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1
Behrmann, Laura, Falk Eckert, Andreas Gefken, and Peter A. Berger, eds. ‚Doing Inequality‘. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07420-3.
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Pouw, Nicky. Wellbeing Economics. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723855.
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Amidst rising global inequality, migration, climate change, health pandemics, and deepening poverty, it is time to redirect our economy towards more sustainable and socially just processes and outcomes. In Wellbeing Economics Nicky Pouw puts forward a new framework that places human wellbeing at the centre, instead of economic growth. She postulates ten reasons why economics should change to remain a relevant discipline and develops a Wellbeing Economic Matrix (WEM) to implement this approach. In doing so, it is one of the first economics books that 'rethinks the economy' from head to tail. The book includes a foreword by Allister McGregor. Have a look here for the online series of Pakhuis de Zwijger on wellbeing economics, with our author Nicky Pouw.
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Liu dong de bu ping deng: Zhongguo cheng shi ju min di wei huo de yan jiu, 1949-2003 = Inequality in status attainment : the case of urban China, 1949-2003. Beijing: Zhongguo ren min da xue chu ban she, 2010.
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Zhongguo nong cun shou ru fen pei cha ju, pin kun yu lao dong li fei nong jiu ye wen ti yan jiu: Income inequality, poverty and labors' non-farm employment in China's rural area. Beijing: Jing ji ke xue chu ban she, 2009.
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Ji neng hui bao yu gong zi bu ping deng: Zhongguo cheng zhen lao dong li shi chang de shi zheng yan jiu = Returns to skills and the rising wage inequality : empirical studies on China's urban labor market. Beijing Shi: She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she, 2011.
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Doing Gender, Doing Difference: Inequality, Power, and Institutional Change. Routledge, 2002.
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Fenstermaker. Doing Gender, Doing Difference: Inequality, Power, and Institutional Change. Routledge, 2002.
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Berger, Peter A., Laura Behrmann, Falk Eckert, and Andreas Gefken. ‚Doing Inequality‘: Prozesse sozialer Ungleichheit im Blick qualitativer Sozialforschung. Springer VS, 2017.
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Morelli, Salvatore, Brian Nolan, and Philippe Van Kerm. Wealth Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807056.003.0012.
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This chapter brings wealth into the picture, again in a comparative perspective, to bring out key features of recent trends and their implications for the prosperity and prospects of ordinary families. Data on the distribution of wealth has been improving in recent years, and new data are exploited here to examine patterns of wealth holding across the income distribution. In doing so, particular attention is paid to the extent and nature of wealth held by middle and lower income working-age families, and how this differs from those higher up the distribution. The chapter also looks at inequality in the distribution of wealth compared with income, and whether wealth inequality has widened as income inequality has grown.
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Markussen, Thomas, Smriti Sharma, Saurabh Singhal, and Finn Tarp. Inequality, institutions, and cooperation. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/884-9.
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We examine the effects of randomly introduced economic inequality on voluntary cooperation, and whether this relationship is influenced by the quality of local institutions, as proxied by corruption. We use representative data from a large-scale lab-in-the-field public goods experiment with over 1,300 participants across rural Vietnam. Our results show that inequality adversely affects aggregate contributions, and this is on account of high endowment individuals contributing a significantly smaller share than those with low endowments. This negative effect of inequality on cooperation is exacerbated in high corruption environments. We find that corruption leads to more pessimistic beliefs about others’ contributions in heterogeneous groups, and this is an important mechanism explaining our results. In doing so, we highlight the indirect costs of corruption that are understudied in the literature. These findings have implications for public policies aimed at resolving local collective action problems.
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Gisselquist, Rachel M., and Anustup Kundu. Horizontal inequality, COVID-19, and lockdown readiness: Evidence from India. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/913-6.
