Journal articles on the topic 'Documental typology'

The purpose of this paper is to understand the strategic behavior of an organization from the Brazilian ethanol industry. Specifically, this paper aimed to describe how the organization’s entrance in the Brazilian ethanol industry occurred, and to identify the organization’s positioning and strategic behavior through the application of Miles and Snow (1978) typology. Using a qualitative research design, a case study was conducted, based on documental research and semistructured interviews with three directors from the studied organization. We also utilized a structured questionnaire elaborated by Conant et al. (1990) and adapted by Gardelin (2010), aiming to categorize the strategies adopted by the organization. The results showed that the organization has a hybrid behavior pattern, varying from investigative to analytical, characterizing its strategic behavior through a dual strategy: on one hand, the organization investigates the environment and its competitive industry, introducing an innovative perspective in its external and internal operations; and on the other hand, the organization analyzes these internal and external contexts seeking a more effective positioning in national and international markets. Thus, Miles and Snow typology presents itself as an important research tool for the analysis and adoption of certain strategic positioning and decision making, establishing itself as a frame of reference for studies that seek to understand the strategic organizational reality.

O artigo toma como referência a Lei Robin Hood, que tem como objetivo a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população mineira através da descentralização da distribuição da cota-parte do ICMS, da desconcentração da renda, da alocação de recursos locais em áreas sociais, do aumento da arrecadação, da eficiência do gasto público local e da criação de uma parceria entre estado e municípios.Questiona se a referida LRH estaria alcançando tais objetivos além das pesquisas bibliográfica e documental, utiliza o Método de Análise por Quadrantes para construir tipologias de municípios segundo nível de pobreza e o montante de recursos transferidos. Constata, ainda, que os resultados demonstram que critérios com baixa capacidade redistributiva ou concentradores apresentam pesos relativamente elevados, que municípios pobres receberam montantes comparativamente pequenos e os mais ricos foram beneficiadas com transferências expressivas. Conclui que, apesar de representar um avanço, a Lei demanda aprimoramentos que permitam minimizar a elevada heterogeneidade socioeconômica que caracteriza os municípios mineiros.Palavras-chave: Federalismo; federalismo fiscal; transferências intergovernamentais; Lei Robin Hood; Minas GeraisANALYSIS OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS BETWEEN STATES AND CITIES THROUGH THECONSTRUCTION OF A TYPOLOGY OF COUNTIES: the case of Law Robin Hood in Minas GeraisAbstract: The article take as reference the Robin Hood Law (RHL) that has as goal the improvement of life quality of Minas Gerais population through ICMS quote-part distribution decentralization, income deconcentration, allocation of local resources in social areas, increase in taxes, efficiency of local public expenditure, and creation of a partnership between state and counties. It asks if RHL would be reaching those goals, in addition to bibliographic and documental research, Quadrant Analysis Method is used to build counties typology according to poverty level and resources transferred. It also notes that the results show that criteria with low redistributive capacity or concentrators have relatively high weight, that poor counties get smaller amounts than the rich ones. It concludes that although RHL represents a step forward, it also needs improvements for minimizing the high socioeconomic heterogeneity typical of Minas Gerais counties.Keywords: Federalism, fiscal federalism, intergovernmental transfers, Robin Hood Law, Minas Gerais.

The ethnography os diocesan visitations: a source in the study of population, family and mestizaje in the modern periodResumoO artigo busca fazer uma análise das visitações diocesanas e de como operava a lógica das devassas e pastorais eclesiásticas até finais do século XVIII na América Portuguesa. Propõe-se a demonstrar como essa documentação constituiu parte do processo de moralização e ocidentalização que formou a burocracia das sociedades americanas. A partir da crítica historiográfica dessa tipologia documental, a análise foca tanto a questão da alteridade dos grupos sociais, quanto a importância desses registros para o estudo da família e da mestiçagem na formação de diversificada população.Palavras-chaves: visitações diocesanas, visitas episcopais, devassas e pastorais eclesiásticasAbstract:The article seeks to analyze the diocesan visitations and how operated the ecclesiastical devassas and pastoral until the late eighteenth century in Portuguese America. It proposes to demonstrate how that documentation was part of the process of moralization and Westernization that formed the bureaucracy of American societies. From the critical historiography of this documental typology, the analysis brings into focus both the question of social groups’ otherness, as the importance of these records for the study of family and mestizaje in the formation of diverse population.Keywords: episcopal and diocesan visitations, ecclesiastical devassas and pastoral.

En el contexto de la disputa por la hegemonía, en este trabajo se analiza cómo ha impactado la transformación de la política comercial externa norteamericana a partir de la asunción de la administración Trump en los escenarios de las negociaciones comerciales internacionales. Se argumenta que las negociaciones comerciales internacionales tienen un valor estratégico como instrumento de política internacional frente al cambio en el escenario global. Se identifican cuatro tendencias para las negociaciones comerciales internacionales y se propone una tipología para las mismas, en función de los ejes cooperación-confrontación y cambio de reglas de juego – preservación del status quo. Se trata de un estudio de casos múltiples, aunque no comparado, de base cualitativa, con énfasis en el análisis documental. Abstract: In the context of the hegemonic dispute, this paper analyzes how the transformation of the American foreign trade policy since the assumption of Trump’s administration have impacted in the scenarios of international trade negotiations. It is argued that international trade negotiations have a strategic value as an instrument of international policy in the face of the change of the global scenario. Four trends for international trade negotiations are identified and a typology, based on the axes of cooperation-confrontation and change of rules of the game- preservation of the status quo, is proposed. It is a multiple case study, although not compared, with a qualitative basis, and with emphasis on documentary analysis. Keywords: international trade negotiations; international negotiation strategies; globalization crisis; Trump. Recebido em: Agosto/2018. Aprovado em: Outubro/2018.

ResumoO presente artigo realiza um estudo sobre alfabetização e letramento científico, abordando o tema: o consumo responsável para uma prática de alimentação saudável. A temática e os conteúdos sobre alimentação saudável estão inseridos na nova Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) e são contemplados nos materiais didáticos. A investigação acontece a partir de uma atividade de identificação de rótulos de alimentos de um livro didático de Ciências da Natureza do quinto ano do Ensino Fundamental I. O livro foi escolhido pelos professores da rede municipal de ensino do município de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, em uma proposta de alfabetização e letramento científico. A análise acontece na perspectiva de Antoni Zabala sobre as concepções da tipologia dos conteúdos conceituais, procedimentais e atitudinais. Este artigo de investigação foi realizado durante a disciplina Linguagens e Alfabetização Científica do Programa de Mestrado em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática. A metodologia de investigação se baseia em uma análise documental do material didático aprovado pelo Programa Nacional do Livro e do Material Didático (PNLD) intitulado “Buriti Mais Ciências”, publicado pela Editora Moderna. Os resultados obtidos revelam que a proposta analisada é potencializadora no ensino de alfabetização e letramento nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental I, e contribui na apropriação do conhecimento científico, permitindo questionamentos, reflexões, posicionamentos sobre o consumo consciente dos alimentos. Palavras-chave: Ensino. Alfabetização. Letramento. AbstractThis paper carries out a study on literacy and scientific literacy, addressing the theme: responsible consumption for a healthy eating practice. The theme and content on healthy eating are included in the new National Common Curricular Base (BNCC) and also in the teaching materials. The investigation takes place based on an activity to identify food packaging in a textbook on natural sciences in the fifth grade of Elementary School. This textbook was chosen by teachers from the public school system in the municipality of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, in a proposed literacy and scientific literacy. The analysis takes place from the perspective of Antoni Zabala on the typology of conceptual conceptions, procedural and attitudinal contents. This research was carried out during the Languages and Scientific Literacy course of the Master's Program in Science and Mathematics Teaching. The research methodology is based on a documental analysis of the textbook approved by the Brazilian Textbook Program (PNLD) entitled “Buriti Mais Ciências”, published by Editora Moderna. The results obtained reveal that the analyzed proposal has been improving the literacy teaching and scientific literacy in the early years of Elementary School, contributing to the scientific knowledge appropriation, allowing questions and reflections on the conscious food consumption. Keywords: Teaching. Literacy. Scientific Literacy.

