Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Document conversion'
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Bosisio, Riccardo. "Thermoelectric conversion in disordered nanowires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066212/document.
Full textThis thesis is focused on thermoelectric conversion in disordered semiconductor nanowires in the field effect transistor configuration. We first consider a low temperature regime, when electronic transport is elastic. For a 1D Anderson model, we derive analytical expressions describing the typical thermopower of a single nanowire as a function of the applied gate voltage, and we show that it is largely enhanced at the nanowire band edges. Our results are confirmed by numerical simulations based on a Recursive Green Function calculation of the thermopower. We then consider the case of inelastic transport, achieved by phonon-assisted hopping among localized states (Variable Range Hopping). By solving numerically the Miller Abrahams random resistor network, we show that the thermopower can attain huge values when the nanowire band edges are probed. A percolation theory by Zvyagin extended to nanowires allows to qualitatively describe our results. Also, the mechanism of heat exchange between electrons and phonons at the band edges lead to the generation of hot and cold spots near the boundaries of a substrate. This effect, of interest for cooling issues in microelectronics, is showed for a set of parallel nanowires, a scalable and hence promising system for practical applications. The power factor and figure of merit of the device are also estimated.Finally, we characterize a general three-terminal system within the linear response (Onsager) formalism: we derive local and non-local transport coefficients, as well as generalized figures of merit. The possibility of improving the performance of a generic quantum machine is discussed with the help of two simple examples
Bouaziz, Hafedh. "La conversion des actes juridiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3006/document.
Full textThe thesis proposes to redefine the notion of conversion. The analysis of positive law shows that the classical definition of conversion, such as (like) the operation which consists in drawing from a null act a valid new act, may be extended from a double point of view. All that had been done was the conversion of legal acts; it has been discovered that it can be extended to instrumental acts. In the same sense, there had been contemplated only one cause of conversion, the nullity of an act; it is now accepted that it could operate as a result of a case arising a posteriori, like the lapse, the prescription, the foreclosure and the resolution. Conversion may, therefore, be defined as the technique which gives effect, by the will of the law or the judge, to a legal act which has not been formed because of an original defect or which Was able to survive because of a posteriori cause when the elements which remain correspond to the definition of a new legal figure satisfying the economic objective pursued by the parties.The thesis also proposes to modernize or renovate the regime of conversion. The modernized conversion requires the active intervention of the judge to verify that the conditions of the conversion are met, but also and especially to decide on its expediency. Conversion thus places the judge at the rank of true trainer or "maker" of the contract. The doctrinal analyzes which present conversion as based on an alleged virtual will of the parts are artificial. There is, however, no need to demonize the office of the judge by claiming that conversion is an exorbitant and authoritarian process. The anxiety which may arise from the increase of the role of the judge in conversion is appeased as soon as the judge is obliged to draw the elements of the new act into the original act. They have yet to be tempered by the constant search for a new act which responds to the original purpose of the parties.The ambition of this thesis was therefore twofold: the redefinition of the notion of conversion on the one hand and the regeneration of its regime on the other. In view of this renewed analysis, conversion is destined for a prosperous future as a technique for the rescue of legal acts
Matsubara, Shigeki, Tomohiro Ohno, and Masashi Ito. "Text-Style Conversion of Speech Transcript into Web Document for Lecture Archive." Fuji Technology Press, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15083.
Full textLi, Wan-Chiu. "Conversion automatique de maillages en surfaces splines." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL078N/document.
Full textAiming at converting a triangular mesh into a CAGD/CAM spline surface, this thesis focuses on one of the most crucial problems of the conversion process, i.e. extracting a “good” quadrilateral control mesh of the surface. What we mean by good is that the edges of the control mesh should be orthogonal and aligned with the principal directions of curvature of the surface. These two properties make the control mesh optimum in an approximation point of view, and greatly help to reduce unwanted oscillations on the final spline surface built from it. To solve this problem, we propose a new automatic algorithm, called periodic global parameterization. The basic idea is to find a “geometry-meaningful” parameterization guided by a pair of orthogonal anisotropic direction fields. Then, the iso-value lines of this parameterization will be extracted to define an initial control mesh, that satisfies the two criteria of a good control mesh. With the initial control mesh, we explain how to construct a T-spline approximation of the initial triangulated surface. We show several examples of the triangular mesh to T-spline conversion. The results show that thanks to the anisotropic control meshes, the final spline surfaces generated have much less oscillations as compared to results of previous methods, that do not take into account of the anisotropy
Bernadet, Sophie. "Conversion photocatalytique du CO2 sur monolithes poreux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0172/document.
Full textIn the current context of developing novel non-fossil energy sources while minimizing the environmental impact, solar-driven-fuel-production by exploiting anthropogenic CO2 emissions appears to be a solution with great potential. The main challenge in artificial photo-induced processes concerns the two-dimensional character of the systems used, due to the low photon penetration depth. This thesis work focuses on the development of alveolar solid foams, derived from integrative chemistry and bearing a hierarchically organized porosity. By TiO2 precursor impregnation, self-standing photocatalysts were synthesized and provided a photon penetration increase by an order of magnitude. Moreover, these solids limit back-reactions by a dilution effect, while ensuring high selectivity towards alkane generations. A kinetic model, based on a mixed formalism of Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal, is proposed to describe material behavior
Basta, Marek. "Low energy photovoltaic conversion in MIND structures." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAD019/document.
Full textPhotovoltaic devices of today convert solar energy into electricity in a clean, renewable and inexhaustible way and represent a possible replacement for the fossil fuels. However, in order to compete with classical energy sources a significant increase in the conversion efficiency is inevitable. In this work, we concentrate on the aspects able to raise the conversion efficiency above the limitations of present cells. The first part of the study is devoted to new theoretical ideas considered as 3rd generation photovoltaics, while the most interest is kept at studying the possible benefits of electron multiplication at low-energies. In the second part of the study, we develop a model that allows a precise treatment of optical and transport properties of silicon structures with buried interfaces. Extensive theoretical and experimental analyses of existing MIND structures are then conducted. By studying the exact flux and power distribution inside several structures in conjunction with their geometry, we estimate the possible quantum efficiencies and compare them with experimental results. Through the means of numerical simulations coupled with experimental characterization, we extract the carrier collection efficiency of studied cells. New effects are being observed, such a possible increase in collection efficiency above unity. A deeper analysis of the experimental results coupled with the numerical study analyzes several classical and non-classical explanations of the increase in collection efficiency or the resulting increase in the quantum efficiency. With most of the classical explanations ruled out, we conclude that the most probable, but not definitiveexplanation of this effect can be interpreted as the result of a low-energy carrier multiplication
Michardière, Anne-Sophie. "Microélectrodes de nanotubes de carbone pour conversion d’énergie." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14890/document.
Full textThis PhD work presents a new class of carbon nanotubes (NT) fibers microelectrodes. These fibers are produced by a wet spinning process which enables the inclusion of additives within the fibers in order to adapt their formulation. Thus, new microelectrodes for enzymatic biofuel cells that comprise bilirubin oxidase (BOD) have been realized in a one step process and enable a direct electron transfer process between the enzyme and NT at a high potential with a high reduction current. Furthermore, we also developed new NT microfibers including a small quantity of chemically crosslinked PVA for electrochemical actuators. They generate a large stress and a short response time when stimulated by a low voltage in an aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, the CNT mobility within these fibers is greatly reduced. The latter is present in any CNT actuator and induces creep and stress relaxation of these material prohibiting the possibility to obtain high actuating performances. The present results open routes towards the development of novel technologies for energy conversion potentially useful in micro-devices, biomedical applications and micro-robotics
Sarrafin, ardebili Farshid. "Nouvelles structures de conversion multi-cellulaires à base des transistors GaN pour la conversion DC-DC : applications au conditionnement des énergies renouvelables." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT019/document.
Full textIn order to improve the management and the production efficiency in renewable energy, power electronics systems have become important contributors. In this context, gallium nitride transistors (GaN HFETs) provide new opportunities for high power density, high switching speed and they pull up the effective management of renewable energies. However, this new opportunity requires effective gate drivers and optimal packaging and assembly. This thesis will introduce the general approach of a new architecture for multi cellular conversion and a monolithic multichannel and synchronized drive for GaN components, which are applicable in our specific context. This thesis is composed of four chapters. A bibliographic section is presented in first chapter. A new comparative methodology has been developed in this chapter in order to benchmark the DAB (Dual Active Bridge) converter with respect to other DC converters. In the second chapter, a generic solution (converter grid) has been explained in order to reduce the energy conversion constraints. Chapter 3 presents the important parts of the experimentation and the optimization of DAB converter. High frequency transformer replacing by capacitors is the main objective of this section. The design of the Quad Gate Driver (QGD) IC dedicated to GaNs transistors control in H bridge configuration and the results of their performances are presented in the last chapter. Some comparisons of this approach with other signal transfer solutions are also discussed. The implementation of the QGD in a full bridge transistor converter is introduced into the perspective section
Wang, Yantao. "Synthesis and conversion of furfural-batch versus continuous flow." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2474/document.
