Academic literature on the topic 'Documentation Clarity'

This research aims to evaluate the differences in the use of the English language in electronic and manual documentation in nursing practice. Documentation is a crucial element in patient care, and with technological advancements, many healthcare institutions are transitioning from manual records to electronic documentation systems. The focus of this study is to identify variations in clarity, accuracy, and efficiency of nurse communication using both documentation methods.The research methodology involves surveys and document analysis on a sample of nurses engaged in both types of documentation. Surveys will assess nurses' perceptions regarding the clarity of documented information, the accuracy of information, and the efficiency of usage. The analyzed documents will include patient records, care plans, and incident reports.The research outcomes are expected to provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each documentation method, aiding healthcare organizations in decision-making regarding the implementation or development of documentation systems. The practical implications of this research can enhance nurse communication effectiveness and the quality of patient care, especially in the continually evolving healthcare information technology era.
 

Many psychedelics drugs are praised on social media platforms like YouTube by non-experts or bias documentaries claiming that these drugs have therapeutic effects on addicted patients or clarity of the mind. The aim of this paper is to collect a neuroimaging documentation of these psychedelics’ drugs and their effect on the brain. That can be documented on MRI, CT, or any other imaging modalities.

The article is devoted to the development of quality system documents for the pharmacy organization. The legislation of the Republic of Belarus, as well as the Eurasian Economic Union, requires the development and maintenance of the quality assurance system, the quality management system, the pharmaceutical quality system in a pharmacy organization, a distributor or manufacturer of medicinal products. The article presents the comparative analysis of regulatory requirements as well as approaches of the international standards ISO series to the construction of the quality systems and processes documentation. Such documents as the Quality Manual or its equivalent, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and Process Instructions are the most difficult to develop. The distribution of responsibility for processes within the organization is difficult to understand. On the example of RUE «BELPHARMATSIYA» it is shown how the processes in the pharmacy organization can be documented and responsibility for their implementation can be stated. The functioning of the quality system depends on the clarity of the documentation structure and its development and circulation organization. It is the responsibility of the organization authorities to maintain effective functioning of this system.

The success of an application programming interface (API) crucially depends on how well its documentation meets the information needs of software developers. Previous research suggests that these information needs have not been sufficiently understood. This article presents the results of a series of semistructured interviews and a follow-up questionnaire conducted to explore the learning goals and learning strategies of software developers, the information resources they turn to and the quality criteria they apply to API documentation. Our results show that developers initially try to form a global understanding regarding the overall purpose and main features of an API, but then adopt either a concepts-oriented or a code-oriented learning strategy that API documentation both needs to address. Our results also show that general quality criteria such as completeness and clarity are relevant to API documentation as well. Developing and maintaining API documentation therefore need to involve the expertise of communication professionals.

Effective communication of knowledge is paramount in every software organisation. Essentially, the role of documentation in a software engineering context is to communicate information and knowledge of the system it describes. Unfortunately, the current perception of documentation is that it is outdated, irrelevant and incomplete. Several studies to date have revealed that documentation is unfortunately often far from ideal. Problems tend to be diverse, ranging from incompleteness, to lack of clarity, to inaccuracy, obsolescence, difficulty of access, and lack of availability in local languages. This paper begins with a discussion of information seeking as an appropriate perspective for studying software maintenance activities. To this end, it examines the importance and centrality of documentation in this process. It finally concludes with a discussion on how software documentation practices can be improved to ensure software engineers communicate more effectively via the wide variety of documents that their projects require.

This article presents a comprehensive framework for creating effective documentation for data APIs, addressing the unique challenges that arise when documenting complex data models, relationships, and query capabilities. It explores the fundamental principles of developer-centric documentation—treating documentation as a product, maintaining clarity and consistency, and balancing technical precision with accessibility—while providing practical guidance on implementation across the documentation lifecycle. The article examines essential documentation components including conceptual introductions, authentication mechanisms, endpoint structures, and data models, alongside best practices for creating clear, actionable content enhanced by visual aids and interactive elements. Advanced topics including query parameter documentation, pagination mechanisms, error handling, and performance optimization strategies receive special attention due to their critical importance in data API contexts. The article also addresses documentation maintenance strategies, automation opportunities, and measurement frameworks to ensure continuous improvement. By emphasizing real-world examples, implementation walkthroughs, and targeted troubleshooting guidance, this guide equips API providers with the knowledge and techniques to create documentation that explains API capabilities and actively accelerates developer success, ultimately driving adoption and establishing documentation as a strategic competitive advantage in the API ecosystem.

