Journal articles: 'Doing inequality'

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Sadi-Nakar, Merav. "Doing Psychology, Doing Inequality: Rethinking the Role of Psychology in Creating and Maintaining Social Inequality*." Sociological Inquiry 80, no. 3 (July 12, 2010): 354–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.2010.00338.x.

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Scully, Maureen, Sandra Rothenberg, Erynn E. Beaton, and Zhi Tang. "Mobilizing the Wealthy: Doing “Privilege Work” and Challenging the Roots of Inequality." Business & Society 57, no. 6 (March 20, 2017): 1075–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650317698941.

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Wealthy individuals stand to gain materially from economic inequality and, moreover, have shaped many organizational and societal practices that perpetuate economic inequality. Thus, they are unlikely allies in the effort to remedy economic inequality. In this article, however, we study the mobilization of a small group of wealthy activists who join underprivileged allies to expose and contest the root causes of wealth consolidation; they offer an instructive alternative to “philanthrocapitalism,” whereby the wealthy give after extreme accumulation. Our study contributes to the growing literature on inequality and organizations by recognizing how inequality is reproduced through organizations, cognizant that efforts to halt this reproduction will likely be contested by the wealthy. Our study examines how advocacy by the wealthy may be challenging, but it may garner attention because it is unexpected. We derive the concept of “privilege work” from our observations of an often awkward and fraught process that enables the wealthy to engage with their own privilege, use their insider knowledge of wealth accumulation as a lever for change, and work respectfully with underprivileged allies rather than invoking superior status.

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Afonso, Oscar, and Rui Leite. "Learning-by-doing, technology-adoption costs and wage inequality." Economic Modelling 27, no. 5 (September 2010): 1069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.04.002.

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Lewis, Christopher. "INEQUALITY, INCENTIVES, CRIMINALITY, AND BLAME." Legal Theory 22, no. 2 (June 2016): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325217000052.

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ABSTRACTThe disadvantaged have incentives to commit crime, and to develop criminogenic dispositions, that limit the extent to which their co-citizens can blame them for breaking the law. This is true regardless of whether the causes of criminality are mainly “structural” or “cultural.” We need not assume that society as a whole is unjust in order to accept this conclusion. And doing so would neither stigmatize nor otherwise disrespect the disadvantaged.

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Eeckhout, Jan, and Boyan Jovanovic. "Knowledge Spillovers and Inequality." American Economic Review 92, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 1290–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024511.

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We develop a dynamic model with knowledge spillovers in production. The model contains two opposing forces. Imitation of other firms helps followers catch up with leaders, but the prospect of doing so makes followers want to free ride. The second force dominates and creates permanent inequality. We show that the greater are the average spillovers and the easier they are to obtain, the greater is the free-riding and inequality. More directed copying raises inequality by raising the free-riding advantages of hanging back. Using Compustat and patent-citation data we find that copying is highly undirected.

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Fàbregues Feijóo, Sergi. "Fenstermaker, S.; West, C. (eds.) (2002). Doing Gender, Doing Difference: Inequality, Power and Institutional Change." Papers. Revista de Sociologia 81 (July 1, 2006): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers/v81n0.2044.

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Hayes, Niall, Lucas D. Introna, and Paul Kelly. "Institutionalizing Inequality: Calculative Practices and Regimes of Inequality in International Development." Organization Studies 39, no. 9 (June 22, 2017): 1203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840617694067.

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This paper focuses on the institutionalization of inequality in relations between donors and NGOs in the international development sector. We argue that these relations operate within a neoliberal and competitive marketplace, which are necessarily unequal. Specifically, we focus on the apparently mundane practice of impact assessment, and consider how this is fundamental to understanding the performative enactment of institutional inequality. For our analysis we draw upon Miller and Rose’s work on governmentality and calculative practices. We develop our argument with reference to a case study of a donor driven impact assessment initiative being conducted in India. Specifically, we consider an impact assessment initiative that the donor has piloted with one of the NGOs they fund that seeks to improve the livelihoods of Indian farmers. We will argue that institutional inequality can be understood in the way the market as a social institution becomes enacted into mundane calculative practices. Calculative practices produce different kinds of knowledge and in so doing becomes a way in which subjects position themselves, or become positioned, as unequal.

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Blank, Grant, Mark Graham, and Claudio Calvino. "Local Geographies of Digital Inequality." Social Science Computer Review 36, no. 1 (February 26, 2017): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439317693332.