Full textFurfural, which has been identified as one of top 30 bio-based chemicals, is an important green platform molecule, The aim of this PhD work is to realize the synthesis and conversion of furfural in batch and continuous flow. Here, we developed sorne greener methods for furfural synthesis, and valorized furfural into high value-added products, such as 2-furonitrile, furfuryl alcohol etc. Several keys issues were identified in order to design processes greener than the current ones. ln detail, experiments for furfural synthesis were performed in water or in water and organic solvent when co-solvents (green or eco-friendly) are necessary. Microwave irradiation has been chosen as the heating method to accelerate the dehydration process, and microwave continuous flow reactor was also applied to improve furfural productivity. When starting from furfural to produce high value-added chemicals, efficient flow reactors, suc as Pheonix, H-cube Pro as well as microwave continuous flow With micro-reactor, were also identified as interesting alternatives to improve the productivities of target compounds. As a result, some promising results were obtained in the viewpoint of industry
Canu, Antoine. "Conversion Analogique / Numérique versatile dans un environnement avionique contraint." Thesis, Supélec, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013SUPL0004/document.
Full textAvionic embedded systems sense their environment through the use of various sensors. Currently, the electrical signals generated by these sensors are acquired by dedicated interface circuits, which limits the functionalities that can be implemented in the computer and slows down their evolution.Our work aims at replacing these interfacing circuits by a more flexible interface, called versatile interface, which has the ability to acquire different kind of signals. Avionic embedded systems usually operate in a pretty harsh environment, in which important common mode voltages of more than thirty volts can superimpose to useful signals. After a thorough exploration of this environment and its specifities, we propose an architecture of the versatile interface, based on a mixed signal ASIC and a FPGA. The ASIC includes a programmable analog signal conditioning stage which is able to withstand the high voltages present in the harsh avionic environment. The FPGA processes the different signals and extract the useful information from them. We also propose method which allows to correct the analog imprecisions due to mismatch or temperature drifts. This method uses analog and digital processing, and allow our versatile interface to be immune to process or temperature variations. A test circuit has been realized in a high voltage 0.35µm CMOS technology, in order to validate the different principles that we propose in this work
David, Benoît. "Conception rationnelle d'enzyme : conversion de glycoside hydrolases en transglycosidases." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT1044/document.
Full textKnown for their ability to hydrolyse glycosidic linkages,numerous glycoside hydrolases (GH) are also able tocatalyse transglycosylation reaction which can beharnessed for the synthesis of oligosaccharides. Althoughin the vast majority of cases hydrolysis prevails overtransglycosylation reaction, the latter has already beenincreased through mutagenesis and directed evolutionexperiments. However, little is known about the regulationof the balance between both activities. We discover, viamolecular dynamics (MD) simulations, several potentialwater channels connecting the bulk to the active site infour GH: Ttβgly, AgaD and the pair of homologsTcTS/TrSA. This observation supports the hypothesis thatchannels could be involved in the hydrolytic activity of GH.Amino acid residues forming bottlenecks at the interfacebetween two water channels and the active site in Ttβglyand AgaD were suspected to control water access fromthe bulk to the channel interior and the active site.Mutagenesis of key amino acids in the vicinity of selectedchannels was performed in order to attempt to increasethe transglycosylation/hydrolysis ratio balance.Characterization of the best mutants showed a 7 and 50fold decrease of hydrolysis compared to the wild type forTtβgly and AgaD respectively, while the transglycosylaseactivity was improved. MD simulations showed that thesemodifications were correlated with greater water dynamicsin the corresponding channels. These results highlight theimportance of water dynamics in hydrolases catalysis andsuggest that modifying the protein internal water dynamicscould serve as a generic approach to engineertransglycosylase activity in GH
Lee, Ching Shya. "Study of glycerol electrochemical conversion into addes-value compounds." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0076/document.
Full textThe price of crude glycerol has significantly decreased worldwide because of its oversupply. Many chemical and biological processes have been proposed to transform glycerol into numerous value-added products, such as glycolic acid, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO), glyceric acid, and lactic acid. However, these processes suffer from several drawbacks, including high production cost. Therefore, in this study, a simple and robust electrochemical synthesiswas developed to convert glycerol into various value-added compounds. This study reports for the first time the use of Amberlyst-15 as a reaction mediumand redox catalyst for electrochemical conversion of glycerol. In the first part, the electrochemical performance of Amberlyst-15 over platinum (Pt)electrode was compared with that of conventional acidic (H2SO4) and alkaline (NaOH) media. Other parameters such as reaction temperature [room temperature (27°C) to 80 °C] and applied current (1.0 A to 3.0 A) were also examined. Under the optimized experimental condition, this novel electrocatalytic method successfully converted glycerol into glycolic acid after 8 h of electrolysis, with a yield of 45% and selectivity of 65%, as well as to glyceric acid after 3 h of electrolysis, with a yield of 27% and selectivity of 38%. In the second part of this study, two types of cathode electrodes, namely, activated carbon composite(ACC) and carbon black diamond (CBD) electrodes, were used in electrochemical conversion of glycerol. To the best of our knowledge, electrochemical studies of glycerol conversion using these electrodes have not been reported yet. Glycerol was also successfully reduced to lactic acid, 1,2-PDO, and 1,3-PDO, in addition to oxidation compounds (e.g. glycolic acid). Three operating parameters, namely, catalyst amount (6.4% to 12.8% w/v), reaction temperature [room temperature (27 °C) to 80 °C], and applied current (1.0 A to 3.0 A), were tested. In the presence of 9.6% w/v Amberlyst-15 at 2.0 A and 80 °C, the selectivity of glycolic acid can reach 72% and 68% (with yield of 66% and 58%) for ACC and CBD electrodes, respectively. Lactic acid was obtained as the second largest compound, withselectivity of 16% and yield of 15% for the ACC electrode and 27% selectivity and 21% yield for the CBD electrode. Finally, electro-oxidation and electroreduction of glycerol were performed in a two-compartment cell separated by a cation exchange membrane (Nafion 117). This study only focused on the electroreduction region. Three cathode electrodes (Pt, ACC, and CBD) were evaluated under the following conditions: 2.0 A, 80 °C, and 9.6% w/v Amberlyst-15. ACC demonstrated excellent performance in the electroreduction study and successfully reduced glycerol to 1,2-PDO, with a high selectivity of 85%. The selectivity of 1,2-PDO on Pt and CBD was 61% and 68%, respectively. Acetol and diethylene glycol were also obtained. The reaction mechanisms underlying the formation of these products are then proposed
Perez, Matthias. "Micro-récupération d'énergie des écoulements d'air par conversion électrostatique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI087/document.
Full textThis work is enshrined in the energy harvesting context. More specifically, the purpose is to convert small amounts of kinetic energy from airflows into electrical energy through an electrostatic converter. The electrical energy produced is then intended to supply low power sensors for structural health monitoring, environmental follow-up, human monitoring…The manuscript includes an overview of the state of the art on airflow energy harvesting, the physical understanding of electrostatic conversion phenomena, fluid mechanics, ultra-low Reynolds number aerodynamics, a description of the prototypes developed and the results obtained.The harvesters we have developed are divided into two families: (i) the rotational harvesters which transform the kinetic energy of airflows into mechanical energy of rotation and (ii) the aeroelastic harvesters which use wind energy to produce mechanical energy of periodical oscillations. These two types of harvesters have been associated to different electrostatic converters, polarized by the addition of electrets or self-polarized by triboelectricity. The energy harvesters have been optimized and we have demonstrated the benefit of the electrostatic conversion for small devices (a few cm2) operating at low speeds (<3m/s). The power densities reach 5µW/cm2@1m/s for rotational devices and in the range of 10µW/cm2@10m/s for aeroelastic devices. The micro-generators were finally combined with power management circuits to supply autonomous and communicating sensors. This last stage completes the energy harvesting chain and also shows the high benefit of active circuits (synchronous electric charge extraction, maximum power point)
Ely, Marion. "Conversion chimique des surfaces d'alliages d'aluminium sans chrome hexavalent." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066663/document.
Full textConversion coatings are used in aerospace industry to protect the metal from corrosion and to promote paint adhesion. Currently, chromate conversion coatings are used, but chromate is toxic and carcinogenic and its use will be forbidden by the European REACh regulation. TCP (Trivalent Chromium Protection) conversion coatings, are considered as a promising alternative to replace chromate conversion coating. This work focuses on the characterisation of the TCP layer and considers each step of the industrial surface treatment, including pre-treatment and post-treatment steps. Surface analytical techniques (XPS, ToF-SIMS, AFM, SEM and PM-IRRAS) were used to analyse the chemical composition and morphology of the surface after each step in the process. This work was done on an aluminium alloy AA 2024-T3, commonly used in the aerospace industry for its good mechanical properties, but poorly resistant to corrosion. The results obtained demonstrate, among other things, that the TCP layer totally covers the surface (intermetallic compounds and cavities) and enable to understand how the post-treatment can improve the corrosion resistance of the TCP coating. This work also focuses on conversion coating based on zirconium, which are studied here to be used as a starting point to develop a new conversion coating without chromium, meeting the corrosion resistance requirement
Margeriat, Alexandre. "Conversion catalytique des vapeurs de pyrolyse et molécules modèles." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1340/document.
