Journal articles on the topic 'Doi Moi Policy'

In Vietnam, the history of the English language and English education has a direct bearing on politics, economy and social affairs (Wright, 2002), and is particularly tied up with the reform policy known as Doi Moi, which was adopted by the sixth National Congress of the Communist Party in 1986. Doi Moi has brought about huge achievements in terms of gross domestic product growth and foreign direct investment attraction (Thanh & Duong, 2009). These achievements have had a profound impact on the development of English as a foreign language (EFL) in Vietnam.

AbstractDrawing on new archival evidence, this paper focuses on the origins of Vietnam's foreign economic policy of 1986, better known as doi moi (renovation). The existing scholarship contends that doi moi ideas emerged amid Vietnam's socio-economic crisis during the late 1970s through a bottom-up process of market-oriented activities by local authorities. I argue, however, that these scholars overlooked the early ideas of economically engaging the West to obtain advanced technology to raise the Vietnamese products’ quality, and therefore, their competitiveness in the socialist bloc. Following the Paris Peace Accords in January 1973, Vietnamese diplomats-turned reformists studied the role of western technology and capital investment in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The Politburo entrusted Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs Nguyen Co Thach, a senior advisor to Hanoi's chief negotiator Le Duc Tho in Paris, to conduct a series of clandestine studies on the role of western technology in economic relations between East and West. Thach's learning about the West's technological revolution led them to the shocking conclusion that the Soviet bloc was at least a decade behind the West in technological development. The fear of Vietnam being trapped in economic backwardness propelled these reformers to advocate bold ideas of economically engaging the West in the post-Vietnam War era to extract advanced technology to support post-war economic development and modernisation. However, it took an economic crisis (1977–78), followed by another costly two-front war against Cambodia and China between 1979 and 1985, for reformist Nguyen Co Thach's ideas to prevail over the conservative faction's military-first policy.

In the 1990s, Vietnamese traditional theatre has seen its popular base eroded by foreign videos, television imports, and the films that have poured into the country since the advent of the ‘open door’ policy, or doi moi. As that policy is primarily economic in purpose, the advantages offered to the national culture have been questionable. The traditional forms here discussed by Catherine Diamond – tuong, hat boi, and cheo – have lost much of their status in the urban areas, though still popular in the countryside. However, the forms which address contemporary issues – ‘renovated theatre’ (cai luong), spoken theatre (kich noi), and, most recently, ‘mini-theatre’ (san khau nho) – play to significant numbers in Saigon and Hanoi, often employing a distinctive vein of satirical humour. Though trained in the academies of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Vietnamese dramatists have now broken away from the socialist realist ideal and are looking towards the West and China for new artistic developments. The author of this survey, Catherine Diamond, is a dancer and drama professor in Taiwan. She has recently published Sringara Tales, a collection of short stories about the traditional dancers in Southeast Asia.

This article surveys the evolution of foreign direct investment policy since the initiation of renovation reforms (Doi moi) in 1987 and current state of the policy regime. It is shown that following a period of slow progress of over a decade, the reform processed gained momentum in the aftermaths of the Asian fi nancial crisis(1997–1998) and accelerated in the course of the WTO accession process. Reforms over the past five years have virtually eliminated ownership restrictions and streamlined procedures for business entry and operation, ensuring a level playing field for business ventures of all ownership types. However, there are still various institutional constraints and infrastructure bottlenecks that need to be redressed in order to improve Vietnam’s ranking among the dynamic East Asian economies as an attractive location for foreign investment.

Vietnam has seemingly been able to shortcut the forest transition (FT) by quickly moving to the reforestation phase. Provincial-level forest cover and socio-economic trends are, however, not necessarily compatible with a standard FT framework. This article compares forest cover change and associated policy reforms in two provinces. Bac Kan is one of the poorest provinces in Vietnam, and has, after years of deforestation and forest degradation, expanded its forest cover during the past two decades. In contrast, Lam Dong province has higher GDP and population density, but has had high deforestation linked to expansion of perennial crops. This is contrary to what could be expected from a conventional FT hypothesis. Land use dynamics in Vietnam is heavily driven by its historical heritage related to the independence from French rule and heavy state-control and collectivization, and its more recent shift to “market-led socialism” (doi moi), involving export promotion, decentralization and land tenure reforms. The Vietnam experience shows that policies can trump the typical FT patterns linked to general development trends and structural changes, and that the typical FT-trajectory is not unavoidable. Yet, these policies have not primarily been guided by forest concerns, but should be viewed as a side effect of the doi moi policies pursuing economic growth and of the devolution of rights and decision-making.

Vietnam and China is a reality of two authoritarian states under Communism regime. As pesimistic view, both of them judge can not consolidating democracy. But the economic growth growing fastly as the result of Doi Moi policy by Vietnam in 1987 and China’s economic reformation in 1978, are the positive signal for democracy. Communist Party (VCP and CCP) challenged to defending their legetimacy by take pragmatism way to changes their economic direction and release from the Communist orthodoxy. Economic reformation is a legetimacy transformacy nased on the performance that come from ideology. The indicator of non‐institutional democracy focus on the income distribution, and the legetimacy of Communist Party used as comparative tool of democracy in China and Vietnam.