This article presents the development and implementation of jest-cov-reporter, a lightweight, language-agnostic tool that transforms how engineering organizations manage code coverage visibility. By decoupling coverage data collection from reporting and utilizing existing test outputs, the solution eliminates redundant test executions, accelerates CI pipelines, and standardizes coverage reporting across multiple programming languages. The implementation process involved strategic pilot deployment, parallel validation, comprehensive documentation, and dedicated migration support. The results demonstrate significant improvements in CI performance, developer experience, cross-team consistency, maintenance requirements, and code quality practices. Beyond technical benefits, the solution catalyzed a cultural shift where teams began viewing coverage as a valuable development tool rather than a compliance requirement, ultimately leading to more thoughtful testing strategies and improved code quality.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a metric for evaluating hospitalists’ documentation of clinical reasoning in admission notes. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Admissions from 2014 to 2017 at three hospitals in Maryland. PARTICIPANTS: Hospitalist physicians. MEASUREMENTS: A subset of patients admitted with fever, syncope/dizziness, or abdominal pain were randomly selected. The nine-item Clinical Reasoning in Admission Note Assessment & Plan (CRANAPL) tool was developed to assess the comprehensiveness of clinical reasoning documented in the assessment and plans (A&Ps) of admission notes. Two authors scored all A&Ps by using this tool. A&Ps with global clinical reasoning and global readability/clarity measures were also scored. All data were deidentified prior to scoring. RESULTS: The 285 admission notes that were evaluated were authored by 120 hospitalists. The mean total CRANAPL score given by both raters was 6.4 (SD 2.2). The intraclass correlation measuring interrater reliability for the total CRANAPL score was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.76-0.87). Associations between the CRANAPL total score and global clinical reasoning score and global readability/clarity measures were statistically significant (P < .001). Notes from academic hospitals had higher CRANAPL scores (7.4 [SD 2.0] and 6.6 [SD 2.1]) than those from the community hospital (5.2 [SD 1.9]), P < .001. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first step to characterizing clinical reasoning documentation in hospital medicine. With some validity evidence established for the CRANAPL tool, it may be possible to assess the documentation of clinical reasoning by hospitalists.

A substantial effort, in general, is required for understanding APIs of application frameworks. High-quality API documentation may alleviate the effort, but the production of such documentation still poses a major challenge for modern frameworks. To facilitate the production of framework instantiation documentation, we hypothesize that the framework code itself and the code of existing instantiations provide useful information. However, given the size and complexity of existent code, automated approaches are required to assist the documentation production. Our goal is to assess an automated approach for constructing relevant documentation for framework instantiation based on source code analysis of the framework itself and of existing instantiations. The criterion for defining whether documentation is relevant would be to compare the documentation with an traditional framework documentation, considering the time spent and correctness during instantiation activities, information usefulness, complexity of the activity, navigation, satisfaction, information localization and clarity. We propose an automated approach for constructing relevant documentation for framework instantiation based on source code analysis of the framework itself and of existing instantiations. The proposed approach generates documentation in a cookbook style, where the recipes are programming activities using the necessary API elements driven by the framework features. We performed an empirical study, consisting of three experiments with 44 human subjects executing real framework instantiations aimed at comparing the use of the proposed cookbooks to traditional manual framework documentation (baseline). Our empirical assessment shows that the generated cookbooks performed better or, at least, with non-significant difference when compared to the traditional documentation, evidencing the effectiveness of the approach.

This book offers a new reconstruction of Amerigo Vespucci’s navigational and scientific endeavours in their historical context. The author argues that all of the manuscripts or texts that Vespucci left to posterity are reliable and true, except for several amendments imposed upon him for reasons linked to the political and economic interests of those who authorised him to undertake his journeys or which were the result of relationships with his companions. The earliest genuine documentation, which dates from the late fifteenth century or early sixteenth century, confirms this position. Fortunately, careful philological studies of Vespucci’s principal written works are available, while some of his original drawings, which confirm, clarify and enrich what he narrated in his letters, can be identified in Waldseemüller’s large map known as Universalis cosmographia (1507).

The Lehman Brothers’ insolvencies were not the first to have been experienced in the derivatives market but the size of the outstanding positions was unprecedented. Moreover, the collapse of the group triggered a period of extreme market turbulence, in which the liquidity of many products dried up and their values collapsed. This was the background against which counterparties sought to close out their positions and extricate themselves from their relationships with various members of the group. The work involved in agreeing the resulting claims has been very complicated and has taken a great deal of time, often as a result of debates about the interpretation of standard agreements. The judgments that have been given are of considerable importance to the derivatives market as they have helped to clarify the meaning of standard documentation that remains in widespread use. From a vantage point of some eight years later, this chapter draws some conclusions about the operation of this documentation and presents a critique of the case law that has emerged from the insolvency proceedings.