Full textFast pyrolysis of biomass yields bio-oils with high levels of oxygen-containing components, high acidity and low stability. Further upgrading of these oils is necessary before they can be used as liquid fuels. Several low-cost strategies have been proposed for reducing the oxygen and acid contents including the catalytic conversion of pyrolytic vapors before vapor condensation. In this context, a first step in this work was the study of model molecules conversion, acetic acid and guaiacol, on different acid catalyst to understand reaction mechanisms and determine the best catalyst. In a second time, a semi-continuous pyrolysis test combined with a catalytic reactor was built and use to test the best acid catalysts found on model molecules, for the conversion of beech wood chips. A product recovery protocol was implanted to recover all the gas, liquid and solid fractions. Those fractions were characterized in depth by various techniques (?-GC, GC×GC, GPC, RMN…). A special focus was made on the quantification of monomers in the bio-oils by GC×GC. Mass balance reached 90% and carbon balance were established for some experiments. The performed characterizations as well as the comparison between catalytic and thermal experiments allowed to get more insights in the role of the catalyst on pyrolytic vapors conversion
Dahmane, Menad. "Gestion, optimisation et conversion des énergies pour habitat autonome." Thesis, Amiens, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AMIE0025/document.
Full textThis dissertation presents a research project that consists of the development of a device that is able to supply an isolated house with electricity and to make it autonomous by using renewable energy sources. The multi-source system considered in this thesis includes a wind turbine and photovoltaic panels as main sources, Lithium-Ion batteries for storage and Diesel generator as emergency source. In order to make a contribution considering problems of energy management for hybrid systems as well as problems in controlling energy conversion chains, we are suggesting a power flow management strategy which is based on the prediction of the potential energy available on the veryshort-term. That strategy aims at generating optimal references in order to insure the electrical autonomy of the house. For this, we present firstly, a sizing and modelingof the different modules of the multi-source system. This modelling allowed us subsequently to develop a static and dynamic state feedback control strategies by using LMI techniques for pole placement in order to increase the transition performancesfor reference monitoring. The proposed management algorithm as well as the developed control strategies for tracking and maximizing power is validated in simulation using data obtained through real measurements. After having results in simulationusing Matlab/Simulink, we have validated them experimentally by conducting tests via a multi-source platform equipped with dSPACE cards of our laboratory
Roellinghoff, Manuel. "Critical analysis of conversion methods between different XML dialects." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49721.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Extensible Markup Language (XML) has become the language of choice for any kind of data transfer between different business entities. Technologies based on XML like the Extensible Stylesheet Language, the Extensible Linking Language and SOAP add vital functionality and make the use of XML in many different business application scenarios possible. Companies that start employing XML as their format of choice for data exchange are often faced with the problem of different XML dialects within their company or with their business partners. This research project looks at the different solutions that are available for this problem and evaluates their appropriateness for certain scenarios. The first viable solution is employing the Extensible Stylesheet Language which allows for basic transformation on the basis of stylesheets. Companies that use this technology for simple conversion problems can either develop applications themselves or rely on tools from third-party vendors. For more advanced conversion needs a more flexible solution is appropriate. Custom made conversion frameworks developed by using a fourth generation programming language like Java offer the advantages of scalability by connecting more than one communication partner, platform-independency and a high degree of flexibility. Another option that will payoff in the future is the adherence to one of the developing industry XML standards. Such standards are mostly still in the development phase and have not been adopted widely yet. But once it becomes clear which standards are going to survive for each industry the adoption of such a standard will eliminate the need for any customised conversion and facilitate data exchange between business partners that adhere to the same standard. In general it is recommended to research existing XML standards before developing a proprietary one. When a proprietary format already exists the choice of the conversion tools and methods depends on the complexity of the transformation. Simple transformation needs can be solved by employing the XSLT technology while more advanced needs require the development of a customised conversion framework.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Extensible Markup Language (XML) het die taal van keuse geword vir enige soort van data oordraging tussen verskillende bedryfsentiteite. Tegnologie gebaseer op XML soos die Extensible Stylesheet Language, die Extensible Linking Language en Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) dra by tot betekenisvolle waardetoevoeging en maak die gebruik van XML in 'n groot verskeidenheid van besigheidstoepassings scenarios moontlik. Ondernemings wat XML as hul formaat van keuse vir data oordraging meer en meer begin gebruik, word dikwels met die probleem van verskillende XML dialekte intern tot hul onderneming sowel as ekstern tot hul sakevennote, gekonfronteer. Hierdie studie ontleed die verskillende oplossings wat beskikbaar is vir die probleem en evalueer dan die toepaslikheid vir sekere scenarios. Die eerste uitvoerbare oplossing is die gebruik van die Extensible Stylesheet Language wat toelaat vir basiese transformasie op die grondslag van stylblaaie. Ondernemings wat hierdie tegnologie vir eenvoudige omsettingsprobleme wil gebruik kan óf self toepassings ontwikkel of staatmaak op gereedskap vanaf derde party verskaffers. Vir meer gevorderde omsettingsbehoeftes is 'n meer buigsame oplossing geskik. Doelgemaakte omskakelingsraamwerke wat ontwikkel word deur gebruik te maak van 'n vierde generasie programmeringstaal soos JAVA bied die voordele van skalering deur meer as een kommunikasievennoot te konnekteer, platform onafhanklikheid en 'n hoë graad van buigsaamheid. Nog 'n opsie wat rendement in die toekoms kan lewer is om te bly by een van die ontwikkelende industrie XML standaarde. Sulke standaarde is meesal nog in die ontwikkelingsfase en word nog nie tot nou algemeen aanvaar nie. As dit egter begin duidelik word watter standaarde gaan oorleef vir elke industrie sal die aanvaarding van sulke standaarde die nodigheid vir doelgemaakte omskakeling elimineer en sal dit data uitruiling tussen sakevennote wat hou by dieselfde standaarde bevorder. In die algemeen word dit aanbeveel dat bestaande XML standaarde goed nagevors word alvorens 'n alleenreg een ontwikkel word. Wanneer 'n alleenregformaat alreeds bestaan sal die keuse van transformasiegereedskap en metodes afhang van die kompleksiteit van die transformasie. Eenvoudige transformeerde behoeftes kan bevredig word deur die XSLT tegnologie te gebruik, terwyl meer gevorderde behoeftes die ontwikkeling van 'n doelgemaakte omskakelingraamwerk sal benodig.
Lombana, Andrés Felipe. "Elaboration d'auto-assemblages supramoléculaires de Donneurs et Accepteurs d'électrons sur Au(111) et leur étude par microscopie à Effet Tunnel couplée à une excitation laser." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC069/document.
Full textWe present the 2D self-assembly of molecular electron Donors (D) and Acceptors (A) on Au(111) and their study by Light-Assisted Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (LA-STM). Firstly, hydrogen bonded supramolecular assemblies are elaborated from solutions. On one hand, a the self-assembly of a porphyrin derivative (D) show the relationship between the established hydrogen bonds and the obtained geometry. On the other hand, a PTCDI-melamine porous host network was used to template the growth of guest molecules within the pores. Host-guest systems are then elaborated using a thiolated porphyrin derivative and a polyoxometalate (POM) molecule. A surface infrared analysis (PM-IRRAS) shows that the network has different effects on the growth process and orientation angles of the two molecules.Secondly, we developed a LA-STM setup and we analysed a polymer/fullerene (PTB7/PC71BM) D/A molecular system. After the study of the photo-physical phenomena giving rise to the photo-current, we measured the current at opposite bias voltages DI=I(V+)-I(V-). We attribute this current to the photo-absorption of the molecules and to the electron transfer at the molecular D/A junctions which allows us to identify the active junctions on the surface with the nanometre resolution
Sharma, Preeti. "Coupled electrokinetic fluxes in a single nanochannel for energy conversion." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY100/document.
Full textCoupled electrokinetic phenomena within nanochannel are of interest for energy harvestingand production of electricity based on the controlled mixing of river water with sea water known as "blue energy". The origin of the phenomena is related to interaction with charged walls and transport of ions within the so called Debye layer. This work aims at a better understanding of the physics and transport phenomena in this layer associated with solution confined in nanochannel.A specific instrumentation has been developed during this thesis to study the mechanisms governing coupled nanofluics fluxes. The idea is to characterize simultaneously the mass transport within the nanochannel and the electrical current driven through the nanochannel by the application of either salinity difference , pressure difference or voltage difference across the channel. The thesis is divided into three parts.In the first part, a custom made flow cell and experimental conditions to control and measure various fluxes is presented. The capability of cell to measure current or voltage under applied pressure or salinity gradient is presented taking the benefit of commercial nanoporous Nafion membrane.The second part is focused on an easy way of preparation of nanochannel sample in the form of single chip, in which nanochannel is interfaced to micro and macroscopic world. A well-controlled, 1.4µm long nanochannel of conical geometry with a maximum aspect ratio of 10 is fabricated. The minimum apex size of nanochannel achieved here is 50 nm which is about 30 times less than the length of channel. The presence of electrode directly at the interface of nano to micro cavity allow to perform electrical characterization of nanochannel with high precision.The third part of the thesis is devoted to the development of a method for the direct measurement of flow rate as low as 10 pL/min across a single nanochannel. This measurement approach combined with electrical measurement, could be used, in presence of pressure, voltage or salinity gradient, to measure the flow rate and the electrical current across a single nanochannel simultaneously and independently
Prades, Pierre. "De la conversion à la guérison : puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100073/document.