The cause of national renewal under the Communist Party of Vietnam's leadership has been over three decades. Among the great and historically significant victories of the doi moi cause, it is impossible not to mention the victories in theoretical thinking and religious policies of the Party and the State of Vietnam. This study focuses on analyzing and explaining the changes in the religious and religious life of Vietnamese people today; the process of renewing awareness to reforming religious policies of the Party and the State of Vietnam; several discussion issues that need further clarification on Vietnam's beliefs and religion policy in the period of international integration; at the same time, propose several solutions to improve the policy of belief and religion; correct orientation of Vietnamese people's belief and religious activities in the process of Vietnam's international integration.

Experts and business pundits forecasted drastic changes in Vietnam’s fledgling e-commerce when the Southeast Asian country became an official member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2007. Over the past few years, as part of the Reform – called Doi moi – some Vietnamese enterprises have adopted e-commerce and already benefitted from it. In this research, the authors adapt the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and test a model of e-commerce adoption including numerous internal and external factors identified in empirical studies. The final sample of 926 small and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam includes both adopter and non-adopter firms. The policy implications of this study on promoting e-commerce adoption by SMEs in transition economies, such as Vietnam, are discussed.

Vietnam is an evolving political economy and marketing system. Since the implementation of Doi Moi, the 1986 policy to invoke a shift from central economic planning to a more market-oriented system, the country has made extraordinary progress on several socioeconomic indicators. Some observers contend Vietnam is a development model; others suggest the country still has numerous challenges to overcome before it can reach its development goals. This article provides an overview of Vietnam’s socioeconomic development; it introduces eight refereed articles and four commentaries that comprise the scholarly contributions to the first special issue of the Journal of Macromarketing to feature research on a single country. Vietnam is that country. Contributors provide detailed research, analysis, and reflection on the interplay of markets, marketing, and society. Topics studied include system complexity and entrepreneurship, retailing evolution, consumption dynamics and societal wellness, family policy and consumption, education and human resource development, living standards and quality of life, ethical/unethical foreign direct investment, ritualistic consumption, and marketing, trade and protectionism, land policy and environmental sustainability, and implications for Vietnam’s economic and geopolitical future.

Since the reforms under Doi Moi policy, Vietnam’s commercial bank system had experienced significant changes and obtained stimulating results, such as: ownership diversification, growth in asset and equity, increased number of banks and banking services etc. However, after the 2008 global crisis, the Vietnam’s commercial bank system has revealed its shortcomings (e.g. high rate of NPLs, low liquidity, low human resource quality). In response to the bad performance of some commercial banks that can result in the breakdown of the whole system, the Government has applied decisive actions to restructure the credit institutions in general and commercial banks in particular. This paper aims to review the performance of stateowned commercial banks from 2011 to 2015 to reassess results of the implementation of Scheme for restructuring the system of credit institutions in the period of 2011 – 2015 by the Prime Minister.

After more than three decades of implementing the Doi Moi policy, Vietnam’s higher education has achieved significant progress, in terms of policies of national reform and strategies of international cooperation. However, the role and position of higher education institutions in the world’s education market are still blurry. Although a number of researchers have highlighted a range of impediments to its development, realistic solutions have not been devised to help Vietnam accelerate its progress in education. The main objectives of this paper are to review reform in government policies pertaining to the development of the higher education sector, discuss the performance efficiency of higher education institutions using statistical analyses based on the findings from recent studies, and propose possible solutions for enhancing performance efficiency and accountability transparency of higher education institutions in the process of the comprehensive renovation of the Vietnamese higher education system

The motorcycle is an unavoidable item in contemporary Vietnam. Since the renovation policy (Doi Moi) in 1986, it became the most visible good of consumption. This article questions the utilitarian and symbolic use that is made by the urban populations of two major cities of the country: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. This article addresses the question of the new values and social transformation within the post-socialist society in Vietnam, as seem to symbolize the social behaviours related to the use of motorbikes. Amongst others, it analyses the use of the motorcycle as a place of intimacy in a society where the State still widely shapes the private and public spaces. Actually, the motorcycle establishes a sphere of intimacy in the way people have appropriated the object in their social practice. The author also describes certain ritual phenomena associated to the use of motorcycles, such as the illegal races, which contribute to the construction of the masculine identity.

Thanks to the implementation of Vietnam’s economic renovation or ‘Doi Moi’ policy since 1986, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) urban has grown quickly. However, this also leads to an increase in inequality. Its peri-urban area, which undergoes higher level of urbanization than urban area, faces more problems such as land use change, inadequate development process, unequal allocation of services and investment, and ignorance of environmental protection and cultural preservation. These impacts show inequality in standards of living between residents of the two areas. Using the framework of the Peri-Urban Political-Ecology, this paper aims to depict a general picture of the situation and analyse the causes of social inequalities between these two areas in terms of economy, public services, and environment through “everyday practices” (i.e. events, problems, stories, etc.). The paper uses HCMC’s statistical data in 2015-2017 periods and research findings from previous studies. The results shows that the main causes in inequalities between these two areas are the inevitability of urban metabolism and the unequal power interaction among the state, society and market.