Este artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa documental tendo como base a análise de um material educativo elaborado com a finalidade de conscientizar a população sobre os malefícios do tabagismo. O documento analisado foi retirado do site da Fundação Portuguesa de Cardiologia em consideração ao dia nacional do não fumador. Contém uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os inconvenientes do tabaco, os males que acarreta e as substâncias nocivas que apresenta. Como referencial teórico foi utilizada a tipologia de conteúdos de ensino proposta por Antoni Zabala e a análise considerou os tipos de conteúdo presentes no material utilizado na referida campanha. Após o estudo concluiu-se que o material aborda vários tipos de conteúdos, podendo assim, contribuir para a sensibilização da população-alvo tendo potencial para induzir a uma atitude de mudança além de atingir a população não fumante como modo de prevenção em saúde. Palavras-chave: Materiais Educativos. Campanhas de Saúde. Educação em Saúde. Abstract This article is the documentary research’s result based on an educational material elaborated with the aim of making the population aware about the damages from smoking. The analyzed document was taken from the site of Cardiology’s Portuguese Foundation in consideration of the non-smoker national’s day. It contains a bibliographic review about the inconveniences of tobacco, the illness that it entails and the harmful substances it presents. The typology of teaching contents proposed by Antoni Zabala was used as a theoretical reference and the analysis considered the types of contents present in the material applied in that campain. After the research it was concluded that the material addresses several types of contents, thus contributing to the vulnerability of smoking population with te potential to induce a change’s attitude besides affecting the non-smoker population as a way of health’s prevention. Keywords: Educational Materials. Health Campaigns. Health Education.

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar el intercambio fronterizo en la región Tijuana-San Diego de los servicios de atención médica, cuidados de la salud y medicamentos. Aun con un gran número de investigaciones y estudios, todavía se tienen muchos cuestionamientos con respecto al impacto de este intercambio en el desarrollo regional. El método empleado es exploratorio, analítico documental y de revisión de la literatura existente. En este trabajo se delimita el mercado trasfronterizo del sur de California y la zona fronteriza de Tijuana, las motivaciones de los usuarios y compradores, las principales barreras, características y tipología. Se enuncian algunas de las áreas para futuras investigaciones y finalmente se formulan algunas propuestas que tienen implicaciones en las políticas públicas. Este estudio arroja luz sobre la posibilidad de elevar los ingresos provenientes del comercio de los servicios de salud, mejorar la satisfacción de los usuarios y consumidores y mitigar las consecuencias negativas asociadas con el diseño de políticas y de iniciativas en los ámbitos multilateral, binacional, regional. ABSTRACTThe objective of this article is to analyze the border exchange in the Tijuana-San Diego region of medical services, health care and medicines. Despite the numerous research studies conducted, there are still many questions regarding the impact from this exchange on regional development. The exploratory method, documentary analysis and a review of the literature were utilized. This article is focused on the transboundary market of southern California and the Tijuana border area, the motivations of users and buyers, the main barriers, characteristics and typology. Some areas for future studies are specified, and lastly, some proposals with implications for public policies are formulated. This study sheds light on the possibilities of increasing income from commerce in health services, improving the satisfaction of users and consumers, and mitigating the negative consequences associated with the design of policies and initiatives at the multilateral, binational and regional levels.

Der Beitrag präsentiert zentrale Ergebnisse einer rekonstruktiven Studie zum Berufseinstieg von Lehrerinnen und Lehrern. Untersucht wird die Frage, wie sich berufseinsteigende Lehrpersonen im Medium ihres Habitus mit wahrgenommenen Normen des beruflichen Handelns auseinandersetzen und diese bearbeiten. Grundlage bilden narrative Interviews mit 30 deutschen und schweizerischen Lehrpersonen des Gymnasiums und der Primarstufe, die über zwei Jahre in ihrem Berufseinstieg begleitet wurden. In der Auswertung mittels Dokumentarischer Methode konnten zwei modi operandi der Auseinandersetzung mit Spannungsverhältnissen zwischen den berufsbezogenen Habitus der Lehrpersonen und den von ihnen wahrgenommenen Normen rekonstruiert werden. Die Habitus gestalten sich in empirisch differenzierbaren konjunktiven Erfahrungsräumen der organisationsbezogenen und der unterrichtsbezogenen Interaktion unterschiedlich aus. Die Analysen lassen Prozessstrukturen der habituellen Bewältigung alltäglicher beruflicher Praxis erkennbar werden.

The article considers a genre of the documentary that is nature documentaries, dedicated to wildlife of our Planet, covering the ornithology, oceanology and botany sciences. Certain specific cinematographic, linguistic codes and area affiliation are the key prerequisites for nature documentary to be considered as a sub-genre. The article highlights the lexical and syntactic components in the text of a popular science documentary along with some expressive elements (intonation, face expression and gestures). The manifestation of the above mentioned features of a nature documentary is associated with the type of audiovisual text. The author of the article proposes a typology of audiovisual texts of popular science documentaries, which is based on various methods of narration and presentation of material to the recipient. She distinguishes three types of nature documentary texts: 1) off-screen narration text; 2) a combination of the off-screen narration and on-screen commentator’s text; 3) off-screen narration, on-screen commentator’s text and on-screen interview text.

This article presents the synthesis documents specific to the Activity-Based Costing (ABC) method, based on their definition, composition and typology. The article describes the defining elements of the synthesis documents in their capacity of instruments for measuring and monitoring the performance of an entity and the role of these instruments in the formation of a "general dashboard". The dashboard allows visualization of overall trends tracked by the entity and helps managers in making appropriate decisions. The article ends with the authors' conclusions about the benefits of these synthesis documents, specifically to the ABC method, in their use as the main source for correct and timely management decisions.

Issues of inequality in higher education have received considerable attention in recent decades, but the intersection of inequality and educational technology at an institutional level has received little attention. This study aims to provide a perspective on institutional educational technology policy informed by current understandings of inequality. The study takes the form of a content analysis of institutional educational technology policy and strategy documents of universities in the United Kingdom and South Africa. A preliminary review of the educational technology policy literature reveals low levels of engagement with issues of inequality in policy documents at an institutional level. Therborn’s typology of inequality provides the basis of a structured framework for the analysis, with Bourdieu’s concepts of capital being incorporated as markers of the various types of inequality. The study reveals regional differences in the approach to inequality as a policy matter, as well as a varied engagement with the issues of inequality related to educational technology at a policy level.