This book provides the essential, primary documentation needed to clarify, readjust, and, in some cases, destroy the many commonly held myths of America's colonial past. America's past is in many respects misunderstood and distorted. Even our secondary-level and college classrooms are not always capable of correcting the common misconceptions about Columbus and his discovery; Jamestown, John Smith, and Pocahontas; the Salem Witch Trials; and even the American Revolution. What is often lacking in texts on these events and people is a narrative with a solid underpinning of primary sources that clearly explains how misconceptions began, how they were perpetuated, and finally how they made their way into contemporary American popular culture. Colonial America: Facts and Fictions separates myth from reality. The authors explore 10 popular myths about the period, each of which is examined in terms of its origin and how it became ensconced in American memory. It uses primary sources to explain the evolution of the myths and to inform readers about what actually happened. This book explains all of this, and most importantly exposes the modern reader to those essential primary source documents that clarify the distortions and disprove the popular misconceptions of the past.

The Centre for Heritage Conservation Studies and Technologies (KDWT) was founded in spring 2016 as a central research institute of the Otto Friedrich University Bamberg. The core tasks of the KDWT are the expansion of knowledge and technology transfer to non-university research in-stitutions, business and crafts, the expansion of technical excellence, the supplementation of the range of courses, the support in research, teaching, transfer and service in terms of content and technical equipment as well in the internationalisation of research. The centre is divided into four departments: Monument Preservation, Digital Heritage Technologies, Building Research and Res-toration Science and thus covers both the foundations in the humanities as well as engineering and scientific approaches. The first volume of the “Reports of the KDWT” series presents the technically diverse work of the first two and a half years since the KDWT was established in a format with colour illustrations. Four main chapters represent the four departments mentioned. First, the fundamental aims and focus of each subject are outlined. This is followed by individual presentations of the respective re-search projects, which also would like to bring the content closer to the non-expert reader, especially through the illustrations provided. For a better overview, basic information and thematically linked publications have been added to the projects. For example, the Monument Preservation department reports on various projects related to the theme, city and heritage conservation, addresses participatory heritage protection, emotions and heritage as well as a municipal monument plan for Bavaria, to name just a few. The digital heritage technologies outline projects in the area of 3D documentation. The building research area analy-ses large medieval buildings, develops concepts for building preservation and improves technical skills in building analysis. Finally, the area of restoration science explains the use of non-destructive methods of investigation and microanalysis based on international and local projects, be they Sin-ghalese temple sites, European cathedrals or medieval textiles from the Bamberg cathedral treasury. The aim of the project presentations is to clarify to what extent each sub-area represents the KDWT with extraordinary, professionally sound experience and expertise in teaching, research and above all in practice. In order to do justice to the extensive transfer, networking and research activities of the individual members, a fifth main chapter lists all individual services in alphabetical order until mid-2018.

Que peuvent penser des lycéens français de l’amélioration des capacités du corps humain par l’utilisation de sciences et techniques intégrées ? À partir de quelles références vont-ils exprimer la régulation éthique ou législative qu’ils souhaiteraient lui voir appliquer ? Dans un contexte didactique imprécis et malgré une thématique juridique peu coutumière, deux classes de 2nde s’impliquent tour à tour dans un format d’apprentissage inédit alliant documentation, débats, raisonnement puis communication orale et écrite. Elles expérimentent les écarts entre persuader et convaincre, pratiquent un oral peu normé, mais productif pour apprendre, s’organisent pour synthétiser des pistes de travail communes, puis accèdent à une certaine conceptualisation. En donnant un second souffle au projet, la contrainte de la pandémie de Covid donne l’occasion d’un utile détour par les mythes grecs et la science-fiction : redéployé, le travail sur la langue permet de retrouver quelques bénéfices oubliés d’une pratique de la rhétorique : notamment le travail de la clarté, du suspense, du décentrement, bref d’un esprit critique où s’élabore une pensée en acte.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly advanced clinical decision support systems in healthcare, particularly using Machine Learning (ML) models. However, the technical nature of current ML model documentation often leads to lack of comprehension among healthcare stakeholders. This study assessed the understanding of ML model documentation for a sepsis prediction model during an interdisciplinary workshop with 24 participants. Results showed that participants had moderate AI literacy (mean score: 40.13 out of 65) and that on average 65% of the model documentation was understood. Key barriers to understanding included technical jargon, unexplained abbreviations, lack of contextual clarity, and dense data presentation, which impacted usability. Participants recommended the use of simplified language, clear explanations, and visual aids to enhance clarity and facilitate integration into clinical workflows.