Background:Self-efficacy at work is considered to be one of the factors affecting employees’ quality of work life and professional development. Understanding the sources of employees’ self-efficacy at work is essential, especially in the context of Viet Nam’s Doi Moi (Renovation) policy that has led to wide-reaching socio-economic changes in Viet Nam, including the workplace over the past 30 years.Methods:This article is based on a quantitative study of 166 Vietnamese graduates with less than 2-year working experience at their organizations, followed by 11 interviews. The study seeks to demonstrate their evaluation of the sources of self-efficacy at work.Findings:The results show that “physiological and emotional states”, “vicarious experiences” and “verbal persuasion” have a significantly positive correlation with self-efficacy at work while no remarkable association is observed for “mastery experiences”. In addition, the content of the interviews further clarifies the above-mentioned results.Conclusion:The findings suggest the important role of cultural-social factors and the characteristics of the workforce in Viet Nam in interpreting employee’s self-efficacy.

Since Doi Moi (Reform) policy in 1986, Vietnam has experienced rapid urbanization and economic growth. Urbanization has resulted in increasingly high housing demand in the urban areas but this has largely unmet, especially housing for low-income people. Development of social housing for low-income and under-privileged people in cities has been seen as an urgent and important task of the government to pursue stable social and economic development. Low-income people are most vulnerable to environmental impacts and in need of energy-efficient houses to reduce their cost of living. Eco-social housing is seen as a solution to protect the natural environment as well as to boost local economy, improve living conditions particularly for low income people. Through preliminary assessments of three social buildings at three distinct regions of Vietnam, this paper found that despite many challenges, eco-social housing is a solution to Vietnam's needs in providing houses with adequate living conditions to low-income people while protecting the environment and achieving sustainable eco-social development in the long run.

Agricultural cooperatives have been established in Vietnam since the 1950s. During its development, agricultural cooperatives have made significant contributions to the growth of agricultural sector and to the improvement of farmers' income who are members of the cooperatives. Since Vietnam implemented the "Innovation-Doi moi" in 1986, the Government has continued to issue many policies to support for agricultural cooperatives. However, the impact of these policies on the development of almost all agricultural cooperatives has not been as expected. This paper aims to analyze the implementation of several policies supporting for agricultural cooperatives; to identify advantages and disadvantages of these policies; and to propose solutions for improving policies in the furture. In addition to secondary data from the Vietnam Cooperative Alliance, this paper uses primary data collected from 60 agricultural cooperatives in the Red River Delta to analyze the implementation of policies on cooperative staffs training, cooperative finance supporting, and cooperative land supporting. Bascially, the results show that the policy on training cooperative staff is quite well implemented, it helps to improve the capacity of cooperative managers in all surveyed cooperatives. In contrast, the finance supporting policy has many regulations that make it difficult for agricultural cooperatives to access capital, only nearly 30% of surveyed cooperatives get loans for production. Similarly, the land supporting policy also has unreasonable regulations which prevent agricultural cooperatives from scaling-up production because of the lack of farm-land. Consequently, about 60% of surveyed cooperatives are supported to rent farm-land for expanding agricultural production.

Around the world, a growing crisis of legitimacy and complex problem solving characterize a sense of change in the state-citizen relationship. In Vietnam, the Doi Moi (renovation) process was carried out by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and the Government of Vietnam (GoV). Public institutions engaged at grassroots level by implementing a decree on “Regulation on Democracy Exercise” with the vision of a participatory society to improve the living standard of the Vietnamese people in general in order to enhance public service specifically. This article conceptualizes the concepts of Citizen Participation, Transparency, and Accountability in Vietnam. In the contested debates of the link between citizen participation and the two governance aspects, transparency and accountability, the article realizes the importance of achieving the balance from both sides of practice, as well as strengthen institutions that can reduce inefficiency and have real effectiveness. The fact that Vietnam just embarked on experimenting with policy initiatives encourages stronger citizen participation. Importantly, citizens participate in a number of elections for their delegates to local and national legislatures. One specific characteristic of public participation in Vietnam is that citizens somewhat are limited in participation by the nomination procedures and restriction in institutions. The article as a brief literature review on citizen participation and establishes the linkages between these three concepts. It reviews policy mechanisms for citizen participation and central-local power relationship. It stresses two main findings after performing sufficient empirical evidences. First, it argues that citizen participation can be an engine of good governance in local public institutions in Vietnam. Once policy window provides the population some space for their participation, it assures a widening scale of an efficient governing system. It founds that transparency and accountability of local governments are two outcomes of citizen participation.

Since the introduction of the Doi Moi economic reform in 1986, the real estate market in Vietnam has witnessed a sharp increase in foreign investment inflows and a remarkable growth in the housing market, particularly for high-rise apartments in large cities. This study investigates the determinants of apartment prices in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and Hanoi, the two most representative cities in Vietnam. The spatial distribution of apartments and their price determinants were addressed by the spatial analysis of Geographic Information System (GIS) and the hedonic model. The price determinants of both cities were closely associated with downtown-related factors; moreover, the externalities of urbanization affected each city. While HCMC was more related to the locational attributes of urban amenities and community density as well as programs because of unmanaged urbanization, Hanoi was more related to housing attributes, since the majority of apartment projects were developed under urban infrastructure development supported by the central government. Apartment cluster maps of each city clearly show the contrast of housing distribution. Our findings clarify the impact of government policies on housing price determinants and can be a reference for private- and public-sector stakeholders seeking to undertake economically and socially sustainable housing development projects in Vietnam.