Full textTo contemporary individuals, psychotherapy and personal development offer a promise of accomplishment through an experience of self-transformation. Such an ideal of accomplishment is both freedom and duty, and this thesis will view it as a distant heritage from the puritan ethic of vocation. It will argue that an emotional dynamic playing out in an ethical dimension is what gives both therapeutic experience and religious experience the same kind of symbolic efficacy, that of an act of faith. Whereby therapeutic healing appears to be in a large part a secularization of religious conversion, providing health in lieu of holiness. It will try and show that the mobilization of affects plays a driving role, in therapeutic experience as well as in religious experience, to convert cognitive perceptions into voluntary acts. It will present such a dynamic among feeling, thinking and willing, as a legacy of the psychological model of conversion built by the XVIIth century Puritans in the framework of Covenant Theology, wherein an act of faith was the conclusion of a practical syllogism, both voluntaristic and optimistic. In order to let appear that legacy, this thesis will trace the interaction between both sides of the Atlantic which resulted in two correlative features of the contemporary cultural model: on one hand, an ethic of transformation of personality toward exceeding the boundaries of the self, on the other hand the valuation of emotion as a criterion for authenticity of experience
Chihani, Omar. "Etude de la fiabilité de composants GaN en conversion d'énergie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0148/document.
Full textThe aeronautical and terrestrial transport industries know a steady increase in the electrification of their functions. In fact, the mechanical or hydraulic actuators are gradually replaced by electric ones.The components dominating the market today seem unable to follow the trend anymore. In fact, silicon-based power components still prevail in the current market, thanks to their low cost. However, this material begins to reach its theoretical limits in terms of performance. In this context, different wide bandgap semiconductor structures are emerging to take on from silicon.The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of power transistors based on Gallium Nitride. These components are very promising for medium power applications. However, the failure mechanisms of these components are not yet sufficiently studied. The study consists in the application of aging tests combining thermal and electrical stresses. These agings are carried out under different conditions of tension and temperature. The objective of this method is, firstly, to isolate the effect of each stressor on the state of the components, and secondly, to identify the failure mechanisms activated according to the aging conditions.This work made it possible to identify the existence of different failure mechanisms that can be activated according to the aging conditions. Indeed, it has emerged that the aging temperature range used influences the predominance of activated failure mechanisms. The results challenge the adequacy of current qualification standards for Gallium Nitride components. These standards should revise upwards the aging temperatures used to cover ranges closer to the operating temperatures of this kind of components
Yu, Xiang. "Photocatalytic conversion of methane and reduction of CO2 with H2O." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R022/document.
Full textPhotocatalysis is one of the key technologies for clean energy and environmental applications. The number of applications based on photocatalysis has increased dramatically for the past two decades. Photocatalytic activation of C-H bonds is an emerging field. Methane is a promising source of energy with a huge reserve and is considered to be one of the alternatives to non-renewable petroleum resources because it can be converted to valuable hydrocarbon feedstocks and hydrogen through appropriate reactions. However, due to its high stability, high energy is usually consumed for its conversion, which remains a problem to be solved. Methane conversion and reaction mechanism occurring on metal-heteropolyacid-titania nanocomposites were investigated in Chapters 3 and 4. Oxidation of methane has been carried out for more than a century. Since oxygen is a very reactive molecule, methane can react very rapidly with molecular oxygen and is prone to total oxidation till CO2. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain a desired product with high yield and high selectivity. We report here direct and selective photocatalytic highly-selective oxidation of methane to carbon monoxide under ambient conditions. The composite catalysts on the basis of zinc, tungstophosphoric acid and titania exhibit exceptional performance in this reaction, high carbon monoxide selectivity and quantum efficiency of 7.1% at 362 nm. The reaction is consistent with the Mars-Van Krevelen type sequence and involves formation of the surface methoxy-carbonates as intermediates and zinc oxidation-reduction cycling. In the past few decades, extensive research has focused on the direct conversion of methane to alcohols or higher hydrocarbons. The current processes of converting methane to alcohols or olefins are complex and expensive, because they require an intermediate step of reforming methane to syngas. Although the direct conversion of methane to more valuable products has significant environmental and potential commercial value, there is no commercial scale process available. We uncovered highly selective (>90%) quantitative photochemical direct conversion of methane to ethane at ambient temperature over silver-heteropolyacid-titania nanocomposites. The ethane yield from methane reaches 9 % on the optimized materials. High quantum efficiency, high selectivity and significant yield of ethane combined with excellent stability are major advantages of methane quantitative synthesis from methane using the photochemical looping approach. The rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves have raised serious concerns about the subsequent impact of CO2 on the global climate and future energy supply. The use of abundant solar energy to convert carbon dioxide into fuel, such as carbon monoxide, methane or methanol, solves both problems simultaneously and provides a convenient method of energy storage. Chapter 5 addresses a new efficient catalyst for selective CO2 to CO conversion. The zinc containing phosphotungstic acid-titania nanocomposites exhibited exceptional high activity reaching 50 µmol CO/g·h and selectivity (73%) in the CO2 photocatalytic reduction to CO in the presence of water. The in-situ IR experiments suggest that reaction involves zinc bicarbonates containing hydroxyl groups. The decomposition of these zinc bicarbonate species under irradiation leads to the selective production of carbon monoxide and oxygen. In photocatalytic reactions, the difference in catalyst morphology usually has a significant effect on the photocatalytic performance. Chapter 6 studied the effect of monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) crystals with controlled ratio of {010} and {110} facets for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by H2O. The reaction under irradiation is significantly enhanced by selective photo-deposition of Cu and Co co-catalysts over different facets providing Z-scheme charge flow
Le, Goanvic Lucas. "Procédé d'hydroformylation pour la conversion catalytique de bioressources en monomères." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S157/document.
Full textHydroformylation (action of syngas on C=C bonds in presence of a transition metal-catalyst to form aldehydes) of 10-undecenitrile (a bio-sourced fatty olefin obtained from castor oil) was studied as a key reaction step toward the formation of monomers for polyamide-12 synthesis. In situ combination of Rh(acac)(CO)2 with 20 equiv of Biphephos, a bulky biphosphite ligand, led to optimized regioselectivity (linear-to-branched aldehyde ratio; l/b up to 99:1), chemoselectivity (up to 74% of aldehyde) and activity (TOF up to 28,000 mol(aldehydes).mol(Rh)-1.h-1). Reaction conditions, in particular the substrate-to-catalyst ratio, have a strong influence on the extent of the isomerization side-reaction: a strong back-isomerization of internal alkenes into terminal olefins was observed under specific conditions. Tandem isomerization-hydroformylation was also investigated through the prism of oleonitrile (another biosourced long-chain fatty olefin with a C=C bond in remote internal position). It was also demonstrated that in situ combinations of ruthenium precursors, a much cheaper but poorly studied metal, with Biphephos lead to high productivities and similar selectivities than Rh-based systems. Catalyst recycling by Organic Solvent Nanofiltration (OSN) was possible (99% of Rh-Biphephos catalytic system recovery). Structural modification of Biphephos to improve its recovery by OSN was undertaken. An original synthetic pathway involving insertion of vinyl moieties on the Biphephos frame to perform cross-metathesis with acrylates was validated and ligands with a higher volume, and possibly different affinity toward organic membranes, were undertaken
Boucherit, Nicolas. "Mécanisme d'interférence de la conversion du phagosome par Coxiella burnetii." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5061/document.
Full textTo survive and replicate in their host, microbes have evolved several strategies to hijack the microbicidal properties of the immune cells. C. burnetii, the q fever agent, survive and replicate in macrophages through the alteration of the phago-lysosome biogenesis. To further analyze the nature of the defect phagosome maturation of C. burnetii, I studied the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of C. burnetii in the intracellular trafficking of the bacteria. The LPS is unable to activate the p38α MAPKinase, which explains that the virulent bacteria are not directed to a degradative compartment . The lack of activation of the p38α MAPKinase , which involves a commitment TLR4 antagonist by LPS, has the effect of preventing the recruitment of the HOPS complex ( homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting complex) , a complex require for the phagosomal conversion. I have shown that the recruitment of HOPS requires phosphorylation of protein Vps (vacuolar protein sorting) 41. Transfection of macrophages by an activator of p38 and using phosphomimétiques mutants VPS41 showed restoration of phagosome maturation. It thus appears that the p38α MAPK and his dialogue with VPS41 play a central role in phagosome maturation of C. burnetii in the phagolysosome. Use of the unique structure of the LPS allows C. burnetii to evade the protective response of the host
Nguyen, The Vinh. "Gestion et conversion électrique dans une architecture distribuée d'énergies renouvelables." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0082/document.