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Combining data from a sample survey, the 2013 Oxford Internet Survey, with the 2011 UK Census, we employ small area estimation to estimate Internet use in small geographies in Britain. This is the first attempt to estimate Internet use at any small-scale level. Doing so allows us to understand the local geographies of British Internet use, showing that the area with least use is in the North East, followed by central Wales. The highest Internet use is in London and southeastern England. The most interesting finding is that after controlling for demographic variables, geographic differences become nonsignificant. The apparent geographic differences appear to be due to differences in demographic characteristics. We conclude by considering the policy implications of this fact.

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Paavolainen, Teemu. "Doing Things With Natures." Nordic Theatre Studies 32, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 6–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v32i1.120402.

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The article expands on Lewis and Maslin’s “double two-step” historicization of the Anthropocene, with two major transitions in energy (agriculture and fossil fuels) and two in social organization (modernity and the Great Acceleration). Insofar as planetary impacts arise from “what we spend our time doing” – foraging, farming, feudal then waged labour, finally unsustainable consumption – such “doing” is understood as precisely ‘performative’ in the sense that its effects only arise from a massive social repetition that is confused with essential nature and thus concealed. Through a graphic model of such ‘plural performativity,’ four consecutive Anthropo(s)cenes are sketched: the Giving World of agriculture and state formation; the New World of colonial pillage and world trade; the Netherworld of wage labour and fossil capital; then ‘All the World’ but not with all of “us” as players. Apart from environmental changes, the paper targets performances of power and inequality: normative histories of ‘common sense’ on the one hand, concealing ‘people’s histories’ of conflict and opposition, on the other – the Anthropocene arising not simply from what the majority of people have been doing, but from what they have always beenforced to do.

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Markus, Hazel Rose. "In This Together: Doing and Undoing Inequality and Social Class Divides." Journal of Social Issues 73, no. 1 (March 2017): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josi.12212.

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Grogan-Myers, Patrick, and Megan E. Hatch. "City Services by Design: Policy Feedback, Social Construction, and Inequality." State and Local Government Review 51, no. 1 (March 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x19847518.

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This article reviews Jessica Trounstine’s book Segregation by Design: Local Politics and Inequality in American Cities, situating it within the literature on local government policies, segregation, and inequality. In doing so, we demonstrate social construction and policy feedback reinforce the relationship Trounstine identifies between property owners’ desire to protect their property values, local government policies, segregation, unequal services, and political polarization.

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Bos, Gustaaf, and Doortje Kal. "The Value of Inequality." Social Inclusion 4, no. 4 (November 10, 2016): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i4.689.

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Over the last two decades, inclusion and participation have become leading policy concepts within the Dutch chronic care and social welfare sector. People with an intellectual or psychiatric disability ought to get a chance to participate in, and belong to, the mainstream of our society—on the basis of equality and equivalence. Although on an international level this pursuit has been going on for at least five decades, it still raises all kinds of questions and debates. What does it mean if we want people with intellectual and/or psychiatric disabilities to participate in our society? Based on which idea(l)s about humanity do we define equality and equivalence? And by doing so, how much space is left for individual differences? In the following dialogue the two authors navigate the tension between similarity and difference in thinking about—and working towards—more space for marginalized people. In an attempt to withstand the contemporary dominance of equality thinking, marked by a strong focus on tenability and autonomy—and by extension an increasing climate of taboo around vulnerability and dependency—both authors stress the importance of recognizing and valuing difference, while discussing encounters between people with and without a severe intellectual and/or multiple disability.

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Han, Soul. "Gender Inequality in Work-Family Structure: From the Perspective of ‘Doing Gender’." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2018): 533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.9.4.39.

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Ringblom, Lisa, and Maria Johansson. "Who needs to be “more equal” and why? Doing gender equality in male-dominated industries." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 39, no. 4 (March 2, 2020): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-01-2019-0042.

