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Worboys, Michael. "Inventing Dog Breeds." Humanimalia 10, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 44–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9524.
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Today Jack Russell Terriers (JRTs) are among the most popular dogs in Britain and are seen to have long history, dating back to the fox terriers bred by Parson Jack Russell in the early and mid-Victorian period. Yet, JRTs are the dog breed most recently recognized by the British Kennel Club, only being allowed to enter dog shows and to be registered in the Club’s stud book since 2016. This essay explores this paradox and tells the story of struggles between different groups over the physical form and cultural meaning of this particular type of dog, but similar histories of the contested and contingent creation could be told of every dog breed. Modern dog breeds were invented materially and culturally in the Victorian era, first in Britain before being spread around the world. Then and since, the conformation of individual breeds has been subject to continual reimagining and reinvention by dog fanciers, along with the proliferation breeds to produce the 344 breeds now recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). History shows that breed could have been differently conceived and specific dog breeds differently made.
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MORINA, Rifat, Avni ROBAJ, and Mentor SOPJANI. "Analiza mitohondrijske DNA pri psih pasme šarplaninec in njena uporaba za ugotavljanje filogenetskih povezav med pasmami in znotraj pasme." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 120, no. 2 (July 16, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2024.120.2.19117.
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The Yugoslavian Shepherd Dog – Sharplanina belongs to the group of Molosser type dog breeds and is an autochthonous dog breed in southwestern Kosovo and northwestern North Macedonia. This breed is characterised by its genetic diversity in the mitochondrial DNA. In our research we found nine haplotypes grouped into three main clades A, B and C, with distribution rates of 43 %, 43 % and 14 %, respectively. Our analyses show that the “Sharplanina dog” exhibits a remarkable genetic heterogeneity, which makes it very difficult to determine its origin and to correlate the haplotypes with the geographical location of the collected samples. The geographical proximity of the breed’s origin to the habitat of the extinct ancient Molossian hound and the similarities of its haplotypes with certain dog breeds in Europe and East Asia make it a very interesting breed for further research.
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Jung, Christoph, and Daniela Pörtl. "How old are (Pet) Dog Breeds?" Pet Behaviour Science, no. 7 (May 1, 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/pbs.v0i7.11494.
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Dogs are our Pets. Everybody knows dog breeds. A dog is often understood only as a specimen of a breed or a mongrel of several breeds. Some scholars argue, that dog breeds would be created as an artificial product starting 150 years ago in the Victorian era. The original dog would be an uniform dog type called “village dog”, hanging around human settlements while scavenging human waste and faeces. Astonishingly we only find very little research on evolution and history of dog breeds and dog breeding. In our article we will search for evidence. We found many records in history, archaeology and genetics pointing out that dog breeds have a long history likely starting in prehistoric times or at least in antiquity. Dog breeds shape no static monuments over thousands of years. We should understand dog breeds as steadily evolving populations in changing ecologies - like each species. Dogs’ ecological niches were made primarily by human. We are able to identify and clearly differ dogs in breeds, each breed fitting to its special niches. We are using dogs’ different traits since thousands of years. Dogs always had and have their jobs as hunting-, herding-, sledding-partners or as pets. Thus, dogs have been shaped to fit optimally to each job. Eventually, they evolved with their changing jobs in continually evolving human societies. Breeds have not been simply invented. Breeds did not derive artificially during some decades in the Victorian era. Victorian dog breeding culture only switched the focus from the behaviour to the appearance and that mainly with regard to fashion dogs. Even standardized modern purebred dogs on the official shows are continuously changing their traits and appearance following human fashions. Dog breeds may be understood as a reflection of human culture. Understanding the history of dog breeds is helpful for a better understanding of our dogs, the human-dog bonding and ourselves.
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Adejumobi, P. O., I. O. Adejumobi, O. A. Adebisi, S. O. Ayanlade, and I. I. Adeaga. "Automatic classification of breeds of dog using convolutional neural network." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 20, no. 3 (October 15, 2023): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v20i3.1485.
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Dog is a mammal that has been a friend of man for ages, it is naturally a domestic animal with a high level of phenotype differences in behaviour and morphology. Breeding and crossbreeding activities have increased the number of dog breeds globally, thereby resulting in dogs with inter breed similarities and intra breed differences thereby creating a difficulty in their classification. The American Kennel Club (AKC) classified breeds of dog into groups based on characteristic, purpose, behaviuor and uses in order to optimize the potentials in the breeds. However, most people find it difficult to identify and classify the dog breed groups. Existing works did not consider the automatic grouping of dog breeds. Hence, there is need for automatic techniques to classify dog breeds into groups with improved accuracy. This work used the concept of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to develop a model that will automatically classify dog breeds into group based on the American Kennel Club standard using the Stanford’s dog dataset. The developed model achieved 92.2% accuracy, 80.0% sensitivity, 95.3% specificity and 93.4% area under curve (AUC). The model’s performance is excellent compared to existing works that used the same dataset. The experimental result was validated with two classic CNN models (ResNet-50 and SqueezeNet) using the same parameters.
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Hielscher-Zdzieblik, Benedikt, Ingo Froboese, James Serpell, and Udo Gansloßer. "Impact of Dog’s Age and Breed on Dog Owner’s Physical Activity: A German Longitudinal Study." Animals 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12101314.
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Dog ownership contributes positively to physical activity (PA). The impact of different dog breeds and age on PA is less investigated in longitudinal studies. This study aimed to evaluate PA changes in dog owners as their dogs’ ages increased and to explore whether there are differences in PA between owners of different breeds over a three-year period. Owners of different dog breeds were categorized into nine groups according to the perceived energy level and size of the breed. PA was monitored using an online questionnaire for three consecutive years. Linear mixed models (LMM) showed a small, but significant decrease in total PA, leisure time walking, dog-related PA and dog walking over three years. No decreases were found if only participants who attended at all time points were included. In all LMM analyses, a significant relationship between the dog breed and the outcomes of PA were shown. At baseline, dog owners performed different types of activities depending on their dog breed. In conclusion, owners of different dog breeds differ in their types of PA. The study emphasizes that age, size and energy level of the dog does not per se have an impact on dog owners PA.
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Jagadesh, K. "Dog’s Breed Prediction using Deep Learning." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 6 (June 30, 2024): 1161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.61626.
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Abstract: Dog Breed Prediction from Images using Deep Learning, in this project, we propose a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based approach for predicting dog breeds from images. With the increasing popularity of dogs as pets and the need for proper care and maintenance, it is essential to identify the breed of a dog accurately. However, manual identification can be time-consuming and prone to errors. Therefore, we propose a deep learning-based solution that can predict the breed of a dog with high accuracy. We train a CNN model on a large dataset of dog images, where each image is labeled with the breed of the dog. The model learns to extract features from the images and classify them into one of the 180 breeds. We evaluate the performance of the model using standard metrics and compare it with other machine learning algorithms. Our experimental results show that the proposed CNN model outperforms other algorithms in predicting dog breeds from images. The model achieves an accuracy of 90%, making it a reliable tool for dog breed prediction. Additionally, we develop a web application that allows users to upload an image of a dog and predict its breed using our model. This project demonstrates the effectiveness of deep learning techniques in predicting dog breeds from images. The proposed CNN model can be a valuable tool for veterinarians, pet owners, and breeders, helping them identify the breed of a dog accurately and efficiently.