PurposeThe research aims to provide the basis for a better understanding of the internationalization of higher education in Vietnam. First, it examines Vietnam's higher education reforms and policy/ legal frameworks for the promotion of internationalization since the implementation of Doi Moi in 1986. Secondly, it analyzes the internationalization activities at the national and institutional levels. At both levels, the internationalization activities are categorized into internationalization at home and cross borders (Knight, 2012). Finally, the paper discusses the challenges Vietnamese HE is facing and presents policy directions.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs a case study research strategy to examine and gain understanding of internationalization of higher education in Vietnam as a phenomenon. The study collected detailed information using a variety of data collection procedures over a period of time. First, it analyzes Vietnam's higher education reforms as well as policy and legal framework for the promotion of internationalization. Then, using Knight's framework, the study analyzed the internationalization at home and crossborder educational activities at the national and institutional levels. At the national level, strategic policy goals and programs were explored. Then, it chose Vietnam National University- Hanoi as a institutional case to learn its institutional strategies on cross border programs and mobility, reputation building, research cooperation.FindingsVietnam has continuously reformed its legal and policy framework of higher education to better integrate into the global higher education market and also to meet the national demand for economic development. Predominant rationale for Vietnam to engage in crossborder programs is for brain development, specifically in the academics and public sector. Meanwhile internationalization at home is driven by (1) international programs and universities and (2) initiative to enhance competitiveness of its higher education institutes. Vietnam hosts different models of international universities, including classical, satellite and co-founded. However, issues and challenges remain, such as poor lack of systematic cooperation and coordination at the governmental level, retaining talents, and finally finances.Originality/valueWritten for the special edition on Internationalization of Higher Education in the Era of SDGs: Asia–Pacific Perspective, the study aims to provide a basis for understanding the current situation of internationalization higher education in Vietnam and how it compares to its partners in the region. This study is unique as it provides a two-layer analysis, at the national and institutional levels capturing macro and micro perspectives in one scene. In addition, this study includes rich empirical data, which was rare in previous literature due to limited access.

Due to the policy of the Doi moi in Vietnam started in 1986, Hanoi has undergone many important changes. Currently, Hanoi's traffic is characterized by seemingly continuous motorcycle flows - a representative of high personal mobility in the context of rising incomes. Congestion, dust, pollution, insecurity, overload, etc., they are important keywords to describe Hanoi's urban traffic. Hanoi has put in place a number of policies to improve the transportation system. In 2017, in Hanoi's new mobility improvement project, there is a regulation on motorcycles: “The municipality will zone by limiting the activities of motorcycles according to the infrastructure and the service capacity of the public transportation system to stop motorcycle activities in the central districts in 2030” that becomes controversial. This article, based on the results of surveys assessing the level of satisfaction and desires of people about traffic at the KDTMs of Hanoi, analyzes the differences between the wishes of the municipality and the practices of Hanoi, through habits, modes of mobility of KDTM residents - the new residential areas of Hanoi that bring a different atmosphere of habitat compared to existing neighborhoods, by changing the mode of (re)making of the city. How will the traffic of KDTM residents be affected by this decision as well as how KDTMs will participate in the sustainable transportation of Hanoi?. It is the KDTMs with their “novelties” that will have to become pioneers creating opportunities of the changing of Hanoi traffic. Keywords: Hanoi; sustainable mobility; efficient transportation; motorcycle; KDTM (new residential area). Received 08 December 2018, Revised 30 January 2019, Accepted 30 January 2019

Vietnam economy is facing both opportunities and challenges of the market mechanism and globalization. Social and economic development policies have created positive outcomes. For instance, the economic structural change program has brought out promising results in improving the economic growth and contributing to a more proportionate structure of the industries. At the same time, the progress of integration and participation of Vietnam to international organizations and forums required business enterprises to have appropriate policies in order to adapt to the new business environment and meet the requirements of competition. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), which are often considered as the direct result of the changes in economic thought after Renewal policy (Doi Moi) in 1986, is now playing an important part in the economy in terms of the quantity of enterprises as well as the contribution to the country’s GDP. Changes and continuous movements of the economy supported SMEs to expand and develop but brought into many difficulties and challenges. Therefore, the internal renewal is essential to the survival and development of SMEs themselves. The paper aims at identifying the challenges that SMEs have been facing and the root of those issues. Due to the difficulties in collecting data, the research limits primarily with the analysis on the data from the SMEs in Ho Chi Minh City. However, this limitation had a small impact on the research result as Ho Chi Minh City is the most developed city and has the highest contribution to GDP and the highest number of business enterprises. Finally, the research had provided a number of suggestions which may help SMEs overcome difficulties to develop sustainably and contribute more positively to the overall development of the economy.