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PurposeThis study aims to deepen the understanding of inequality regimes in male-dominated industries, specifically in Swedish forestry and mining, by exploring how conceptions of gender, class and place are articulated and intertwined when doing gender equality in these organizations.Design/methodology/approachThe article draws on empirical material from four research and development projects inspired by a feminist action research methodology.FindingsThis paper shows how gender equality works in these male-dominated organizations simultaneously constructing gender, class and place. When men are at the focal point of gender equality, our empirical findings suggest that blue-collar workers in rural areas are described as “being the problem” for gender inequality in these organizations. Addressing specific groups such as women or blue-collar workers in rural areas is not enough to challenge the inequality regimes that exist in these organizations, since a unilateral focus on certain groups leads to skewed problem formulations.Originality/valueResearch on gender equality work and its relation to intersectionality in male-dominated industries is limited, and by focusing on men and masculinities, this paper contributes to knowledge concerning gender equality in male-dominated industrial organizations.

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Cupit, Geoffrey. "Fraternity and Equality." Philosophy 88, no. 2 (March 18, 2013): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819113000089.

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AbstractIs there a connection between the values of fraternity and outcome equality? Is inequality at odds with fraternity? There are reasons to doubt that it is. First, fraternity requires us to want our ‘brothers’ and ‘sisters’ to fare well even when they are already better off than we are and their doing better will increase inequality. Second, fraternity seems not to require equality as a matter of fairness. Fairness requires (a certain) equality, but fraternity does not require fairness.In examining what fraternity requires I discuss Rawls' suggestion that the difference principle corresponds to a natural meaning of fraternity, arguing that fraternity may be even more tolerant of inequality than the difference principle. Nevertheless, I defend the claim that fraternity and equality are linked, albeit not in such a way as to make inequality inconsistent with fraternity. Fraternity is related to equality since equalizing expresses the connectedness at the core of fraternity; but inequality is consistent with fraternity since there are other ways of expressing that connectedness.

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Lister, Ruth. "Doing good by stealth: The politics of poverty and inequality under New Labour." New Economy 8, no. 2 (June 2001): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0041.00188.

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Desdoigts, Alain, and Fernando Jaramillo. "Bounded learning by doing, inequality, and multi-sector growth: A middle-class perspective." Review of Economic Dynamics 36 (April 2020): 198–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2019.10.001.

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Lemke, Melinda. "(Un)doing Spatially Fixed Inequality: Critical Reflections on Urban School District-Community Partnerships." Urban Review 52, no. 4 (July 26, 2020): 623–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11256-020-00587-7.

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Thomas, James M. "Diversity Regimes and Racial Inequality: A Case Study of Diversity University." Social Currents 5, no. 2 (August 21, 2017): 140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496517725335.

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Despite record investment in diversity infrastructure, racial inequality persists in higher education. This article examines, through a case study of diversity’s articulation process, how diversity is defined, organized, and implemented within an American public flagship university. My findings reveal what I characterize as a diversity regime: a set of meanings and practices that institutionalizes a benign commitment to diversity, and in doing so obscures, entrenches, and even intensifies existing racial inequality by failing to make fundamental changes in how power, resources, and opportunities are distributed. My concept of a diversity regime helps explain how and why organizational commitments to multiculturalism and diversity often fall short in practice. The concept of a diversity regime also helps us better understand the underlying processes that perpetuate racial inequality.

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Gill, Zulfiqar A., and Rajan K. Sampath. "Inequality in Irrigation Distribution in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i1pp.75-100.

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This paper provides estimates of the level of inequality in the distribution of land and other irrigation-related land variables among agricultural households, across farm size groups both at the national and provincial levels, at a point in time as well as over a period of time; it decomposes the levels of inequality in terms of its two components, namely, "within province" and "between provinces" inequality; and it estimates the relative performance of the four provinces in achieving equity in irrigation distribution. In doing this analysis, the paper makes use of the agricultural census reports pertaining to the years 1959-60, 1971-1972, and 1979-1980. The paper's major results are that there exists considerable intra- and interprovincial inequality in Pakistan. Of the two major contributors to the overall inequality in the country as a whole, the withinprovince inequality component contributes more than 90 percent of the total inequality. The paper identifies the two main reasons for the high within-province inequality as being (I) the very highly skewed distribution of land across cultivating households and (2) the lack of regressi vity in the distribution of irrigation across farm size groups, especially that of govemment"controlled canal irrigation. The paper recommends a lexicographic ordering of canal irrigation distribution, under which irrigation water will be provided first to irrigate all the irrigable land of the smallest of farms, and after fulfilling their demands, it will fulfil the demands of the second smallest farm size group, and so on.