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STOCKMAN, M. J. R. "Dog breeds." Journal of Small Animal Practice 26, no. 1 (January 1985): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1985.tb02084.x.
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Towpunwong, Nattakan, and Napa Sae-Bae. "Dog Breed Classification and Identification Using Convolutional Neural Networks." ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2023174.253728.
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This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of using pre-trained models to extract biometric information, specifically the dog breed and dog identity, from images of dogs. The study employed pre-trained models to extract feature vectors from the dog images. Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) models then used these vectors as input to train dog breed and identity classifiers. The dog breeds used in this study comprised two Thai breeds, Bangkaew and Ridgeback, and 120 foreign breeds. For dog breed classification, the results showed that, among the ImageNet classification models, the pre-trained NasNetLarge model has the highest dog breed classification accuracy (91%). The newly trained MLP model, which used feature vectors obtained by NasNetLarge, achieved higher accuracy at 93%. For dog identification, the results showed that, without data augmentation, the pre-trained ResNet50 model had the highest dog identification accuracy (75%). However, with data augmentation, MobileNetV2 could achieve a higher accuracy of 77%. When evaluating the identification performance of each breed, it is important to note that pugs achieved the lowest identification rate at 57.4%. Conversely, Bangkaew dogs demonstrated outstanding performance, with the highest identification rate at 98.6%.
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Kumaravel, T., P. Natesan, V. E. Sathishkumar, Sathiya Shri N., Swathy G., and Uvetha V. "Automatic dog breed classification using deep learning." Applied and Computational Engineering 6, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 966–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/6/20230968.
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Dogs are a common type of animal that can present various problems, such as issues with population control, controlling rabies outbreaks, administering vaccinations, and legal ownership, due to their large numbers. Understanding the breed of the dog can help the owner identify potential health issues and determine their lifespan. There are over 120 different breeds of dogs, each with unique characteristics and health concerns. To properly care for and train a dog, it is important to know their breed. This study discusses methods of classifying dog breeds and presents a method using a CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) to accurately identify different breeds by analyzing dog images. This approach, using DenseNet201, achieved an accuracy of 87.34% on the Dog Breed Images dataset and is more effective than other methods found in literature.
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Nguyen Thi, Dieu Thuy, Cong Trieu Le, Phuong Loan Huynh Thi, Tra Mi Bui Thi, Huy Tuong Nguyen, and Anh Khoa Do Vo. "Analysis of genetic diversity of Ven dog breed based on microsatellite markers." Academia Journal of Biology 46, no. 2 (June 23, 2024): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/20446.
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Microsatellite (MS) is a genetic marker widely used in the studies of pedigree, individual identification, gene mapping, and genetic diversity within and between populations. The genetic diversity of the indigenous Ven dog breed, along with two imported dog breeds, the Berger and Poodle dogs raised in Vietnam, was analyzed based on seven microsatellite markers. A total of 32 alleles, an average number of alleles/loci of 4.6 were observed across 80 samples of the three dog breeds. The overall polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.67 representing the quality of selected MS markers. Genetic diversity indices (Ho, He, Fit, Fst) showed the phenomenon of inbreeding between individuals in the Ven dog population. The genetic similarity level and phylogenetic tree also reasonably reflect the genetic relationship between the three analyzed dog breeds, in which the Ven dog showed a higher genetic distance compared to two imported dog breeds.
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Kriangwanich, Wannapimol, Korakot Nganvongpanit, Kittisak Buddhachat, Puntita Siengdee, Siriwadee Chomdej, Siriluck Ponsuksili, and Chatchote Thitaram. "Genetic variations and dog breed identification using inter-simple sequence repeat markers coupled with high resolution melting analysis." PeerJ 8 (October 30, 2020): e10215. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10215.
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The identification of differing physical characteristics of dogs is an uncomplicated and straightforward way to categorize dog breeds. However, many dog owners and veterinarians still struggle to distinguish between pure breed and mixed variations in certain breeds of dogs. Presently, the absence of the tools and methods needed to confirm a pure breed dog is a significant problem since the only method available to validate pure or mongrel breeds is the official pedigree system. Inter-simple sequence repeat markers have been successfully used to assess genetic variations and differentiations. Notably, inter-simple sequence repeat markers coupled with high resolution melting analysis were effectively used for the breed identification of 43 breeds of dogs (total 463 dogs). The 10 primers chosen for analysis resulted in a range of 31–78.6% of breed discrimination when using one primer, while a combination of two primers was able to successfully discriminate between all of the 43 dog breeds (100%). Shannon’s index information (I = 2.586 ± 0.034) and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.908 ± 0.003) indicated a high level of genetic diversity among breeds. The fixation index (Fst) revealed a value of 10.4%, demonstrating that there was a high level of genetic subdivision between populations. This study showed that inter-simple sequence repeat marker analysis was effective in demonstrating high genetic diversity among varying breeds of dogs, while a combination of Inter-simple sequence repeat marker analysis and high resolution melting analysis could provide an optional technique for researchers to effectively identify breeds through genetic variations.
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Reddy, Yarram Abhilash, Yambaku Suneel Kumar, Sankari M, and Suja Cherukullapurath Mana. "Dog Breed Identification using ResNet Model." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 7s (July 13, 2023): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i7s.6977.
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As dogs are domestic animals due to the many numbers of dog breeds available around the world. It’s hard to find out the exact dog breed name for a common person. There are many techniques available to identify dog breed. But the proposed work introduced the new technique called RESNET which is the part of CNN to classify dog. RESNET is used to identify images. It helps to perform different tasks on larger datasets. Identification of different dogs is one of the important applications of Convolutional Neural networks. Since the identification of dog breeds is very difficult because they spread in a large number and it makes very hard for a person to identify or classify dogs. With the help of Keras and TensorFlow, a dataset is created, tested, and trained for the detection of dog breeds by using RESNET. Around 120 different dog breeds are present in the dataset which consist of 20600 images of dogs. From this paper, load these images and convert them into a NumPy array and normalize them. Then,100 epochs were used with a batch size of 128 to achieve the best accuracy. The model is saved for further process to create a web application to identify the dog.
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Kumar,, Prof K. Sentil. "Dog Breed Identification Using Deep Learning." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (May 10, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem31899.
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Deep learning has revolutionized computer vision tasks, including image classification. In this study, we propose a deep learning approach for the identification of dog breeds from images. Leveraging transfer learning with the ResNet50V2 model, our methodology involves preprocessing and augmenting a dataset of dog images to enhance model generalization. Through rigorous experimentation and training, our model achieves competitive accuracy rates in identifying over 60 unique dog breeds. Results indicate the efficacy of our approach in breed classification tasks, with potential applications in pet identification systems and animal welfare initiatives. Keywords: Deep learning, Dog breed identification, Transfer learning, Computer vision.
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Shouldice, Victoria L., A. Michelle Edwards, James A. Serpell, Lee Niel, and J. Andrew B. Robinson. "Expression of Behavioural Traits in Goldendoodles and Labradoodles." Animals 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121162.