This article proposes an alternative tourism development approach that we have termed ‘rebalancing’, which is based on tourism development adopting Community-based Tourism (CBT) principles and characteristics whose hallmark is to give local control of the tourism sector to disadvantaged members of society. The article is based on extant literature and uses Hanoi as a case study to articulate the role of CBT against a backdrop of the growth and presence of large international hotel chains in Hanoi following the adoption of the Doi Moi policy. The increase in international hotel chains poses a high risk of an increase in leakages. The accommodation sub-sector and food sector are essential in tourism in Hanoi, as they are elsewhere. These provide small businesses the opportunity to participate in the name of inclusivity, empowerment, and poverty alleviation. For the authenticity of Hanoi and respecting its traditions and values, we propose a model of growth for Hanoi that includes food street vendors alongside large international hotel chains, large national (privately owned) hotels (nationally/locally owned), small independent national hotels (locally owned), bed and breakfast/guesthouse (locally owned), backpackers (locally owned), homestay (locally owned), ‘Albergo Diffuso’ (locally owned), LCBT accommodation (locally owned), CBT (Independently owned structures under an umbrella organization), and CBT (community-owned structures). It also suggests the retention of traditional architecture for the diversity and uniqueness of Hanoi. It recommends that the government should not promulgate legislation and policies that attempt to limit the scope of food street vending but rather empower food street vendors to grow and prosper. This should be done alongside specific legislation that sets minimum standards related to hygiene on the streets for inclusive growth and poverty alleviation.

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Purpose: The objective of this qualitative research is to report the problems and challenges related to Chiang Da herbal tea Community Enterprise (CE), Doi Saket District, Chiang Mai Province. Methodology: In-depth interviews (IDI) and Focus groups discussion (FGD) were conducted to obtain genuine comprehension from the CCE leader and members. The data were evaluated using content analysis. Finding: The finding was reported in 4 aspects of problems and challenges: 1) Human resources and membership, 2) marketing, 3) Budget, Finance, and Accounting and 4) Application of modern technology and information technology. The CCE member should develop knowledge and skills related to the issues mentioned above to be able to operate an enterprise group effectively. Practical implications: The government should play a role to promote and support the development of knowledge, skills, and capacity of the group by supporting policy, finance, equipment, and personnel providing advice. Furthermore, it is critical to use a successful community enterprise group as a model for learning and application. Contribution to literature: This study contributes to the existing literature as it is applied to other communities with similar characteristics and contexts, particularly community enterprises in rural areas that produce community products using local resources. The emphasis should be on developing the group members' potential.

This research was conducted in Mei to July 2014 in Palapa Tradional Market,Durian Street, East Labuhbaru, Payung Sekaki Sub-district, Pekanbaru. The purpose of thisresearch is to analyze the government policy in drainage market management of Palapatraditional market in pekanbaru, to identify strength, weakness, opportunity and threat ofPalapa traditional market management in Pekanbaru. Formulate drainage managementstrategy of Palapa Traditional Market in Pekanbaru. The data was collected qualitatively byusing interview, observation and survey. The data was analyzed by using SWOT analysis. Thestrategy of Palapa Traditional Market management is to increase the drainage infrastructuresystem of Palapa market activity the efforts to improve drainage quality of Palapa TraditionalMarket. the efforts to improve performance quality of market UPTD toward drainage toevaluate the government policy in drainage management. The efforts to increase drainageservice system by establishing new drainage or widening old drainage to evoke the traderparticipation in maintenance operation of market drainage canals. To make a drainage planaccurately based on the drainage technique to establish the regulation and institution thatoversee the drainage management system and to punish drainage destroyer.

Per controllare la fertilità oggi si utilizzano diverse tecniche ad azione contraccettiva, che impediscono, nella maggior parte dei casi in modo temporaneo, il concepimento. Oltre ai cosiddetti contraccettivi esistono e vengono usate altre tecniche che spesso sono spacciate per contraccettive, ma che in realtà agiscono non impedendo l’inizio di una gravidanza, ma che questa, una volta iniziata, possa evolvere normalmente: quindi queste tecniche sono abortive. Nell’articolo sono esaminati il meccanismo d’azione e il tasso di abortività di alcuni “contraccettivi” come la pillola estroprogestinica (pillole monofasiche, bifasiche, pillole a prevalente azione androgenica), dei cosiddetti “intercettivi” (minipillola; progestinici depot come le preparazioni iniettabili, gli impianti sottocute, gli anelli vaginali; la spirale o IUD; quella che è definita “contraccezione post-coitale o d’emergenza) e dei cosiddetti “contragestativi” (RU486, le prostaglandine, i vaccini abortivi). I risultati dello studio mostrano che l’attuale ricerca nel campo del controllo della fertilità è indirizzata a prodotti per lo più ad azione abortiva e che si sta cercando - anche da parte della letteratura internazionale - di farli accettare dall’opinione pubblica, mascherando o mistificando la realtà “aborto”. In una siffatta situazione allora la verità semantica e scientifica è più che mai necessaria, altrimenti le persone possono essere soggette a manipolazione sebbene credano di essere libere.