The aim of this research is to find out speech acts used in legal documents. To discuss the problems of this research, two theories are applied, namely, the translation theory of Newmark completed by the concept of pragmatic (for what purpose, to whom, when and where the legal documents are used), while for speech acts typology, Searle's theory is applied. The data used for this research were taken from 6 (six) legal documents in the form of employment contract, conciliation agreement, lease agreement, sales agreement, lease of resident and business place and lease of villa agreement. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that from the five specific types of speech acts put forward by Searle and Cruse, only 4 (four) speech acts were found, namely, (1) representative, (2) directive, (3) comisive, and (4) declarative speech acts. While expressive speech act was not found in this research.

The famous collections of new art works of the late 19th – early 20th centuries of the great collectors S.I. Shchukin and I.A. Morozov have a pronounced individual character. The documentary materials of these collectors, stored in the Department of manuscripts of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, are also distinct. The preservation, number and typology of documents reflect not only the personality and fate of the collectors, but also the history of the country. The first special address to the history of formation and the composition of I.A. Morozov's documents collection complements the collector's way and the fate of his collection. Leaving practically no personal and family documents, I.A. Morozov carefully handed over business papers to the museum curators, confirming the immaculate provenance of his collection. Drawing attention to personal provenance funds brings to the fore the importance of their acquisition and preservation. Знаменитые собрания произведений нового искусства конца XIX – начала XX века великих коллекционеров С.И. Щукина и И.А. Морозова носят ярко выраженный индивидуальный характер. Также непохожи и документальные материалы этих собирателей, хранящиеся в отделе рукописей Государственного музея изобразительных искусств им. А.С. Пушкина. Сохранность, численность и типология документов отражают не только личность и судьбу коллекционеров, но и историю страны. Первое специальное обращение к истории формирования и составу коллекции документов И.А. Морозова дополняет коллекционерский путь собирателя и судьбу его коллекции. Не оставив практически никаких личных и семейных документов, И.А. Морозов бережно передал музейным хранителям деловые бумаги, подтверждающие безупречный провенанс его коллекции. Привлечение внимания к фондам личного происхождения актуализирует важность их комплектования и сохранения.

The City of Belgrade is situated at the confluence of the Sava and Danube. Accordingly, this geographical position has strongly shaped Belgrade's strategic and geopolitical significance, as well as its identity. In the last two decades, the development of several mega-projects in the area of Belgrade waterfront has had a negative impact on the cultural heritage of Belgrade and its historical cityscape, affecting its urban morphology and typology. The reason for this is that urban regeneration is most often driven by economic interests, while the preservation of meaning and the memory of a place are neglected. Along with these processes, several civic initiatives have emerged that aim to prevent damage to the built heritage and to indicate the need for stronger involvement of citizens in the city's planning and development processes. In order to discontinue the tendency of being driven by economic interest and demonstrate a will to achieve further sustainable development, it is necessary to redefine the procedure for protecting valuable cultural heritage. This could be achieved by creating a new approach to protecting cultural heritage in the domain of urban design and planning, taking into account all the values, tradition, authenticity and identity of a place. Accordingly, the paper will focus on the issues of protecting Belgrade's waterfront heritage, its historical and urban context, its genesis, and its cultural and architectural characteristics. Furthermore, the possibilities for different approaches to the presentation and modern utilization of the abandoned and ruined waterfront heritage will be investigated, in order to define new, common procedures that will be in line with city development goals, citizen expectations and heritage protection measures.

PurposeSigns saturate and surround society. This article illuminates the significant roles played by documentation within the context of the coronavirus pandemic. It centres, what it terms as, “COVID-19 signage” as essential extensions of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) into society. It posits that this signage helps materialize, mediate and articulate the pandemic from an unseen phenomenon into tangible objects with which people see and interact.Design/methodology/approachThis article presents a documentary typology of COVID-19 signage to provide a conceptual framework in which to situate, approach and analyse this diverse documentation and its implications for social life and traffic. Further, this article offers a case study of Malta's COVID-19 signage that helped materialize, mediate and articulate the pandemic across the European island nation during its national lockdown in the first half of 2020. This case study helps contextualize these signs and serves as a dual contemporary and historical overview of their creation, implementation and use.FindingsThe coronavirus pandemic cannot be seen with the naked eye. It is, in many respects, an abstraction. Documents enable the virus to be seen and the pandemic to be an experienced reality. Specifically, COVID-19 signage materializes the disease and pandemic into tangible items that individuals interact with and see on a daily basis as they navigate society. From personal to environmental to community signs, these documents have come to mediate social life and articulate COVID-19 during this extraordinary health crisis. A material basis of a shared “pandemic social culture” is consequently established by and through this signage and its ubiquity.Research limitations/implicationsThis article can serve as a point of departure for analyses of other kinds of COVID-19 signage in various contexts. It can serve as an anchor or example for other investigations into what other signs were used, including why, when and how they were produced, designed, formatted, implemented, enforced, altered and/or removed. For instance, it could be used for comparative studies between different NPIs and their associated signage, or of the signage appearing between different cities or countries or even the differences in signage at various political and socio-temporal points of the pandemic.Social implicationsIt is dually hoped that this article's documentary typology, and historical snapshot, of COVID-19 signage could help inform how current and future NPIs into society are or can be used to mitigate the coronavirus or other potential health crises as well as serve as both a contemporary and historical snapshot of some of the immediate and early responses to the pandemic.Originality/valueThis documentary typology can be applied to approaches and analyses of other kinds of COVID-19 signage and related documentation. By serving as a conceptual framework in which situate, approach and analyse these documents, it is hoped that this article can help create a sense of clarity in reflections on sign-saturated environments as well as be practically employed for examining and understanding the effective implementation of NPIs in this pandemic and other health crises.

This article touches upon the research, which employing comparative historical approach has been carried on about the instrument-togetherness (instrumental) case – the seventh case of noun, which is used in most of the Turkic languages, but has been removed from grammar books after becoming archaic in the Azerbaijani literary language. This case, having kept its place in the history of development of the Azerbaijani language is still evident in stabilised state within some lexical units through the suffixes –ın, in, which are the morphological indicators of the instrumental case. As postpositions birlə, bilə, ilə, -la, -lə denote togetherness, this has caused the expulsion of the instrumental case from among the case paradigm. This article uses the samples selected from the XV century literary works, analyzes the morphological indicators of this ancient case, and compares them to the sources in other Turkic languages.

The subject of this research is the foundation of women’s education system in the Russian Empire, namely of the Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria, which totaled up to three dozen by the early XX century. Actualization of the knowledge about the best examples of the Russian school in the past is determined by the fundamental importance of education in the context of ongoing modernization of the country. The topic of Women's institutes of Imperial Russia, which existed for over 150 years, is poorly studied. Despite the extensive source base, in the historical literature one can often come across improper names of the institutes, determination of their departmental affiliation, class composition of the students, as well as incorrect dating and topography. Using the historical-systemic and typological analysis, the author determines and clarifies the conceptual framework of the problematic as a necessary research toolset. The author's contribution to selected topic consists in discovery of a wide variety of sources, including those introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time, accurate names of the institutes and variations in the official documents and everyday practice., their renaming and the causes. The article also traces the dynamics of changes in the class and confessional composition of students since the establishment of the institutes until the beginning of the XX century. Subordination and departmental affiliation at different stages of the history of these institutes is clarified.

