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Caddy, Becca. "Guide dogs chosen by smart tug toys." New Scientist 237, no. 3169 (2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(18)30470-6.
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Rubio, A., B. Van Goethem, and L. Verhaert. "Tongue entrapment by chew toys in two dogs." Journal of Small Animal Practice 51, no. 10 (2010): 558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00986.x.
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Christley, Robert M., Jane K. Murray, Katharine L. Anderson, et al. "Impact of the First COVID-19 Lockdown on Management of Pet Dogs in the UK." Animals 11, no. 1 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010005.
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Initial COVID-19 lockdown restrictions in the United Kingdom (23 March–12 May 2020) prompted lifestyle changes for many people. We explored the impact of this lockdown phase on pet dogs using an online survey completed by 6004 dog owners, who provided information including dog management data for the 7 days prior to survey completion (4–12 May 2020), and for February 2020 (pre-lockdown). We explored associations between potential predictors and four outcomes relating to changes pre-/during lockdown (reduction in number and duration of walks; increased frequency of play/training, and provision of toys). Most owners (79.5%) reported their dog’s routine had changed compared to pre-lockdown. There was a four-fold increase in the proportion not left alone for >5 min on any day during a weekly period (14.6% pre-lockdown, 58.0% during lockdown), with the proportion being left for ≥3 h at a time decreasing from 48.5% to 5.4%. Dogs were walked less often and for less time daily during lockdown, with factors related to the dog, owner, household, and home location associated with changes to walking practices. Many dogs had more play/training sessions and were given toys more frequently during lockdown. Decreased walk duration was associated with increased odds of play/training opportunities and toy provision. These changes to dog management have the potential for immediate and longer-term welfare problems.
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Harvey, Colin E., Frances S. Shofer, and Larry Laster. "Correlation of Diet, Other Chewing Activities and Periodontal Disease in North American Client-Owned Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 13, no. 3 (1996): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649601300304.
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In 1350 client-owned dogs in North America, the association of calculus, gingival inflammation and periodontal bone loss with diet (dry food only, or other than dry food only), and with access to other chewing materials was analyzed. There were few apparent differences seen in dogs fed dry food only compared with those fed other than dry food only. There was progressively less accumulation of calculus, less gingival inflammation and less periodontal bone loss in dogs that were given access to more types of chewing materials (rawhides, bones, biscuits, chew toys) compared with dogs given access to fewer or no chewing materials. When the effects of individual chewing materials were analyzed, access to rawhides overall had the greatest apparent periodontal protective effect, and this effect was more apparent in dogs fed dry food only compared with those fed other than dry food only.
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Roh, Yh. "Effect of Jig on the Precision of Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy in Toy-Breed Dogs." Pakistan Veterinary Journal 40, no. 04 (2020): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2020.070.
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Because of plate development, it is now possible to perform tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in small-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Compared with conventional treatment, faster walking and better function are reported post-TPLO. However, TPLO can be more difficult in toy-breed dogs than large-breed dogs. Because of the smaller bones, it is difficult to manipulate the bone fragments during surgery, and small movements of bones can cause major differences in limb alignment. In TPLO, a jig is conventionally recommended to increase the accuracy of alignment; however, installation of the jig can be difficult in small-breed dogs, and it may cause problems such as iatrogenic fracture. The present study thus aimed to evaluate the accuracy of TPLO without a jig in toy-breed dogs. Paired stifles (n=22) obtained from 11 toy-breed dogs cadavers (body weight range, 2.0-7.4 kg) were randomly assigned to a jig or non-jig group. Radiographic images were obtained preoperative and postoperative TPLO. Tibias were dissected from the hindlimb and measured for evaluation of accuracy. The following postoperative parameters were compared: tibial plateau angle, mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, osteotomy location, tibia crest thickness, gap between segments, and orientation line angles. There were no significant differences between the two groups, demonstrating that jig usage does not affect precision of TPLO in toy-breed dogs. Therefore, it is better not to use a jig in toy-breed dogs with relatively small bones, considering the risk of iatrogenic injury, cost and operation time
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Schipper, Lidewij L., Claudia M. Vinke, Matthijs B. H. Schilder, and Berry M. Spruijt. "The effect of feeding enrichment toys on the behaviour of kennelled dogs (Canis familiaris)." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 114, no. 1-2 (2008): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.001.
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Burghardt, Gordon M., Julia D. Albright, and Karen M. Davis. "Motivation, development and object play: comparative perspectives with lessons from dogs." Behaviour 153, no. 6-7 (2016): 767–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003378.
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Object play occurs in diverse animals in addition to birds and mammals. Although many carnivores engage in object play in a predatory context, many non-predators do so also. Conjectures over the years on the motivation to play are reviewed dealing with intrinsic, developmental, and stimulus factors. We then report on quantitative studies of the play of puppies from 6 litters (3 breeds) when given 5 different toys with different sensory and functional properties at half week intervals from 3 to 7 weeks of age. The propensity to engage with objects begins early, play complexity increases rapidly, the structure of the play is similar to adult object play, and breed differences were found. Object play with predatory characteristics appears before weaning, suggesting that hunger is not the primary motivation. Studying the development of object play in different dog breeds may be useful in addressing questions of domestication and play evolution.
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Rossi, Alexandre P., and Caroline M. Maia. "Owners Frequently Report that They Reward Behaviors of Dogs by Petting and Praising, Especially When Dogs Respond Correctly to Commands and Play with Their Toys." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 23, no. 4 (2020): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2019.1709067.
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McGuire, Betty, Destiny Orantes, Stephanie Xue, and Stephen Parry. "Abilities of Canine Shelter Behavioral Evaluations and Owner Surrender Profiles to Predict Resource Guarding in Adoptive Homes." Animals 10, no. 9 (2020): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091702.
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Some shelters in the United States consider dogs identified as food aggressive during behavioral evaluations to be unadoptable. We surveyed adopters of dogs from a New York shelter to examine predictive abilities of shelter behavioral evaluations and owner surrender profiles. Twenty of 139 dogs (14.4%) were assessed as resource guarding in the shelter. We found statistically significant associations between shelter assessment as resource guarding and guarding reported in the adoptive home for three situations: taking away toys, bones or other valued objects; taking away food; and retrieving items or food taken by the dog. Similarly, owner descriptions of resource guarding on surrender profiles significantly predicted guarding in adoptive homes. However, positive predictive values for all analyses were low, and more than half of dogs assessed as resource guarding either in the shelter or by surrendering owners did not show guarding post adoption. All three sources of information regarding resource guarding status (surrender profile, shelter behavioral evaluation, and adopter report) were available for 44 dogs; measures of agreement were in the fair range. Thus, reports of resource guarding by surrendering owners and detection of guarding during shelter behavioral evaluations should be interpreted with caution because neither source of information consistently signaled guarding would occur in adoptive homes.
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Benjamino, Kevin P., Stephen J. Birchard, Jacqui D. Niles, and Kimberly D. Penrod. "Pharyngeal Mucoceles in Dogs: 14 Cases." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 48, no. 1 (2012): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5670.
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This report describes the clinical features of a series of dogs with pharyngeal salivary mucoceles. A retrospective study of 14 dogs with pharyngeal mucocele was performed. Medical records from 1983 to 2003 were reviewed for information regarding signalment, clinical signs, diagnosis, surgical procedures, and short-term and long-term outcome. Miniature and toy poodles were common breeds in the study population, and 79% of the dogs were male. The most common presenting sign was dyspnea (50%). Diagnosis was by fine-needle aspirate, which revealed a mucoid substance in 93% of dogs. Histopathology of the excised salivary glands revealed lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in all dogs that had histopathology performed. Forty-three percent of the dogs had a cervical mucocele on the same side as the pharyngeal mucocele. Surgical therapy was performed in 13 dogs, which consisted of excision of the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands, excision of the mucocele, or marsupulization of the mucocele. Only two dogs had recurrence of the pharyngeal mucocele. In this study, pharyngeal mucoceles occurred in predominantly small dogs that frequently presented with respiratory signs. Surgical treatment was successful in most dogs.
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Baranyiová, Eva, Antonín Holub, and Mojmír Tyrlík. "Body Size and Behaviour Traits of Dogs in Czech Households." Acta Veterinaria Brno 78, no. 1 (2009): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200978010107.
