialmente periféricos, com ativação de neurônios sensoriais aferentes primários no músculo esquelético, com posteriores sinapses no sistema nervoso central (medula espinhal e centros encefálicos superiores). Este tipo de dor muscular é acompanhada de inflamação local, com lesões ultra-estruturais dos miócitos e suas unidades funcionais, os sarcômeros, associada a liberação de substâncias álgicas, como por exemplo, citocinas, prostaglandinas, glutamato, bradicinina e fator de crescimento do nervo (NGF). Neste sentido, a administração intramuscular de citocinas como o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) induz dor muscular. Adicionalmente, o miócito do músculo esquelético expressa ambos os receptores do TNF-α, TNFR1 e TNFR2. A interleucina (IL)-1β, por sua vez, foi a primeira citocina hiperalgésica descrita na literatura. Ambos, TNF-α e IL-1β também são capazes de mediar respostas inflamatórias relacionadas à dor, como por exemplo, recrutamento de leucócitos, modulação das funções celulares e estresse oxidativo. Por outro lado, a interleucina- 10 (IL-10) é conhecida por ser uma citocina com funções anti-inflamatórias e anti-hiperalgésica. De fato, estudos evidenciaram que o tratamento com IL-10 reduz o comportamento nociceptivo em modelos experimentais de dor inflamatória e neuropática. A literatura mostra que estudos experimentais e clínicos têm utilizado terapias farmacológicas a base de anti-inflamatórios e glicocorticoides como principal escolha para o tratamento da DMIT. Neste contexto, o uso de terapias farmacológicas alternativas, como as terapias anti-citocinas ainda não foram avaliadas. As drogas “imunosupressoras” pentoxiflina e talidomida, embora descritas como potentes agentes anti-inflamatórios e imunomoduladores ainda não foram especificamente testadas em estudos que tem como alvo a dor muscular notavelmente a DMIT. Assim, neste trabalho foi investigado o papel do TNF-α e IL- 10 endógenos e IL-1β (através do tratamento com o antagonista do receptor da IL-1 – IL-1ra) no desenvolvimento e mecanismos da DMIT induzida por protocolo de natação aguda em camundongos, através da avaliação da hiperalgesia mecânica muscular induzida pelo movimento. Animais não treinados (sedentários) foram expostos à água em tanque de vidro, separados individualmente em diferentes compartimentos durante 30 segundos (falso-nado), ou para uma única sessão de 30, 60 ou 120 minutos de natação aguda, e a hiperalgesia mecânica muscular, produção de TNF-α, IL-1β e IL-10 (músculo esquelético e medula espinhal), recrutamento de leucócitos [através da atividade da mieloperoxidase (MPO)], edema (através do diâmetro distal do membro posterior e peso dos músculos sóleo e gastrocnêmio), estresse oxidativo [refletido pelos níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e ânion superóxido no músculo esquelético e medula espinhal] e biomarcadores plasmáticos (cortisol, glicose, lactato e creatina quinase) foram analisados. A sessão de natação aguda com duração de 120 minutos induziu hiperalgesia mecânica muscular de maneira tempo dependente, alcançando o pico em 24 horas após o exercício, apresentando desta forma características de DMIT. Camundongos deficientes para o receptor TNFR1, ou tratados com IL-1ra, pentoxifilina e talidomida apresentaram significativa redução da hiperalgesia mecânica muscular induzida pela natação aguda. Ainda, os níveis de TNF-α, IL-1β e IL- aumentaram 2 e 4 horas após a natação aguda no músculo sóleo e medula espinhal, respectivamente, permanecendo sem alterações no músculo gastrocnêmio. Foi também observado aumento bifásico no edema do membro posterior distal (2 e 12-24 horas), e aumento do peso individual do músculo sóleo, mas não do músculo gastrocnêmio após a sessão de natação aguda (24 horas). Por fim, a sessão de exercício agudo induziu aumento na atividade da MPO no músculo sóleo, mas não no gastrocnêmio, e modulação dos níveis do antioxidante não enzimático GSH no músculo sóleo e medula espinhal, novamente sem alterações no músculo gastrocnêmio, com estas últimas respostas sendo dependentes do TNF-α/TNFR1 e da IL-1β, e revertidas pelo tratamento com pentoxifilina e talidomida. Ainda, os elevados níveis plasmáticos de lactato e creatina quinase induzidos pela natação aguda foram reduzidos pelo tratamento com IL-1ra. Por outro lado, nos animais deficientes para a IL-10, foram observados aumentos adicionais na hiperalgesia mecânica muscular, atividade de MPO, concentrações do ânion superóxido e redução dos níveis de GSH. Concluindo, as citocinas TNF-α (através de sinalização por TNFR1) e IL-1β, e também IL-10 têm papéis cruciais no desenvolvimento e controle, respectivamente, da DMIT induzida por sessão de natação aguda, com participação inicialmente periférica, no músculo sóleo, e em um segundo momento em regiões centrais, especificamente na medula