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As crossbred dogs gain in popularity, how they express inherited behaviour traits in comparison to their purebred constituent breeds is of interest. We investigated behaviours exhibited by crossbred dogs by focusing on the popular Goldendoodle and Labradoodle crossbreds and comparing them to their corresponding constituent breeds: Standard and Miniature Poodle, Golden Retriever or Labrador Retriever. The data for this study was provided by 5141 volunteer dog owners who filled out the Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) online survey. The survey results were used to analyse breed differences in fourteen representative behavioural trait scores: trainability, stranger-directed aggression, owner-directed aggression, dog-directed aggression, dog rivalry, dog-directed fear, stranger-directed fear, non-social fear, touch sensitivity, separation-related problems, excitability, attachment/attention-seeking behaviours, energy and chasing. As expected from a first-generation crossbred (F1), the crossbreds in our study tend to fall between the two constituent parent breeds with some exceptions. Our results suggest that the F1 Labradoodle differed significantly from one of the pure constituent breeds only in dog rivalry, whereas the F1 Goldendoodle behaviour varied from one or more pure constituent breeds in dog rivalry, dog-directed aggression, dog-directed fear, and stranger-directed fear. These results can help advise future dog owners on behavioural trends for particular crossbreds.
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Marinov, Miroslav, Denitsa Teofanova, Dimitar Gadjev, Georgi Radoslavov, and Peter Hristov. "Mitochondrial diversity of Bulgarian native dogs suggests dual phylogenetic origin." PeerJ 6 (June 27, 2018): e5060. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5060.
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The dog has been the first domesticated animal to have a central role in human society from ancient times to present day. Although there have been numerous investigations of dog phylogeny and origin, genetic data of dogs in the region of the Balkan Peninsula (South-Eastern Europe) are still scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to perform phylogenetic analysis of three native Bulgarian dog breeds. A total of 130 samples were analyzed at HVR1 (hypervariable region, D-loop region). The samples were taken from two hunting dog breeds (Bulgarian Hound Dog: Barak,n = 34; Bulgarian Scenthound Dog: Gonche,n = 45) as well as from a Bulgarian Shepherd Dog (n = 51). The first two breeds are reared in a flat region of the country (the Northern part of Bulgaria, the Danubian Plain), while the last breed is a typical representative of the mountainous part of the country. The results have shown the presence of almost all main clades—A, B, C and D—in the three dog breeds taken together, except clades E and F, as expected. With regard to haplogroups distribution, there are clear differences among investigated breeds. While hunting breeds exhibit a prevalence of clade C, the mountainous Shepherd dog shows presence of the D2 haplogroup but absence of the C clade. In conclusion, the present study has been the first to investigate the mitochondrial DNA diversity of native dog breeds in Bulgaria. The results have revealed a clear difference of haplogroups dissemination in native hunting and shepherd dogs, which suggests a dual independent phylogenetic origin, without hybridization events between these dogs.
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Llewellyn-Zaidi, Aimée. "Brachycephalic dog breeds." Veterinary Record 178, no. 21 (May 19, 2016): 540.2–540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.i2835.
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Goddard, Philip. "Brachycephalic dog breeds." Veterinary Record 178, no. 22 (May 27, 2016): 566.3–566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.i2991.
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Wedderburn, Peter. "Brachycephalic dog breeds." Veterinary Record 178, no. 24 (June 10, 2016): 613.3–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.i3215.
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Yadav, Ronish Ranjan. "Dog Breeds Classifier." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (April 17, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem30968.
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This paper introduces a novel approach to dog breed detection using deep learning, focusing on the InceptionV5 architecture. It addresses the need for accurate breed identification crucial in pet care, veterinary diagnostics, and animal welfare studies. By training a fine-tuned InceptionV5 model on a Kaggle dataset pre-processed via Google Colab, the system achieves classification based on standard metrics like accuracy and F1-score. Integration into a Flask web app enables real-time breed detection from uploaded images, enhancing accessibility. The study highlights the efficacy of deep learning, particularly InceptionV5, in automating breed identification tasks, offering practical solutions across various applications. Moreover, it discusses potential implications for pet care, veterinary diagnostics, and animal welfare enhancement. Top of Form Key Words — dog breed detection, deep learning, InceptionV5 architecture, pet identification
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Werkheiser, Ian. "Fighting Nature: An Analysis and Critique of Breed-Specific Flourishing Arguments for Dog Fights." Society & Animals 23, no. 5 (November 3, 2015): 502–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341375.
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Social science literature on dog fighting illustrates an important element in the discourse of dog fighters, namely patriarchy. However, it has not addressed another common element, namely flourishing. According to this element of that discourse, some dog breeds are born to fight, and therefore dog fighters are helping them achieve their best lives. This argument is explicitly made by dog fighters, and it is inadvertently supported by those trying to give other dogs breed-specific flourishing, and those who advocate for breed-specific legislation. This poses a problem for advocates of using flourishing to understand animal welfare, particularly if they use kinds (like species and breed) to determine what counts as a flourishing life for a particular nonhuman animal. I argue that we can keep a slightly weakened version of breed-specific flourishing as a starting place for understanding individual dogs without endorsing sport fighting or breed-specific legislation for “vicious” breeds of dogs.
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Woodward, Lucinda, Jennifer Milliken, and Sonya Humy. "Give a Dog a Bad Name and Hang Him: Evaluating Big, Black Dog Syndrome." Society & Animals 20, no. 3 (2012): 236–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341236.
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Abstract Two studies examined human perceptions of dog personality attributes based upon exposure to pictures of dogs of select breeds. The proposed hypotheses evaluated the validity of “big, black dog syndrome”—whereby large, black dog breeds are reportedly spurned for adoption due to negatively perceived personality attributes—by assessing each dog’s relative trait dominance and affiliation based upon a taxonomy drawn from the eight-factor interpersonal circumplex. Results of two separate studies indicated that among participants’ ratings, breed-specific differences were more powerful predictors of interpersonal trait attributions than the color or size of the dog. In general, with the exception of the golden retriever, black labs were perceived as consistently less dominant and less hostile than other large breeds, contrary to the assumption that large, black dogs are viewed negatively.
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Phillips, Kitty, Carrie Stewart, Taryn Johnston, and Daniel S. Mills. "“Have You Seen This Drivel?” A Comparison of How Common Health Issues Are Discussed within Brachycephalic and Non-Brachycephalic Dog Breed Groups on Social Media." Animals 14, no. 5 (February 28, 2024): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14050757.
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As brachycephalic dog breed ownership increases, there is a growing concern for the welfare of these breeds due to extreme brachycephalism. Understanding the motivations and behaviours of those choosing to own these breeds is important if we wish to address these concerns. The aim of this study was to investigate how owners of brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dog breeds use social media dog breed groups to discuss common health issues. The purpose of Facebook posts in relation to common health issues, owner awareness of health issues and the role of Facebook facilitated social support were explored between brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dog owners. Twelve Facebook breed goups were selected (brachycephalic breed groups, n = 6, non-brachycephalic breed groups, n = 6). Using key word searches we extracted the first twenty posts from each group. Thematic analysis revealed three overarching themes: advice seeking, advice giving and community bonding mechanisms. Whilst the purpose of posting did not differ between groups, non-brachycephalic owners appeared to display greater awareness of breed-specific health issues, whilst social support played a more prominent role in brachycephalic groups. This research highlights that social media groups can act as platforms for knowledge exchange and emotional support. These could be utilised by owners, veterinarians and welfare organisations to more effectively enhance dog health and wellbeing.