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The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of body size of dogs on their coexistence with humans in Czech households. For this purpose we used questionnaire data on 246 dogs indicating the breed. The dogs were divided into five body size groups, i.e. toy (T, up to 5 kg body mass, n = 32), small (S, 5 - 10 kg body mass, n = 52), medium size (M, 10 - 17 kg body mass, n = 39), large (L, 17 - 33 kg body mass, n = 70), giant (G, over 33 kg body mass, n = 53). The largest dogs surpassed the body mass of the smallest dogs at least seven times, and giant dogs weighed at least one half and toy dogs less than one tenth of the average body mass of people in the Czech human population. Despite this the majority of the studied traits regardless of body mass of the dogs showed no significant differences. In the vast majority of Czech households all dogs were considered household members, taken on travels or vacations, photographed and their birthdays were celebrated. Aggressiveness of the dogs did not correlate with their body size. Among the 84 traits of the behaviour of dogs and their owners, which were analysed, only 23, i.e. 27.4% traits were significantly related to their body mass. Larger and heavier dogs were more frequently kept in houses with yards and gardens, in rural environments. Toy and small dogs prevailed in urbanised environments, in apartments. They were allowed to use furniture, sleep in beds of household members. Moreover, toy dogs predominated in one-person households. Large dogs were more often trained, sometimes by professional trainers, obeyed commands better and were more often described as obedient. They were considered not only as companions but also as working dogs. Giant size dogs were also more often trained to be protective. These data show that the differences in the body size of dogs modified their co-existence with humans only to a limited extent.
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Bayne, Kathryn A. L. "Environmental Enrichment of Nonhuman Primates, Dogs and Rabbits Used in Toxicology Studies." Toxicologic Pathology 31, no. 1_suppl (2003): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230390175020.
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The increasing emphasis on the provision of environmental enrichment to laboratory animals, vis-à-vis the USDA Animal Welfare Regulations, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC 1996), and a potential forthcoming policy from the USDA on the subject, can be difficult to accommodate in a toxicology research environment. A summary will be provided of current requirements and recommendations. Then, strategies for meeting regulatory requirements will be described for non-rodent animals used in toxicology research. These strategies will address methods of both social enrichment, such as pair or group housing, as well as non-social enrichment, such as cage furniture, food enrichments, and toys. In addition, the value of positive interactions with staff (e.g., through training paradigms or socialization programs) will also be discussed. Apparent in the discussion of these strategies will be an overarching recognition of the necessity to avoid introducing confounding variables into the research project and to avoid compromising animal health. The roles of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and the attending veterinarian in helping scientists balance animal well-being, the scientific enterprise and the regulatory environment will be described.
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Antonov, Nikolay I. "Osteosynthesis at pelvic injuries in toy-breed dogs." Veterinaria Kubani, no. 3 (July 27, 2020): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33861/2071-8020-2020-3-32-33.
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Pelvic injuries account for 16 to 25% of all skeletal trauma in small pets. Small dogs as companion dogs are now widespread. Unusual exterior and behavioral features have made them popular and at the same time vulnerable in the modern urban environment. The author defined the nature of injuries and adapted technique of transosseous osteosynthesis for the treatment of toy-breed dogs with pelvic trauma. The study of the X-rays in 226 dogs with pelvic injuries demonstrated that toy-breed dogs accounted for 16% of the total. Multiple pelvic trauma was revealed in 95% of them. Surgical treatment was performed in 24 dogs, conservative one - in 13, that amounted to 65% and 35%, respectively. Surgical treatment consisted in open juxtaposing of fragments and focal transosseous and/or internal osteosynthesis with subsequent external fixation using devices of various designs. The external structures were of three types: half-ring support or U-shaped staple, pair of parallel curved plates connected by two threaded rods with each other, and pair of curved plates located bilaterally on both sides of the pelvis and connected by two threaded rods with the help of threaded ends. The terms of fixation for pelvic injuries in toy-breed dogs at the age under one year were 42 days on the average, and in the dogs at the age above one year - 60 days. Surgical treatment in toy-breed dogs with pelvic injuries was performed more often in comparison with conservative one. Pelvic trauma was accompanied by pronounced pain shock. The osteosynthesis techniques used in toy-breed dogs are little traumatic and not limiting functions thereby contributing to recovery of all the structures of pelvis and pelvic limbs.
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Starostina, O. Yu, E. S. Berezina, and S. N. Romanova. "Toxocariasis: Current State of the Russian Federation Message 1: Risk of Toxocariasis Infection of the Population on the Territory of the Russian Federation." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 14, no. 2 (2015): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2015-14-2-13-18.
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Data of Federal Service on Customers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance State reports for the administrative eareas in 2010 - 2012 on sanitary-epidemiological well being of the population were analyzed, as well as information from the published sources on the toxocara infestation of dogs and cats in the different regions of Russia and the results of their own research. Attention is drawn to fairly high toxocara infestation level of the domestic carnivores in almost all regions of Russia. Dogs infected in 30 - 60% (in some regions - in 100%) of cases. Infestation of cats is from 15 to 76% of individuals. Toxocara eggs detected in washouts with the green, with the hands of children, furniture and toys in kindergartens and schools, as well as on a fur of dogs. Soil is contaminated with toxocara eggs even in the areas with a short cool summer: Kamchatka region, Chukotka autonomous area. It is concluded that the risk of toxocara human infection exists at present throughout the Russian Federation, regardless of weather conditions. This peril is associated with the generally infected of dogs, contamination toxocara eggs of objects of environment, the development of technologies for cultivation of vegetable crops in greenhouses, where conditions are favorable for the development of geohelminthes eggs.
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Conley, Melanie J., Andrew D. Fisher, and Paul H. Hemsworth. "Effects of human contact and toys on the fear responses to humans of shelter-housed dogs." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 156 (July 2014): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.03.008.
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Gultekin, Mehmet, and Huseyin Voyvoda. "Evaluation of oxidative status in dogs with anemia." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 8 (2017): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5754.
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the oxidative status and the severity and type of anemia in dogs. A total of 70 dogs of various breeds, ages and of both sexes were enrolled in the study. Fifty dogs with anemia were classified according to the severity of anemia as mildly (n=18), moderately (n=18) or severely (n=14) anemic on the basis of the hematocrit (HCT) value. Anemia in the same dogs was also classified according to the type as regenerative (n=26) or non-regenerative (n=24) on the basis of the absolute reticulocyte count. Twenty dogs were used as healthy control. Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) values in plasma as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities in erythrocyte hemolysate were measured to evaluate the oxidative status. The plasma TOS value was increased in all anemic dogs, irrespective of the severity of anemia, whereas a significant increase in the TAC value and a significant decrease in erythrocyte GSH-Px activity were observed in mild and moderate anemia. Plasma TOS and TAC values were higher in dogs with both types of anemia when compared to the healthy group. A significant increase in plasma MDA concentration and a significant decrease in GSH-Px activity were observed in the non-regenerative anemia group. There were moderate negative correlations between HCT and TOS values in the mild anemia group and between HCT and erythrocyte GSH-Px activity in the regenerative anemia group. In conclusion, oxidative stress develops in dogs with anemia, and it is largely independent of the severity and type of anemia. These results suggest that further studies with different etiologies may also be useful for evaluating the efficacy of antioxidants administered at different doses and in different combinations to treat anemia in dogs.
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Șerdean, Călin, Alexandra Mihaela Popa, and Mario Codreanu. "Clinical-imagistic correlations in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease." Practica Veterinara.ro 1, no. 1 (2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/pv.30.1.2018.1588.
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Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD; degenerative valvular disease, endocardiosis, chronic valvular disease) is one of the most common acquired cardiac disease of dogs (75-80% from the cardiac diseases), characterized by mitral valve insufficiency. Pathologically, it is characterized by myxomatous degeneration of leaflets which does not have a congenital aspect, and that can progress to prolapse of one or both leaflets toward the left atrium during systole, and severe heart failure. It seems that the diseases is age and breed dependent. In most of the cases, MMVD occurs in dogs older than 5-8 years old and progresses as the dogs get older. The most predispose breed is Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, followed by Poodle (miniature and toy), Bichon, Lhassa Apso, Shih Tzu, Miniature Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel, Chihuahua, Fox Terrier, Beagle, Pekinese, Dachshund, Yorkshire Terrier and Boston Terrier. This study aims to correlate the clinical and paraclinical examinations with the changes found in the echocardiographic examination.