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A growing body of research shows that COVID-19 both reflects and exacerbates existing inequalities. However, there are significant gaps in this research area with respect to ‘horizontal’ or group-based inequalities in Global South countries. Lack of group-disaggregated data often contributes. In this paper, we use available data to explore how horizontal inequality in India may influence COVID-19’s impact through the differential impact of lockdown policies across caste and religious groups, as well as across states and urban-rural areas. In so doing, we build upon Egger et al. (2020)’s lockdown readiness index. India, the second most populous country in the world, is a relevant case for such analysis not only because it has pronounced horizontal inequality, but also because it adopted an especially stringent lockdown policy. Our analysis illustrates stark differences in lockdown readiness across groups, which in turn could exacerbate existing horizontal inequalities.
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Hunt, Matthew O., and Heather E. Bullock. Ideologies and Beliefs about Poverty. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.6.
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This article examines ideologies and beliefs about poverty. In 1981, Kluegel and Smith provided the first comprehensive summary and critique of scholarly research on beliefs about social stratification. Focusing primarily on the United States and Great Britain, they reviewed research on public beliefs in three primary areas: opportunity, the distributive process, and social class. In so doing, they identified four key questions that continue to define research in this area: What is believed about social inequality? What principles organize thought around social inequality? What determines what is believed? What are the consequences of these beliefs? This article considers what Americans (and to a lesser extent, the British) perceive and believe about social inequality; the nature of ideologies and other social psychological processes governing the intrapersonal organization of beliefs; selected factors that shape patterns of belief; and selected consequences that stratification beliefs hold for the person and for politics.
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Putnam, Linda L., and Karen Lee Ashcraft. Gender and Organizational Paradox. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.29.
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This chapter contrasts the modernist and postmodernist approaches to gender and organizational paradox, contradictions, and dialectics. Modernist scholarship highlights identity, visibility, and meritocracy paradoxes that treat gender as a dualism linked to double binds and inequality. Postmodern feminist research focuses on the doing or performing of gender that casts paradox as an opportunity to negotiate new identities and organizational forms. In this view, paradoxical tensions that stem from performing gender and diversity often lead to ambiguity, ambivalence, and dissonance that can create spaces for actions. The contrast of the two approaches shows how organizational paradox is not only indispensable to the product ion of gender and power but also to the ontology of organizations.
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Nolan, Brian. Living Standards and Prosperity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807056.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter develops and motivates the overarching topic of the book, which is how rich countries have fared in recent decades in terms of the generation of prosperity for ordinary working families and the lessons to be learned from analysing their performance. It sets out how this is at the core of current concerns and debates, not least about the impact of globalization and technological change and the growth in inequality, and the economic, social, and political consequences. It then provides an outline and roadmap of the structure of the book, in terms of the range of topics to be addressed. In doing so it sets out how the various elements fit together and contribute to the overall aim of the book.
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Bullock, Heather E., and Harmony A. Reppond. Of “Takers” and “Makers”: A Social Psychological Analysis of Class and Classism. Edited by Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.26.
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During the 2012 United States presidential campaign, the Republican presidential and vice presidential candidates drew a stark line between “takers” and “makers,” claiming that too many Americans are “takers” because they receive more from the government and society than they contribute. In this chapter, we employ a critical social psychological framework to understand and deconstruct the political discourse surrounding “makers” versus “takers” and to illuminate the social psychology of social class and classism. This chapter focuses on attitudes and beliefs about social class that legitimize economic inequality and class disparities and the relationship of these beliefs to interclass relations and social and economic policy. In doing so, this chapter identifies the important role of social psychological research and justice-oriented frameworks in alleviating class-based disparities and classism.
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Penney, Joel. Toward a Critical Literacy of the Citizen Marketer Approach. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658052.003.0006.
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This concluding chapter addresses the controversy of “slacktivism” and argues that mediated symbolic action does not necessarily become a substitute for other forms of political participation. However, it does present several notable risks: in addition to potentially exacerbating political polarization and partisanship, it may also attenuate the connection between symbolic victories in the media and complex political realities on the ground. The challenge, then, for those who adopt these practices is to work to retain and strengthen connections between style and substance, which requires introspection about the political content they spread to others and what they hope to achieve by doing so. In addition, a critical literacy of citizen marketing must also include an enhanced awareness of the broader power structures that bear upon it, from elite attempts to shape peer-to-peer political messaging flows to serve institutional agendas to gaps in technological access and skills that reproduce digital inequality.