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Ostrander, Elaine A., Dayna L. Dreger, and Jacquelyn M. Evans. "Canine Cancer Genomics: Lessons for Canine and Human Health." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 449–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014523.
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Dogs are second only to humans in medical surveillance and preventative health care, leading to a recent perception of increased cancer incidence. Scientific priorities in veterinary oncology have thus shifted, with a demand for cancer genetic screens, better diagnostics, and more effective therapies. Most dog breeds came into existence within the last 300 years, and many are derived from small numbers of founders. Each has undergone strong artificial selection, in which dog fanciers selected for many traits, including body size, fur type, color, skull shape, and behavior, to create novel breeds. The adoption of the breed barrier rule—no dog may become a registered member of a breed unless both its dam and its sire are registered members—ensures a relatively closed genetic pool within each breed. As a result, there is strong phenotypic homogeneity within breeds but extraordinary phenotypic variation between breeds. One consequence of this is the high level of breed-associated genetic disease. We and others have taken advantage of this to identify genes for a large number of canine maladies for which mouse models do not exist, particularly with regard to cancer.
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Kogan, Schoenfeld-Tacher, Hellyer, Oxley, and Rishniw. "Small Animal Veterinarians’ Perceptions, Experiences, and Views of Common Dog Breeds, Dog Aggression, and Breed-Specific Laws in the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 4081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214081.
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Dog aggression directed towards humans is a common and serious behavioral and public health issue. This cross-sectional study was designed to gain insights into U.S. small animal veterinarians’ views and experiences with the most common dog breeds in the U.S., dog aggression, and breed-specific legislation. An electronic survey was distributed via email to an online veterinary community, and responses were summarized and compared by means of χ2 and Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests. Most respondents were concerned about the risks of dog bite injuries, but the majority were not in favor of banning specific breeds of dogs in order to enhance public safety. When participants rated the perceived bite risk associated with popular dog breeds, Chow Chows were perceived as the highest risk, with pit bull types categorized as a moderate risk. Golden Retrievers were seen as the most appropriate for families with children. Public education about animal behavior was the most frequently endorsed policy intervention to increase public safety. These findings suggest that most veterinarians feel that banning an entire dog breed is not an effective way to ensure human safety. Instead, most respondents endorsed alternative initiatives, such as public education and stricter leash laws, to reduce the risk of dog bites.
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Zou, Ding-Nan, Song-Hai Zhang, Tai-Jiang Mu, and Min Zhang. "A new dataset of dog breed images and a benchmark for finegrained classification." Computational Visual Media 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41095-020-0184-6.
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AbstractIn this paper, we introduce an image dataset for fine-grained classification of dog breeds: the Tsinghua Dogs Dataset. It is currently the largest dataset for fine-grained classification of dogs, including 130 dog breeds and 70,428 real-world images. It has only one dog in each image and provides annotated bounding boxes for the whole body and head. In comparison to previous similar datasets, it contains more breeds and more carefully chosen images for each breed. The diversity within each breed is greater, with between 200 and 7000+ images for each breed. Annotation of the whole body and head makes the dataset not only suitable for the improvement of finegrained image classification models based on overall features, but also for those locating local informative parts. We show that dataset provides a tough challenge by benchmarking several state-of-the-art deep neural models. The dataset is available for academic purposes at https://cg.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/ThuDogs/.
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KĘPIŃSKA-PACELIK, Jagoda, and Wioletta BIEL. "NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS OF LARGE AND GIANT BREED DOGS. PART I. PUPPIES." Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 366, no. 65 (March 20, 2023): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2023.65.1.4.
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Feeding dogs is not a simple matter. Dogs are one of the most diverse animal species in the world. Thousands of years of evolution of the species of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris L.), have resulted in the fact that nowadays there are hundreds of dog breeds that differ not only in color, type of coat or character, but above all in size. No domestic animal has had a richer history of evolution in direct human contact than the domestic dog. Due to the growing awareness of the caregivers, the pet food market is changing dynamically. Foods are produced that are adapted to the dog’s age, lifestyle, physical activity and breed size. Despite this, often the animal’s diet is inadequate balanced. The caregivers make the mistake of choosing a food that is not adapted to the age and size of the dog. A common problem, for example, is to give puppy food to adult dogs of small breeds, although representatives of these breeds reach maturity more quickly than large breed dogs. Furthermore, the current nutritional guidelines do not provide recommended minimum and maximum amounts of any given nutrient based on the breed size of the dog. The purpose of this article is to characterize the most important nutrients, especially important in the nutrition of large and giant breed puppies.
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Kogan, Lori R., Wendy Packman, Phyllis Erdman, Jennifer Currin-McCulloch, and Cori Bussolari. "US Adults’ Perceptions of Dog Breed Bans, Dog Aggression and Breed-Specific Laws." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 10138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610138.
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Dog aggression directed towards people is a leading reason for relinquishment and a major public health hazard. In response to the threat of dog aggression and dog bites, breed-specific legislation has been introduced in numerous cities within the United States and countries throughout the world. There is limited evidence, however, to suggest that such laws are effective. This study explored, through an online, anonymous, cross-sectional survey, US residents’ views about the bite risk of common dog breeds, breed-specific legislation, and alternative options for improved public safety. A total of 586 surveys were completed by adult US residents, 48.8% female and 48.6% male. Approximately half of the respondents reported feeling that dog bites are a serious public health issue. Although 70% of respondents were opposed to a breed ban, only 56% felt that banning specific breeds creates an animal welfare issue. Females were less likely to support a ban or agree that specific breed bans improve public safety. When participants were asked to indicate their support of several alternatives to breed-specific legislation, the most frequently endorsed options included public education about animal welfare and animal behavior, and stricter leash laws. Further research pertaining to the most effective public education dissemination methods is warranted.
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Kania-Gierdziewicz, Joanna, and Sylwia Pałka. "Effect of inbreeding on fertility traits in five dog breeds." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 3 (March 12, 2019): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/104/2017-cjas.
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The aim of the study was to analyze retrospectively the influence of inbreeding on fertility traits in five dog breeds: German Shepherd dog (GSD), Golden (GR) and Labrador (LR) Retrievers, Beagle and the Tatra Shepherd dog (TSD). The data were 436 litters, with the total of 2560 puppies: 1307 males and 1206 females. The parents of the litters were 163 dogs and 228 bitches. For each litter the litter size, number of male and female puppies, sex ratio, and sex difference were calculated. The fixed effects of breed, of litter birth year and linear regression coefficients on litter and parents’ inbreeding were included in the linear model for litter traits. The correlations between litter traits and litter parents’ inbreeding were also estimated. The average litter size was 5.87 (± 2.53) for all breeds. GSD had the smallest average litter size differences in years and the lowest fluctuations of sex ratio with litter size. In other dog breeds those differences were much bigger. The difference between the number of male and female offspring in a litter depended on the breed. The lowest percentage of inbred parents was found for LR, and the highest for TSD. Mating non-inbred animals, in most cases also unrelated, was frequent in all breeds. The inbreeding level of parents had significant influence on the litter traits only for TSD. For the Beagles low, positive and significant correlation between the number of female offspring in a litter and the dam’s inbreeding level and the sex ratio below 0.5 suggests sex ratio disturbance. The correlation coefficients between litter inbreeding and litter size for majority of examined dog breeds were positive but not significant. The conclusion is that in Poland at first obligatory monitoring of the inbreeding level for all breeds should be applied.