Multimorbidity in the elderly is a major public health issue with serious consequences. This study investigated the effects of health promotion programs on perceived self-efficacy and self-care practices among the elderly with multimorbidity using a quasi-experimental study design from February to July 2021. The study samples were the elderly from Doi Saket District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, selected by a multistage random sampling technique. The experimental and control groups each comprised 40 elderlies with multimorbidity. All elderly participants took part in a 12-week health promotion program. The perceived self-efficacy and self-care practices of the study samples were assessed using interviews, and the group results were compared using the independent t-test. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied at a significance level of 0.05 for three different periods. Follow-up results after the intervention showed that the experimental group had significantly higher mean scores of perceived self-efficacy and self-care practice than the control group (p-value<0.05). The health promotion program enhanced perceived self-efficacy and self-care practices in the elderly with multimorbidity. It can also be applied to improve the quality of life of people in other age groups.

This paper further extends the existing GARCH-MIDAS model to deal with the effect of microstructure noise in mixed frequency data. This paper has two highlights. First, according to the estimation of the long-term volatility components of the GARCH-MIDAS model, rAVGRV is adopted to substitute for the RV estimator. rAVGRV uses the rich data sources in tick-by-tick data and significantly corrects the impact of the microstructure noise on volatility estimation. Second, besides introducing macroeconomic variables (i.e., macroeconomic consistency index (MCI), deposits in financial institutions (DFI), industrial value-added (IVA), and M2), Chinese Economic Policy Uncertainty (CEPU) index and Infectious Disease Equity Market Volatility Tracker (EMV) are introduced in the long-run volatility component of the GARCH-MIDAS model. As indicated by the results of this paper, the rAVGRV-based GARCH-MIDAS is slightly better than the RV model-based GARCH-MIDAS. In addition to the common macroeconomic variables significantly impacting stock market volatility, CEPU also substantially impacts stock market volatility. Nevertheless, the effect of EMV on the stock market is insignificant.

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. 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Il trapianto degli organi ed in particolare quello da eseguire a cuore battente del donatore, ha portato alla ribalta il problema del momento della morte. Indubbiamente la morte del cervello con la fine conseguente delle funzioni cardiache e respiratorie è l'indice più sicuro della fine irreversibile di un'esistenza. E' proprio però sull"accertamento della morte cerebrale a tutti i livelli, siano essi corticali o del tronco, che ancora oggi in letteratura emergono incertezze ed opinioni. In tal ottica l'Autore in una breve rassegna riporta i dati della letteratura dai quali emergono ancora oggi risultati contrastanti sulla validità di alcuni accertamenti diagnostici quali l'elettroencefalogramma o quelli relativi alla funzionalità neurovegetativa specie in presenza di risposte abnormi o non concordanti. Si sottolinea l'importanza del trapianto. e quindi della donazione degli organi, ma nel contempo viene ribadita la necessità di esperire tutti gli accertamenti necessari per rilevare la reale perdita della funzione ai vari livelli cerebrali e comunque non considerare mai come donatore un soggetto nel quale vi siano dubbi sui risultati o sulle risposte evocate.

In età senile la prescrizione di un trattamento farmacologico implica numerosi problemi etici poiché la patologia iatrogenica da farmaci assume maggiore importanza e gravità rispetto alle età precedenti. Un eccesso di medicamenti espone l'anziano ad una più elevata percentuale di effetti collaterali e sono frequenti in età senile l'autoprescrizione di medicamenti e la scarsa adesione al trattamento farmacologico instaurato dal medico. Gli Autori ribadiscono alcuni principi etici nella prescrizione di farmaci a pazienti anziani per indurre, nel rispetto della persona, minimi rischi con il massimo di benefici. E' necessario abituarsi ad una corretta anamnesi farmacologica, circoscrivere l'obiettivo terapeutico principale, non prescrivere più farmaci di quanto il soggetto possa tollerare. E' anche indispensabile semplificare lo schema di trattamento e fornire tutte le informazioni possibili al paziente ed ai familiari per migliorare l'adesione alla terapia prescritta. Occorre infine controllare la comparsa di eventuali effetti collaterali, tenendo presente che l'anziano è sempre un soggetto ad alto rischio di patologia iatrogenica da farmaci e di inadeguata compliance al trattamento. Nella "cura globale" del paziente in età senile l'obiettivo principale è di recuperare il massimo dell'autonomia consentita e di mantenerla il più a lungo possibile. Ciò significa non soltanto una terapia farmacologica, ma anche la prescrizione di interventi riabilitativi, di attività motoria, di attività occupazionali e socializzanti. L'età avanzata e molto avanzata non è mai un ostacolo ad un trattamento farmacologico, ma occorrono più prudenza, maggiori controlli e verifiche ed una nuova cultura meno medicalizzante. Gli Autori elencano i criteri utili per migliorare l'adesione alla terapia con farmaci, i possibili livelli di responsabilit del medico nell'indurre i rischi di una patologia da medicamenti in età senile e le ipotesi di soluzione dei problemi etici connessi. Presenza di patologia multipla non significa sempre poliprescrizione. I farmaci vanno limitati alle patologie emergenti, creando delle priorità di trattamento per problemi clinici, riducendo i dosaggi ed evitando medicamenti di non comprovata utilità ed efficacia.