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Macartney, Huw. The Bank Culture Debate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843764.001.0001.
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Following the global financial crisis and repeated scandals, US and UK state managers made substantial efforts to reform the culture of their banking sectors. This book argues though that they focused on an extremely narrow definition of bank culture. They did so for two reasons: firstly, because the structural pressures of financialization—which are a far more important driver of the problematic features of bank culture in Anglo-America—are harder to remedy; but secondly, state managers also used their bank culture response to tackle a legitimacy crisis facing their institutions of government. In so doing they abdicated responsibility for the real problems—of inequality and instability—associated with their respective financial systems. Drawing on interviews with over 150 bankers this book explains the strategies employed by state managers before then examining what has and has not changed in the culture of banking in the US and UK.
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du Toit, Fanie. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881856.003.0010.
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Reading South African history through the lens of interdependence helps explain the disappointment that many South Africans feel in relation to reconciliation. While they are justified in feeling let down, owing to rising inequality and social exclusion, it is wrong to blame Mandela’s strategy of just interdependence because it was abandoned too early. In seeking to overcome oppression, reconciliation is forward-looking and predicated on rebuilding relationships in divided societies. Dealing with a violent past is valuable when striving for a more just future. Reconciliation fosters just, inclusive, and fair societies and is locally owned and driven. A progressive approach to reconciliation is also needed. Reconciliation recognizes the inherent interdependence between citizens themselves, and between citizens and the state. These relationships are progressively re-established in more just ways. In so doing, it helps to create conditions in which social goods such as forgiveness, the rule of law, or democracy become possible.
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Mayer, Colin, and Bruno Roche, eds. Putting Purpose Into Practice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870708.001.0001.
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The book provides a detailed and practical description of how companies can put purpose into practice in their organizations. Based on a ground-breaking research project on the Economics of Mutuality undertaken jointly by the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford and Mars Catalyst, the think tank of Mars Inc., the food and beverages company, over a period of five years, the book describes how purpose promotes business growth and performance. In particular, it gives a highly accessible and readable account of how companies can determine and implement their corporate purposes, and how, by so doing, they address critical issues in their ecosystems, such as rising inequality and environmental degradation, while delivering superior performance and resilience. The book will equip executives, managers, investors, policymakers, academics, and students with tools to understand the way in which companies can build purpose-centric businesses, map and orchestrate stakeholder ecosystems, identify untapped resources, create unconventional partnerships, measure and manage performance beyond financial reporting, and adopt a new definition of profit to promote corporate purposes. The book includes fourteen case studies of companies of varying sizes, sectors, and geographies that sought to put purpose into practice. They provide deep insights into the way in which companies have delivered corporate purpose and the challenges they faced in doing this. The book stresses both the opportunity and obligation on business to reposition itself to address the changing needs of society and the planet in the twenty-first century.
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Rybnikova, Irma, Anna Soulsby, and Susanne Blazejewski, eds. Women in Management in Central and Eastern European Countries. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748907190.
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It seems that Central and Eastern European countries are doing quite well with regard to gender equality in management, a fact that has often been attributed to the socialist heritage of these countries. In the meantime, it has become well known that this does not hold true, as gender equality and inequality not only coexisted in the socialist era, but have also continued to do so since. Unfortunately, research on women in management in post-socialist Central and Eastern European countries remains rare. This volume presents seven studies and a research report on women in management in CEE countries. The research included is based on quantitative as well as qualitative empirical material and provides country-based case studies as well as comparisons between countries. The book includes contributions on topics such as The existence of gender stereotypes The effects of women on corporate boards Reasons for and consequences of female entrepreneurship Time practices of women in leading positions Women in local politics and government. <b>With contributions by</b> Anastassiya Lipovka, Zoltan Buzady; Danel Havran; Henriett Primecz, Zsolt Lakatos; Monika Wieczorek-Kosmala; Ingrida Frankienė; Virginija Šidlauskienė; Vita Juknevičienė; Sigitas Balčiūnas, Oksana Mejerė; Mare Ainsaar; Kadri Soo, Rein Toomla; Oana Mara Stan; Lela Griessbach, Kerstin Ettl; Dinara Tokbaeva
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Vadde, Aarthi. Chimeras of Form. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231180245.001.0001.