An adequate documentation in medical records is essential for patient safety and high quality care. The aim of this study was to evaluate documentation by dietitians in Swedish medical records. A retrospective audit of147 dietetic notes in electronic medical records was performed. The audit focused at documentation of essential parts of the dietetic care, as well as other quality aspects such as lingual clarity and structure of the documentation. The nutrition intervention showed to be the most documented part of dietetic care. However, the audit showed that several important parts of nutrition care were poorly documented, for instance nearly half of the audited records had no clear nutrition problem documented, and in most of the records, the goal of nutrition intervention was missing. The study shows that Swedish dietitians need to improve documentation in medical records, as a suggestion by implementing a more structured documentation model.

It is well-established that to increase acceptance of electronic clinical documentation tools, such as electronic health record (EHR) systems, it is important to have a strong relationship between those who document the clinical encounters and those who reaps the benefit of digitalized and more structured documentation. [1] Therefore, templates for EHR systems benefit from being closely related to clinical practice with a strong focus on primarily solving clinical problems. Clinical use as a driver for structured documentation has been the focus of the acute-physical-examination template (APET) development in the North Denmark Region. The template was developed through a participatory design where precision and clarity of documentation was prioritized as well as fast registration. The resulting template has approximately 700 easy accessible input possibilities and will be evaluated in clinical practice in the first quarter of 2013.

Abstract Chapter 12 looks into the aftermath of 1:1 meetings. It expounds on the importance of creating clarity of commitments through shared documentation, which should be finalized and distributed within two days after the meeting. The documentation serves as a contract of sorts, getting every participant on the same page while simultaneously promoting accountability and increasing chances of positive actions. Moreover, both managers and their directs must follow through on the action items they committed to since breaking these commitments will only result in broken trust and working relationships that would make future 1:1 meetings less effective. The chapter considers several tactics on how to set up commitments effectively.

A major focus of nurses is to improve patient outcomes, and any introduction of technology into their work environment should add value through enhancing patient care and contributing to the development of nursing intelligence. This study addressed whether nurses working in an emergency department (ED) perceived a relationship between using an emergency department information system (EDIS) and patient outcomes. A cross-sectional survey design was used, with data collected from the population (n=168) of nurses from five Australian metropolitan public hospital emergency departments (EDs). The questionnaire collected information on how EDIS impacted on patient outcomes in terms of waiting times, triage process, departmental accountability, documentation focus, computer interaction, and system purpose. Nurses acknowledged the value of an information system in improving the triage process and increasing the accountability of the ED, however failed to identify any impact on reducing overall ED waiting times or its relationship to improved care delivery. Over half the respondents could not identify negative effects such as compelling nurses to focus on documentation details or ‘treat the computer’ rather than the patient. The use of technology in this study evoked optimistic responses, however results indicated a lack of clarity about the impact of EDIS on patient outcomes.

<i>Abstract</i> .—The advent of modern fisheries research during the second half of the 19th century was striking in its historical and ethnographic orientation, a precedent set by such pioneering work as George Perkins Marsh’s <i>Man and Nature </i> and the collective labor of the U.S. Fish Commission and certain state fish commissions that followed its lead. This approach served to provide more than limited context or introductory remarks for scientific studies but, with compelling clarity, took seriously the historical and cultural experiences of fishing communities in an effort to structure wide public discourse on the pressing concerns confronting the use of fisheries resources. Hoping to employ knowledge of fisheries history and occupational culture in the service of publicly engaged, progressive policy and management, these investigations reached audiences not just through government reports, but also through popular periodicals and fisheries exhibitions. Today, the work of environmental and cultural history—in conjunction with their vital interdisciplinary links to oral history, anthropology, geography, field documentation, and museology—is revitalizing this tradition and establishing important patterns in how fisheries issues are communicated and deliberated in society. Similar to earlier periods, the implications of these contemporary initiatives are important for those stakeholders wishing to participate in the public culture that frames current fisheries life.