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Kanemoto, Isamu, Kippei Mihara, and Keiichi Sato. "Open-heart techniques and mitral valve plasty for mitral regurgitation in toy- and small-breed dogs: A review." Open Veterinary Journal 11, no. 1 (2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v11i1.4.
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In human medicine, in the past, open-heart techniques for low-bodyweight children and newborn babies with congenital heart disease were more difficult than high-bodyweight adults. In toy- and small-breed dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR), an acquired heart disease, these techniques are more difficult to perform than for congenital heart diseases in young medium-sized or large dogs because of old age and low body weight. Therefore, improved open-heart techniques and mitral valve surgery for severe MR in older toy- and small-breed dogs are essential. Through our surface-cooling hypothermia (sHT) studies, we designed a new, improved open-heart method, namely, “the low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) combined with deep sHT in toy- and small-breed dogs (Japan method)”; sHT was later replaced by blood-cooling hypothermia (bHT). At the same time, we devised a new, improved mitral valve plasty (MVP) applicable to severe MR, instead of mitral valve replacement, in toy- and small-breed dogs. This MVP technique was combined with artificial chordal reconstruction, semi-circular suture annuloplasty (AP), and direct scallop-suture valvuloplasty. These MVP techniques are simple, durable, and lead to good long-term quality of life in toy- and small-breed dogs. This review highlights the benefits of our improved CPB and MVP techniques (Japan method) for severe MR in toy-and small-breed dogs, which have led to a high success rate for MVP in severe clinical MR cases in Japan. It may further contribute to the development of more robust techniques for MR in toy- and small-breed dogs. This also represents the first comprehensive review of the history of open-heart surgery, CPB techniques, and MVP methods for MR in toy- and small-breed dogs.
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Barnard, Shanis, Hannah Flint, Traci Shreyer, and Candace Croney. "Evaluation of an easy-to-use protocol for assessing behaviors of dogs retiring from commercial breeding kennels." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0255883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255883.
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Objective, reliable behavioral tests are needed to refine on-site welfare assessments of dogs housed at commercial breeding (CB) kennels and provide a basis to inform predictions of their behavior when retired from such kennels. This study tested the reliability, construct validity, and applicability of a protocol for the behavioral assessment of dogs from CB kennels that might be useful in comprehensive welfare assessments of this population. A sample of 447 dogs from 26 CB kennels in the Midwestern US were assessed in their pens. Responses to an approach test (performed on three consecutive days) and a behavioral reactivity test (e.g., traffic cone, toys, umbrella) were recorded. Results showed moderate to perfect (Kw = 0.51–1.00) inter-rater reliability between three independent observers. Approach test-retest analysis showed high correlation of approach test scores on days 1, 2 and 3 (r = 0.85, p<0.0001). Exploratory factor analysis extracted four main factors: Food Motivation (F1), Sociability (F2), Boldness (F3) (e.g., response to novel objects), and Responsiveness (F4) (e.g., response to an umbrella opening) confirming the ability of the test to measure behaviors of interest. All factors showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha 0.81–0.93) further supporting the robustness of the test construct. The demonstrated reliability of this protocol suggests that it may be usefully applied to assessing the behavior of dogs as a component of their welfare assessment in CB kennels. Doing so using even larger sample sizes may yield insights on the effects of housing and management practices on dog welfare while at the kennels, which may also help inform approaches that improve rehoming outcomes for retiring breeding dogs. Practical applications and limitations are outlined.
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Adkins, Elizabeth A., and Diane V. H. Hendrix. "Outcomes of Dogs Presented for Cataract Evaluation: A Retrospective Study." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 41, no. 4 (2005): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0410235.
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Two hundred and forty-four dogs were evaluated for cataracts at the University of Tennessee from January 2001 to December 2002. Fifty-four canine breeds were affected. Odds ratios for cataracts were significantly higher for six purebred dogs (including the cocker spaniel, miniature schnauzer, toy poodle, Boston terrier, miniature poodle, and bichon frise) compared with mixed-breed dogs. One hundred fifty-nine dogs did not have cataract surgery. The most common reason for dogs not having surgery was retinal degeneration (n=66).
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Langley Hobbs, S. J., and M. H. Hamilton. "Use of the AO veterinary mini ‘T’-plate for stabilisation of distal radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 18, no. 01 (2005): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632921.
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SummaryThe use of the AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen) veterinary mini ‘T’-plate for stabilisation of distal radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs was evaluated in a retrospective study. All of the 14 dogs in the study weighed 3.5 kg or less. The AO mini ‘T’-platea was used as the final means of fixation in all cases. It was used as the primary form of stabilisation in ten dogs, and in four dogs it was used at revision surgery. In all cases the fractures healed. Return to function was graded as excellent in six cases, good in four and fair in two. Two dogs were lost to long-term follow up. It was concluded that the AO veterinary mini ‘T’-plate is a suitable choice of implant for stabilisation of distal radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs, especially when the distal fragment is very small.
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Leblond, Guillaume, Luis Gaitero, Noel Moens, et al. "Computed Tomographic Analysis of Ventral Atlantoaxial Optimal Safe Implantation Corridors in 27 Dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 30, no. 06 (2017): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-17-03-0046.
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Abstract Objectives Ventral atlantoaxial stabilization techniques are challenging surgical procedures in dogs. Available surgical guidelines are based upon subjective anatomical landmarks, and limited radiographic and computed tomographic data. The aims of this study were (1) to provide detailed anatomical descriptions of atlantoaxial optimal safe implantation corridors to generate objective recommendations for optimal implant placements and (2) to compare anatomical data obtained in non-affected Toy breed dogs, affected Toy breed dogs suffering from atlantoaxial instability and non-affected Beagle dogs. Methods Anatomical data were collected from a prospectively recruited population of 27 dogs using a previously validated method of optimal safe implantation corridor analysis using computed tomographic images. Results Optimal implant positions and three-dimensional numerical data were generated successfully in all cases. Anatomical landmarks could be used to generate objective definitions of optimal insertion points which were applicable across all three groups. Overall the geometrical distribution of all implant sites was similar in all three groups with a few exceptions. Clinical Significance This study provides extensive anatomical data available to facilitate surgical planning of implant placement for atlantoaxial stabilization. Our data suggest that non-affected Toy breed dogs and non-affected Beagle dogs constitute reasonable research models to study atlantoaxial stabilization constructs.
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Wilson, Bethany, Alicia Kasbarian, Navneet Dhand, and Paul McGreevy. "Battle of the Sexes in Best of Breed: Sex Influences Dogs’ Success in the Show Ring." Animals 8, no. 12 (2018): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8120240.
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Much of the research on pedigree dog breeding has been directed towards understanding the implications of reduced genetic diversity and the prevalence of inherited disorders. An example is the potential role of the popular sire effect in perpetuating genetic defects. If male dogs are more likely than bitches to be identified as examples of members of a breed that align with breed standard, they may be selected for breeding earlier. This may contribute to the influence of individual males and contribute to popular sire effect. Conversely, if breed standards are written in a sex-neutral fashion, and if dogs are entered, exhibited, and judged in a sex-neutral fashion, then we would expect the success of female dogs in the show ring to be equal to that of their male counterparts. With a focus on toy and giant breeds, the current pilot study collated samples of dog show results to explore relationships between sex and the likelihood of success in the show ring. It focused on toy and giant breeds to explore any differences in equity, if it existed, at either end of the size and concomitant age-at-maturation spectrum. For the purpose of this study, toy breeds were those that weigh < 10 kg at maturity while giant breed dogs were those that exceed 45 kg. Within these two clusters, the least (n = 3) and most popular (n = 3) breeds were then selected to explore any potential role of sex on success in the show ring. The popularity of breeds was determined using the numbers of dogs registered with the Australian National Kennel Council. Using results from dog shows (n = 18) from 2015 to 2016, data on 1,080 dogs were obtained. Within these 12 breeds for the 18 shows, there were 137 Best of Breed (BOB) titles awarded: Pug (n = 18), Toy Poodle (n = 18), Bullmastiff (n = 14), Rottweiler (n = 17), Fox Terrier (Smooth) (n = 18), Bloodhound (n = 3), Schnauzer (miniature) (n = 15), Great Dane (n = 17), Norfolk Terrier (n = 10), Norwich Terrier (n = 5), Central Asian Shepherd Dog (n = 2). Despite the near parity of male and female dogs being exhibited, of these 137 titles, 86 (62.8%) were awarded to male dogs (at least 41 individuals) and 51 (37.2%) to female dogs (at least 32 individuals) showing that male dogs are more likely to win BOB titles (χ2 = 9.4455, df = 1, p-value = 0.002117). Among the toy subset of breeds, this effect was higher (χ2 = 6.798, df = 1, p-value = 0.009126) than among the giant breed subset, for whom the advantage to male dogs did not reach statistical significance versus χ2 = 3.0967, df = 1, p-value = 0.07845). This suggests that judges find the male dogs more appealing, presumably because they are more aligned with breed standards.