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MacLean, Evan L., Noah Snyder-Mackler, Bridgett M. vonHoldt, and James A. Serpell. "Highly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1912 (October 2, 2019): 20190716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0716.
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Variation across dog breeds presents a unique opportunity to investigate the evolution and biological basis of complex behavioural traits. We integrated behavioural data from more than 14 000 dogs from 101 breeds with breed-averaged genotypic data ( n = 5697 dogs) from over 100 000 loci in the dog genome. We found high levels of among-breed heritability for 14 behavioural traits (the proportion of trait variance attributable to genetic similarity among breeds). We next identified 131 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with breed differences in behaviour, which were found in genes that are highly expressed in the brain and enriched for neurobiological functions and developmental processes, suggesting that they may be functionally associated with behavioural differences. Our results shed light on the heritability and genetic architecture of complex behavioural traits and identify dogs as a powerful model in which to address these questions.
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García, Lourdes Sofía Aguilera, Amado Manuel Canales Vergara, Pedro Zurita Herrera, José Manuel Alanzor Puente, Águeda Laura Pons Barro, Susana Dunner, Carlos San José Marques, Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo, and Amparo Martínez Martínez. "Genetic Structure of the Ca Rater Mallorquí Dog Breed Inferred by Microsatellite Markers." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 2733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202733.
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Ca Rater Mallorquí is a dog breed from the Island of Mallorca (Spain) traditionally used as a hunting and ratting dog to prevent disease spread and economic losses related to rodent activities on farms. However, the census data shows a population decline that should be addressed by implementing a conservation program. The first step to implementing a conservation plan is knowing the genetic situation of the Ca Rater Mallorquí population. Therefore, we aimed to genetically characterise the breed in our study. We analysed 33 microsatellites recommended by the International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) in 77 samples. Data were obtained from 13 samples of Balearic, Spanish, and international dog breeds to study the genetic diversity among breeds. The population did not significantly deviate from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium with heterozygosity (Ho) of 0.655 and expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.685. The Wright’s fixation indices, the Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA), a dendrogram representing Reynolds genetic distance between populations, and the pairwise FST values establish the Ca Rater Mallorquí as an independent breed distinct from the Balearic, Spanish, and international breeds.
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Best, Richard, Carolyne Poulton, Ray Carnall, Glenys Fryer, Maggie Hinks, Fiona Hixon, and Anne Carter. "Rehoming pedigree dog breeds." Veterinary Record 188, no. 7 (April 2021): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vetr.381.
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Eva, P. "Vulnerable native dog breeds." Veterinary Record 156, no. 22 (May 28, 2005): 719–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.22.719-b.
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Wiestner, T., L. Galeandro, M. Hässig, P. M. Montavon, and K. Voss. "Effect of dog breed and body conformation on vertical ground reaction forces, impulses, and stance times." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 24, no. 02 (2011): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-10-06-0098.
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Summary Objectives: To assess whether fully normalised vertical ground reaction forces and stance times obtained at a trot depend on dog breed or body conformations. Methods: Peak vertical forces (PVF), vertical impulses (VI), stance times (ST), and ratio of forelimb impulse to total impulse (RVI) of 54 dogs of seven different breeds were normalised to body weight and body size according to the theory of dynamic similarity, and were tested for differences between breeds. Breeds were Borzoi, Bernese Mountain dog, Great Dane, Labrador Retriever, Landseer, Rhode-sian Ridgeback, and Rottweiler. Body length ratio (BLR) and body mass index (BMI) were also compared between breeds. Results: Significant differences between breeds were found for the normalised fore-limb PVF, VI and ST, and hindlimb PVF. Looking at individual breeds, it was most evident that Borzois had a lower forelimb VI, and a higher hindlimb PVF than the other breeds. This resulted in Borzois having a lower RVI compared to other dogs, indicating a more caudally located centre of gravity. Only a few differences in gait parameters were found between other dog breeds. The BMI was significantly lower in Borzois than in other breeds, but was otherwise not associated with gait parameters. Clinical significance: Force plate data of dogs of different breeds are not necessarily comparable, even after full normalisation to body weight and body size. Group comparisons should only be made when the groups consist of breeds with similar body conformations.
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BORZAN, Mihai, Clemence PLENAT, Ioan PAȘCA, Alexandra TĂBĂRAN, Sorana DAINA, and Anamaria BLAGA PETREAN. "VETERINARY CARE NEEDS IN KENNELS OF BRACHYCEPHALIC AND NON-BRACHYCEPHALIC DOGS - PILOT STUDY." Scientific Papers Journal VETERINARY SERIES 66, no. 3 (December 15, 2023): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.61900/spjvs.2023.03.06.
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This is a descriptive, observational pilot study, based on the results obtained by applying an original questionnaire addressed to purebred dog breeders, speakers of the French and Romanian languages, regarding the perceived need for medical-veterinary assistance in canine reproduction. 44 answers were obtained (24 in French, 20 in Romanian) about 167 (100%) bitches from 33 brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dog breeds, aged between 2 and 7 years, of which 75 (44.91 %) declared pregnant. The need for estrus monitoring by a veterinarian varied by group and breed type (68.62% of non-brachycephalic females, 41.66% brachycephalic), "small non-brachycephalic" breeds were monitored more intensively (90.90 %), artificial insemination was necessary in 49.33% of the gestation obtained (50.98% in non-brachycephalic breeds; 45.83% in brachycephalic breeds). All the breeders declared ultrasound confirmation of pregnancy, in brachycephalic breeds caesarean section was necessary in 45.8% of cases, post-partum veterinary control was requested only in 22.7% of cases, more frequently (37.5% of cases) to "large and medium brachycephalic" breeds (76.9% of answers). The puppies from the "giant brachycephalic" breeds were tested by a veterinarian, an aspect declared by 43.8% of the Romanian breeders and only 38.1% of the French respondents. Conclusion: Due to the type of research chosen, the results obtained in the present study cannot be extrapolated to the entire population of dog breeders, but it is a potential means of evaluating the needs felt and expressed by veterinary medical assistance in dog breeding.
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McGreevy, P. D., and F. W. Nicholas. "Some Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Dog Breeding." Animal Welfare 8, no. 4 (November 1999): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600021965.
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AbstractThis paper reviews the history of the establishment of dog breeds, summarizes current health and resultant welfare problems and makes some positive suggestions for their resolution. Some breed standards and selection practices run counter to the welfare interests of dogs, to the extent that some breeds are characterized by traits that may be difficult to defend on welfare grounds. Meanwhile, little selection pressure seems to be exerted on some traits that would improve animal welfare and produce dogs better suited to modern society. Unfortunately, the incidence of certain inherited defects in some breeds is unacceptably high, while the number of registered animals of certain breeds within some countries is so low as to make it almost impossible for breeders to avoid mating close relatives. There are several constructive ways to overcome these challenges. Breed associations can ensure that reduction of welfare problems is one of their major aims; they can review breed standards; they can embrace modern technology for animal identification and pedigree checking; they can allow the introduction of ‘new ‘ genetic material into closed stud-books; and they can encourage collaboration with geneticists in identifying and using DNA markers for the control of inherited disorders. There should be a concerted effort to produce and evaluate as companion animals first-cross (F1) hybrids from matings between various pairs of breeds. Finally, geneticists must learn to communicate their science better and in a language that non-geneticists can understand.