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In Chimeras of Form, Aarthi Vadde vividly illustrates how modernist and contemporary writers reimagine the nation and internationalism in a period defined by globalization. She explains how Rabindranath Tagore, James Joyce, Claude McKay, George Lamming, Michael Ondaatje, and Zadie Smith use modernist literary forms to develop ideas of international belonging sensitive to the afterlife of empire. In doing so, she shows how this wide-ranging group of authors challenged traditional expectations of aesthetic form, shaping how their readers understand the cohesion and interrelation of political communities. Drawing on her close readings of individual texts and on literary, postcolonial, and cosmopolitical theory, Vadde examines how modernist formal experiments take part in debates about transnational interdependence and social obligation. She reads Joyce's use of asymmetrical narratives as a way to ask questions about international camaraderie, and demonstrates how the "plotless" works of Claude McKay upturn ideas of citizenship and diasporic alienation. Her analysis of the contemporary writers Zadie Smith and Shailja Patel shows how present-day issues relating to migration, displacement, and economic inequality link modernist and postcolonial traditions of literature. Vadde brings these traditions together to reveal the dual nature of internationalism as an aspiration, possibly a chimeric one, and an actual political discourse vital to understanding our present moment.
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Jerng, Mark C. Racial Worldmaking. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823277759.001.0001.
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When does racial description become racism? Critical race studies has not come up with good answers to this question because it has overemphasized the visuality of race. According to dominant theories of racial formation, we see race on bodies and persons and then link those perceptions to unjust practices of racial inequality. Racial Worldmaking argues that we do not just see race. We are taught when, where, and how to notice race by a set of narrative and interpretive strategies. These strategies are named “racial worldmaking” because they get us to notice race not just at the level of the biological representation of bodies or the social categorization of persons. Rather, they get us to embed race into our expectations for how the world operates. These strategies find their most powerful expression in popular genre fiction: science fiction, romance, and fantasy. This book thus rethinks both racial formation in relation to African American and Asian American studies, as well as how scholars have addressed the relationships between literary representation and racial ideology. It analyzes how genre and race build worlds. In doing so, it engages questions central to our current moment: in what ways do we participate in racist worlds? How can we imagine and build an anti-racist world?
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Lindsay, Keisha. In a Classroom of Their Own. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041730.001.0001.
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Many supporters of all-black male schools (ABMS) argue that they reduce black boys’ exposure to racist, “overly” feminized teachers. In casting black boys as victims of intersecting racial and gendered oppression, these supporters -- many of whom are black males -- demand an end to racism in the classroom and do so on the sexist assumption that women teachers are emasculating. This rationale for ABMS raises two questions that feminist theory has lost sight of. Why do oppressed groups articulate their experience in ways that challenge and reproduce inequality? Is it possible to build emancipatory political coalitions among groups who make such claims? This book answers these questions by articulating a new politics of experience. It begins by demonstrating that intersectionality is a politically fluid rather than an always feminist analytical framework. It also reveals a dialectical reality in which groups’ experiential claims rest on harmful assumptions and foster emancipatory demands. This book concludes that black male supporters of single-gender schools for black boys can build worthwhile coalitions around this complex reality when they interrogate their own as well as their critics’ assumptions and demands. Doing so enables these supporters to engage in educational advocacy that recognizes the value of public schools while criticizing the quality of such schools available to black boys and black girls.
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Roychowdhury, Poulami. Capable Women, Incapable States. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881894.001.0001.