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Riemer, Stefanie, Carmen Heritier, Ines Windschnurer, Lydia Pratsch, Christine Arhant, and Nadja Affenzeller. "A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting." Animals 11, no. 1 (2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010158.
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A high proportion of dogs and cats are fearful during veterinary visits, which in some cases may escalate into aggression. Here, we discuss factors that contribute to negative emotions in a veterinary setting and how these can be addressed. We briefly summarise the available evidence for the interventions discussed. The set-up of the waiting area (e.g., spatial dividers; elevated places for cat carriers), tailoring the examination and the treatment to the individual, considerate handling (minimal restraint when possible, avoiding leaning over or cornering animals) and offering high-value food or toys throughout the visit can promote security and, ideally, positive associations. Desensitisation and counterconditioning are highly recommended, both to prevent and address existing negative emotions. Short-term pain from injections can be minimised by using tactile and cognitive distractions and topical analgesics, which are also indicated for painful procedures such as ear cleanings. Recommendations for handling fearful animals to minimise aggressive responses are discussed. However, anxiolytics or sedation should be used whenever there is a risk of traumatising an animal or for safety reasons. Stress-reducing measures can decrease fear and stress in patients and consequently their owners, thus strengthening the relationship with the clients as well as increasing the professional satisfaction of veterinary staff.
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Yi, Na Young, Shin Ae Park, Man Bok Jeong, et al. "Medial Canthoplasty for Epiphora in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 23 Cases." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 42, no. 6 (2006): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0420435.
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The medical records of 23 dogs that underwent medial canthoplasty for treatment of epiphora were reviewed. The most prevalent breed encountered was the shih tzu. Other affected breeds included the Pekingese, Maltese, toy poodle, and pug. All dogs had epiphora associated with medial canthal trichiasis and/or entropion. Other ocular abnormalities included conjunctivitis, keratitis, pigmentary keratitis, corneal ulceration, globe prolapse, and nasal fold trichiasis. After medial canthoplasty, the epiphora resolved in all dogs.
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Park, J. Y., Y. R. Kim, H. J. Choi, Y. W. Lee, S. M. Jeong, and H. B. Lee. "Evaluation of the efficiency of the C-ring aiming guide for atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation in toy breed dogs." Veterinární Medicína 64, No. 1 (2019): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/18/2018-vetmed.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of the C-ring aiming guide for the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation technique in toy breed dogs. Twenty-one adult canine cadavers of toy breed dogs were used in this study. The left and right sides of the cervical vertebrae were randomly assigned to two implant insertion groups: a C-ring aiming guide group and a drill guide group. A 1.2-mm Kirschner wire was inserted into each side by using either a C-ring aiming guide or a drill guide. CT scans were performed before and after surgery. The optimal safe implantation corridor angle and length, the implant insertion angle and length, the implant insertion time and the proportion of the insertion corridor to the optimal corridor were evaluated. Violations to the alar foramen and the vertebral canal also were evaluated. The implant insertion time was twice as long as that observed in the aiming guide group (P &lt; 0.05). The proportion of the insertion angle and length to the optimal angle were not significantly different between groups (P &gt; 0.05). With respect to precision, there was a trend toward less variability in the aiming guide group; however, this difference was not significant (P = 0.09). The violation of the alar foramen was significantly lower in the aiming guide group than in the drill guide group (P &lt; 0.05). Violation to the vertebral canal was detected in one cadaver in the drill guide group but did not occur in the aiming guide group. The use of a C-ring aiming guide was associated with less damage to the alar foramen and the vertebral canal during atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation in toy breed dogs.
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Stevens, Kim B., Dan O’Neill, Rosanne Jepson, Laura Phillipa Holm, David John Walker, and Jacqueline Martina Cardwell. "Signalment risk factors for cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (Alabama rot) in dogs in the UK." Veterinary Record 183, no. 14 (2018): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104891.
Full textAbstract:
Seasonal outbreaks of cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV) have been reported annually in UK dogs since 2012, yet the aetiology of the disease remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to explore whether any breeds had an increased or decreased risk of being diagnosed with CRGV, and to report on age and sex distributions of CRGV cases occurring in the UK. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare 101 dogs diagnosed with CRGV between November 2012 and May 2017 with a denominator population of 446,453 dogs from the VetCompass database. Two Kennel Club breed groups—hounds (odds ratio (OR) 10.68) and gun dogs (OR 9.69)—had the highest risk of being diagnosed with CRGV compared with terriers, while toy dogs were absent from among CRGV cases. Females were more likely to be diagnosed with CRGV (OR 1.51) as were neutered dogs (OR 3.36). As well as helping veterinarians develop an index of suspicion for the disease, better understanding of the signalment risk factors may assist in the development of causal models for CRGV and help identify the aetiology of the disease.
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Shih, Hao Yu, Mandy B. A. Paterson, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "Breed Group Effects on Complaints about Canine Welfare Made to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Queensland, Australia." Animals 9, no. 7 (2019): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070390.
Full textAbstract:
Cruelty- and neglect-related canine welfare concerns are important welfare and social issues. Dog breed has been identified as a risk factor for bad welfare, and yet its role in different types of canine welfare concerns has not been fully investigated. We conducted a retrospective study of 107,597 dog welfare complaints received by RSPCA Queensland from July 2008 to June 2018. The breed of the dog involved in the incident was either recorded as stated by the complainant or by the inspector attending the case. Dog breed was divided into groups following the Australian National Kennel Club nomenclature. Dogs of a non-recognised breed were more likely to be reported in welfare complaints than recognised breed dogs. Recognised breed dogs had a greater risk of being reported with poisoning, lack of veterinary support, abuse and being left unattended in a hot vehicle; while non-recognised breed dogs had greater risk of being reported with insufficient shelter, exercise and food/water, as well as overcrowding and abandonment. Utility breeds, terriers and working dogs were most likely to be reported, while toy, non-sporting breeds and gundogs were least likely to be reported. Common complaint types for utility dogs were: insufficient food/water, shelter and exercise, and poor living conditions; for terriers: abandonment, intentional abuses and killing or injuring another animal; for working dogs: insufficient food/water, shelter and exercise; for toy dogs: lack of veterinary care, overcrowding and staying in a hot vehicle alone; for non-sporting dogs: lack of veterinary care, being left in a hot vehicle unattended and poor body conditions; and for hounds: killing or injuring another animal, intentional abuses and poor body conditions. Breed groups rather than breeds may be the best method of breed identification in a public reporting system as they group similar breeds together, and as our research shows, they relate to types of animal welfare complaints. Understanding the relationship between breed group and canine welfare complaints may help authorities improve public education programs and inform decision-making around which breed a new owner should choose.
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Voronov, T. V., and P. M. Skliarov. "Features of the manifestation in small breed dogs’ reproductive function." Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 3 (2020): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32819/2020.83031.
Full textAbstract:
The andrological clinical examination of small breed dogs was carried out and according to its results, were established the group, breed, age, and performance dependence of the reproductive function manifestation in small breed dogs. The research novelty is that the experiment was carried out on representatives of small breeds such as the Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, Spitz, Toy Terrier, Miniature Poodle, and Maltese lapdog. We found out that residents of megalopolises, such as Dnipro, are more likely to have small and medium-sized dogs, which are more adapted to the conditions of the apartment, and less capricious to the conditions of keeping and care. The reproductive function manifestation of dogs was determined by qualitative indicators of the clinical state, reproductive organs, sexual reflexes, and sperm with distribution on a scale: «G» (good), «S» (satisfactory), «U» (unsatisfactory). After analyzing the data obtained during the study, we came to the conclusion that dogs of small breeds have no less reproductive potential than representatives of other dogs breeds. Of the total number of research dogs, 75% received a grade «G» (good), 22.2% – «S» (satisfactory), 2.8% – «U» (unsatisfactory). The Yorkshire Terrier and Chihuahua have the highest reproductive potential compared to other breeds. In terms of age distribution, the best indicators were shown by representatives of the group from 2 to 3 and from 3 to 5 years. It has been established that the quality of sperm increased depending on the mode use of the male. In particular, according to the intensive use of male dogs (2 times a week, no more than 2 weeks in a row), the reproductive capacity was higher, compared to the moderate and occasional mode of use. The obtained data will help to more expediently use males of small breed dogs in reproduction and have high reproduction rates inside the breed.