Abstract This corpus-based terminological study explains terminological variation in business incorporation documents. In United States (US) business law, the geographic location, the variety of existing business entities and their distinguishing features lead to different denominative variations, and give rise to different degrees of equivalence. Consequently, asymmetries are generated when such terminology is compared with the terminology used in Spanish-speaking countries, particularly in Peru. Based on the typology of causes of denominative variation proposed by Freixa Aymerich (2006, 52), this paper examines the presence of dialectal and cognitive variations in US business law language as compared to Peruvian business law language. Consequently, certain variants are restricted to specific states or types of business organizations within the US and are not used interchangeably. The results of this study may contribute to the enrichment of legal translation studies in this subfield and offer translators a systematic method to tackle equivalence issues in business documents.

We consider genre typology of documentary novels of “Neue Sachlichkeit”: a “report” novel, a “novel of fact” and a documentary montage novel. The proposed classification is based on the different nature of the interaction of narrative and document in these types of novels. In the “report” novel the narration is conducted from the point of view of the observer, the literary text appears as a testimony, the document of an era. The “novel of fact” is based on real documents that are partially or fully integrated into the artistic whole. In the montage novel fragments of doc-umentary material and narrative are connected with each other associatively, resulting in a frag-mentary image of the world. We analyze the novels of 1920s – early 1930s by J. Roth, A. Doeblin, E. Ottwalt, E. Reger, R. Brunngraber and E. Koeppen. We substantiate the conception, that the problem of cognition acquires special importance in the documentary-fiction novels of “Neue Sachlichkeit”. On the one hand, the hero of the novels is trying to understand the changed social reality. On the other hand, documentary-fiction novels of “Neue Sachlichkeit” require special way of reading: they are designed to activate the reader's perception, to teach the reader to recreate a complete picture of reality based on the comparison of different ways of its image: narrative, evi-dence and documents.

The article deals a complete handwritten catalogue of the collection of paintings of Vice-Chancellor A.M. Golitzin — one of the largest private art collections in Russia, created at the same time as the imperial collection in the second half of the 18th century. The catalogue is keeping in the Department of manuscripts of the Hermitage Museum. This document is shown in the comparison with other catalogues of the collections of painting, which existed in Russia in the 18th century: it is defined its typology, analyzed the text of the descriptions of the paintings; the stages and chronological frames of the text of the catalogue are determined; it is revealed the value of the catalogue as a document of the epoch that allows to reconstruct collection and to identify paintings based on analysis of descriptions of paintings, auction catalogues of sales of the collection and research in the provenance of works in museums’ collections. The article presents 14 identified paintings from the collection of A.M. Golitzin. В статье рассматривается рукописный полный каталог коллекции живописи вице-канцлера А.М. Голицына, одного из крупнейших частных художественных собраний России, создававшихся одновременно с императорским собранием во второй половине XVIII века. Каталог, хранящийся в отделе рукописей Эрмитажа, показан в сравнении с другими каталогами собраний живописи, существовавшими в России XVIII века. Определяется его типология, анализируется текст описаний картин, устанавливаются этапы и хронологические рамки создания текста каталога, раскрывается ценность каталога как документа эпохи, позволяющего на основе анализа описаний картин, аукционных каталогов распродажи коллекции и исследования происхождения работ в музейных собраниях идентифицировать картины и реконструировать коллекцию. В статье представлено 14 выявленных картин из коллекции А.М. Голицына.

[Rev. of: Mutafova Krasimira, Kalitsin Maria, Andreev Stefan, The Orthodox Structures in the Balkans during the 17th–18th Century according to Documents from the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul, Veliko Tarnovo: Abagar, 2019. 672 p.] More than two hundred documents from the “Bishops’ files” (Piskopos Kalemi) Collection at Istanbul Ottoman Archives at the Chancellery of the Prime Minister of the Turkish Republic (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri), recently published for the first time by Bulgarian scholars of Ottoman Studies Krassimira Mutafova, Maria Kalitsin and Stefan Andreev, reveal multifaceted practices of Orthodox Balkan church institutions’ interactions with the Ottoman authorities from 1684 to 1788. The review deals with the typology of the published documents and the information they contain regarding the fiscal activities of the patriarchy of Constantinople and the patriarchies of Ohrid and Peć (which were incorporated into the Constantinople patriarchy in 1757–1758) towards their Orthodox flock in the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The accent is made towards conflicts between the church institutions and the Christian population, as well as contradictions within the higher Orthodox clergy. The importance of personal information on some hierarchs and of data concerning territories and centers of the dioceses is underlined. The author concludes that the reviewed publication provides abundant material for research on the status and functions of the Orthodox hierarchy in the administrative system of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Los estudios sobre grabados rupestres al aire libre de cronología postpaleolítica, adolecen de importantes carencias que, en el valle medio del Ebro, se han visto superadas con la llegada del tercer milenio. Con la presentación de este trabajo se pretende dar a conocer un nuevo núcleo de grabados rupestres, localizado en el extremo suroeste de la provincia de Zaragoza, en las gargantas calcáreas del río Mesa. Entre los nuevos enclaves rupestres, destacan los abrigos con grabados protohistóricos, pero muy especialmente los de cronología medieval andalusí y los de iconografía cristiana entre los siglos XIV y XVIII, con perduraciones hasta mediados del siglo XIX y algunas escenas relacionadas con la primera Guerra Carlista en Aragón. La distribución de los hallazgos, su tipología e iconografía y los restos arqueológicos asociados, permiten documentar una importante ocupación del territorio desde la Iª Edad del Hierro y la sacralización del paisaje a través del arte rupestre, con pervivencias que se perpetúan a lo largo de la Edad Media y Moderna, destacando como novedad la presencia de un importante conjunto de inscripciones epigráficas islámicas que deben situarse entre los siglos XI y XII. AbstractThe studies on open-air rock engravings in post-Paleolithic chronology suffer from important deficiencies, which in the middle valley of the Ebro, have been overcome with the arrival of the third millennium.With the presentation of this work, the aim is to make known a new nucleus of rock engravings, located in the extreme southwest of the province of Zaragoza, in the limestone gorges of the River Mesa. Among the new rock engravings, the shelters with protohistoric engravings stand out, but especially those with a medieval Andalusian chronology and those with Christian iconography between the 14th and 18th centuries, which lasted until the middle of the 19th century and some scenes related to the first Carlist War in Aragon. The distribution of the findings, their typology and iconography and the associated archaeological remains, allow us to document an important occupation of the territory since the First Iron Age and the sacralization of the landscape through rock art, with survivals that are perpetuated throughout the Middle and Modern Ages, highlighting as a novelty the presence of an important set of Islamic epigraphic inscriptions that must be located between the 11th and 12th centuries.