Full textManaging the distribution of electrical energy from renewable sources such as solar and wind energy is a technological barrier to improve performance and stability of the whole process of transfer of energy sources. Thus, research on power lines used as communication media are very promising for the facility management of small and middle powers with many generators, not necessarily initially designed in a process reliability. In addition, this new option allows management to improve performance and stability in the overall process of energy transfer. This study is particularly directed to a distributed parallel management for photovoltaic and / or multi-generators including other technologies such as wind, for example connected to a DC network also serves as a communication such as PLC system architecture. The PLC, using the modulation technique, allows the transfer of information such as temperature, the instantaneous power, the self-test etc. ... needed to optimize the energy production. The aim of this work is the study of a CPL solution designed to work on HVDC bus connecting renewable energy production systems. Circuits developed for the CPL will be considered as interfaces between the DC-DC converter and smart HVDC bus. They will be based on a hardware part consists of a transceiver interface incorporating a modulation-demodulation on the HVDC bus and a signal processor which processes the information exchanged between the various input sensors and monitoring
Fedotov, Alexey. "Conversion of methane and carbon dioxide on porous catalytic membranes." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL099N/document.
Full textThis study reports the development of a new process to convert methane and carbon dioxide (dry methane reforming - DMR) into valuable products such as syngas from non-oil resources. The practical interest is to produce syngas from carbon containing exhaust industrial gases. This process uses membrane catalytic systems (MCS) that support heterogeneous catalytic reactions in gaseous phase in ceramic micro-channels. The active surface of the catalysts formed inside the micro-channels is low in term of area, but it is characterized by a high value of the catalyst surface/volume ratio, which induces a high efficiency of heterogeneous catalysis. The SMC are formed from alkoxy derivatives and precursor metal complex containing between 0.008 and 0.055% by weight of nano-components mono-and bimetallic active distributed evenly in the channels. For systems [La-Ce] -MgO-Ti02/Ni-Al and Pd-Mn-Ti02/Ni-Al, productivities of 10500 and 7500 l/h · dm3 membr. were respectively obtained by RSM at 450°C with a composition of syngas H2/?? ranging from 0.63 to 1.25 and a conversion rate of 50% with a CH4/CO2 (1/1) feed. Thus the CMS is an order of magnitude more efficient than a fixed bed reactor of the same catalyst. The MDR is initiated by the oxidation of CH4 by structural oxygen of metal oxides available on the surface, and the CO2 reacts with the finely divided carbon arising from the dissociation of CH4. A catalytic synergy has been demonstrated for the system Pd-Mn. This CMS, having 108 pores per cm² of surface, can be considered as a set of nano reactors. Thus this new approach is very promising for industry (synthesis of olefins, uses of biomass)
Hošťálek, Zdeněk. "Conversion de catalyseurs d'oxydes de carbone en nouveaux matériaux polymères." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0016/document.
Full textA series of salphen complexes based on Cr, Co and Fe was synthesized and used as catalysts in ring-opening copolymerization of different substrates: (i) epoxides with carbon monoxide (CO), (ii) epoxides with anhydrides and (iii) epoxides with carbon dioxide (CO2). Additionally, a screening of catalytic activity for the last substrate was performed with novel Zn, Al and Mg non-salen based complexes.The first part of the Thesis deals with the copolymerization of propylene oxide with carbon monoxide using asymmetric salphen chromium complex and Co2(CO)8 in order to prepare a synthetic equivalent of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) otherwise accessible by fermentation of various substrates. Very poor catalytic performances towards carbonylated products (PHB or β-butyrolactone (BBL)) were observed with any of the two complexes. The combination of both salphen chromium and Co2(CO)8 complexes led to increased formation of BBL. Low molar mass poly(ester-co-ether) was only prepared, suggesting a poor compatibility of selected complexes.The second part of the work is focused on the copolymerization of epoxides with anhydrides catalyzed by salphen chromium or iron complexes combined with simple organic bases as cocatalysts. Salphen complexes alone were almost inactive, while in the presence of bis(triphenylphosphineiminium)chloride (PPNCl) they afforded highly alternating polyesters with molar mass up to 10 kg.mol-1 and low dispersity. Surprisingly, organic bases alone afforded similar, highly alternating polyesters at five-time lower polymerization rate. PPNCl was found to be an effective catalyst for the highly alternating copolymerization of various epoxides and anhydrides.The last part of our investigations refers to the copolymerization of epoxides with CO2 using salphen chromium and especially salphen cobalt complexes. Cobalt catalysts were significantly more active in propylene oxide (PO)/CO2 and cyclohexene oxide (CHO)/CO2 copolymerization compared to their chromium analogues. Highly alternating polycarbonates (> 99%) with low dispersity and molar mass 10-35 kg.mol-1 were prepared by salphen cobalt complexes. Kinetic studies showed that these polymerizations are controlled and MALDI-TOF MS analysis was used for initiation mechanism clarification. Compared to widely investigated salen Co catalysts, salphen Co complexes exhibit lower activity (100-450 h-1) and selectivity to polymer (40-90%) in propylene oxide/CO2 copolymerization, while 100% selectivity to polycarbonate was achieved in the copolymerization of CHO and CO2. Alternatively, new Al, Zn and Mg-based catalysts were tested for CO2 activation, however, they usually led only to epoxide homopolymerization
V této práci byla připravena řada salfenových komplexů na bázi chromu, kobaltu a železa. Tyto komplexy byly použity jako katalyzátory pro kopolymerizace epoxidů s různými substráty: (i) s oxidem uhelnatým (CO), (ii) s anhydridy a (iii) s oxidem uhličitým (CO2). U nových komplexů na bázi zinku, hliníku a hořčíku byla dále testována možnost jejich použití jako katalyzátorů pro kopolymerizace epoxidů s CO2.První část práce se zabývá kopolymerizací epoxidů s oxidem uhelnatým s využitím asymetrického salfenového komplexu na bázi chromu a Co2(CO)8 s cílem připravit kopolymer na bázi přírodního polyhydroxybutyrátu (PHB). Salfenový komplex chromu i Co2(CO)8 vykazovaly velmi nízké aktivity při karbonylaci propylenoxidu a poskytovaly pouze nepatrné množství produktů (cyklického β-butyrolaktonu a PHB). Kombinace obou katalytických komplexů vedla k výraznému zvýšení aktivity ve prospěch cyklického produktu (β-butyrolaktonu) i polymeru. Kopolymerizací PO s CO byl získán pouze nízkomolekulární poly(ester-co-ether), což naznačuje špatnou vzájemnou kompatibilitu těchto komplexů.Druhá část je zaměřena na kopolymerizace epoxidů s anhydridy katalyzované salfenovými komplexy chromu a železa v kombinaci s jednoduchými organickými bázemi. Samotné salfenové komplexy chromu a železa nevedly ke vzniku polymeru. V kombinaci s nukleofilním kokatalyzátorem bis(trifenylfosfin)iminium chloridem (PPNCl) ovšem tyto komplexy poskytly alternující kopolymery epoxidu a anhydridu (polyestery) s molárními hmotnostmi do 10 kg.mol-1 a nízkou dispersitou. Dále bylo zjištěno, že samotné organické báze poskytují podobně jako salfenové komplexy vysoce alternující kopolymery se srovnatelnou molární hmotností i úzkou dispersitou, i když je zapotřebí 5x delších polymerizačních časů. Nejvyšší účinnost ze všech testovaných bází měl PPNCl. Tato báze byla dále efektivně použita pro kopolymerizace řady epoxidů a anhydridů za vzniku vysoce alternujících kopolymerů. Třetí část pojednává o kopolymerizacích epoxidů s CO2 s využitím salfenových komplexů chromu a kobaltu. Bylo zjištěno, že kobaltové komplexy jsou oproti chromovým mnohem efektivnější katalyzátory jak při kopolymerizacích propylenoxidu (PO) s CO2 tak i cyklohexenoxidu (CHO) s CO2. Salfenové komplexy kobaltu poskytly polykarbonáty s vysokým obsahem karbonátových jednotek v kopolymeru (> 99%), úzkou dispersitou a s molárními hmotnostmi 10-35 kg.mol-1. Studie kinetiky odhalila kontrolovaný průběh kopolymerizace. Dále byla provedena MALDI-TOF analýza výsledných polykarbonátů s cílem objasnit mechanismus iniciace kopolymerizace. Ve srovnání se salenovými komplexy kobaltu vykazují salfenové komplexy při kopolymerizacích PO s CO2 nižší aktivitu (100-450 h-1) i selektivitu na polykarbonát (40-90%). Při kopolymerizacích CHO s CO2 byla ovšem selektivita 100%. Nové komplexy na bázi Al, Mg a Zn byly také testovány jako katalyzátory pro kopolymerizace epoxidů s CO2, nicméně jejich aktivita byla nízká a výsledkem těchto reakcí byly pouze polykarbonáty s nízkým podílem karbonátových jednotek nebo polyethery
Besse, Xavier. "Conversion catalytique de composés modèles de biomasse en conditions hydrothermales." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10196/document.