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Shih, Hao Yu, Mandy B. A. Paterson, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "Breed Group Effects on Complaints about Canine Welfare Made to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Queensland, Australia." Animals 9, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070390.
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Cruelty- and neglect-related canine welfare concerns are important welfare and social issues. Dog breed has been identified as a risk factor for bad welfare, and yet its role in different types of canine welfare concerns has not been fully investigated. We conducted a retrospective study of 107,597 dog welfare complaints received by RSPCA Queensland from July 2008 to June 2018. The breed of the dog involved in the incident was either recorded as stated by the complainant or by the inspector attending the case. Dog breed was divided into groups following the Australian National Kennel Club nomenclature. Dogs of a non-recognised breed were more likely to be reported in welfare complaints than recognised breed dogs. Recognised breed dogs had a greater risk of being reported with poisoning, lack of veterinary support, abuse and being left unattended in a hot vehicle; while non-recognised breed dogs had greater risk of being reported with insufficient shelter, exercise and food/water, as well as overcrowding and abandonment. Utility breeds, terriers and working dogs were most likely to be reported, while toy, non-sporting breeds and gundogs were least likely to be reported. Common complaint types for utility dogs were: insufficient food/water, shelter and exercise, and poor living conditions; for terriers: abandonment, intentional abuses and killing or injuring another animal; for working dogs: insufficient food/water, shelter and exercise; for toy dogs: lack of veterinary care, overcrowding and staying in a hot vehicle alone; for non-sporting dogs: lack of veterinary care, being left in a hot vehicle unattended and poor body conditions; and for hounds: killing or injuring another animal, intentional abuses and poor body conditions. Breed groups rather than breeds may be the best method of breed identification in a public reporting system as they group similar breeds together, and as our research shows, they relate to types of animal welfare complaints. Understanding the relationship between breed group and canine welfare complaints may help authorities improve public education programs and inform decision-making around which breed a new owner should choose.
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Šebková, N. Fiala, H. Chaloupková, and L. Zavadilová. "Average Life Expectancy, the Most Common Cause of Death and Illness of Giant Dog Breeds." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 51, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2020-0002.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the most common diseases and genetic defects that occur during the lifetime of giant dog breeds, to determine the average lifespan and the cause of death/euthanasia. Data were obtained through a survey and concerned the health of 241 individuals of giant dog breeds held in the Czech Republic. Evaluated items involved an average lifespan, an average lifespan per gender, cause of death, reasons for euthanasia, cause of mortality (especially in selected Mastiff type breeds), life expectancy per breed and incidence of diseases among giant breeds during the lifetime. The average lifespan in giant breed dogs was found to be 7.60 years. A significant difference (P ˂ 0.05) was found between life expectancies in males and females, with female dogs reaching 1.42 year higher age (8.10 years) than males (6.68 years). The most common cause of spontaneous death among giant breeds was gastric dilatation and torsion (28% of dogs) and for euthanasia osteosarcoma (38% of dogs). The cause of mortality especially in selected Mastiff type breeds of dogs was gastric dilatation and torsion (30% of dogs). This is the first broad analytical study concerning this topic published in the Czech Republic.
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McCartney, Josephine M., and David A. Leavens. "The Role of Life History and Familiarity in Performance of Working and Non-Working Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in a Point-Following Task." Animals 14, no. 4 (February 8, 2024): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14040573.
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Domestic dogs are very successful at following human communicative gestures in paradigms such as the object-choice task. Pet dogs also prefer responding to cues given by a familiar cue-giver and this had not been found in working dogs. Therefore, we tested three groups of dogs in the object-choice task (n = 54): the groups were “Actively working” dogs from working dog breeds, pet dogs from “Non-working breeds” and pet dogs from “Working breeds”. We found that “Actively working” and “Working breeds” dog groups outperformed “Non-working breeds” in following a point in the object-choice task. We also found that both “Actively working” and “Working breeds” preferred a familiar cue-giver over an unfamiliar one, in contrast to previous findings. Therefore, we conclude that dogs’ abilities to perform well in the object-choice task is influenced by the selective history of the breed, and this is then increased by life experience and training.
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Letko, Anna, Katie M. Minor, Steven G. Friedenberg, G. Diane Shelton, Jill Pesayco Salvador, Paul J. J. Mandigers, Peter A. J. Leegwater, et al. "A CNTNAP1 Missense Variant Is Associated with Canine Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy." Genes 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11121426.
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Laryngeal paralysis associated with a generalized polyneuropathy (LPPN) most commonly exists in geriatric dogs from a variety of large and giant breeds. The purpose of this study was to discover the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms in a younger-onset form of this neurodegenerative disease seen in two closely related giant dog breeds, the Leonberger and Saint Bernard. Neuropathology of an affected dog from each breed showed variable nerve fiber loss and scattered inappropriately thin myelinated fibers. Using across-breed genome-wide association, haplotype analysis, and whole-genome sequencing, we identified a missense variant in the CNTNAP1 gene (c.2810G>A; p.Gly937Glu) in which homozygotes in both studied breeds are affected. CNTNAP1 encodes a contactin-associated protein important for organization of myelinated axons. The herein described likely pathogenic CNTNAP1 variant occurs in unrelated breeds at variable frequencies. Individual homozygous mutant LPPN-affected Labrador retrievers that were on average four years younger than dogs affected by geriatric onset laryngeal paralysis polyneuropathy could be explained by this variant. Pathologic changes in a Labrador retriever nerve biopsy from a homozygous mutant dog were similar to those of the Leonberger and Saint Bernard. The impact of this variant on health in English bulldogs and Irish terriers, two breeds with higher CNTNAP1 variant allele frequencies, remains unclear. Pathogenic variants in CNTNAP1 have previously been reported in human patients with lethal congenital contracture syndrome and hypomyelinating neuropathy, including vocal cord palsy and severe respiratory distress. This is the first report of contactin-associated LPPN in dogs characterized by a deleterious variant that most likely predates modern breed establishment.
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SANDHU, YOGESHWAR, SHASHIKANT MAHAJAN, R. S. SETHI, J. S. ARORA, and C. S. MUKHOPADHYAY. "Differential karyotype profiling of three popular breeds of dogs in India." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 11 (April 7, 2021): 1488–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i11.111496.
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The present investigation aims to study the karyology of the three most popular dog breeds as well as indigenous local dog. In this study, we identified the most popular dog breeds of the Punjab region which are maintained as companion animals, or for guarding. Metaphase plates were prepared after culturing of lymphocytes isolated from heparinized blood collected from the identified three most popular canine breeds. The isolated lymphocyte cells were cultured for 70-72 h following the cell cycle arrest at metaphase. The G-banding of the chromosomes was done by Giemsa staining through a standard protocol. The most popular three breeds of dog in the sub-tropical region were Labrador, the German Shepherd, and Pug. There were no significant distinguishable differences between the karyotypes of the dog breeds studied. This study gives insight into karyology information, which can be beneficial to the researchers, dog breeders, and kennel clubs. Moreover, it provides information about chromosomal abnormalities which may lead to the study of various fertility, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities problems in dog breeds.