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How do women claim rights against violence in India and with what consequences? By observing how women navigate the Indian criminal justice system, Roychowdhury provides a unique lens on rights negotiations in the world’s largest democracy. She finds that women interact with the law not by following legal procedure or abiding by the rules but by deploying collective threats and doing the work of the state themselves. They do so because law enforcement personnel are incapacitated and unwilling to enforce the law. As a result, rights negotiations do not necessarily lead to more woman-friendly outcomes or better legal enforcement. Instead, they allow some women to make gains outside the law: repossess property and children, negotiate cash settlements, join women’s groups, access paid employment, develop a sense of self-assurance, and become members of the public sphere. Capable Women, Incapable States shows how the Indian criminal justice system governs violence against women not by protecting them from harm but by forcing them to become “capable”: to take the law into their own hands and complete the hard work that incapable and unwilling state officials refuse to complete. Roychowdhury’s book houses implications for how we understand gender inequality and governance not just in India but in large parts of the world where political mobilization for rights confronts negligent and incapacitated criminal justice systems.
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Mercer, Jonathan. Psychology and Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.282.
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Psychology plays a key role in the success of strategy and is therefore important to the study of international security. There are four general approaches to the psychology of strategy. The first focuses on personality, and more specifically on individual differences, cognition, and the use of evolutionary psychology and neuroscience to investigate human nature. The second approach draws on deterrence theory, which considers how an actor can keep a target from doing something it would otherwise do. A political psychological perspective on deterrence consists of three elements. First, psychological approaches to deterrence reject stimulus–response models and instead lay emphasis on understanding cognition and emotion. Second, deterrence is a policy rather than a philosophy. Third, whereas normative theories explain how one ought to behave (and thus cannot be disconfirmed by evidence), psychological theories change in response to new evidence, such as with the development of prospect theory. The third aspect of strategic interaction involves learning and intelligence assessments. Based on this approach, how people learn, what they are likely to learn, and the problems of assessing the intentions and capabilities of others are central to strategy. The fourth and final approach is concerned with the strategy of group conflict, which has generated two waves of research: the first analyzed how material inequality or competition for resources gives rise to psychological forces that result in group cooperation and between-group competition, and the second added nonmaterial causes to explain group relations.
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Üskül, Ayse K., and Shigehiro Oishi, eds. Socio-Economic Environment and Human Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492908.001.0001.
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This edited volume underlines the value of attending to socioecological approaches in understanding the relationship between the economic environment and human psychology by including state-of-the art research that focuses on the role played by (a) type of ecology and associated economic activity/structure (e.g., farming, herding), (b) socioeconomic status and inequality (e.g., poverty, educational attainment), (c) economic conditions (e.g., wealth, urbanization), and (d) ecological and economic threat (e.g., disasters, resource scarcity) in the shaping of different psychological processes including subjective well-being, construction of the self, endorsement of honor, cognitive styles, responses to social exclusion, food intake, decision-making, health behaviors, and academic outcomes, among others. By doing so the book highlights the importance of situating the individual directly in the everyday realities afforded by economic conditions and settings that provide the material basis of psychological outcomes and contribute to bridging the psychological with the external circumstances. The volume brings together research from different subfields of psychology (cultural, social, developmental) but also from economics, anthropology, evolutionary sciences, and epidemiology that recognizes the importance of individuals’ daily economic realities and their psychological adjustment to those. Reflecting the different (inter)disciplinary approaches presented across the contributions, this volume also showcases the different methods researchers utilize including archival, experimental (lab-based and field), correlational, observational, and agent-based modeling. The findings summarized in this volume have important policy implications, as they point to specific policy agendas that might help improve the psychological and physical health of citizens.
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Certoma, Chiara, Susan Noori, and Martin Sondermann, eds. Urban gardening and the struggle for social and spatial justice. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526126092.001.0001.
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It is increasingly clear that, alongside the spectacular forms of justice activism, the actually existing just city outcomes from different everyday practices of performative politics that produce transformative trajectories and alternative realities in response to particular injustices in situated contexts. The massive diffusion of urban gardening practices (including allotments, community gardens, guerrilla gardening and the multiple, inventive forms of gardening the city) deserve a special attention as experiential learning and in-becoming responses to spatial politics, able to articulate different forms of power and resistance to current state of unequal distribution of benefits and burdens in the urban space. While advancing their socio-environmental claims, urban gardeners makes evident that the physical disposition of living beings and non-living things can both determine and perpetuate injustices or create justice spaces. In so doing, urban gardeners question the inequality-biased structuring and functioning of social formations (most notably urban deprivation, lack of public decision and engagement, and marginalization processes); and conversely create (or allow the creation of) spaces of justice in contemporary cities. This book presents a selection of contributions investigating the possibility and capability of urban gardeners to effectively tackling with spatial injustice; and it offers the readers a sound theoretically-grounded reflections on the topic. Building upon on-the-field experiences in European cities, it presents a wide range of engaged scholarly researches that investigate whether, how and to what extend urban gardening is able to contrast inequalities and disparities in living conditions.