Medical record documentation forms the foundation of medical coding and billing, encompassing essential components that ensure accurate coding, proper reimbursement, and quality patient care. The documentation process starts with patient demographics and progresses through detailed clinical documentation including chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical history, family history, social history, and review of systems. Physical examination findings and assessment/plan complete the basic clinical documentation. Supporting documentation includes laboratory results, diagnostic imaging reports, consultation notes, operative reports, pathology findings, nursing notes, progress notes, and various medical orders. The query process facilitates communication between providers and coders to clarify documentation ambiguities through concurrent or retrospective queries. Clinical Documentation Improvement (CDI) programs systematically enhance documentation quality through concurrent review, provider education, quality monitoring, and compliance oversight. Regulatory compliance requirements govern documentation practices, including HIPAA regulations, Medicare/Medicaid requirements, medical necessity documentation, coding compliance, and electronic health record standards. Healthcare organizations must maintain robust audit programs and provide ongoing education to ensure documentation meets all applicable standards while protecting patient privacy and security

This study concerns the documentation regarding Salesian activities in Przemyśl, which is in the possession of the “Salesian Central Archive” of the Salesian Congregation in Rome. This is a matter of documentation that is almost exclusively original, in which lies its historical value and cultural significance. The creators of the Przemyśl archive represent the highest ecclesiastical offices of the time: the Holy See (Vatican), the Bishop of Przemyśl of the Latin rite, the central government of the Salesian congregation and the Provinces, and the authorities of the Salesian mission in Przemyśl. The resources include legal writings, questionnaires (collection of statistical data), chronicles, accounts of events, occasional writings, newspaper cuttings, and photographs. Different types of documents are found because of the way they were produced. The predominant language is Italian. The themes of the resources relate to the legal basis of the institution, the parish, statistical information regarding the various apostolic, educational, and educational work, messages of a chronicle nature, the closure of the organist school, the reaction of the Italian local newspaper, and occasional events. The resources also include a modest photographic collection. In Polish academic literature on the work of the Salesians of Przemyśl, the Roman archival collection has not been considered. This documentation can probably clarify some issues, make statistical data more precise, and provide a deeper insight into the links between the center of the congregation and its local structures.

Abstract Corrosion management systems (CMS) have been developed for a variety of oil and gas assets. Improper implementation of CMS, by not adequately identifying and assessing possible corrosion root causes and risks during the Integrity Review Process, is one of the main reasons for corrosion failures. Life cycle management and continuous improvement often depends only on learning from asset failures, which cannot fully comprehend and evaluate complex root causes of typically complex corrosion processes. In this work, we suggest and present an improved scheme of CMS with the additional element of external R&D studies, to achieve the highest level of reliability. Targeted research on selected key issues and investigative studies go beyond typical failure analysis. Findings and results of these studies should be implemented in the CMS and the documentation updated accordingly. Two case studies demonstrate how results and knowledge gained from R&D studies directly improve corrosion management and prevent future failures. The first case is a research study on the origin of iron sulfide scale and corrosion. Clarification of the source and formation mechanism of iron sulfide directly affects the mitigation strategy and reduces workover with huge cost savings. The second case presents the advantages of an integrated approach of modelling and lab studies to clarify unforeseen causes of corrosion and uncover hidden design risks of high strength steel. These two case studies highlight the importance of targeted research and studies as additional elements in the CMC to assess root causes of failures and identify hidden design risks to achieve the highest level of improvement and a life cycle of reliability.

This research presents the results of a literature review of methods and approaches to assessing the quality of documentation in IT projects. We conducted a systematic review of about 100 publications devoted to the description of tasks and key elements of project documentation. In this paper we tried to systematize and summarize a) the main approaches and methods used to assess the quality of documentation descriptions in IT projects, b) key criteria and metrics that determine the completeness and clarity of documentation descriptions, c) problems encountered in assessing the quality of documentation and textual descriptions of tasks in IT projects. The obtained results provide a basis for our further work aimed at improving the quality and efficiency of project documentation.

Product documentation plays an important role in product creation. Many parts of the documentation are used for manufacturing, assembly and quality assurance processes. Until today the leading document for manufacturing processes is the engineering drawing. With more complex product designs the clarity of the drawings decreases. Modern technologies enable the transition to a paperless manufacturing documentation without the need for expensive licenses. 3D-PDF technology offers a way to provide manufacturers with 3D-CAD models containing the appropriate product manufacturing information. In this paper a generative document that provides only the essential information for certain manufacturing steps is presented. 3D-PDF technology is used to present the results to the machinist. The recommended documentation provides two different views: the input and output status of a product at a specific manufacturing station. Those views are created automatically from the ERP database containing manufacturing knowledge of the product. The presented models are supplemented with general information, e.g. material, designer, general tolerances. The limitation on necessary information for only one manufacturing step at a time increases the comprehensibility of the product documentation and thus accelerates the manufacturing process and improves product quality.