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Sitto, Karabo, Corné Davis, and Lerato Matema. "Reflection on a collaborative teaching project about gender inequality: students learning by doing through transdisciplinarity." Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South 2, no. 1 (April 24, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/sotls.v2i1.28.

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This article reflects on a collaborative teaching and learning project that employed transdisciplinarity to guide the students’ learning experience and to expose them to different epistemologies. The departments of Digital Design and Strategic Communication at the University of Johannesburg in South Africa co-created and co-presented lectures on innovation aimed at bridging the divide between education and practice through participative collaborative learning. A key argument in this article is that to achieve learning through practice, multiple levels of knowing must be employed that transcend multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity, and emphasise a holistic solution-based outcome that could not be achieved otherwise. This is referred to as transdisciplinarity. From this perspective, students from two disciplines were tasked to conceptualise the social challenge of inequality in the workplace. The students needed to work together to develop communication strategies to tackle and propose solutions to their selected organisations’ poly-contextual gender inequality issues. This article is a retrospective evaluation of the project, showcasing how a multi-pronged assessment design allowed two educators to facilitate shared collaborative spaces and mediated engagement between students, and how their collaboration yielded creative and more sustainable solutions developed by the students. How to cite this article: SITTO, Karabo; DAVIS, Corné; MATEMA, Lerato. Reflection on a collaborative teaching project about gender inequality: students learning by doing through transdisciplinarity. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South v. 2, n. 1, p. 21-41, Apr. 2018. Available at: http://sotl-south-journal.net/?journal=sotls&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=28 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Kadir, Kadir, and Weni Lidya Sukma. "RETURNS TO EDUCATION AND WAGE DISTRIBUTION IN INDONESIA: A COMPARISON ACROSS GENDER GROUPS." Jurnal Litbang Sukowati : Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan 2, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32630/sukowati.v2i2.90.

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Abstract. This study is aimed to estimate the returns to education in Indonesia not only at the mean but also across the whole distribution by implementing quantile regression techniques and doing a comparison between gender groups. It also relates the estimation results to the two channels through which education affects the wages inequality, i.e., between-and within-educational-levels earning differentials. We found that education has a positive and significant impact on wage distribution implying that increasing the level of education could shift the wages distribution to the right. In general, the estimates of the returns to education for the female is higher than male. For each gender group, our study also confirms the presence of both the between-groups wages inequality associated with the difference in educational levels among individuals and the within-groups wages inequality caused by the difference in ability among individuals in the same level of education. Our findings suggest that promoting the same level of education for all, particularly tertiary education, could bring down the wages inequality although at the same time the inequality may still exist due to the difference in unobserved characteristic among individuals at the same level of education.

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Hokuto, Takeshi, and Mitsuhiro Kumano. "Which is bigger? An intriguing ‘double alternation’." Mathematical Gazette 98, no. 541 (March 2014): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002555720000067x.

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The following three inequalities hold:The first inequality is trivial. The second one was proved without calculating aids in note [1], and the third along similar lines in note [2]. The author of note [2] also suggested an extension to the relation betweenHow best to continue the sequence of inequalities is not obvious and we return to that point shortly. Before doing so, we note that an interesting geralisation is to replace π by a variable x, and to determine the precise interval of x in which the regularity of the ‘alternation of inequality signs’ is maintained. We need no longer consider particular properties of π.

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Kazyak, Emily, and Nicholas K. Park. "Doing family: The reproduction of heterosexuality in accounts of parenthood." Journal of Sociology 56, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 646–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319888288.

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The cultural and legal landscape in the United States has shifted towards increased recognition of LGBQ-parent families. This shift raises questions about the everyday experiences of LGBQ parents and whether the cultural and legal changes also manifest in diminished experiences of discrimination. Drawing on data from 74 interviews with LGBQ parents, we analyze their accounts of whether they are read as a parent by others in their daily interactions. Our findings reveal the ways in which heterosexuality is a key component of how membership to the category of ‘parent’ is produced in social interactions. Our findings also illustrate how assumptions about heterosexuality are both racialized and gendered. Our focus on accountability foregrounds power in everyday interactions and provides a lens through which to understand how inequality and disempowerment for LGBQ people can persist in American society despite cultural and legal changes.

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Shahbaz, Muhammad, and Mohammad Mafizur Rahman. "Does Nominal Devaluation Improve Income Distribution? Evidence from Bangladesh." South Asian Survey 19, no. 1 (March 2012): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971523114539586.