espinhal, incluindo hiperalgesia mecânica muscular, resposta inflamatória e estresse oxidativo. O tratamento com pentoxifilina e talidomida foi capaz de reduzir todas as respostas comportamentais e bioquímicas induzidas pela sessão de natação aguda, tornando possível o seu uso como potencial terapia para o tratamento da DMIT. O conhecimento dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na gênese e evolução da DMIT é importante na intenção de se buscar novas alternativas terapêuticas, incluindo farmacológicas, que possam ser usadas isoladamente ou em associação com outros fármacos, visando minimizar os sintomas deletérios relacionados à DMIT, pois o seu controle, além de contribuir para aprimorar o treinamento de atletas ou mesmo de indivíduos com limitações físicas relacionadas à idade, peso ou lesões musculares e também treinamento físico intenso, como por exemplo, os militares, favorece a recuperação mais rápida de atletas e inclusão de pacientes com doenças crônicas em protocolos de reabilitação que incluem atividade física, levando-se em consideração que a dor muscular é um ponto negativo para o início e/ou continuidade da prática de exercícios físicos regulares.
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) may occur as a result of isolated eccentric or resistance exercise, and is described as pain or uncomfortable sensation, after strenuous exercise, in which the body is unaccustomed. DOMS is characterized by developing between 24-48 after the exercise session, mainly in untrained people. Despite all types of physical exercises involve eccentric contractions at a given moment, a classical example of this condition is downhill running, or when it touches the ground after a long jump, both examples considering activation of thigh quadriceps muscle fibers. The process of transmission of this painful information involves initially peripheral events, with activation of primary sensory afferent neurons in skeletal muscle, with subsequent synapses in central nervous system (spinal cord and higher brain centers). This type of muscle pain is accompanied by local inflammation, with ultrastructural damage of myocyte and its functional unit, the sarcomere, associated with the release of algesic substances, such as cytokines, prostaglandins, glutamate, bradykinin and nerve growth factor (NGF). In this sense, the intramuscular administration of cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induces muscle. Additionally, skeletal muscle myocyte expresses both receptors of TNF-α, TNFR1 and TNFR2. The interleukin (IL)-1β, in turn, was the first hyperalgesic ytokine described in the literature. Both TNF-α and IL-1β are also able to mediate inflammatory responses related to pain, e.g. leucocyte recruitment, modulation of cellular function and oxidative stress. On the other hand, interleukin-10 (IL-10) is known to be a cytokine with anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic action. Indeed, studies have shown that the treatment with IL-10 reduces nociceptive behavior in experimental models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The literature shows that experimental and clinical studies have used pharmacological therapies based on anti-inflammatory and glucocorticoids as the main choice for the treatment of DOMS. In this context, the use of alternative pharmacological therapies, like anti-cytokines therapies, not yet been evaluated. “Immunosuppressive” drugs like pentoxifylline and thalidomide though described as potent anti-inflammatory and imunomodulatory agents, have not been specifically tested in studies that targets muscle pain, notably DOMS. Thus, it will be investigated the role of endogenous TNF-α and IL-10 and also IL-1β (by the treatment with IL-1 receptor antagonist – IL-1ra) in the development and mechanism of intense acute swimming-induced DOMS in mice, by evaluation of movement-induced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia. Untrained animals (sedentary) were exposed to water in a glass tank, individually separated in different compartments during 30 seconds (sham), or for a single session of 30, 60 or 120 minutes of intense acute swimming, and the muscle mechanical hyperalgesia, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 production (skeletal muscle and spinal cord), leucocyte recruitment [by myeloperoxidase (MPO)], edema (through the distal hind limb diameter and weight of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles), oxidative stress [reflected by glutathione reduced Levels (GSH) and superoxide anion production in skeletal muscle and spinal cord] and plasmatic biomarkers (cortisol, glucose, lactate and creatine kinase) was analyzed. The intense acute swimming induced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia in time dependent-manner, peaking 24 hours after the exercise, thereby