Nesti artículu preténdese dar cuenta de la presencia de la solución autóctona asturiana pa la evolución del sufixu llatinu -ĕllu, -ĕlla -iello, -iella na antroponimia y toponimia de los llamaos Libros de los Expósitos del antiguu Hospiciu d’Uviéu, emplegando un corpus testual que compriende 70 volúmenes d’estos llibros ente los años 1752 y 1850, fundamentalmente. L’analís que s’ufre céntrase nel estudiu de tolos apellíos rexistraos nesta documentación que presenten el citáu sufixu (hasta 40 apellíos estremaos: Casielles, Norniella, Taniello, etc.), pa lo que se sigue un esquema de trabayu que cinca a delles exes como: el posible orixe del apellíu (detoponímicu, o formáu a partir d’un nome de llugar; delexical, o fixáu dende un apellativu común de la llingua; o deantroponímicu, ello ye, afitáu a partir d’un nome personal), el númberu de casos detectaos, la tipoloxía y caracterización de los exemplos, la comparanza cola so distribución xeográfica d’anguaño, l’apaición de les correspondientes espresiones castellanes o castellanizaes cola solución -illo, o’l contraste coles fontes históriques documentaes nes bases de datos del PatRom de los apellíos en cuestión. A lo último, faise tamién un breve repasu al rodiu de los resultaos del sufixu analizáu tanto na toponimia como nel léxicu común qu’apaez nos Libros de los Expósitos que son oxetu d’estudiu. Mientres que nel ámbitu onomásticu son xenerales les soluciones con diptongu (-iello), nos apellativos comunes ye avezao atopar les formes con reducción del diptongu (-illo), lo que nun implica qu’estes heban tratase necesariamente como castellanismos.Pallabres clave: onomástica, apellíu, sufixu, -iello, Hospiciu d’Uviéu. This paper aims at giving account of the presence of the Asturian solution for the evolution of the Latin suffix -ĕllu, -ĕlla -iello, -iella in the anthroponymic and toponymic forms present in the so-called Libros de los Expósitos, or Books of Foundlings, of the old Hospice of Uviéu. In order to study it, a textual corpus of 70 volumes between the years 1752 and 1850 has been mainly used. The analysis was based on all the surnames registered in these documents which contain the above-mentioned suffix (up to 40 related surnames: Casielles, Norniella, Taniello, etc.) and on the exploration of some aspects: the likely origin of the surname (detoponymic, or originated from a place name; delexical, or fixed from a common language appellative; or deanthroponymic, that is, resulting from a personal name), the number of cases, the typology and character of the examples, the comparison with the current geographical distribution, the presence of the corresponding Castilian or Castilianised expressions with the form -illo, or the contrast with the historical sources documented in the PatRom database for the analysed surnames. Finally, I will include a brief overview of the results regarding the suffix object of study, both in toponymy and in common lexicon, which can be found in the Libros de los Expósitos, or Books of Foundlings. While in the area of Onomastics solutions with the diphthong (-iello) are generally found, it is frequent to find some forms with a reduced form of the diphthong (-illo), which does not mean that these are necessarily Castilianised forms.Key words: onomastics, surname, suffix, -iello, Hospice of Uviéu.

This article develops the theoretical itinerary that, having the communicative nature of the artistic images as the starting point, permits to formulate, with epistemological inputs coming from different semiotic and semiological approaches, the concepts of “artistic text” and “pictorial text”. Such concepts have great importance for the Documentation Sciences, because they permit to consider each artistic image as an aesthetic object bearer of a speech susceptible of being analyzed; to situate each one of them in the context that makes them legible, responding to their origin, use and typology; to investigate the correlations that have place between their aesthetic architecture and the communicative function that they perform; and, finally, to elaborate a model of analysis oriented towards the production of documental representations, which permit to communicate and recover the analyses made within the information systems in which such artistic images are developed.

En fechas no muy lejanas, el complejo mundo de la Diplomática se ha visto complementado con la incorporación de nuevos estudios referentes a la producción documental proveniente del campo municipal. Entre la diversidad tipológica aportada por los concejos se encuentran unos documentos que, por la dificultad que presentan sus características internas, pudieran llevar a confusión con otras tipologías municipales. Los citados documentos, que se han venido en denominar Testimonios, recogen las actuaciones del concejo o sus representantes sobre un mismo asunto y en un mismo soporte. Es decir, que teniendo un objetivo similar al del expediente administrativo, lo resuelve de diferente manera. En este trabajo no sólo se ha aportado la denominación terminológica, sino que además se ha planteando una división de los mismos según los actuantes y una metodología de análisis para el acercamiento a los citados Testimonios, en aras de acabar con la susodicha indefinición.The complex worid of diplomacy has recently been complemented with new studies coming from documents issued by the local councils. Among the miscellaneous typology supplied by the councils, there are some documents that, due to their infernal characteristics, can be confused with other municipal typologies. These documents, also known as Testimonies, reflect the performance of the council or its members about a certain subject on a certain basis. This means that, having a similarpurpose of a proceeding, it is managed in a different way. This report has not only supplied the terminological naming but their classification according the participants and a methodology of analysis to understand these Testimonies in order to clarífy its definition.

This paper analyses the set of scientific publications in open access, other than journals (monographs, conferences proceedings, teaching materials and grey literature), published by Spanish public universities, studying their volume, documentary typology, level of description and open access policies with the aim of measuring their degree of incorporation and compliance with the principles of Open Science. An exhaustive review of the disposed material in open access by these publishers has been carried out, which has allowed to make a diagnosis of their level of open access publishing. Grey literature is the most common documentary type followed by the monograph, in the open publication of these publishers that does not reach even 5% of the average editorial production. The results allow us to conclude that the academic publishing, and more specifically the academic books in open access, still has a very reduced presence within the editorial production of these institutions. Resumen Este trabajo analiza el conjunto de las publicaciones científicas en acceso abierto, distintas de las revistas científicas (monografías, actas de congresos, materiales didácticos y literatura gris), dispuestas para su consulta por las editoriales universitarias públicas, estudiando su volumen, tipología documental, nivel de descripción y políticas de acceso abierto con el objetivo de medir el grado de incorporación y cumplimiento de los principios de Ciencia Abierta. Se ha llevado a cabo una exhaustiva revisión del material publicado en acceso abierto por estas editoriales que ha permitido establecer un diagnóstico de su nivel de edición en acceso abierto. La literatura gris es el tipo documental más frecuente seguido de la monografía, en la publicación en abierto de las editoriales universitarias que no alcanza ni el 5% de la producción editorial universitaria. Los resultados permiten concluir que la publicación académica, y más concretamente el libro en acceso abierto, sigue teniendo una presencia muy reducida dentro de la producción editorial de estas instituciones.