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Alves, L., M. Pekarkova, D. Gorgas, F. Forterre, and M. Dickomeit. "Use of a 1.5 mm butterfly locking plate for stabilization of atlantoaxial pathology in three toy breed dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 24, no. 03 (2011): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-10-07-0114.
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SummaryThe objective of this study was to describe the use of a titanium 1.5 mm locking plate in the stabilization of atlantoaxial pathology in three toy breed dogs. Two dogs with atlantoaxial subluxation and another dog with an axial fracture, confirmed by diagnostic imaging, were stabilized via a ventral approach with a 1.5 mm titanium 5-hole locking butterfly-plate. Surgical reduction and stabilization were assessed by computed tomography and radiography after surgery. Follow-up evaluation for resolution of neurological signs and possible complications was performed in all three dogs. For long-term assessment, a telephone follow-up was performed. A considerable improvement of neurological signs occurred within two to four weeks after surgery. An excellent clinical outcome was identified in all three patients. Adequate stabilization and resolution of neurological signs in all three dogs was achieved. The stabilization of atlantoaxial surgical conditions in toy breeds with the 1.5 mm titanium 5-hole butterfly locking plate appears to be an effective means of surgical treatment.
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Gultekin, Mehmet, Kerem Ural, Serdar Pasa, Canberk Balikci, and Gamze Sevri Ekren Asici. "Oxidative status and lipid profile in mono- and co-infection with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 12 (2017): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5817.
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Vector-borne diseases in dogs are a major health problem of zoonotic importance. Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is one of the most common vector-borne infections in dogs. Co-infections with vectorborne diseases are reported to cause more severe pathological effects than mono-infections. The current study investigates the effects of mono- and co-infections with CME on oxidative status and lipid profiles in dogs. Dogs with vector-borne diseases were divided into two groups, mono-infected (n = 22) and co-infected (n = 23) with CME, and compared to a healthy group (n = 20). Double and triple co-infections with other vector-borne diseases included A. phagocytophilum, L. infantum, and D. immitis. The serum lipid profile (high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, and triglycerides) and the total and individual markers of oxidative status (total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), paraoxonase (PON-1), and arylesterase (ARE)) were evaluated. Significant decreases in PON-1 and ARE enzyme activities and HDL concentration, as well as increases in TOS level, MDA, LDL, and triglyceride concentrations were determined in both mono- and co-infected groups compared to the healthy control group. No significant differences between the groups were found in the TAC level or cholesterol concentration. In conclusion, alterations in lipid profile and increase in oxidative stress were observed in dogs with CME compared to the healthy control group, however, no significant differences were detected between mono- and co-infected dogs. ...
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Luján-Feliu-Pascual, A., C. Font, J. Mascort, and D. Sánchez-Masian. "Dorsal stabilization of atlantoaxial subluxation using non-absorbable sutures in toy breed dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 27, no. 01 (2014): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-13-01-0009.
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Summary Objectives: To describe a novel dorsal technique for stabilization of atlantoaxial sub-luxation in toy breed dogs using 3-metric nylon suture. Study: Retrospective study. Animals: Fifteen toy breed dogs with a body weight of 2 kg or less with atlantoaxial subluxation. Materials and methods: The atlantoaxial joint of each dog was surgically stabilized through a dorsal approach by placing a double strand of non-absorbable, 3-metric, nylon suture material between the dorsal muscles of the atlanto-occipital and the atlantoaxial joint muscles. Pre- and postoperative neurological status, diagnostic imaging, and complications were reviewed. Clinical follow-up examination was performed at six months. For long-term assessment, a telephone follow-up was performed. Results: No intra-operative complications were observed. Functional improvement occurred in 12 dogs. One dog did not improve and four dogs required revision surgery. In two of those four cases, suture material breakage was proven and it was suspected in the other two. Two cases underwent a second dorsal approach with the same suture material and two cases underwent a ventral approach (transarticular fixation and multiple implants embedded with polymethylmethacrylate). Conclusions: Dorsal stabilization using 3-metric nylon may be adequate as a safe, effective, and simple alternative technique for atlantoaxial stabilization in toy breed dogs of ≤1.5 kg of weight, in which the use of ventral screws and pins is challenging.
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Shih, Hao Yu, Mandy B. A. Paterson, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "Socioeconomic Influences on Reports of Canine Welfare Concerns to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) in Queensland, Australia." Animals 9, no. 10 (2019): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100711.
Full textAbstract:
Human–dog relationships are an important contributor to the welfare of dogs, but little is known about the importance of socioeconomic status of the dogs’ owners. We conducted a retrospective study of canine welfare complaints, using Australian government statistics on the socioeconomic status of the inhabitants at the location of the alleged welfare issue. The socioeconomic score of inhabitants at the relevant postcode was assumed to be that of the plaintiff. Our dataset included 107,597 complaints that had been received by RSPCA Queensland between July 2008 and June 2018, each with the following information: the number of dogs involved, dog(s) age, breed(s), suburb, postcode, date received, and complaint code(s) (describing the type of complaint). The median index score for relative social advantage of the locations where the alleged welfare concern occurred was less than the median score for the population of Queensland, suggesting that welfare concerns in dogs were more commonly reported in areas with inhabitants of low socioeconomic status. It was also less if the dog being reported was not of a recognised breed, compared to dogs of recognised breeds. Dogs reported to be in the gundog breed group were in the most socioeconomically advantaged postcodes, followed by toy, hound, non-sporting, working dog, terrier, and utility breed groups. Reports of alleged cruelty, insufficient food and/or water, a dog being not exercised or being confined/tethered, failure to provide shelter or treatment, overcrowding, a dog being in poor condition or living in poor conditions were most likely to be made in relation to dogs in low socioeconomic postcodes. Reports of dogs being left in a hot vehicle unattended were more likely to be made in relation to dogs in high socioeconomic postcodes. It is concluded that both canine welfare complaints and dogs in specific breed groups appear to be related to the owner’s socioeconomic status. This study may be used to improve public awareness and to tailor educational campaigns toward different populations.
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Kamenov, K. S. "Pathological changes with the enteropathy caused by difillobotriosis in dogs." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 2 (2020): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.2.183.
Full textAbstract:
Pathomorphological research of dogs intes-tine allowed us to describe in more detail all encountered cases of pathological manifesta-tion and effect of broad tapeworm on differ-ent tissue structures and their frag-ments.Enteropathies are polymorphous and are introduced with different etiological fac-tors. Intestine helminthiases have heavy share of ethiofactors.Microscopic signs of intestinal lesion of dogs during diphylloboth-riasis were characterized with obvious changes in mucosa and submucosa and their damage pathological changes in a smooth muscle layer were rarely noted.Serous coat and all its structural fragments complied with the norm and didn't have pathological. Extensive zones of damage from mehanical injury were not noted,there were areas of gut wall changes with damage and intestinal villi destruction and epithelial membrane destruc-tion possibly caused by morphological and physiological structural features of the para-site. Characteristic pathological signs were symptomatic desquamation of tessellated epithelium.Extensive damage of serous coat tracedin all the microslides prepared for his-tologic study.All these changes can be a pos-sible reason of development of reduction of nutrient intake.Such kind of research as pathological process encourages more de-tailed identifying of clinical status during diphyllobothriasis and its not characteristic or specific manifestations and will be the additional criteria of high-impact therapeu-tics or its evidence.
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Ciucci, Paolo, Vittorio Lucchini, Luigi Boitani, and Ettore Randi. "Dewclaws in wolves as evidence of admixed ancestry with dogs." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 12 (2003): 2077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-183.