Full textHydrothermal liquefaction of biomass is a promising process for resources with high water content. This type of process takes place under high temperature and pressure conditions (250-370 °C, 50-250 bar). Under these circumstances, various water physicochemical properties are modified and enable to facilitate degradation reactions of polymers that structure biomass. The aim of this phD work is to investigate the reactivity of biomass model compounds (representative of diverse real biomass segments) in hydrothermal media. The effect of the addition of heterogeneous catalysts in reaction conditions has been studied. These catalysts have previously been characterized before and after an aging in hydrothermal conditions. Synthesized Pt/C catalyst presents promising results and thus various kinetic studies have been conducted with targeted model compounds in the presence of Pt/C
Gueye, Moussa. "Optomechanical energy conversion and vibrational coherence in biomimetic molecular photoswitches." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE016/document.
Full textThe research presented durind this Phd work address one of the paradigms of atomic/molecular physics of modern era, namely the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The chemical processes on the atomics level has been reliying on the ability to separate fast electron motion from that of heavy nuclei. We focus in the so called conical intersection (CI), whereby molecular isomerization proceed over timescale clearly violating this paradigmatic approximation. Arguably, the most spectacular example of such process is the primary photochemical event in vision. The key aspect of these ultrafast, and often remarkably efficient, transitions is the conversion of optical energy into mechanical energy through coherent channels, that is with negligible loss of energy due to the random dissipation. This work in many aspects expands on the scope and offers a very challenging, et attractive, endeavour into vibrational coherence of complex molecule in solution. Molecular complexity was primarely motivated by wide applicablity of research on synthetic molecules that mimic the photoreaction of Rhodopsin (Rho), to date the fastest and most efficient optomechanical photoswitch. To this end, we have developed and used a state-of-art ultrafast time domain vibrational coherence spectrometer (VCS), allowing sub-10 fs resolution, hence vibration windows up to 3000 cm-1. Such combinaison unlocks to new ways to control over chemical reactions, whereby mechanistic forces precede rather than outpley thermal fluctuations. This concept transcends chemistry, and as a matter pf example, it has only begun to be exploited in material science. [...]
Barbier, Jérémie Alain. "Relation structure/réactivité en conversion hydrothermale des macromolécules de lignocellulose." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14144/document.
Full textThis work deals with the study of the reaction pathway during the lignocellulosicconstituent liquefaction by water near its critical point. Experimental method consists ininvestigation of lignocellulosic model compounds conversion in pilot plant combined withdevelopment of a new multitechnique analytical approach in order to characterizeproduct chemical structures and molecular weights. Results show that reaction pathwaysare very complex consisting to several fragmentation and condensation competitivereactions. The kinetic study with different reaction times reveals an important differenceof comportment for the glucidic fraction than the lignin fraction of biomass
Blandre, Etienne. "Thermal radiation at the nanoscale : Near-field and interference effects in few-layer structures and on the electrical performances of thermophotovoltaic devices." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI103/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with thermal radiation at nanoscale in order to increase the energy conversion performances of thermophotovoltaic systems (TPV) The basics of thermal radiation and of photovoltaic energy conversion are recalled first. The flux radiated by few-layers emitters supporting interference phenomena are then calculated numerically. These phenomena allows controlling the emission spectrum, and thus the optimization of a selective emitter for TPV application. The next chapter is dedicated to near-field thermal radiation between a semi-infinite emitter and a flat film. This configuration is close to a TPV system, where the semi-infinite emitter can be related to the radiating body, and the film to the photovoltaic device. Different phenomena are analyzed: the behavior of the surface polariton resonances, the spatiale absorption of the radiative power and the interference phenomena in the near-to-far field transition regime. These phenomena can be used to design optimal spectra. In the last chapter, the performances of TPV system under near-field regime (NFR-TPV) are numerically simulated with a coupled charge transport/thermal radiation code. The models based on the low-injection approximation commonly used to simplify the charge transport problem inside the PV device are evaluated in details. Several cell architectures optimizing the performances of the system are then presented. All these results shed new light on thermal radiation of multilayers and their application to thermophotovoltaic conversion
Cella, Benjamin. "On-line partial discharges detection in conversion systems used in aeronautics." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30337/document.
Full textThe more electrical airplane concept led industrial companies to focus a part of their efforts on risks linked to the use of high voltage in a severe environment (Low pressure, wide range of temperature and humidity …). Associated risks are the existence and the growing of partial discharges ultimately leading to the breakdown of the system in which they occur. Considering this problematic, the Liebherr Elektronik GmbH group, in collaboration with the Laplace laboratory, launched the study of a method allowing partial discharges detection in converters intended to be used in aeronautical applications. The results of this work are the subject of this thesis. The first part brings the status of the current knowledge about partial discharges from their physical nature to the detection methods which are used. In the second part, three measurement phases assessing the efficiency of the studied method are introduced and their results discussed. Finally, in the third part, the conclusionsof our works and their perspectives are presented
Shahin, Ahmed Eid Moussa. "Contribution à l’optimisation des structures de conversion DC/DC non isolées." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL045N/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we studied interface converters enabling the interconnection of a low voltage nonlinear source and a medium voltage DC bus. The source selected for the study was a fuel cell PEM. The chosen power architecture corresponds to a cascaded structure constituted with an interleaved Boost converter at input stage and a three-level Boost converter at output stage. To design the converter, we proposed an analytical model to know the total losses in the system according to the operating point and its parameters. We showed that all losses in the converter can be modeled by two nonlinear resistors. An estimation of these resistors, deduced from average model of the converter, is developed. A control based on the concept of differential systems flatness has been used for the proposed converter structure. It allows taking into account the different system constraints. High dynamic properties as regard to external perturbations or parameters variations are achieved. In the last part of the thesis, we investigate solutions to respect the constraints on the rate of input current ripple. We propose a new active filtering converter connected in parallel with the power one. We have shown that the ripple current of a boost converter was reduced, the ripple current being reduced from 23.3% to 1.9%
Nowakowska, Milena. "Conversion thermique des goudrons provenant de la gazéification de la biomasse." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0092/document.
Full textTars are compounds limiting the optimal operation of thermochemical processes of biomass conversion. The reactions of these compounds were studied to better understand their formation, maturation and decay. The study of the decomposition of three model compounds from biomass was conducted with a jet stirred reactor. The studied compounds were anisole and guaiacol, representing the primary tars from lignin and the 5-methylfurfural, representing the primary tars from cellulose. The pyrolysis and the oxidation of these compounds were performed at atmospheric pressure, at a residence time of 2 s and at high dilution, and for a wide range of temperatures. The oxidation was carried out in stoichiometric conditions ([phi]= 1). Reaction products were quantified by gas chromatography and identified using mass spectrometry. Detailed kinetic mechanisms for the pyrolysis and oxidation (based on a combustion model for light aromatics) have been developed for each compound. Models predict well the conversion of reactants and the formation of the main products
Belhaj, Essia. "Valorisation des laitiers d'aciérie de conversion dans les liants hydrauliques routiers." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10130/document.
Full textBasic Oxygen Furnace slag (BOF slag) valorisation in hydraulic road binders is investigated. The study was conducted on two different aspects. In a first part, BOF slag characterization, their hydraulic behaviour analysis and their thermal and/or chemical activation study were presented. They have interesting compressive strength (50Mpa) at 180 days. The particle size distribution, temperature and CaCl2 improve BOF slag mechanical properties. An industrial study has focused on BOF slag based hydraulic road binders formulation. Their mechanical properties have been studied according to standardization. It results that the use of 30 to 40% of BOF slag in hydraulic road binders is possible. This conclusion represents an attractive solution to enhance these industrial byproducts
Bulut, Ibrahim. "Synthèse et caractérisation de matériaux semi-conducteurs pour la conversion photovoltaïque." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAE005/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to develop efficient semi-conducting organic materials for organic photovoltaics. This work is focuses on the optimization of electron-donor organic semiconductors for the preparation of bulk heterojunction devices, in blend with a fullerene derivative used as electron-acceptor material. More specifically, it is to perform a systematic optimization study of two reference families (macromolecular and molecular respectively) from the laboratory, which have already led to interesting photovoltaic performances. For this, we followed a structured and systematic approach targeting the most relevant chemical parameters to be varied. To determine the properties of new materials synthesized, spectroscopic, electrochemical, structural, charge transport and photovoltaic characterizations were systematically made
Bonnard, Rémi. "Burst CMOS image sensor with on-chip analog to digital conversion." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD006/document.
Full textThis work aims to study the inflows of the 3D integration technology to ultra-high speed CMOS imaging. The acquisition speed range considered here is between one million to one billion images per second. However above ten thousand images per second, classical image sensor architectures are limited by the data bandwidth of the output buffers. To reach higher acquisition frequencies, a burst architecture is used where a set of about one hundred images are acquired and stored on-chip. 3D integration technologies become popular more than ten years ago and are considered as a complementary solution to the technological improvements of the devices. We have chosen a technology where integrated circuits are stacked on the top of each other (3D-SIC). The interconnection density between the circuits is high enough to enable interconnections at the pixel level. The 3D integration offers some significant advantages because it allows deporting the readout electronic below the pixel. It thus increases the fill factor of the pixel while offering a wide area to the signal processing circuit. For burst imaging, this technology provides more room to the memory dedicated to the image storage while staying close to the pixel. It also allows implementing analog to digital converter on-chip
Mothes, Patricia. "Quand l'analyse didactique clinique des pratiques évaluatives révèle les ressorts du désir d'enseigner : étude de cas en français et en mathématiques dans le premier degré (cycle 3)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20095/document.