presenting characteristics of DOMS. TNFR1 deficient or IL-1ra, pentoxifylline and thalidomide treated mice showed significant reduction in muscle mechanical hiperalgesia induced by intense acute swimming. Moreover, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 levels were increased 2 and 4 hours after the intense acute swimming in the soleus muscle and spinal cord, respectively, remaining unchanged in gastrocnemius muscle. Were also observed a biphasic increase in edema distal hind limb (2 e 12-24 hours), and increases in individual weight of the soleus, but not in the gastrocnemius muscle after the intense acute swimming session (24 hours). Lastly, the intense acute swimming session induced increases in MPO activity in the soleus, but not gastrocnemius muscle, and modulations of the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidant GSH in the soleus muscle and spinal cord, again without alterations in gastrocnemius muscle, with these latter responses being dependent on TNF-α/TNFR1 and IL-1β, and reversed by pentoxifylline and thalidomide treatment. Furthermore, the intense acute swimming-induced increased plasmatic levels of lactate and creatine kinase were reduced by IL-1ra treatment. By your turn, in IL-10 deficient animals, were observed additional increases in muscle mechanical hyperalgesia, MPO activity, superoxide anion levels and reducing levels of GSH. Concluding, the cytokines TNF-α (via TNFR1 signaling) and IL-1β, and also IL-10 have key roles in the development and control, respectively of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induced by intense acute swimming, initially by a peripheral participation, in soleus muscle, and in a second moment in central sites, specifically spinal cord, including muscle inflammatory hyperalgesia and oxidative stress. Pentoxifylline and thalidomide treatment were capable to reduce all behavioral and biochemical responses induced by intense acute swimming, making possible their use as a potential therapy for the treatment of DOMS. Knowledge of the mechanism involved in DOMS genesis and evolution is important in intension to seek new alternative therapies, including pharmacological, which may be used alone or in association with other drugs, to minimize the deleterious symptoms that occurring in parallel with DOMS, because its control, besides contribute to improve the training of athletes or even individuals with physical disabilities related to age, weight or skeletal muscle injuries and also intense physical training such as military settings, favors faster recovery of athletes and inclusion of patients with chronic diseases in rehabilitation programs that include physical activities, take into account that muscle pain is a negative point for the start and/or continuity of regular physical exercise practice.

This thesis addresses the possibility of using a delay-on-ground concept in which flights with less than 1 hour flying time (often referred to as pop-up flights) absorb their arrival sequencing delay at the departure gate by being issued their Arrival Manager (AMAN)-scheduled time as a Required Time of Arrival (RTA) that is inserted into the Flight Management System (FMS). Due to their short duration these flights are currently often inserted into the AMAN sequence shortly before Terminal Manoeuvring Area (TMA) entry and thereby often need to absorb their arrival sequencing delay in the inefficient manner of airborne holding or vectoring close to the arrival airport. The literature review examines current operational procedures of AMANs and Departure Managers (DMANs), the current FMS RTA function and live trials in which the delay-on-ground concept was tested in real operations. A case study airport in Europe that has potential to benefit from the concept is identified. The performance of the delay-on-ground concept for the case study airport is then assessed by performing 180 fast-time Monte Carlo simulation runs. For each run the arrival flow to the case study airport and the departure flows from two medium-sized airports from which the pop-up flights originate are simulated. Each run represents an operational day and variations in departure/arrivals time is put into the timetables to simulate the variation in actual departure/arrival times resulting from operational factors normally encountered in day-to-day operations. An algorithm is written in Matlab to simulate an AMAN-DMAN cooperation in which pop-up flights are locked to the required departure times to meet their RTAs. It is shown that a significant reduction in airborne delay time and fuel consumption can be achieved at the case study airport by using the concept. It is also shown that it is possible to ensure that the pop-up flights depart at the required times to meet their RTAs without negatively affecting the departure sequences.