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McKean, Benjamin L. Disorienting Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190087807.001.0001.
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In a dizzying global economy full of injustices that threaten our freedom, people who want to promote justice should be disposed to solidarity with each other. When global supply chains assemble products from every corner of the global and workers’ economic futures seem ever more uncertain, the very neoliberal theories that helped usher in this world also provide a powerful way to understand and navigate it. Those who want to resist the injustices of today’s global economy need to reorient their way of seeing so that it is possible to act more effectively. By drawing on a diverse range of thinkers from G. W. F. Hegel and John Rawls to W. E. B. Du Bois and Iris Marion Young, Disorienting Neoliberalism provides an account of freedom that can inform transnational movements for justice. By explaining how neoliberal institutions and ideas constrain the freedom of people throughout the supply chain from worker to consumer, the book provides a new orientation to the global economy in which it is possible for people to see one other as partners in resisting a shared obstacle to freedom and thus be called to collective action. Cultivating this disposition to solidarity better expresses freedom than the pity and resentment which global inequality so often gives rise to. In doing so, the book shows how political theory can be a source of orientation to the world, illuminating how ideals can help guide action even when they may be impossible to realize.
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Korver-Glenn, Elizabeth. Race Brokers. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190063863.001.0001.
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This book examines how housing market professionals—including housing developers, real estate agents, mortgage lenders, and appraisers—construct twenty-first-century urban housing markets in ways that contribute to or undermine racial segregation. Drawing on extensive ethnographic and interview data collected in Houston, Texas, the book shows that housing market professionals play a key role in connecting people—or refusing to connect people—to housing resources and opportunities. They make these brokering decisions through reference to racist or equitable, people-affirming ideas. Typically, White housing market professionals draw from racist ideas that rank order people and neighborhoods according to their perceived economic and cultural housing market value, entwining racism with their housing market activities and interactions. Racialized housing market routines encourage this entwinement by naturalizing racism as a professional tool. The book tracks how professionals broker racism across the housing exchange process—from the home’s construction to real estate brokerage, mortgage lending, and home appraisals. In doing so, it shows that professionals make housing exchange a racialized process that contributes to neighborhood inequality and racial segregation. However, in contrast to the racialized status quo, a small number of housing market professionals—almost all of color—draw on equitable, people-affirming ideas and strategies to extend equal opportunities to individuals and neighborhoods, denaturalizing housing market racism. The book highlights the imperative to interrupt the racism that pervades White housing market professionals’ work, dismantle the racialized routines that underwrite such racism, and cultivate a fair housing market.
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Douglas, Gordon C. C. The Help-Yourself City. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691332.001.0001.
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When cash-strapped local governments don’t provide adequate services, and planning policies prioritize economic development over community needs, what is a concerned citizen to do? In the help-yourself city, you do it yourself. The Help-Yourself City presents the results of nearly five years of in-depth research on people who take urban planning into their own hands with unauthorized yet functional and civic-minded “do-it-yourself urban design” projects. Examples include homemade traffic signs and public benches, guerrilla gardens and bike lanes, even citizen development “proposals,” all created in public space without permission but in forms analogous to official streetscape design elements. With research across 17 cities and more than 100 interviews with do-it-yourselfers, professional planners, and community members, the book explores who is creating these unauthorized improvements, where, and why. In doing so, it demonstrates the way uneven development processes are experienced and responded to in everyday life. Yet the democratic potential of this increasingly celebrated trend is brought into question by the privileged characteristics of typical do-it-yourself urban designers, the aesthetics and cultural values of the projects they create, and the relationship between DIY efforts and mainstream planning and economic development. Despite its many positive impacts, DIY urban design is a worryingly undemocratic practice, revealing the stubborn persistence of inequality in participatory citizenship and the design of public space. The book thus presents a needed critical analysis of an important trend, connecting it to research on informality, legitimacy, privilege, and urban political economy.