Este artículo realiza un análisis heurístico de la Sección Civil y Judicial del Archivo Nacional de Asunción y como la documentación puede ser útil para comprender las dinámicas familiares, sociales, económicas y religiosas en una provincia situada en los confines de los dominios hispanos. El Archivo Nacional de Asunción remonta su origen a fines del siglo XVI por disposición del gobernador Hernando Arias de Saavedra. Originalmente los documentos que conforman la sección provienen de los juzgados de 1er y 2do voto del Cabildo de Asunción. Se procederá a analizar la documentación en los dos siglos más completos de la misma que son los siglos XVII y XVIII. Se determinará la tipología documental, el objeto entre otros aspectos que ayuden a caracterizar los expedientes que integran dicha colección. This article makes an heuristic analysis of the Civil and Judiciary Section of the National Archive of Asunción and how the documentation can be useful for the comprehension of the dynamics in the families, society, economics and religious aspects in the province located in the bounds of the Hispanic possessions. The National Archive of Asunción was originated in the late 16th century after a provision of the governor Hernando Arias de Saavedra. Originally the files that made up the section come from the 1st and 2nd courts of the Asunción City Council. The text will proceed to an analysis in the two more complete centuries of the same of the documentation, which were the 17th and 18th centuries. It will be to determine a documentary typology, as well as the object between other aspects that could help characterize the files that are part of this collection.

La investigación diplomática se ajustó desde sus comienzos al conocimiento de las cancillerías más solemnes tanto por la tipología a estudiar como por la mayor producción que estas presentaban. Recientemente se han unido a estos estudios los trabajos llevados a cabo sobre el campo documental municipal. Entre la variada documentación emitida por los concejos se encuentra la relativa a las relaciones del concejo, que, como sujeto de derecho y generador, por lo tanto, de un orden de relaciones jurídicas se ve obligado a emitir. De entre todos los tipos diplomáticos pertenecientes a este grupo hemos analizado las cartas, por ser los documentos de relación más utilizados por la administración concejil, subdividiéndolos, para su estudio y análisis diplomático, en cartas del concejo, de merced, de obligación, de juramento y pleito-homenaje, de poder y de censo.The diplomatic search focused, from the begining, on the knowledge of the most solemn chancelleries, for the typology to study as well as for their highest performance. Other surveys about municipal documents have recently joined to these studies. Among the miscellaneous documentation issued by the town counciis, we find the one which deals with the relations of the council that, as subject of rights and generator of a legal framework, is obliged to issue. Amon all the diplomatic kinds belonging to this group, we have analyzed the letters, as they are the most frecuently used documents for relationship in the council administration. They are subdivided, for their study and diplomatic analysis, in different kinds of letters: council letters, of favour, duties, oath, of lawsuit and homage, and of power and revenue.

This paper explores how they documents provide evidence, particularly in anomalous cases, where the evidence is specious. I suggest that it is fruitful to consider such cases with the metaphor of ghosts, as ghosts suggest a breakdown in our everyday understandings of the link between life and death. I describe three types of ghosts and consequently three types of documentary ghosts. Documentary Ghost 1 is a document whose object no longer exists; Documentary Ghost 2 is a document that seems to evince one object, but upon scrutiny it evinces something else; and Documentary Ghost 3 is a document that seems to evince an object, but this object doesn’t exist. As illustration, I provide an example of each type of documentary ghost from the domain of public art in Philadelphia. The concept of documentary ghosts, and the typology developed here, help us to understand breakdowns in the evidentiary link between documents and their objects.

Abstract Background The field of physical activity abounds with recommendations, guidelines, action plans and other documents published by experts, organizations and institutions at the national and international level. However, working with these documents is difficult since similar names (e.g. “recommendations”) may be used to label substantially different contents, while identical topics may hide behind different monikers (e.g. “guidelines” and “strategy”). Methods We built on an existing framework conceptualizing categories of physical activity evidence and on the Doern continuum for policy instruments to develop a nine-field matrix that classifies physical activity-related publications based on their evidence type and degree of coercion. We used a selection of eleven physical activity documents to perform an exploratory test of the functions and utility of the typology. Results Placing central physical activity documents into the typology shows that recommendations, guidelines, and policies are found across the entire matrix, regardless of their denomination. It also suggests that some documents transcend boundaries between types by falling into more than one category, and that some categories may be underrepresented in current physical activity promotion. Conclusions A typology to classify physical activity guidelines, recommendations, and policies can help us acquire a better overview of the landscape of existing physical activity documents than simple distinctions based on document names. It may guide both current initiatives and future development work in the field. It could also serve as a point of departure for future research, as conducting systematic overviews of the literature based on this typology may help reveal important gaps in current physical activity promotion.

This paper studies how academic content published in Open Edition.org, an online publication platform in the Social Sciences and Humanities is re-appropriated by members of the public. Our research is therefore concerned with the public appropriation of science and Open science. After extracting the contexts of citation of these content and mapping them, we propose a typology of citation functions as well as of citers (their origins and types). Our preliminary results indicated that academic literature is repurposed and cited by members of the public mainly as scientific warrant (support for their argumentation). We also found that academic content is cited in all types of web documents including blogs, press releases, book reviews, newspaper articles, scientific articles, discussion forums, library catalogs, government agencies or ministries. Finally, we looked at that the elapsed time between the publication of an academic content and its citation in the public arena and found that this follows the already observed citations patterns within the scientific community (sleeping beauties, long tail, unexpected reader, silent conversation).

PurposeThis paper aims to describe and characterise the actions carried out by Italian organisations participating in the Economy for the Common Good (ECG) movement and to analyse these actions through the lens of decent work (DW), identifying patterns leading to a typology and conceptual propositions on the subject.Design/methodology/approachA documentary analysis was conducted on 14 reports describing the actions taken by Italian organisations that belong to the ECG movement. Qualitative content analysis was performed using QSR-NVivo12. The descriptive analysis of the codes was made, as well as a cluster analysis based on coding similarity.FindingsA total of 1,497 actions were coded, and four clusters, grouping sets of the common good reports, were identified. Results suggest that Customers, Business Partners and Staff and Owners are the most addressed stakeholders, human dignity and environmental sustainability are the most addressed values and Fulfilling and Productive Work and Fundamental Principles and Values at Work are the most addressed DW dimensions. Additionally, all clusters are intensive in environmental concerns but have differentiated priorities. Cluster analysis suggests three drivers: recognition, core business closeness and social common good impact. A total of five conceptual propositions are being made useable by organisational leaders who intend to adhere to the ECG movement.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation is the low number of organisations participating in the ECG movement in Italy, which restricts the scope of the conclusions.Practical implicationsThe results are helpful as inputs for designing interventions in organisations that intend to start or strengthen their involvement in the ECG movement.Originality/valueIdentifying DW aspects related to common good indicators and the four approaches to the ECG adhesion corresponding to the four clusters.