Abstract Instructions on how to assemble a product, known as assembly plans, are traditionally presented to operators in the form of a paper document. The quality, clarity and format of this documentation rely largely on planning engineers’ experience and expertise. Inconsistencies can occur from planner to planner or across project departments which effect product quality. This paper presents a novel structured approach to assembly planning for initial application in the small batch, high technology, precision products sector (eg avionics, mechatronics, electronics). The structured approach capturing best practice is designed to assist experienced planners as well as providing a mechanism for training new planners. The common and variable requirements of assembly planning and information delivery systems in the application sector have been researched and defined.

Identifying and transferring secrets of engineering design drive innovation within a successful company. In design courses, engineering students rarely use a lab book, a research notebook, or design journal to document anything! During the summer of 2006, a University of Maryland RISE undergraduate research team piloted a study of 12 students’ design journal entries during a Mechanical Engineering senior Capstone design course. Existing note coding schemes from the engineering education researchers were adapted and tested with the goal of inferring cognitive activity. Journal entries revealed individual characteristics about students as learners including: uneven time commitment to design stages, preference for sketching, documentation clarity and individual buy-in to design tools presented in class. Design journal research is a promising path to understanding how students are learning and practicing design.

A great deal of attention is given to the importance of communication in environmental remediation and radioactive waste management. However, very little attention is given to eliciting multiple perspectives so as to formulate high quality decisions. Plans that are based on a limited number of perspectives tend to be narrowly focused whereas those that are based on a wide variety of perspectives tend to be comprehensive, higher quality, and more apt to be put into application. In addition, existing methods of dialogue have built-in limitations in that they typically draw from the predominant thinking patterns which focus in some areas but ignore others. This can result in clarity but a lack of comprehensiveness. This paper presents a Perspective Awareness Model which helps groups such as partnering teams, interagency teams, steering committees, and working groups elicit a wide net of perspectives and viewpoints. The paper begins by describing five factors that makes cooperation among such groups challenging. Next, a Perspective Awareness Model that makes it possible to manage these five factors is presented. The two primary components of this model — the eight “Thinking Directions” and the “Shared Documentation” — are described in detail. Several examples are given to illustrate how the Perspective Awareness Model can be used to elicit multiple perspectives to formulate high quality decisions in the area of environmental remediation and radioactive waste management.

Abstract Design rationale is the explicit documentation of the reasons behind decisions made in designing a product or system. Typically, design rationale is captured using a combination of written reports and oral presentations. Research shows that the structure and information used to communicate rationale significantly influence human behavior. To better understand the influence that communication of design rationale has on the design process, a detailed understanding of the information and techniques used to communicate design rationale needs to be studied. This research aims to identify how engineers and designers communicate this information in written form and the implications that their communication patterns have in engineering design. Eight hundred and forty-six pages of technical engineering design reports from 28 teams representing 116 individuals were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach and then compared across project types. The data were coded into categories using a schema we developed. The findings highlight the range of clarity that designers use in their rationales to support their design actions. Instead of clear, logical reasoning trends, designers often use techniques to fill gaps in design rationale through making assumptions, inserting oneself, or redirecting focus. The results suggest a need for improving design communication in engineering education and practice, perhaps through existing design reasoning frameworks or design rationale capturing tools. By capturing design rationale clearly between human designers, human-AI systems can leverage these findings to increase human confidence in and acceptance of a design agent’s recommendations.

The analysis of the architectural palimpsest, the study of sources and archival research has been the cornerstones of the project involving the medieval fortress of Catino (Poggio Catino, RI). Through the application of a systematic method of investigation, the project proposed a novel model of historical and architectural reconstruction of the settlement, allowing clarity on one of the best-preserved and most scenic sites of the Sabina tiberina. Since the 9th century onward, the area appears to be firmly in the hands of the Abbey of Farfa, controlling the road junction that lead to the cave of San Michele Arcangelo in Monte Tancia, already recorded in ancient times as via ad cisternam.Through research and the study of ancient sources, it has been possible to recognize several passages of ownership, each of which involved the construction of infrastructures that developed around the first nucleus composed of the four-sided tower and religious building, of which a planimetric representation is proposed for the first time.28 m high, the main Catino pentagonal tower is presented as part of a specific defensive system. The tower has been the subject of a laser scanner and photogrammetric survey that aimed to return a updated graphic documentation. More than 50 scans were made between the exterior of the fortress and the interior of the tower. The latter returned very important information on the development and management of the spaces inside and made it possible to represent an updated plan of the entire monument.