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Heo, Angie. Political Lives of Saints. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520297975.001.0001.
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From the Arab uprisings in 2011 to ISIS's rise in 2014, Egypt's Copts have been at the center of anxious rhetoric surrounding the politics of Christian-Muslim coexistence in the Middle East. Despite the unprecedented levels of violence they have suffered in recent years, the current predicament of Copts signals more durable structures of church and state authoritarianism that challenge the ahistorical kernel of persecution politics and Islamophobia. This book examines the political lives of saints to specify the role that religion has played in the making of national unity and sectarian conflict in Egypt since the 1952 coup. Based on years of fieldwork throughout Egypt, it argues that the public imaginary of saints—the Virgin, martyrs (ancient and contemporary), miracle-workers—has served as a key site of mediating social relations between Christians and Muslims. An ethnographic study, it journeys to the images and shrines where miracles, martyrs, and mysteries have shaped the lived terms of national unity, majority-minority inequality, and sectarian tension on the ground. It further delves into the material aesthetics of Orthodox Christianity to grasp how saintly imaginings broker ties of sacrifice across faiths, reconfigure sacred territory in times of war, and present threats to public order and national security. Above all, it draws attention to the ways in which an authoritarian politics of sainthood shores up Christian-Muslim unity in the aftermath of war, revolution, and coup. In doing so, this book directly counters recurrent and prevalent invocations of Christianity's impending extinction in the Arab Muslim world.
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Kotzmann, Jane. The Human Rights-Based Approach to Higher Education. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863494.001.0001.
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A human right to higher education was included in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), which came into force in 1976. Yet the world has changed significantly since it was drafted. State legislation and policies have generally followed a neo-liberal trajectory, shifting the perception of higher education from being a public good to being a commodity. This model has been criticised, particularly because it generally reinforces social inequality. At the same time, attaining higher education has become more important than ever. Higher education is a prerequisite for many jobs, and those who have attained higher education enjoy improved life circumstances. This book seeks to determine whether there is still a place for the human right to higher education in the current international context. In seeking to answer this question, this book compares and contrasts two general theoretical models that are used to frame higher education policy: the market-based approach and the human rights-based approach. In doing so, it seeks to contribute to an understanding of the likely effectiveness of market-based versus human rights-based approaches to higher education provision in terms of teaching and learning. This understanding should enable the development of more considered, sophisticated and ultimately successful higher education policies. This book contends that a human rights-based approach to higher education policy is more likely to enable the achievement of higher education purposes than a market-based approach. In reaching this conclusion, the book identifies some strategic considerations of relevance for advocates of a human rights-based approach in this context.
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Schemmel, Christian. Justice and Egalitarian Relations. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190084240.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Why does equality matter, as a social and political value, and what does it require? Relational egalitarians argue that it does not primarily require that people receive equal distributive shares of some good, but that they relate as equals. This book develops a liberal conception of relational equality, which understands relations of non-domination and egalitarian norms of social status as stringent demands of social justice. First, it argues that expressing respect for the freedom and equality of individuals in social cooperation requires stringent protections against domination; develops a substantive, liberal conception of non-domination; and argues that non-domination is a particularly important, but not the only, concern of social justice. These features set it apart from, and provide it with crucial advantages over, neo-republican accounts of non-domination. Second, the book develops an account of the wrongness of inegalitarian norms of social status, which shows how status-induced foreclosure of important social opportunities is a social injustice in its own right, over and above the role of status inequality in enabling domination, and the threats it poses to individuals’ self-respect. Finally, it works out the implications of liberal relational egalitarianism for political, economic, and health justice, showing that it demands, in practice, far-reaching forms of equality in all three domains. In so doing, the book draws on, and brings together, several different literatures: on social justice and liberalism, distributive and relational equality, the distinct value of social equality, and neo-republicanism and non-domination.