Les parcours sinueux qu’ont suivis l’anthropologie et l’archéologie en Amérique du Nord depuis une cinquantaine d’années démontrent des intérêts convergents pour la connaissance et l’explication du comportement humain et cela avec des méthodes de recherche de plus en plus divergentes. L’anthropologie qui a émergé des milieux intellectuels aux États-Unis au XIXe siècle avait pour origine l’intérêt pour la compréhension des populations autochtones de l’Amérique; de cet intérêt pour l’humain, se sont développés des outils pour comprendre le comportement qui se cachait derrière le geste posé. Dès le début, l’anthropologue s’intéressait aux comportements et l’archéologue documentait les traces du geste posé. De cette proximité entre l’anthropologie et l’archéologie qui s’est concrétisée par la création du Bureau of American Ethnology à la fin du XIXe siècle, il était naturel de placer la formation en archéologie au sein de départements d’anthropologie dans les universités aux États-Unis et au Canada. Malgré l’apparence initiale d’un champ unifié et d’un terrain partagé entre l’anthropologie et l’archéologie, la pratique s’est transformée pour devenir tout autre au fil des ans. Au milieu du XXe siècle, l’archéologie commence à remettre en question sa relation avec les interprétations fonctionnalistes des anthropologues (Trigger 2006 : 363-372). La première figure à souligner le problème de l’inéquation entre les résultats de la recherche archéologique et la théorie en anthropologie fut Walter Taylor (1948) dans son livre A Study of Archaeology. Taylor, le relativiste, exposa son penchant pour le particularisme historique dans une approche qu’il identifie comme étant conjonctive; pour ce chercheur iconoclaste, l’historiographie comptait pour beaucoup. L’approche conjonctive consistait à établir des corrélations entre différents types de données dans des contextes historiques et culturels spécifiques afin de faire le pont entre des particularités historiques (les collections archéologiques) et des données anthropologiques. La méthodologie qu’il proposait impliquait la vérification d’hypothèses par l’analyse de la composition et de la structure des collections archéologiques. L’objectif central de cette approche visait à mettre de l’avant des études contextuelles détaillées qui permettraient d’adapter des hypothèses générales sur la culture à des données spécifiques. Dans sa formulation de l’approche conjonctive en archéologie et la vérification d’hypothèses, Taylor reconnaissait qu’une réflexion critique était nécessaire puisque l'archéologue travaillait dans le présent. En dépit de la richesse des collections archéologiques et constatant le danger qui planait sur l’archéologie si nous avions continué à publier des listes d’attributs de nos objets au lieu d’interpréter la culture matérielle comme étant la trace du comportement humain, dans un geste de médiation entre l’anthropologie et l’archéologie, Binford (1962) publiait son article portant le titre Archaeology as Anthropology. Comme il le signale dans son introduction son article qui faisait suite à un ouvrage venant d’être publié par Willey et Phillips (1958) où l’on mentionne clairement que l’archéologie américaine « c’est de l’anthropologie ou rien du tout ». Ce geste d’éclat dans une période charnière de l’enseignement de l’archéologie dans les universités nord-américaines allait donner naissance à un nouveau paradigme que l’on appela la New Archaeology aussi connue sous le nom d’archéologie processuelle. Un tel changement de paradigme venait en contradiction avec les pratiques européennes en matière d’archéologie préhistorique, notamment celles de l’École de Bordeaux et de François Bordes, son membre le plus influent, qui avait réussi à imposer sa vision sur le sens de la variabilité des outils en pierre du paléolithique moyen (Bordes 1961; 1984). Dans sa thèse de doctorat intitulée The Bordes-Binford Debate: Transatlantic Interpretive Traditions in Paleolithic Archaeology, Melissa C. Wargo (2009) présente une analyse en profondeur des modes de pensée qui diffèrent entre l’Europe et l’Amérique du Nord. Essentiellement, le raisonnement traditionnel voulait que l’apparition d’une nouvelle culture archéologique (de nouveaux types) puisse signifier la manifestation d’un nouveau groupe de personnes, un groupe ethnique détectable avec les outils de l’archéologie. C’est ce que nous apprenions à la lecture des travaux de François Bordes sur les changements technologiques observés au paléolithique moyen. Lorsque Binford est parvenu à étudier les mêmes collections, il proposa des interprétations toutes autres. Ainsi, alors que pour Bordes, des outils différents représentent des groupes différents; si l’ensemble de l’assemblage ne peut être attribué à un groupe avoisinant, peut-être alors que certains éléments peuvent l’être. Et si de tels parallèles peuvent être établis, l’approche de Bordes a pour corollaire que c’est là le lieu d’origine de la population à l’étude et que nous serions en présence d’une diffusion de traits culturels à partir de la migration d’un groupe ethnique. Pour Binford, la différence dans la composition des assemblages devrait plutôt être interprétée comme étant le résultat d’adaptations; pour ce chercheur, les assemblages archéologiques sont des coffres d’outils adaptés pour une fonction particulière. Nonobstant la grande quantité de statistiques accumulées, Binford, de son propre aveu, admit qu’il fut incapable d’expliquer ce qu’elles signifiaient. En d’autres mots, il avait beaucoup d’information sur le présent mais ne pouvait l’expliquer par manque d’analogie avec le passé. En dépit de ces différences d’opinion, l’utilité de la typologie de Bordes réside dans le fait qu’elle fournissait un langage descriptif; cette typologie a cependant été par la suite rejetée par certains chercheurs qui considéraient que la définition des types de François Bordes était inadéquate parce que trop subjective. Pire encore, Bordes a été accusé d’incorporer dans ses interprétations des hypothèses non vérifiées sur les capacités cognitives des hominidés durant le paléolithique moyen. De nos jours, nos analyses de la technologie visent à remplacer cette approche typologique de Bordes par une méthode s’appuyant sur la combinaison d’attributs dont la description porte davantage sur le comportement. De toute évidence, le débat entre le promoteur de la New Archaeology et la figure de proue de l’archéologie française et son approche taxonomique en pierre a permis de mettre en évidence un malaise profond sur la façon dont le passé devrait être interprété. Ce débat est aussi emblématique de traditions scientifiques différentes entre l’Europe et l’Amérique du Nord. C’est dans ce contexte intellectuel que sont nés des départements d’anthropologie associant l’anthropologie culturelle, l’anthropologie biologique, la linguistique et l’archéologie. Ces quatre champs sont apparus à des moments bien précis de l’histoire des universités nord-américaines mais de nos jours, la réalité de l’anthropologie est devenue beaucoup plus complexe (Bruner 2010). Un étudiant en archéologie peut avoir des besoins de formation en géographie, en histoire, en géologie, en botanique, en biologie, en ethnohistoire, en systèmes d’information géographique, en informatique, etc. alors qu’un étudiant en anthropologie pour atteindre un niveau de compétence élevé pourrait avoir besoin de formation en histoire, en science politique, en sociologie, en art, en littérature, en théorie critique, etc. Malgré que les besoins aient grandement changé depuis la création des départements d’anthropologie, les structures académiques sont demeurées statiques. La protection des départements d’anthropologie dans leur configuration actuelle des quatre champs relève le plus souvent des politiques universitaires. Ainsi, même si les professeurs étaient d’accord qu’il serait intellectuellement plus profitable de scinder ces gros départements, la question de diviser les départements d’anthropologie en unités plus petites qui feraient la promotion de l’interdisciplinarité dans les sciences humaines et sociales n’est pas envisagée dans la plupart des universités nord-américaines (Smith 2011). Au milieu de cette tourmente, se sont développés un certain nombre de départements et de