Within the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) the Section XI Working Group on Flaw Evaluation (WGFE) is currently working to develop a revision to Code Case (CC) N-830. CC N-830 permits the direct use of fracture toughness in flaw evaluations as an alternative to the indirect/correlative approaches (RTNDT-based) traditionally used in the ASME Code. The current version of N-830 estimates allowable fracture toughness values in the transition regime as the 5th percentile Master Curve (MC) indexed to the transition temperature T0. The proposed CC N-830 revision expands on this capability by incorporating a complete and self-consistent suite of models that describe completely the temperature dependence, scatter, and interdependencies between all fracture metrics (i.e., KJc, KIa, JIc, J0.1, and J–R) used currently, or useful in, a flaw evaluation for conditions ranging from the lower shelf through the upper shelf. Papers presented in previous ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping (PVP) Conferences since 2014 provide the technical basis for these various toughness models. This paper contributes to this overall CC N-830 documentation suite by presenting the results of a sample problem run to assess the proposed revision of the CC. The objective of the sample problem was (1) to determine if the revised CC was written with adequate clarity to permit different engineers to accurately and consistently calculate the various allowable toughness values described by the equations in the CC, (2) to assess how these allowable toughness values would be used to calculate allowable flaw depths using standard ASME SC-XI approaches, and (3) to compare allowable flaw depths calculated using established Code practices (RTNDT-based) to those calculated using proposed CC practices (T0-based). The sample problem demonstrated that (1) the CC was written with sufficient clarity to allow different engineers to arrive at the same estimated value of allowable toughness, (2) the latitude associated with the provisions of the ASME Code pertinent to estimation of allowable flaw depth are responsible for some differences in the allowable flaw depth values reported by different participants, and (3) current Code estimates of allowable flaw depth are far more conservative (that is: smaller) than values estimated by the candidate CC methods based on the MC, this mostly due to the generally-conservative bias of the Code’s RTNDT & KIc approach. The candidate CC methods provide much more consistent conservatism than current Code approaches for all conditions in the operating nuclear reactor fleet via their use of an index temperature (T0) defined by actual fracture toughness data and a temperature dependence defined by those data. The WGFE is continuing to evaluate candidate approaches to estimate allowable toughness values for CC N-830 using a T0-indexed Master Curve. Associated work is addressed by two companion papers presented at this conference.

We present the process of publishing resources in Kielipankki, the Language Bank of Finland. Our pipeline includes all the steps that are needed to publish a resource: from finding and receiving the original data until making the data available via different platforms, e.g., the Korp concordance tool or the download service. Our goal is to standardize the publishing process by creating an ordered checklist of tasks with the corresponding documentation and by developing conversion scripts and processing tools that can be shared and applied on different resources.