Full textAbstract:
Vestigial first toes (dewclaws) on the hind legs are common in large dog (Canis lupus familiaris) breeds but are absent in wild canids, including wolves (Canis lupus). Based on observational criteria, dewclaws in wolves have been generally regarded as a clue of hybridization with dogs, although this was not substantiated by molecular evidence. By means of population assignment and genetic admixture analysis, we investigated individual genotypes of three dewclawed wolves from Tuscany (central Italy, 1993–2001). Based on 18 microsatellite markers, dewclawed wolves were not uniquely assigned to the Italian wolf population but appeared to be second or later generation backcrosses of wolf–dog hybrids. Alleles uniquely shared with dogs, and mitochondrial DNA and Y haplotypes identical to those of Italian wolves, further supported their admixed ancestry. Although patterns of dewclaw inheritance in wolf–dog hybrids and backcrosses have not been ascertained, we conclude that dewclaws in wolves, when present, are a clue of admixed ancestry, probably originating in areas where large dog breeds are involved in cross-matings. Other "atypical" morphological traits (e.g., white nails, atypical color patterns or body proportions, dental anomalies) as well might be reliable clues of admixed ancestry, and they deserve careful monitoring and molecular investigation.
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Jaggy, A., Y. Malik, J. Howard, S. Rüfenacht, D. Spreng, and F. Forterre. "Non-selective cutaneous sensory neurectomy as an alternative treatment for auto-mutilation lesion following arthrodesis in three dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 22, no. 03 (2009): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-08-09-0091.
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Summary Objective: To describe an alternative method for the treatment of non-responsive self-mutilation injuries in three dogs after carpal/tarsal arthrodesis. Study design: Case series Animals: Two dogs with carpal injury and one dog with tarsal injury treated by arthrodesis Methods: All dogs developed self-mutilation injuries due to licking and/or chewing of the toes within 21–52 days of surgery. Clinical signs did not resolve within one week after conservative treatment with wound debridement and protective bandages. Following general anaesthesia, a deep horseshoe-shaped skin incision, including the subdermal tissue, was performed proximal to the selfmutilation injury transecting the sensory cutaneous afferent nerves. The skin incision was closed with simple interrupted sutures. Results: All wounds healed without complication. Self-mutilation resolved completely within 24 hours after surgery in all dogs. No recurrence was observed (5 months to 3 years). Conclusion: Non-selective cutaneous sensory neurectomy may lead to resolution of self-mutilation following arthrodesis in dogs. Clinical relevance: Failure of conservative treatment in self-mutilation injuries often leads to toe or limb amputation as a last resort. The technique described in this case series is a simple procedure that should be considered prior to amputation. The outcome of this procedure in dogs self-multilating due to neurological or behavioral disturbances unrelated to carpal or tarsal arthrodesis is not known.
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Ragetly, G. R., R. J. Boudrieau, and S. Gibert. "Locking compression plate stabilization of 20 distal radial and ulnar fractures in toy and miniature breed dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 28, no. 06 (2015): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-15-02-0042.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryObjective: To evaluate retrospectively the effectiveness of the Locking Compression Plate® (LCP), in the form of either a straight or notched head T-plate, for the treatment of fractures of the distal radius and ulna in a series of 20 toy and miniature breed dogs.Methods: The medical records of toy and miniature breed dogs (<6 kg), greater than six months of age, with fractures of the distal radius and ulna from two veterinary hospitals were reviewed. The inclusion criteria included: fractures of the distal 1/3 of the radius and ulna and repair with open reduction and internal fixation utilizing an LCP (straight or notched head T-plate).Results: Twenty fractures (20 dogs) satisfied the inclusion criteria; eight straight and 12 notched head T-plates were used, either 2.0 mm (n = 13) or 2.4 mm (n = 7). Hybrid fixation was performed in all dogs in one or both fragments. Mean time to radiographic union was 6.9 ± 2.5 weeks (range: 4–12 weeks) in 18/20 dogs with radiographic follow-up. One complication was observed: infection that resolved with antibiotic medication and implant removal. No other major complications occurred by the time of last follow-up. In all cases (mean follow-up: 15 ± 7 months), the reported limb function as evaluated by the referring veterinarian or owner was excellent.Clinical significance: The LCP, used as a hybrid construct for the treatment of distal radial and ulnar fractures was shown to yield excellent clinical results with both uncomplicated healing and excellent functional outcomes in this series of toy and miniature breed dogs.
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Hans, Eric C., W. Brian Saunders, Brian S. Beale, and Don A. Hulse. "Fragmentation of the Medial Coronoid Process in Toy and Small Breed Dogs: 13 Elbows (2000–2012)." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 52, no. 4 (2016): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6295.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (FCP) is an uncommon cause of thoracic limb lameness in toy and small breed dogs. Arthroscopic findings and treatment remains poorly described. The objective of this study was to describe the arthroscopic findings and short-term outcome following arthroscopic treatment in toy and small breed dogs with FCP. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Arthroscopic findings were available from 13 elbows (12 dogs). Outcome data ≥4 wk postoperatively were available for nine elbows. Owner satisfaction scores were available for 10 elbows. Common preoperative findings included lameness, elbow pain, and imaging abnormalities consistent with FCP. Displaced FCP was the most common FCP lesion identified. Cartilage lesions at the medial coronoid process were identified in 92.3% of elbows (n = 12), with a median Outerbridge score of 4 (range 1–5). Concurrent cartilage lesions of the medial humeral condyle were identified in 76.9% of elbows (n = 10). Seven of nine elbows had full or acceptable function postoperatively. Median owner outcome satisfaction was 91% (range 10–100). FCP should be considered a cause of thoracic limb lameness in toy and small breed dogs. Arthroscopy can be safely and effectively used to diagnose and treat FCP in these breeds.
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Louly, Carla Cristina Braz, Iracele Nogueira Fonseca, Vilma Ferreira de Oliveira, Guido Fontgalland Coelho Linhares, Liliana Borges de Menezes, and Lígia Miranda Ferreira Borges. "Seasonal dynamics of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in dogs from a police unit in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil." Ciência Rural 37, no. 2 (2007): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782007000200026.
Full textAbstract:
The seasonal dynamics of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks was developed in dogs from a Police Unit in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, from July 2001 to July 2002. The study was carried out on seven naturally infested dogs (two English Cocker Spaniels and five mongrel dogs), with ages between six months and 10 years. Every two weeks, the numbers of feeding larvae, nymphs, and adults were determined. Dogs showing infestation levels above 500 adult ticks received three acaricide treatments. Considering that the treatments had affected the development of some peaking populations of ticks, it was inferred the occurrence of the following peaks: - larvae (four peaks): from August to November, from November to February, from March to May, and from May to July; - nymphs (five peaks): from July to September, from October to December, from December to February, from March to May, and from June to July; - adults (four peaks): from July to October, from October to January, from January to March, and from April to July. The occurrence of these consecutive peaks of activity of each stage of R. sanguineus may indicate that this tick can develop up to four generations per year in Goiânia. On the other hand, if the acaricide treatment did not interfere with the development of R. sanguineus peaks, more than four peaks of each stage have occurred on the dogs. In this case, it is acceptable to infer that more than one population of R. sanguineus was developing within the kennel concomitantly. The mean numbers of each tick stage was similar in the different seasons. The main attachment sites were located on the neck, chest, forelegs, armpits, ears, between toes and on the head. The number of adult ticks feeding on English Cocker Spaniel dogs was 1.4 to 11.5 times higher than that feeding on mongrel dogs.
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Baroni, Carina Outi, Ana Carolina Brandão de Campos Fonseca Pinto, Julia Maria Matera, Christina Mahrenholz Kaufmann Chamone, and Ayne Murata Hayashi. "Morphology and morphometry of the foramen magnum in Toy Poodle and Yorkshire terrier dogs." Ciência Rural 41, no. 7 (2011): 1239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782011000700021.
Full textAbstract:
The occipital dysplasia has been characterized by a dorsal enlargement of the foramen magnum which can vary in size and shape. Clinical signs may be present or not in animals with occipital dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to radiographically analyze the morphology and morphometry of the foramen magnum of thirty healthy dogs. This study chose to use fifteen Yorkshire terrier dogs and fifteen Toy Poodle dogs in order to characterize the radiographic aspects of the foramen magnum and contribute to the diagnosis and critical analysis of the occipital dysplasia importance. According to the foramen magnum morphology and tracings, it was possible to classify the radiographic aspects into different shapes varing from oval and quadrangular. Out of 26 (86.7%) animals had a dorsal enlargement and 4 (13.3%) showed normal foramen magnum. Animals without any clinical signs that are radiographically classified as dysplastic dogs may simply represent an anatomic variation of the foramen magnum.
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Clarke, DE, M. Kelman, and N. Perkins. "Effectiveness of a Vegetable Dental Chew on Periodontal Disease Parameters in Toy Breed Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 28, no. 4 (2011): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875641102800403.