programmes d’archéologie en Amérique du Nord. De là est née une discipline émancipée du joug des structures trop rigides et se donnant un ensemble de méthodes de recherche qui lui étaient propres. La trajectoire conceptuelle empruntée par ceux-ci a permis de remonter au-delà du geste et de la parole en retenant une classe cohérente de concepts explicatifs développés, certes en anthropologie, mais raffinés et adaptés au contact de l’archéologie et d’autres disciplines en sciences humaine et sociales et sciences de la nature. Cette indépendance intellectuelle de l’anthropologie s’est notamment affirmée par des collaborations entre l’archéologie et la philosophie des sciences (Kelly et Hanen 1988; Salmon 1982; Wylie 2002; Wylie et Chapman 2015). La croissance de l’intérêt pour les explications processuelles des données archéologiques chez plusieurs archéologues nord-américains fut motivée par le fait que les néo-évolutionistes en anthropologie mettaient trop l'accent sur les régularités dans les cultures. Les concepts utilisés en archéologie processuelle exerçaient une influence significative sur notre discipline et l’adoption de cette approche théorique était d’autant plus attrayante car les variables proposées se présentaient comme des causes majeures de changements culturels et relativement accessibles à partir des vestiges archéologiques. Cette approche s'intensifia et donna de nouvelles directions aux tendances déjà présentes en archéologie préhistorique. Dans ce changement de paradigme qui donna naissance au courant de la Nouvelle Archéologie en Amérique du Nord et à un moindre degré au Royaume-Uni, l’accent était placé sur la vérification d’hypothèses sur les processus culturels comme outils d’explication du passé. De la position qu’elle occupait comme l’un des quatre sous-champs de l’anthropologie ou encore, de celle de servante de l’histoire, l’archéologie est devenue l’un des plus vastes champs du monde académique (Sabloff 2008 : 28). En plus d’avoir trouvé son ancrage théorique dans les sciences sociales et humaines, l’archéologie, attirée par les techniques et méthodes fraie régulièrement avec les sciences physiques et les sciences de la nature. En se donnant ses propres méthodes de collecte et d’analyse pour l’examen de cultures distinctes et en poursuivant avec des comparaisons interculturelles, la discipline cherchait à mieux comprendre les cultures qui se sont développées à travers le temps et l’espace. Puisque l’objet d’étude de l’archéologie porte sur les traces de groupes humains dans leur environnement naturel et leur univers social, les questions qu’elle se pose sont fondamentales à l’histoire de l’humanité et pour répondre à de telles questions elle s’est dotée de méthodologies d’enquête qui lui sont propres. L’utilisation d’équipements sophistiqués pour déterminer la composition chimique des résidus lipidiques incrustés sur un outil en pierre taillée ou encore, les recherches sur la composition physico-chimique de la pâte d’une céramique sont des techniques visant à répondre à des questions d’ordre anthropologique. Le quand et le comment du passé sont relativement faciles à identifier alors que pour découvrir le pourquoi l’archéologue fait souvent appel à l’analogie ethnographique, une méthodologie issue de l’insatisfaction des archéologues à l’endroit des travaux en anthropologie culturelle (David et Kramer 2001). Une autre méthodologie est celle de l’archéologie expérimentale qui s’intéresse à la fabrication et à l’usage des outils (Tringham 1978), méthode similaires à celle de l’ethnoarchéologie. L’expérimentation à partir d’outils fabriqués par le chercheur et les banques de données provenant d’expérimentations contrôlées servent alors d’éléments de comparaison pour interpréter la forme des assemblages archéologiques (Chabot et al. 2014) est au centre de la méthode préconissée. Le développement de l’ethnoarchéologie durant les années 1970 aurait inspiré Binford (1981) lorsqu’il mit de l’avant l’utilisation de théories de niveau intermédiaire pour établir un lien entre ses données archéologiques et les théories de niveau supérieur sur le comportement. Sa décision semble avoir reposé sur les développements de l’approche ethnoarchéologique et ses propres terrains ethnoarchéologiques chez les Nunamiut de l’Alaska (Binford 1978). D’autres orientations théoriques ont vu le jour au cours des années 1960–1970 et ont fait la distinction entre différentes approches matérialistes par rapport à des schémas évolutionnistes antérieurs. Par exemple, Leslie White (1975) adopta une forme de déterminisme technologique très étroit qui reflétait une croyance en la technologie comme source de progrès social. Julian Steward (1955) envisagea un déterminisme écologique moins restrictif alors que Marvin Harris (1968) y voyait un déterminisme économique encore plus large. Pour ces quelques positivistes le rôle que l’archéologie se devait de jouer était d’expliquer la culture matérielle du passé. Quant à l’archéologue Lewis Binford (1987), il soutenait que l’étude des relations entre le comportement humain et la culture matérielle ne devrait pas être le rôle central de l’archéologie puisque selon lui, les données ne contiendraient aucune information directe sur les relations entre le comportement humain et la culture matérielle. Dorénavant, les données archéologiques se devaient d’être comprises par elles-mêmes, sans avoir recours à des analogies ethnographiques. Cette dernière approche voulait clairement établir de la distance entre l’archéologie, l’anthropologie culturelle, l’ethnologie et peut-être les sciences sociales en général ; son mérite était peut-être, justement, d’éviter les réductionnismes et les analogies rapides entre explications anthropologiques et assemblages archéologiques. Dans la même veine, d’autres remises en question sont apparues durant les années 1980 avec les travaux d’Ian Hodder (1982; 1985) sur la validité des certitudes positivistes qui avaient été le fonds théorique et empirique des adeptes de la New Archaeology. Depuis cette réflexion sur l’essence même de l’archéologie, Hodder a reconnu qu’une position critique est fondamentale face à l’objet d’étude; naquit alors le courant théorique post-processuel en archéologie. Dans son cheminement pour découvrir la signification des vestiges qu’elle étudie, l’archéologie post-processuelle s’appuie sur des études détaillées permettant d’adapter des hypothèses générales sur la culture à des données spécifiques en exploitant la diversité des sources; cette direction du courant post-processuel en archéologie porte le nom d’archéologie contextuelle. Comme tout changement de paradigme apporte avec lui son lot de détracteurs, l’archéologie post-processuelle a été immédiatement accusée d’une trop grande subjectivité interprétative voire, de déconstructionisme. Les autres orientations placées sous le label archéologie post-processuelle incluent : le structuralisme, le néo-marxisme, l’archéologie cognitive, la phénoménologie, et d’autres encore Ainsi l’individu, l’agent ou l’acteur et son intentionnalité devrait être au centre des interprétations dans la théorie post-processuelle. Nous pouvons conclure que l’examen de la relation entre l’anthropologie et l’archéologie en Amérique du Nord a permis de constater que, depuis ses débuts, l’archéologie dans cette région du monde a vécu une liaison relativement tumultueuse avec l’anthropologie. Cette condition, souvent problématique, a vu naître, au Canada d’abord, des groupuscules d’archéologues avec des intérêts divergents qui se sont distanciés des paradigmes qui dominaient les départements d’anthropologie pour former des départements d’archéologie ou des programmes d’archéologie autonomes des programmes d’anthropologie. Sur les chemins empruntés ces nouveaux départements sont entrés en relation avec les départements de sciences naturelles, notamment, la géographie, avec laquelle les archéologues ont partagé un ensemble de concepts et de méthodes. Il en a résulté un enseignement de l’archéologie nettement interdisciplinaire et faisant appel à des méthodes quantitatives pour comprendre la culture matérielle dans son environnement naturel et expliquer son milieu culturel à partir de concepts empruntés aussi bien aux sciences humaines qu’aux sciences naturelles.