Problem setting. The imperfection and obsolescence of national labor law raises a range of legal issues related to ensuring the proper implementation of the constitutional right to work and a number of social guarantees for workers’ rights. These problems include, in particular, the widespread practice of civil-law labor substitution, which is usually manifested through the conclusion of so-called civil-law contracts between the employer and the employee, rather than the proper design of relations in the manner prescribed by the Labor Code of Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to reveal the problematic issues of the distinction between labor and civil relations, both from the point of view of the existing doctrine of labor law, and through the prism of the existing rulemaking practice, aimed at improving national legislation on labor. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The issues of the distinction between labor and civil relations have become the subject of scientific analysis in the writings of such scientists as O.V. Zabrodina, L.O. Zolotukhina, M.I. Inshin, R.A. Maidanik, S.M. Prilipko, Ya.V. Svichkaryova, D.I. Sirokha, N.V. Fedorchenko, OM Yaroshenko and others. At the same time, these issues require further research in order to develop comprehensive recommendations aimed at improving labor law. Article’s main body. Among the variety of means of departure from classical labor relations, the two most common types of registration of relations between the employer and the employee in the civil plane can be distinguished: 1) conclusion of a civil contract (provision of services, contract, employment agreement) with an individual; 2) concluding a civil (economic) contract with an individual entrepreneur. The main reasons for the emergence of the practice of changing labor relations in civil law should be recognized as follows: obsolescence of Labor Code of Ukraine, the concept of which does not fully correspond to the current realities of the labor market; the need to optimize the tax burden on employers; lack of definition of labor relations in the legislation. Existing attempts to combat these negative phenomena, in particular the bill proposed by the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine in 2019, raise many objections because they are unable to systematically resolve the problem of the “shadow labor market”. Conclusions. The problem of the distinction between labor and civil relations is of great theoretical and practical importance and needs to be addressed promptly at the legislative level, in particular through the consolidation in the legislation of a clear list of features of labor relations, as well as the definition of types of work, the relationships within which can be solved exclusively at the level. In this context, it is necessary to adopt a new Labor Code, the provisions of which will meet economic realities and current labor market conditions.