Full textNowadays, evaluation is a scholasticly thorny question, which is the center of the didactical debate. This clinicaldidactics research with understanding aim questions the asessment situation in primary school (cycle 3) from the teacherpoint of view, both in writing production and problems solving tasks. Within a context where the teacher is versatile, and where pressure to evaluate is getting more and more important, this research tries to understand how teaching desire is(re)structuring, but also which are spécific didactical conversion process of the situation. Last, as evaluation also is the place of contingency and teacher / pupil difficulty place of meeting, it questions the situation effects on the teacher. The originality of this work takes place in its clinical didactic approach, taking as main focal the question ofsubject in its links to knowledge(s), institution and test-time. It's a question of considering professionnal practices acrossprism of evaluation, considering this situtaion is dynamic : it acts on the teacher as the teacher acts on it. Clinicaldidactics, and above all concepts of « déjà-là », « impossible to deal with » and « link to test-time » allow to give lightand understand evaluative situation in a better way. How and why does Jean, a starting teacher practising in a centertown school, continue to teach during evaluative situation ? Why does Karine, experienced teacher in a countrysideschool, refuse evaluation ? And finally, why does Solange, experienced teacher in a mid-urban school, « forget » toorganise writing evaluation ? So much questions that usual didactic struggle to deal with. From the crossed analysis ofthree contrasting cases building, this work tries to characterise the structuring of the link to evaluation from threedimensions : link to institution, link to knwoledge(s) and link to times-test. Data gathered through interviews,questionnaires and videos are analysed from a methodolgy which crosses didactic engineering methodology tools, andclinical didactic temporality. After a first interview, the teacher is getting proposed a didactic engineering of sommativeevaluation including two test, one in wrinting and one in problems solving. Both sessions are video recorded.Afterwards, a second interview allows the subject to re-work his truth out.Taken into didactic, the subject is in the middle of a group of tensions which crystallize during evaluation time.From this point of view, the observation of the teacher during evaluation time, and especially the analysis of gapsbetween what is planned and what is done, or between what is done and what is observed, knowledge to be evalued andknowledge assessed reveal springs of the teaching desire of the subject.Conclusions open tracks for both research and teaching, in the sense of better considering the singularity of thesubject n the conception of education
Zhang, Wanjie. "Etude des interfaces de batteries lithium-ion : application aux anodes de conversion." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3024/document.
Full textIn the past decades, the need for portable power has accelerated due to the miniaturization of electronic appliances. It continues to drive research and development of advanced energy systems, especially for lithium ion battery systems. As a consequence, conversion materials for lithium-ion batteries, including Sb and Sn-based compounds, have attracted much intense attention for their high storage capacities. Among conversion materials, TiSnSb has been recently developed as a negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries. This material is able to reversibly take up 6.5 Li per formula unit which corresponds to a specific capacity of 580 mAh/g. In the field of lithium-ion battery research, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as a protective passivation film formed at electrode surface owing to the reduction of the electrolyte components, has been considered as a determinant factor on the performances of lithium-ion battery. Thus it has been a focused topic of many researches. However, little information can be found about the formation and composition of the SEI layer formed on TiSnSb conversion electrode at this time. With the aim to investigate the influences of the SEI layer on the performances of composite TiSnSb electrode, we first studied the electrochemical properties of the electrode from various aspects, including the effects of cycling rates, electrolyte additives, as well as room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). Especially, a RTILs-based electrolyte system was developed and optimized by evaluating its physicochemical properties to be able to further improve the performances of TiSnSb electrode. In order to characterize the SEI layer formed at electrode surface, we performed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This study allowed to target some essential parameters concerning electrochemical performances linked with the nature of the solid electrolyte interphase.*
Giroud, Maude. "Implication des microARNs dans la conversion des adipocytes blancs en adipocytes thermogéniques." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4082/document.
Full textThe recent discovery of functional brown adipocytes in adult humans has led to the consideration of their use to increase energy expenditure in the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Furthermore, in rodents and humans, islands of thermogenic adipocytes, termed “brite” (brown in white) adipocytes, emerge within white adipose tissue after cold exposure or β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Using hMADS cells, we identified several miRNAs regulated during “britening” including miR-125b and let-7i which showed lower levels in brite adipocytes. Functional analysis using miR-125b mimic or miR-125b inhibitor transfection revealed that miR-125b-5p acts as a brake of the browning of hMADS cells by impairing respiration rate as well as their mitochondrial content. miR-125b and let-7i levels were lower in brown compared to white adipose tissue. In vivo, we showed that both miRNAs levels were down regulated in mice sub-cutaneous white and brown adipose tissues upon β3-adrenergic receptors stimulation or cold exposure, which is associated with BAT activation and brite adipocyte recruitment. We found that injection of both miRNA mimics in subcutaneous white adipose tissue inhibited β3-adrenergic-induced brown adipocyte markers expression. Altogether, our observations showed that miR-125b and let-7i played an important role in the modulation of brite and brown adipocytes function targeting oxygen consumption and mitochondrial gene expression
Lopez, Santos Oswaldo. "Contribution to the DC-AC conversion in photovoltaic systems : Module oriented converters." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAT0001/document.
Full textThese last years, a growing interest in power electronic systems has been motivated by the emergence of distributed renewable energy resources and their interconnection with the grid. In this context, the need of low power topologies fed by a few photovoltaic modules avoiding the use of transformers opens the study of special converters and the associated control strategies ensuring stability, reliability and high efficiency. A resulted generic device known in the commercial and scientific literature as “microinverter” or “module integrated converter” performs a plug and play product together with the PV module called an “AC module”.This work is devoted to the study of a transformer-less single-phase double-stage grid-connected microinverter. The proposed topology has a non-isolated high-gain boost type DC-DC converter and a non-isolated buck type DC-AC converter connected in cascade through a DC bus. The DC-DC converter permanently extracts the maximum power of the PV module ensuring at the same time a good performance coping with power changes introduced by the change in the environmental conditions. The DC-AC stage injects the power extracted by the DC-DC stage into the grid ensuring a high level of power quality. The research efforts focus on the involved control functions based on the sliding mode control theory, which leads to a simple implementation with a comprehensive theoretical description validated through simulation and experimental results.After giving the state-of-the-art in the first chapter, the manuscript is divided into four chapters, which are dedicated to the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), the DC-DC stage and its control, the DC-AC stage and its control and the complete microinverter. A new Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) MPPT algorithm is proposed. The single-switch quadratic boost converter is studied operating as a Loss-Free-Resistor (LFR) obtaining a high DC output voltage level with a safe operation. The full-bridge converter is controlled as a Power Source Inverter (PSI) using a simple sliding-mode based tracking law, regulating the voltage of the DC bus and then ensuring a high power quality level in the grid connection. Finally, the three building blocks are merged to obtain a sliding mode controlled microinverter constituting the main result and contribution of the work
Bechara, Rami. "Methodology for the design of optimal processes : application to sugarcane conversion processes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10229/document.
Full textThe use of a systematic methodology is crucial for the design of optimal chemical processes, namely bio-processes. Multi-objective optimization of rigorous process models is therein a prime example, with extensive use in literature. This method yields a Pareto set of optimal compromise solutions, from which one optimal solution is chosen based on specific criteria. This methodology was applied, in the course of this thesis, to two studied processes. The first consisted in a distillery converting sugarcane to ethanol, combined with a sugarcane biomass combustion and power cogeneration system. The second contained an additional biomass hydrolysis system. Our first contribution deals with the construction of an organized procedure for the modeling, simulation, heat integration and equipment and capital cost estimation of chemical processes. The second contribution deals with the analysis of the optimization results through a tracking of measured variables, the fragmentation of the Pareto curve, an ordering of optimization variables, and a comparisons with literature results. The final realization deals with the selection step realized through an economic evaluation of optimal solutions for various scenarios, with the Net Present Value as the selection criterion. In conclusion, this thesis constitutes a first integral application of the said methodology. It sets, through its contributions, a stepping stone for future application in the field of chemical and biochemical processes, namely for sugarcane processes
Benoit, Aurélien. "Sources laser fibrées hybrides de haute puissance : Amplification et conversion de fréquences." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0024/document.
Full textHigh-power fiber lasers adress an increasing number of applications since ten years. In the frame of a CIFRE contract between the company Eolite Systems and Xlim (joint laboratory between CNRS and the University of Limoges), the goal of this PhD project was to develop the technological blocs to achieve all-fibre high-power lasers emiting out of the conventional spectral band covered by existing lasers.Modal instabilities in large mode area (LMA) fibers are currently the main limitation of the fiber lasers power scaling. We have experimentally demonstrated the relevance of inner cladding aperiodic structures to efficiently delocalize higher order modes outside the gain region. A systematic study of passive fibers based on such structures has shown the single propagation of the fundamental mode over a wide wavelength range from 1 to 2 µm for dimension of core up to 85 µm. This effective mode delocalization even extends up to a core dimension of 140 µm at a 2 µm wavelength.The combination of high power picosecond fiber laser with an average power of 22.7 W and a hydrogen-filled inhibited coupling Kagome fiber allowed us to generate two Raman combs over five frequency octaves from 321 nm to 12.5 µm. These two combs are controlled by the laser pump polarization and generated an average power of 10.1 W displayed over 70 laser lines for circular pump polarization and 8.6 W over 30 lines for linear polarization. Some laser lines within these combs have been generated for the first time from high-power fiber source in the mid-infrared range. We have also demonstrated the generation of high-power line by optimizing the first vibrational Stokes at 1.8 µm with an average power of 9.3 W and a quantum efficiency of the frequency conversion stage close to 80%
Saillard, Romain. "Tenue en corrosion de l'alliage d'aluminium 2024 revêtu d'une couche de conversion au chrome trivalent - Influence de l'état microstructural." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0081/document.