The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act (England) aims to develop a science-based process for the regulation and authorisation of precision bred organisms (PBOs). PBOs are created by genetic technologies but exhibit changes which could have occurred through traditional processes. This current review, commissioned by the Food Standards Agency (FSA), aims to clarify existing terminologies, explore viable methods for the detection, identification, and quantification of products of precision breeding techniques, address and identify potential solutions to the analytical challenges presented, and provide recommendations for working towards an infrastructure to support detection of precision bred products in the future. The review includes a summary of the terminology in relation to analytical approaches for detection of precision bred products. A harmonised set of terminology contributes towards promoting further understanding of the common terms used in genome editing. A review of the current state of the art of potential methods for the detection, identification and quantification of precision bred products in the UK, has been provided. Parallels are drawn with the evolution of synergistic analytical approaches for the detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), where molecular biology techniques are used to detect DNA sequence changes in an organism’s genome. The scope and limitations of targeted and untargeted methods are summarised. Current scientific opinion supports that modern molecular biology techniques (i.e., quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) have the technical capability to detect small alterations in an organism’s genome, given specific prerequisites of a priori information on the DNA sequence of interest and of the associated flanking regions. These techniques also provide the best infra-structure for developing potential approaches for detection of PBOs. Should sufficient information be known regarding a sequence alteration and confidence can be attributed to this being specific to a PBO line, then detection, identification and quantification can potentially be achieved. Genome editing and new mutagenesis techniques are umbrella terms, incorporating a plethora of approaches with diverse modes of action and resultant mutational changes. Generalisations regarding techniques and methods for detection for all PBO products are not appropriate, and each genome edited product may have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The application of modern molecular biology techniques, in isolation and by targeting just a single alteration, are unlikely to provide unequivocal evidence to the source of that variation, be that as a result of precision breeding or as a result of traditional processes. In specific instances, detection and identification may be technically possible, if enough additional information is available in order to prove that a DNA sequence or sequences are unique to a specific genome edited line (e.g., following certain types of Site-Directed Nucelase-3 (SDN-3) based approaches). The scope, gaps, and limitations associated with traceability of PBO products were examined, to identify current and future challenges. Alongside these, recommendations were made to provide the infrastructure for working towards a toolkit for the design, development and implementation of analytical methods for detection of PBO products. Recognition is given that fully effective methods for PBO detection have yet to be realised, so these recommendations have been made as a tool for progressing the current state-of-the-art for research into such methods. Recommendations for the following five main challenges were identified. Firstly, PBOs submitted for authorisation should be assessed on a case-by-case basis in terms of the extent, type and number of genetic changes, to make an informed decision on the likelihood of a molecular biology method being developed for unequivocal identification of that specific PBO. The second recommendation is that a specialist review be conducted, potentially informed by UK and EU governmental departments, to monitor those PBOs destined for the authorisation process, and actively assess the extent of the genetic variability and mutations, to make an informed decision on the type and complexity of detection methods that need to be developed. This could be further informed as part of the authorisation process and augmented via a publicly available register or database. Thirdly, further specialist research and development, allied with laboratory-based evidence, is required to evaluate the potential of using a weight of evidence approach for the design and development of detection methods for PBOs. This concept centres on using other indicators, aside from the single mutation of interest, to increase the likelihood of providing a unique signature or footprint. This includes consideration of the genetic background, flanking regions, off-target mutations, potential CRISPR/Cas activity, feasibility of heritable epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes, as well as supplementary material from supplier, origin, pedigree and other documentation. Fourthly, additional work is recommended, evaluating the extent/type/nature of the genetic changes, and assessing the feasibility of applying threshold limits associated with these genetic changes to make any distinction on how they may have occurred. Such a probabilistic approach, supported with bioinformatics, to determine the likelihood of particular changes occurring through genome editing or traditional processes, could facilitate rapid classification and pragmatic labelling of products and organisms containing specific mutations more readily. Finally, several scientific publications on detection of genome edited products have been based on theoretical principles. It is recommended to further qualify these using evidenced based practical experimental work in the laboratory environment. Additional challenges and recommendations regarding the design, development and implementation of potential detection methods were also identified. Modern molecular biology-based techniques, inclusive of qPCR, dPCR, and NGS, in combination with appropriate bioinformatics pipelines, continue to offer the best analytical potential for developing methods for detecting PBOs. dPCR and NGS may offer the best technical potential, but qPCR remains the most practicable option as it is embedded in most analytical laboratories. Traditional screening approaches, similar to those for conventional transgenic GMOs, cannot easily be used for PBOs due to the deficit in common control elements incorporated into the host genome. However, some limited screening may be appropriate for PBOs as part of a triage system, should a priori information be known regarding the sequences of interest. The current deficit of suitable methods to detect and identify PBOs precludes accurate PBO quantification. Development of suitable reference materials to aid in the traceability of PBOs remains an issue, particularly for those PBOs which house on- and off-target mutations which can segregate. Off-target mutations may provide an additional tool to augment methods for detection, but unless these exhibit complete genetic linkage to the sequence of interest, these can also segregate out in resulting generations. Further research should be conducted regarding the likelihood of multiple mutations segregating out in a PBO, to help inform the development of appropriate PBO reference materials, as well as the potential of using off-target mutations as an additional tool for PBO traceability. Whilst recognising the technical challenges of developing and maintaining pan-genomic databases, this report recommends that the UK continues to consider development of such a resource, either as a UK centric version, or ideally through engagement in parallel EU and international activities to better achieve harmonisation and shared responsibilities. Such databases would be an invaluable resource in the design of reliable detection methods, as well as for confirming that a mutation is as a result of genome editing. PBOs and their products show great potential within the agri-food sector, necessitating a science-based analytical framework to support UK legislation, business and consumers. Differentiating between PBOs generated through genome editing compared to organisms which exhibit the same mutational change through traditional processes remains analytically challenging, but a broad set of diagnostic technologies (e.g., qPCR, NGS, dPCR) coupled with pan-genomic databases and bioinformatics approaches may help contribute to filling this analytical gap, and support the safety, transparency, proportionality, traceability and consumer confidence associated with the UK food chain.