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Kolm, Niclas, Hans Temrin, Ádám Miklósi, Enikő Kubinyi, and László Zsolt Garamszegi. "The link between selection for function and human-directed play behaviour in dogs." Biology Letters 16, no. 9 (September 2020): 20200366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0366.
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Human-directed play behaviour is a distinct behavioural feature of domestic dogs. But the role that artificial selection for contemporary dog breeds has played for human-directed play behaviour remains elusive. Here, we investigate how human-directed play behaviour has evolved in relation to the selection for different functions, considering processes of shared ancestry and gene flow among the different breeds. We use the American Kennel Club (AKC) breed group categorization to reflect the major functional differences and combine this with observational data on human-directed play behaviour for over 132 breeds across 89 352 individuals from the Swedish Dog Mentality Assessment project. Our analyses demonstrate that ancestor dogs already showed intermediate levels of human-directed play behaviour, levels that are shared with several modern breed types. Herding and Sporting breeds display higher levels of human-directed play behaviour, statistically distinguishable from Non-sporting and Toy breeds. Our results suggest that human-directed play behaviour played a role in the early domestication of dogs and that subsequent artificial selection for function has been important for contemporary variation in a behavioural phenotype mediating the social bond with humans.
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Pratama, Naufal Harsa, Ema Rachmawati, and Gamma Kosala. "CLASSIFICATION OF DOG BREEDS FROM SPORTING GROUPS USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK." JIPI (Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian dan Pembelajaran Informatika) 7, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 1080–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29100/jipi.v7i4.3208.
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The use of convolutional neural networks has been applied to various applications. Such as image clas-sification, object detection and recognition, and others. One of the most popular uses for neural networks is image classification. Image classification mainly identifies and categorizes images according to the specified group. One application is to distinguish between one type of dog to another. Classification of dog breeds has its challenges because several kinds of dogs have similar physical characteristics, espe-cially those that belong to the same group. This study explains how to develop a dog breed classification system from a sporting group using a residual neural network (ResNet). The system's goal is to make it simpler for people to identify the dog breed. Five types of dog breeds were used, which were obtained from the Tsinghua Dogs dataset. In its implementation, two variants of CNN are used to be compared, ResNet 50 and ResNet 101, using the same configuration. Based on the research results, ResNet 101 shows better macro-average f1-score results while maintaining high accuracy. The ResNet 50 produces an f1-score of 84%, while ResNet 101 makes an f1-score of 86%.
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Khokhlov, A. M., and V. O. Orekhova. "Origin, domestication and dog breeds." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 23 (September 9, 2018): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v23.1007.
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Aim. Out of 8 thousand species of mammals, dog is the first domesticated animal. Archaeologists studying the process of human evolution and producing excavations of ancient sites, found the bones of animals, which man ate and also bone remains of animals that lived near the sites. Wolf was the first domesticated animal of primitive tribes. This process began in the Mesolithic era 12–15 thousand years ago. Due to domestication of wolf population many indigenous, transitional and other breeds of dogs appeared. Methods. Using morphological, biochemical and genetic methods of research scientists were able to determine genome and karyotype of wild European wolf and domestic dog. Results. Domestication is a process of historical transformation of wild animals into domesticated ones. Nowadays taking into account genetics research, cytology and special experiments, researchers-cynologists came to the conclusion that only wolf is a direct ancestor of modern dogs. This is confirmed by the fact that wolf and dog have 78 chromosomes and after mating we get fertile litter. The domestication of dogs is a complicated process. While domestication of dogs to the new conditions occurred in captivity, genetic mechanisms well-known to us played an important role – mutation, recombination, hidden reserve of heredity, the direct effect of selection. Conclusions.It was proved by our research that the process of breeding in dogs which appeared as a result of domestication and microevolution of animals was accompanied by specialization and genetic differentiation of dog breeds.
Кeywords: wolf, dog, domestication, karyotype, breed.
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Kang, Mingue, Byeongyong Ahn, Seungyeon Youk, Yun-Mi Lee, Jong-Joo Kim, Ji-Hong Ha, and Chankyu Park. "Tracing the Origin of the RSPO2 Long-Hair Allele and Epistatic Interaction between FGF5 and RSPO2 in Sapsaree Dog." Genes 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010102.
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Genetic analysis of the hair-length of Sapsaree dogs, a Korean native dog breed, showed a dominant mode of inheritance for long hair. Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) analysis and subsequent Mendelian segregation analysis revealed an association between OXR1, RSPO2, and PKHD1L1 on chromosome 13 (CFA13). We identified the previously reported 167 bp insertion in RSPO2 3’ untranslated region as a causative mutation for hair length variations. The analysis of 118 dog breeds and wolves revealed the selection signature on CFA13 in long-haired breeds. Haplotype analysis showed the association of only a few specific haplotypes to the breeds carrying the 167 bp insertion. The genetic diversity in the neighboring region linked to the insertion was higher in Sapsarees than in other Asian and European dog breeds carrying the same variation, suggesting an older history of its insertion in the Sapsaree genome than in that of the other breeds analyzed in this study. Our results show that the RSPO2 3’ UTR insertion is responsible for not only the furnishing phenotype but also determining the hair length of the entire body depending on the genetic background, suggesting an epistatic interaction between FGF5 and RSPO2 influencing the hair-length phenotype in dogs.
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Tashiro, Kodai, Kazuya Kushida, Shunsuke Miyahara, Aritada Yoshimura, Shoma Sugi, Mizuki Tamazawa, Eisei Shimizu, et al. "Differences in normal nasal computed tomography findings in different dog breeds." Open Veterinary Journal 14, no. 5 (2024): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i5.13.
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Background: Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for diagnosing canine nasal diseases. However, it cannot easily detect minor abnormalities in inflammatory diseases because they are not accompanied by obvious morphological changes. Aim: The present study aimed to compare the differences in normal CT findings of turbinate structure and mucosa between breeds in order to establish criteria for CT diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the nasal cavity. Methods: CT data from 77 dogs of five breeds without nasal diseases were retrospectively studied. The nasal air percentage, which reflects the volume of the nasal turbinate structure and mucosa, was measured. The nasal turbinate mucosa was measured for contrast enhancement reflecting blood flow. Measurements were performed in the ventral and ethmoid turbinate regions. Comparisons were made between breeds and sections. Results: The air percentage in the ventral and ethmoid turbinate regions was significantly different between breeds. Contrast enhancement was significantly different between breeds only in the ethmoid turbinate. Moreover, different breeds had different correlations between body weight, age, nose length, and air percentage. Conclusion: In this study, reference values for normal CT findings of the nasal structure and mucosa were obtained, taking into account the breed, measurement section, and patient factors. The results showed that the volume of the turbinate structure and contrast enhancement of nasal mucosa differed depending on the breed. The measured values also differed depending on the cross-sections and patient factors.
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Freeman, K., G. Kirtz, E. H. Hooijberg, K. Sick, and E. F. Leidinger. "Breed related odds ratio and anatomic distribution of canine mast cell tumours in Austria." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 42, no. 06 (2014): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15654/tpk-140165.