Full textIn reply to REACH regulation, which stipulates that hexavalent chromium substance shall besubject to authorization in 2017, manufacturers of aeronautic industries have performed, forseveral years, research and development of new surface treatments less harmful for theenvironment and health. The work planned in NEPAL (NEw Protections for ALminium) researchprogram is part of this large program. The chromate-containing treatments, using Cr(VI)compounds, will disappear in the near future; new formulations have been developed includingtrivalent chromium conversion processes. The thesis project aims to reinforce robustness of theseprocesses by providing data useful for understanding the corrosion resistance of aluminium alloyscoated with trivalent chromium coatings, in relation to their microstructural state. The thesis workwas developed on a 2024 aluminium alloy, among those most used in the aeronautics sector.Several microstructures were considered in order to modify the distribution of major alloyselements, copper and magnesium. The fine characterization of the microstructure and theevaluation of the reactivity of the samples in the different conversion treatment baths highlight theinfluence of the copper distribution in the alloy, this alloying element being detrimental to thegrowth of the conversion coating when it is in the form of fine precipitates. Finally, the study of twosheets of aluminium alloy with different thicknesses reveals the influence of new microstructuralparameters such as grain boundaries or coarse precipitation. This work was performed in theframework of the NEPAL FUI project. CIRIMAT was financially supported by the French Ministry ofEconomy and industry (BPI-France), the Région Occitanie Pyrénées-Méditerranée and theEuropean Union (FEDER/ERDF)
Belhadj, Taher Aymen. "Etude théorique et expérimentale de composants innovants à fibres optiques multiples." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0036/document.
Full textThese research works presented in this manuscript aim at designing, simulate, manufacture and characterizing the modal converter based microstructured air-silica cane. This function represents a key element for modal multiplexers and chromatic dispersion compensators. The proposed component is based on a tapered microstructured air-silica cane « taper » which constitutes a transition between the two different fibers. The conversion is done through the excitation of a particular mode in a multimode or few mode fibers from a standard fiber. In the tapered structures, the understanding of the different theories involving the coupling between the different modes was yet necessary. A thorough study is carried to analyze the phenomenon of coupling and study the adiabatic criterion. This component is developed around an existing manufacturing technology at XLIM which based in the technique « stack and draw». Finally, we validate numerically and experimentally that principle. We succeed to excite the fundamental mode and higher order modes in a multimode fiber
Dieudonné, Belto. "Guides d’onde en verres et vitrocéramiques fluorés dopés terre rare élaborés par PVD pour l’émission dans le visible et la conversion de fréquence." Thesis, Le Mans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEMA1023/document.
Full textThe project joins in the development of miniaturized laser sources RGB for display and videoprojection, frequency conversion in solar cells.Fluoride glasses ZLAG ( ZrF4-LaF3-AlF3-GaF3) co-doped with rare earths were studied. This glass has a low phonon energy, a strong solubility of the rare earth ions and can be fabricated as thin films by PVD. It is also the precursor of transparent glass-ceramics. Similar emissions in both co-doped bulk and waveguides have been observed ; blue, orange, red emission for Pr3+-Yb3+ and blue, red emission for Tm3+-Yb3+. The RGB emission in bulk Tm3+-Er3+-Yb3+ tri-doped glass seems promising. Furthermore, the absorption cross section of Pr3+ and Yb3+ ions has been increased by 30% with the ceraming process.An energy transfer efficiency (ETE) of 92% has been obtained for co-doped glass with 0,5Pr3+-10Yb3+ for the conversion process of a blue photon into two infrared one
Harmon, Trev R. "On-Line Electronic Document Collaboration and Annotation." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1589.pdf.
Full textBouttes, Maelys. "Evolution de la vulnérabilité des élevages laitiers permise par leur conversion à l'agriculture biologique." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0093/document.
Full textIn a situation of high vulnerability induced by the 2009 and 2014-2016 milk crises, many dairy farmers convert to organic farming, which seems a promising alternative. But the conversion to organic farming is a period of changes in farming practices, farm consultants, etc. sources of uncertainties without immediate valuation of the milk at the organic price before 1 ½ to 2 years. This conversion decision raises the question of the vulnerability of dairy farms, i.e. their ability to cope with, adapt to or recover from the effects of various hazards before, during and after the conversion. My PhD project aimed to assess whether the conversion to organic farming is a way to reduce the vulnerability of dairy farms. To that end, my work relied on three research set-ups based on surveys with dairy farmers at different stages of their conversion to organic farming. In terms of knowledge production, this work shows that conversion to organic farming can be an important lever to reduce farms vulnerability, as long as they move towards pasture-based system. In terms of methodological production, the main originality of my work lies in the development of an integrated and dynamic method for vulnerability assessment
Olmi, Christophe. "Contribution à l'évaluation de la fiabilité des chaînes polyphasées de conversion électromécanique d'énergie." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0013/document.
Full textElectrical multi-phase machines exhibit intrinsic advantages (power subdivision, weak torque ripple) compared to 3-phase machines. Multi-phase machines are appreciated for marine propulsion. They own reconfiguration capabilities due to redundancy because of their high number of phases. Those capabilities are able to improve multi-phase machines reliability by using degraded modes. Presented work proposes a methodology to quantify the multi-phase system reliability. Static converter is particularly investigated as its components are a weak point in the system. Continuous virtual bases of the components are developed to prevent quantification effects. Main stressors are identified and included in the failure rates assessment of the different system components. Markov models are used to take into account the reconfiguration consequences onto the reliability function. A coupled criterion performance-reliability is introduced to characterize degraded modes into the reliability assessment. Examples of the method application from marine environment are exhibited including their topology, mission profile and control strategy, which strongly influence the stressors. A sensitivity analysis is proposed showing the input data scattering effect onto the reliability function
Vaure, Louis. "Matériaux à base de nanocristaux semi-conducteurs de chalcopyrite pour la conversion thermoélectrique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV002/document.
Full textThis thesis presents the studies made on semiconducting nanocrystals, to be integrated in thermoelectric generators. Thermoelectricity generates a current through a temperature difference between two faces, connected by thermoelectric legs which conduct the charges. Nowadays, the most efficient materials at room temperature contains tellurium, which is toxic and expansive due to its scarcity. A study on theory and literature is carried to understand the underlying phenomena which help us explain the thermoelectric conversion. The potentially interesting materials are selected for their cost and efficiency, tunable by varying different parameters. Chalcopyrite, of formula CuFeS2, presents promising properties for thermoelectricity, and offers an interesting way to replace classic materials as a non-toxic earth-abundant substitute. The chemical synthesis allows to control the composition of the material and to obtain 30 to 50 nm sized nanocrystals, able to scatter phonons and diminish the thermal conductivity of the material as a consequence. The thesis is describing the study of these semiconducting CuFeS2 nanocrystals, and is divided in two main parts.The first part describes the chemical synthesis of the nanocrystals and the characterization of their structure. Two ways of synthesis are developed and optimized, allowing to control the stoichiometry of the material, and to obtain crystals of different sizes and shapes. A complete study of the composition of the nanocrystals is made by XPS, EDX and thermogravimetric analysis. The study of the material by X-ray diffraction shows that the chemical composition of the nanocrystals, as well as the temperature and the pressure, have an influence on their crystalline phase. A phase transition from the wurtzite phase to the chalcopyrite phase is described.In the second part, are studied the thermoelectric properties of the nanocrystals. Their preparation as solid materials is described. The improvement made on their efficiency is following three main paths. The obtained material is a n type conductor, which means it carries electrons. Its thermal conductivity is reduced due to the nanostructuration. The first strategy consists in varying the composition of the nanocrystals, and especially the ratio between positive and negative charges, carried by ions, to modify the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of the material through doping. The second way of improvement is by replacing the native insulating ligands of the nanocrystals by short inorganic conducting ones, to increase the electrical properties of the material. Finally, metallic nanoparticles, of silver, tin and copper, are blended with the nanocrystals to improve the electrical conductivity of the resulting nanocomposite material.This thesis helps one to understand the relation between structure, composition and thermoelectrical properties of ternary semiconducting materials. It is possible to think of ways of improvement for the studied materials. Our best results are state of the art for this family of materials, especially around room temperature. There is room for improvement, with a proper combination of the studied parameters. During a future work, the optimized material could be integrated to a thermoelectric - photovoltaic device, for conversion of the solar energy through the two phenomena