e4099065This research aimed to verify the association between I-Educ, an indicator that makes up one of the dimensions of IEGM, with indicators that accompany students' learning and full-time enrollment. The period of analysis adopted was 2015 and 2017 in the municipalities of the Brazilian states, totaling 7,852 observations. Methodologically, it was proposed a theoretical model in which I-Educ acts as a dependent variable, and the Prova Brasil, TRM, ETI and IRD as independent variables, we used statistical tests to verify empirically the studied relation, probit regression and marginal effect was even used. The results show a positive and significant relationship between I-Educ and the independent variables Prova Brasil, TRM and ETI, not reaching significance with IRD. This study has advanced in the literature towards the validation of a model of monitoring of municipal educational public policy focusing on the impact generated by government actions, assisting in the monitoring of educational public policy. The practical contribution of this research is to provide the courts os Accounts, public managers and civil Society with a statistical basis for the capacity of I-Educ to evaluate the effectiveness of educational management acts, demonstrating that the requirements appied, resulting from the monitoring of infraestructure and practices administrative, make it possible to monitor the learning of students in the municipal public school system.ResumoO estudo se propôs verificar a associação entre I-Educ, indicador que compõe uma das dimensões do IEGM, com indicadores que acompanham o aprendizado dos alunos e as matrículas em tempo integral. Adotou-se como período de análise os anos de 2015 e 2017 nos municípios dos Estados brasileiros, totalizando 7.852 observações. Metodologicamente, foi proposto um modelo no qual o I-Educ atua como variável dependente, e a Prova Brasil, TRM, ETI e IRD como variáveis independentes, foram utilizados testes estatísticos para estimar a relação estudada, inclusive foi utilizada a análise de regressão probit e efeito marginal. Os resultados mostram uma relação positiva e significativa entre o I-Educ e as variáveis independentes Prova Brasil, TRM e ETI, não alcançando significância com o IRD. Este estudo avançou na literatura em direção à validação de um modelo de acompanhamento da política pública educacional municipal com foco no impacto gerado das ações de governo, auxiliando no monitoramento da política pública educacional. A contribuição prática desta pesquisa está em conferir aos Tribunais de Contas, gestores públicos e sociedade civil, embasamento estatístico da capacidade do I-Educ em avaliar a efetividade dos atos de gestão educacional, demonstrando que os quesitos aplicados, decorrente do monitoramento de infraestrutura e práticas administrativas, possibilitam o acompanhamento do aprendizado do aluno da rede pública municipal.ResumenEl estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la asociación entre I-Educ, un indicador que constituye una de las dimensiones de IEGM, con indicadores que acompañan el aprendizaje de los estudiantes y la inscripción a tiempo completo. El período de análisis adoptado fue 2015 y 2017 en los municipios de los estados brasileños, totalizando 7.852 observaciones. Metodológicamente, se propuso un modelo teórico en el que I-Educ actúa como una variable dependiente, y la Prova Brasil, TRM, ETI e IRD como variables independientes Utilizamos pruebas estadísticas para verificar empíricamente la relación estudiada, incluso se utilizó la regresión probit y el efecto marginal. Los resultados muestran una positiva y significativa correlación entre la I-Educ con variables independientes Prova Brasil y TMR las ETI, de no alcanzar significación al IRD. Este estudio ha avanzado en la literatura hacia la validación de un modelo de monitoreo de la política pública educativa municipal que se centra en el impacto generado por las acciones del gobierno, ayudando en el monitoreo de la política pública educativa. La contribución práctica de esta investigación es proporcionar a los tribunales de cuentas, gerentes públicos y la sociedad civil una base estadística para la capacidad de I-Educ de evaluar la efectividad de los actos de gestión educativa, demostrando que los requisitos se aplicaron, como resultado del monitoreo de La infraestructura administrativa y las prácticas administrativas, permiten monitorear el aprendizaje de los estudiantes en el sistema escolar público municipal.Palavras-chave: Índice de efetividade de gestão municipal, Índice de efetividade de educação, Escola em tempo integral, Políticas públicas.Keywords: Municipal management effectiveness index, Education effectiveness index, Full time school, Public policy.Palabras clave: Índice de efectividad de la gestión municipal, Índice de efectividad educativa, Escuela a tiempo completo, Políticas públicas.ReferencesALBERNAZ, Ângela; FERREIRA, Francisco HG; FRANCO, Creso. Qualidade e eqüidade na educação fundamental brasileiro. 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In this paper, it is discuss the points raised from a pilot study for qualitative research planning. The argumentation present here is the result of a pilot study that focused the games of mathematical language on teacher training for rural schools. The data production took place in the Federal University of Reconcâvo Baiano, campus of Feira de Santana, state of Bahia, Brazil. The pilot study did not only provide insights for the research, but for any qualitative inquiry. Based on that, it is suggest that pilot study raises questions for reviewing a qualitative research planning in at least six dimensions: ethical, methodological, theoretical, analytical, operational and representational.ResumoNeste artigo, são discutidas as potencialidades do estudo piloto para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa qualitativa. A argumentação ora apresentada é fruto de um estudo piloto que focalizou os jogos de linguagem matemáticos na formação de professores do campo. A produção de dados ocorreu no curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo com Habilitações em Ciências da Natureza e Matemática em uma universidade pública no interior da Bahia, Brasil. O estudo piloto dessa pesquisa não gerou insights apenas para o delineamento da referida pesquisa, mas para qualquer investigação qualitativa. Baseado nisso, argumenta-se que o estudo piloto levanta questões para o refinamento do planejamento da pesquisa, pelo menos, em seis dimensões: ética, metodológica, teórica, analítica, operacional e representacional.Keywords: Pilot study, Qualitative research, Research Planning.Palavras-chave: Estudo piloto, Pesquisa qualitativa, Planejamento da pesquisa.ReferencesARAIN, Mubashir et al. What is a pilot or feasibility study? A review of current practice and editorial policy. BMC Medical Research Methodology. UK, jul. 2010. Disponível em: <https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1471-2288-10-67>. Acesso em: 21 set. 2017.ARNOLD, Donald et al. 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The purpose of this article is to analyze the so-called human capital theory and to clarify the concept of public good, as well as the frequency of the expression "public" in the Declarations adopted at the Regional Conferences of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2008 and 2018. For this, in methodological terms, this article analyzes documents from certain International Organizations (UNESCO, World Bank and OECD) and seeks theoretical support in Reinhart Koselleck's History of Concepts and other authors such as Roger Dale, Susan Robertson, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson , Karl Polanyi and Pierre Bourdieu.ResumoO presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a chamada teoria do capital humano e precisar o conceito de bem público, bem como a frequência da expressão “público” nas Declarações aprovadas nas Conferências Regionais de Educação Superior na América Latina e Caribe, em 2008 e 2018. Para isto, em termos metodológicos, o presente artigo analisa documentos de determinadas Organizações Internacionais (UNESCO, Banco Mundial e OCDE) e busca apoio na História dos Conceitos de Reinhart Koselleck e em autores como Roger Dale, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson, Karl Polanyi, Pierre Bourdieu.Keywords: Public good, Human capital theory, Commodification, Education, CRES 2008 and CRES 2018.Palavras-chave: Bem público, Teoria do capital humano, Mercadorização, Educação, CRES 2008 e CRES 2018.ReferencesALVES, Giovanni. O que é o precariado? Blog da Boitempo. Extraído de <https://blogdaboitempo.com.br/2013/07/22/o-que-e-o-precariado/>, 22 Jul 2013, acesso em 28 fev 2019.ARENDT, Hannah. A crise na educação. In: Entre o passado e o futuro. Tradução: Mauro W. Barbosa de Almeida. 3ª reimpressão da 5ª ed. de 2000. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2005.AUDITORIA CIDADÃ DA DÍVIDA. Dividômetro: quanto pagamos (juros e amortizações) – dívida pública federal. Auditoria Cidadã da Dívída. 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