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SummaryObjective: An increased risk of mast cell tumours (MCT) in certain breeds has been described repeatedly in the literature. The incidence of MCTs for registered breeds in Austria, an estimate of the risk by means of the odds ratios based on breed as well as the anatomic localisation of MCTs were examined. Material and methods: In the first part of the study, the ranking of breeds in Austria based on 147,802 dogs with known breed (including mixed breed) was determined, based on those dogs included in the laboratory data base from 2000 to 2010. In the second part of the study, 476 dogs were identified with MCTs and analysed by age, sex, Patnaik grade of MCT and breed distribution. The odds ratios with confidence intervals were calculated for all breeds with skin tumours. Results: The age distribution showed a peak in the age group from 6.1 to 8.0 years; 70% of MCTs were localised to the head and trunk. No significant difference was found based on gender. The evaluation of the odds ratios showed that only four of the 20 of the most popular in Austria breeds (Boxer, Bernese Mountain Dog, Golden Retriever, Spaniel) had an increased risk; on the other hand, some breeds which have not been previously identified in the literature were indicated to have a significantly increased risk for MCT (e.g., Dogo Argentino, Tibetan Spaniel, Pyrenean Mountain Dog, Beauceron, and Austrian Smooth-haired Hound). Conclusion and clinical relevance: Because disease risk may influence the popularity of some currently rare breeds, consultation with breeders and owners regarding the identification of the breeds newly identified in this study as an increased risk for development of mast cell tumours is indicated.
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Wilson, Bethany, Alicia Kasbarian, Navneet Dhand, and Paul McGreevy. "Battle of the Sexes in Best of Breed: Sex Influences Dogs’ Success in the Show Ring." Animals 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8120240.
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Much of the research on pedigree dog breeding has been directed towards understanding the implications of reduced genetic diversity and the prevalence of inherited disorders. An example is the potential role of the popular sire effect in perpetuating genetic defects. If male dogs are more likely than bitches to be identified as examples of members of a breed that align with breed standard, they may be selected for breeding earlier. This may contribute to the influence of individual males and contribute to popular sire effect. Conversely, if breed standards are written in a sex-neutral fashion, and if dogs are entered, exhibited, and judged in a sex-neutral fashion, then we would expect the success of female dogs in the show ring to be equal to that of their male counterparts. With a focus on toy and giant breeds, the current pilot study collated samples of dog show results to explore relationships between sex and the likelihood of success in the show ring. It focused on toy and giant breeds to explore any differences in equity, if it existed, at either end of the size and concomitant age-at-maturation spectrum. For the purpose of this study, toy breeds were those that weigh < 10 kg at maturity while giant breed dogs were those that exceed 45 kg. Within these two clusters, the least (n = 3) and most popular (n = 3) breeds were then selected to explore any potential role of sex on success in the show ring. The popularity of breeds was determined using the numbers of dogs registered with the Australian National Kennel Council. Using results from dog shows (n = 18) from 2015 to 2016, data on 1,080 dogs were obtained. Within these 12 breeds for the 18 shows, there were 137 Best of Breed (BOB) titles awarded: Pug (n = 18), Toy Poodle (n = 18), Bullmastiff (n = 14), Rottweiler (n = 17), Fox Terrier (Smooth) (n = 18), Bloodhound (n = 3), Schnauzer (miniature) (n = 15), Great Dane (n = 17), Norfolk Terrier (n = 10), Norwich Terrier (n = 5), Central Asian Shepherd Dog (n = 2). Despite the near parity of male and female dogs being exhibited, of these 137 titles, 86 (62.8%) were awarded to male dogs (at least 41 individuals) and 51 (37.2%) to female dogs (at least 32 individuals) showing that male dogs are more likely to win BOB titles (χ2 = 9.4455, df = 1, p-value = 0.002117). Among the toy subset of breeds, this effect was higher (χ2 = 6.798, df = 1, p-value = 0.009126) than among the giant breed subset, for whom the advantage to male dogs did not reach statistical significance versus χ2 = 3.0967, df = 1, p-value = 0.07845). This suggests that judges find the male dogs more appealing, presumably because they are more aligned with breed standards.
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Theyse, L. F. H., H. A. W. Hazewinkel, and C. Wangdee. "Proximo-distal patellar position in three small dog breeds with medial patellar luxation." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 28, no. 04 (2015): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-15-02-0028.
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SummaryIntroduction: Medial patellar luxation is thought to be associated with a high proximal position of the patella in the trochlear groove.Objective: To determine whether the ratio of patellar ligament length and patellar length (L:P) is influenced by the stifle angle (75°, 96°, 113°, 130°, and 148°) in small dog breeds and to compare the L:P ratio in dogs of three small dog breeds with and without medial patellar luxation.Methods: A mediolateral radiograph of the stifle joint was used to measure the L:P ratio in the stifle joints of dogs of three small breeds with and without medial patellar luxation. The L:P ratio was evaluated at five stifle angles (75°, 96°, 113°, 130°, and 148°) in 14 cadavers (26 stifle joints) of small dog breeds in order to identify the best stifle angle to measure the L:P ratio. Then the mean ± SD L:P ratio was calculated for normal stifles and stifles with medial patellar luxation grades 1, 2, and 3 in 194 Pomeranians, 74 Chihuahuas, and 41 Toy or Standard Poodles.Results: The L:P ratio was the same for all five stifle angles in the cadavers (p = 0.195). It was also not significantly different in the three breeds (p = 0.135), in normal and medial patellar luxation-affected stifles overall (p = 0.354), and in normal and medial patellar luxation-affected joints within each breed (p = 0.19).Clinical significance: We conclude that a proximo-distal patellar position is not associated with medial patellar luxation in Pomeranians, Chihuahuas, and Toy or Standard Poodles. Thus a longer patellar ligament length does not play a role in the pathophysiology of medial patellar luxation in these small dog breeds.
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M, Clara M, and Emily V. "The DNA of Dog Breeds." Scientific American 328, no. 5 (May 2023): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0523-88.
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Radko, Anna, and Angelika Podbielska. "Microsatellite DNA Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Parentage Testing in the Popular Dog Breeds in Poland." Genes 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040485.
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There is growing concern that extreme breed standardization contributes to a reduction of the effective population size and high levels of inbreeding, resulting in the loss of genetic diversity in many breeds. This study examined genetic diversity among eight popular dog breeds in Poland and evaluated the effectiveness of a 21-microsatellite (STR) panel recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) for parent verification. The following breeds were characterized: German Shepherd, Maltese, Irish Wolfhound, Yorkshire Terrier, Biewer Yorkshire Terrier, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, and French Bulldog. STRUCTURE analysis showed breed distinctiveness among all the dog breeds under study. Reynold’s distance ranged between θw = 0.634 and θw = 0.260. The studied breeds showed a medium level of genetic differentiation; the mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 3.4 to 6.6, and the effective number of alleles from 2.1 to 3.5. The mean degree of heterozygosity varied from 49% to 69% and from 47% to 68% for HO and HE, respectively. The population inbreeding coefficient (FIS) indicated an absence of inbreeding in the studied breeds. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) values for most of the breeds were higher than 0.5. The cumulative power of discrimination (PD) for all the markers in all breeds reached high values (close to 1.0), while the probability of identity (PID) was low, ranging between 10−11 and 10−19. The cumulative exclusion probability when the genotypes of one (PE1) and both parents (PE2) are known and showed that the parentage can be confirmed with a probability of 94.92% to 99.95% and 99.78% to 99.9999%, respectively.