Full textAbstract:
Sixteen toy breed dogs completed a parallel, 70-day two-period, cross-over design clinical study to determine the effect of a vegetable dental chew on gingivitis, halitosis, plaque, and calculus accumulations. The dogs were randomly assigned into two groups. During one study period the dogs were fed a non-dental dry diet only and during the second study period were fed the same dry diet supplemented by the daily addition of a vegetable dental chew. Daily administration of the dental chew was shown to reduce halitosis, as well as, significantly reduce gingivitis, plaque and calculus accumulation and therefore may play a significant role in the improvement of canine oral health over the long-term.
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Miyazaki, Yuta, Taichi Shimatsu, Kyoko Iizuka, Masaaki Nishimura, and Takeshi Aikawa. "Clinical Outcomes and Complications after Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Utilizing Conventional Plates in 65 Distal Radial and Ulnar Fractures of Miniature- and Toy-Breed Dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 31, no. 03 (2018): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1639485.
Full textAbstract:
Objective This article aims to evaluate clinical outcomes and complications of distal radial and ulnar fractures in miniature- and toy-breed dogs treated with conventional bone plate fixation. Methods Medical records (2001–2010) of miniature- and toy-breed dogs with distal radial and ulnar fractures repaired with open reduction and internal fixation utilizing conventional plates were reviewed. The inclusion criteria were body weight of <7 kg, fracture located in the distal antebrachium (distal-to-total radial length ratio < 0.4) and follow-up radiographs available. Results All 65 fractures healed without developing non-union, and had a successful return to normal function (median follow-up: 73 months; range: 2–149 months). Minor complication in seven fractures and major complication in four fractures were identified. Clinical Significance Open reduction and conventional plate fixation of distal radial and ulnar fractures in miniature- and toy-breed dogs are effective means of fixation that result in normal functional outcome without developing non-union.
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Daniels, Bruce C. "Did the Puritans Have Fun? Leisure, Recreation and the Concept of Pleasure in Early New England." Journal of American Studies 25, no. 1 (1991): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800028085.
Full textAbstract:
As any parent or pet-owner knows, play seems to be a natural part of life. Dogs and cats wrestle, chase their tails, and scamper in races; monkeys, fish, and birds dance; children make toys out of any nearby prop. Play is older than man and seems to be one of the inevitable characteristics that evolution has built into all beings above the level of the most basic species. Both quiet play and active play – leisure and recreation – have a therapeutic effect that make creatures seek them. Play is ubiquitous psychologists say, because fun is essential in order to do the serious things of life – work, survive, reproduce, and live in social groups. Why then does it jar our sensibilities to think of Puritans playing and having fun? Why is it necessary to remind people – to persuade them against their instinctive reaction – that the religious settlers of colonial New England sought relaxation and pleasure in their lives? Many societies past and present have reputations for restrictive views of the pursuit of pleasure, but few peoples conjure up as strong an image of asceticism as the Puritans do.
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PARDALI (Δ. ΠΑΡΔΑΛΗ), D., and A. K. ADAMAMA-MORAITOU (Α.Κ. ΑΔΑΜΑΜΑ-ΜΩΡΑΪΤΟΥ). "Tracheal Collapse in the dog: step by step from pathophysiology to management." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 61, no. 3 (2017): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14893.
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Tracheal collapse (TC) is one of the most common causes of cough in small and toy breed dogs. Collapse typically occurs in a dorsoventral direction with prolapse of the flaccid dorsal tracheal membrane into the lumen. TC may affect just a part of the trachea or its entire length. Collapse of the cervical trachea occurs on inspiration, while thoracic part collapses on expiration. Tracheal collapse is a chronic multifactorial disease. It has been suggested that genetic, nutritional, neurologic and inflammatory factors contribute to its pathophysiology. Cartilage rings appear hypocellular, while the dorsal tracheal membrane becomes thicker. The disease is most commonly recognized in middle-aged small and toy breed dogs. No sex predilection has been established. Dogs can be obese or not. Tracheal collapse has been rarely reported in large breed dogs, cats, horses and goats. Tracheomalaciarepresents the analogous disease in humans. In 81% of cases the presenting complaint is a dry, high pitched, goose honking, paroxysmal cough that worsens over time (chronic form), which may be accompanied by exercise intolerance and cyanosis. Various factors could exacerbate clinical signs, such as barking, excitement, drinking or eating. Few cases are presented with the acute form of the disease. Concurrent diseases may worsen or exacerbate clinical signs. The most common finding upon physical examination is the goose honking dry cough that is elucidated on tracheal palpation; flattened and collapsible tracheal rings may be also detected. A concurrent disorder may contribute to physical examination findings. Plain lateral radiographs of the neck and thorax contribute to the diagnostic evaluation of TC in dogs. Their sensitivity varies from 42,8% to 82%. Tangenital radiographs of the neck, as well as tracheal fluoroscopy and ultrasound, may be helpful in the diagnosis of TC. The gold standard method for the diagnosis and staging of TC is tracheoscopy. According to an established grading system it is divided into four stages, which are characterized by the degree of reduction (25%, 50%, 75% and 90%) of the dorsoventral diameter of the tracheal lumen. The major advantage of tracheoscopy is that it can also evaluate the morphology and function of other organs of the respiratory system and it can contribute to the diagnosis of a concurrent disease. Tidal breathing Flow - Volume loop acquisition is a recently standardized diagnostic method that seems to be a quick and reliable diagnostic tool for the diagnosis and staging of TC in dogs. One of its major advantages is that it is performed in alert and untrained dogs. Dogs that are presented with the acute form of the disease must be handled with caution and clinical evaluation should be postponed until their stabilization. Dogs with TC may respond to medical management, surgical correction or to the use of intraluminal stents. Physical examination findings, history and the general condition of the dog will all contribute to the decision of the appropriate therapeutic modality.
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Feddersen-Petersen, D. U. "Vocalization of European wolves (<i>Canis lupus lupus</i> L.) and various dog breeds (<i>Canis lupus</i> f. fam.)." Archives Animal Breeding 43, no. 4 (2000): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-43-387-2000.
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Abstract. Barking in domestic dogs still remains a topic of controversial discussions. While some authors assess dogbarking an acoustic means of expression becoming more and more sophisticated during domestication, others name this sound type "non-communicative". Vocal repertoires as works on individual sound types are rare, however, and there has been almost no work done on Iow-intensity, close-range vocalizations, yet such types of vocalization are especially important with the more social canids, hence, with the human-dog-communication and understanding of dogs. Most of the investigations published so far are based on auditive sound impressions and lack objectivity. The principal method used in this study was sonagraphic. This facilitates the identiftcation of sounds and reveales, whether subjective Classification can be verified by objectively measured parameters. Finally, meanings, funetions and emotions were examined for all the major sounds described and are discussed in terms of relationships between sound structure and Signal function, signal emission and social context as behavioural response, and overlapping Channels of communication. Ontogeny of acoustic communication in 11 European wolves has been compared to various dog breeds (8 Standard Poodles, 8 Toy Poodles, 15 Kleine Münsterländer, 11 Weimaraner Hunting Dogs, 16 Tervueren, 12 American Staffordshire Terriers, and 13 German Shepherds, 12 Alaskan Malamutes, and 9 Bull Terriers) from birth up to 8 (12) weeks resp. 4 (12) months of age. Noisy and harmonic sound groups were analysed separately as overriding units. Following parameters were used: fmax=maximum of spectrographic pietured sounds (Hz), xfo=mean of the lowest frequency band of harmonic sounds (Hz), xfd = mean of the frequency of strongest amplitude of noisy sounds (Hz), delta f = frequency range of sounds (Hz), duration of sounds (ms). Statistical analysis was run on "Statistica", Release 4,0. Within the sound type barking 2 to 12 subunits were classified in the different breeds, aecording to their context-speeifie spectrographic design, and behavioural responses. Categories of function / emotion include f.e. social play, play soliticing, exploration, caregiving, social contact and "greeting", loneliness, and agonistc behaviours. "Interaction" was the most common category of social context for masted barkings (56% of oecurences). Especially close-range vocalizations, conceming the major sound type of most domestic dogs, the bark, evolved highly variable. However, the ecological niche of domestic dogs is highly variable, just as the individual differences in the dogs are, which seem to be breed-typical to a great extent. Thus, complexity within the dog's vocal repertoire, and therefore enhancement of its communicative value, is achieved by many subunits of bark, some standing for specific motivations, informations and expressions. Complexity within the dogs'vocal repertoire is extended by the use of mixed sounds in the barking context. Transitions and gradations to a great extend oeeur via bark sounds: harmonic, intermediate and noisy subunits.
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Hui, Ng Xin, Mas’ud Hariadi, and Hardany Primarizky. "A Retrospective Study of Canine Pyometra in Segar Veterinary Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Year 2012-2016." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1124.
Full textAbstract:
A retrospective study was used to analyse canine pyometra cases in Segar Veterinary Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from May 2012 to May 2016 and to investigate the relationship between pyometra and breed and age of dogs. The study was done through secondary collection of data from ambulatoirs of pyometra cases which were diagnosed based on anamnesis, examination of clinical signs and ultrasonography and/or radiography. The data collected includes breed categorised into small, medium, and large breeds, whereas the age are categorised into puppies, adulthood and geriatric. The data was then analysed with tree classification analysis and CATPCA (Principal Components Analysis for Categorical Data) analysis using SPSS program. A total of 80 cases of pyometra were recovered from female dog patients over the study period. Small breed dogs at 72.5% (n=58) and geriatric dogs at 62.5% (n=50) had the highest percentage of pyometra. The breeds Mongreal, German Shepard Dog, Mini Schnauzer, Silky Terrier, Toy Poodle, Beagle, Chow Chow, Golden Retriever, Rottweiler, Cocker Spaniel, White Terrier, Siberian Husky, and Pekingese aged older than 5.5 years had 100% from 37 cases of open-cervix pyometra. Geriatric and small breed dogs are inclined to have open-cervix pyometra. However adult and medium or large breed dogs have a higher possibility to have closed-cervix pyometra. These results serve to highlight the importance of public awareness regarding canine pyometra and further researches are needed to find out the effects of hormone therapy, frequency of births, and the bacteria present in uterus with pyometra. Keywords: Canine pyometra, Open-cervix Pyometra, Closed-cervix Pyometra, Age and Breed
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Gurtler, Ricardo E., Nora D. Solard, Marta A. Lauricela, et al. "Dynamics of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area of Argentina: III. Persistence of T. cruzi parasitemia among canine reservoirs in a two-year follow-up." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 28, no. 4 (1986): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651986000400002.
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A new cross-sectional survey of household- associated mongrel dogs as well as follow-up of previously parasitemic individuals was carried out in 1984 toy means of xenodiagnosis and serologic techniques to get a deeper insight into the relationship of T. cruzi parasitemia and age among canine hosts in a rural area of Argentina. Persistence of detectable parasitemia was age-independent, or at most, loosely related to age, confirming the pattern observed in 1982. Similarly no significant age-decreasing effect was recorded among seropositive dogs in: a) the probability of detecting parasites in a 2-year follow-up; b) their intensity of infectiousness (=infective force) for T. infestans 3rd-4th instar nymphs, as measured by the percentage of infected bugs observed in each dog xenodiagnosis. Moreover, not only was the infective force of seropositive dogs for bugs approximately constant through lifetime, but it was significantly higher than the one recorded for children in the present survey, and for human people by other researchers. Therefore, and since T. infestans field populations show high feeding frequencies on dogs, the latter are expected to make the greatest contribution to the pool of infected vectors in the rural household of Argentina. This characteristic should be sufficient to involve canine reservoirs definitely as a risk factor for human people residing in the same house. The increased severity of parasitemia observed among dogs in this survey may be related to the acute undernutrition characteristic of canine populations of poor rural areas in our country, which is expected to affect the ability of the host to manage the infection.
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Kim, Eunju, Changyong Choe, Jae Gyu Yoo, et al. "Major medical causes by breed and life stage for dogs presented at veterinary clinics in the Republic of Korea: a survey of electronic medical records." PeerJ 6 (July 3, 2018): e5161. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5161.
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BackgroundAge and breed are considered the greatest risk factors for disease prevalence and mortality in companion dogs. Understanding the prevalence of diseases, in relation to age and breed, would support appropriate guidance for future health care strategies and provide useful information for the early diagnosis of diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the major medical causes for dogs visiting primary-care veterinary clinics in the Republic of Korea, stratified by age and breed.MethodsA total of 15,531 medical records of canine patients were analyzed from 11 veterinary clinics who shared data from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. An electronic medical record (EMR) system was used for data collection, which included the animal identification number, age, breed, gender, neuter status, clinical information, and diagnosis. EMR data were classified using the International Classification of Disease system from the World Health Organization; presenting signs or diagnoses were identified according to breed and life stage.ResultsWithin the age groups, preventive medicine (16.7% confidence intervals (CI) [15.9–17.5]) was the most common cause for clinic visits for the <1 year and 1–3 year groups. Additionally, neutering surgery (6.6% CI [6.0–7.1]) and patella luxation (1.4% CI [1.8–2.7]) were frequently performed in these age groups. In the 4–6 year group, otitis externa (8.8% CI [7.8–10.0]) and dermatitis or eczema (8.5% CI [7.5–9.6]) were common medical problems. In older dogs (>10 year), the prevalences of heart disease, kidney disease, Cushing’s disease, and mammary tumors were higher than in the other age groups. Small and toy breed dogs comprised 67.7% of all dogs in this analysis. For all breeds, otitis externa, dermatitis or eczema, vomiting, and diarrhea were common medical problems.DiscussionThis study identified the most common medical disorders and differences in prevalences of diseases, according to age and breeds. The information from EMRs for dogs visiting primary-care veterinary clinics can provide background knowledge that is required to enable a better understanding of disease patterns and occurrence by age and breeds. The information from this study could enable the creation of strategies for preventing diseases and enable the identification of health problems for more effective disease management in companion dogs.
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Wobber, Victoria, Brian Hare, Janice Koler-Matznick, Richard Wrangham, and Michael Tomasello. "Breed differences in domestic dogs’ (Canis familiaris) comprehension of human communicative signals." Interaction Studies 10, no. 2 (2009): 206–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.10.2.06wob.
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Recent research suggests that some human-like social skills evolved in dogs (Canis familiaris) during domestication as an incidental by-product of selection for “tame” forms of behavior. It is still possible, however, that the social skills of certain dog breeds came under direct selection that led to further increases in social problem solving ability. To test this hypothesis, different breeds of domestic dogs were compared for their ability to use various human communicative behaviors to find hidden food. We found that even primitive breeds with little human contact were able to use communicative cues. Further, “working” dogs (shepherds and huskies: thought to be bred intentionally to respond to human cooperative communicative signals) were more skilled at using gestural cues than were non-working breeds (basenji and toy poodles: not thought to have been bred for their cooperative-communicative ability). This difference in performance existed regardless of whether the working breeds were more or less genetically wolf-like. These results suggest that subsequent to initial domesticating selection giving rise to cue-following skills, additional selection on communicative abilities in certain breeds has produced substantive differences in those breeds’ abilities to follow cues.
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Cappellari, F., B. Peirone, A. Ferretti, and L. Piras. "Treatment of fractures of the distal radius and ulna in toy breed dogs with circular external skeletal fixation: a retrospective study." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 24, no. 03 (2011): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-10-06-0089.
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SummaryObjective: To evaluate the effectiveness of circular external skeletal fixation (CESF) in treating fractures of the distal radius and ulna in toy breed dogs, and to document the type and frequency of complications associated with this technique.Methods: The medical records of small breed dogs with fractures of the distal radius and ulna admitted to the University of Turin and to the Clinica Ferretti between 2002 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. The criteria for inclusion of cases in the study were: body weight of 5 kg or less, transverse or short oblique fracture of the distal third of the radius and ulna, no previous repair attempts, and treatment with CESF as the sole method of fixation.Results: Twenty fractures in 16 dogs satisfied the criteria for inclusion into this study. No signs of infection or failure of fixation were detected in any case. Mean frontal plane alignment was 4.7° ± 2.7° and mean sagittal plane alignment was 12.7° ± 7.2°. Postoperative complications occurred in one patient. All fractures achieved union. Mean time until radiographic evidence of a bridging callus and subsequent implant removal was 71 days (range: 30–120).Conclusions: The results of this study support the use of CESF for treatment of fractures of the distal radius and ulna in toy breed dogs as an alternative to other methods of fracture fixation. However, this technique requires a series of follow-up examinations to evaluate the stability of the apparatus, the soundness of the wires and to determine the appropriate time for implant removal.