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The article aims to investigate the impact of nominal devaluation on income distribution in Bangladesh both in short and long runs. In doing so, Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing has been employed for cointegration, and Error Correction Model (ECM) has been used for short-run dynamics. The empirical psychology has confirmed the existence of long-run relationship between the variables. Furthermore our estimated results reveal that nominal devaluation tends to decrease income inequality. Though economic growth appears to improve income distribution, non-linear link between both the variables, however, depicts Kuznets’ inverted-U curve (1955). Financial development causes further deterioration in income distribution. Trade openness contributes to income inequality as discussed in Leontief Paradox.

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Simula, Brandy L., and J. Sumerau. "The use of gender in the interpretation of BDSM." Sexualities 22, no. 3 (November 20, 2017): 452–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460717737488.

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In this article, we explore the ways BDSM practitioners negotiate gender. Based on 32 in-depth interviews with BDSM practitioners and thousands of message board posts from the then-largest online BDSM community in the USA, we explore the explanatory frameworks BDSM practitioners use to (1) downplay and (2) emphasize dominant notions of gender to make sense of BDSM practices and experiences. In so doing, we discuss some ways BDSM practices and interpretations may both challenge and reproduce broader societal patterns of gender inequality. In conclusion, we draw out implications for understanding (1) variation in the utilization of gender beliefs and assumptions within BDSM cultures, and (2) the consequences these patterns have for the reproduction of gender inequality.

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Roscigno, Vincent, Julia Cantzler, Salvatore Restifo, and Joshua Guetzkow. "Legitimation, State Repression, and the Sioux Massacre at Wounded Knee." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.20.1.pj9n771ph6181p06.

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The Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890 and the Ghost Dance movement that preceded it offer a compelling sociological case for understanding legitimation, elite framing, and repression. Building on the social movements literature and theoretical insights on power, institutions, and inequality, we engage in multimethod, in-depth analyses of a rich body of archived correspondence from key institutional actors at the time. Doing so contributes to the literature by drawing attention to (1) the cultural foundations of inequality and repression; (2) super-ordinate framing by political elites and the state; and (3) key institutional conflicts and their consequences. We find that, within an ambiguous colonial context, officials of the Office of Indian Affairs and federal politicians shelved benign military observations and, instead, amplified ethnocentric and threat frames. Force was consequently portrayed as justifiable, which increased the likelihood of the massacre. We conclude by discussing the utility of our results for conceptions of culture, power, inequality, the state, and state violence.

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Ahlstrom, Laura J., Franklin G. Mixon, and Kamal P. Upadhyaya. "Exploring Increasing Income Inequality in the United States: A Public Choice Approach." Compensation & Benefits Review 50, no. 4 (September 2018): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368719842726.

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In this article, we present some exploratory analysis of a common measure of income inequality in the United States. That measure is the Gini coefficient, and we explore how, and why, it has increased over the 50-year period in the United States from 1967 to 2017. Our hypothesis in doing so is that rising U.S. income inequality is due, at least in part, to growth in efforts by individuals, groups and even large companies in the United States to use government, with its power to compel, to bend the income distribution in their favor—an activity that public choice economists refer to as rent-seeking. When compared with some simple measures that proxy rent-seeking activity, such as the number of licensed lawyers and the number of registered political action committees, our analysis suggests that the U.S. Gini coefficient rises, a move that indicates increasing income inequality, over time with similar cycles in rent-seeking activity.

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Koğacıoğlu, Dicle. "Conduct, Meaning and Inequality in an İstanbul Courthouse." New Perspectives on Turkey 39 (2008): 97–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600005082.

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AbstractThis essay seeks to analyze the daily reproduction of inequalities in and around a contemporary İstanbul civil courthouse. Based on an ethnographic study in three poor urban neighborhoods and their civil courthouse, I examine the mode of conduct in the latter and the ways in which this mode is perceived. This study shows that routinized divergences from formalistic premises in the courthouse are not perceived as flaws, but placed within informal relations. This enmeshing of formal and informal practices is considered normal by both the legal professionals and lay low-income litigants. These constituencies, however, perceive this conduct rather differently in relation to their own and others' attributes. Lay low-income litigants locate it within a broader idiom of “doing administration,” a series of tactics to engage within a horizon of perpetual injustice. For legal professionals, on the other hand, the daily mixing of formal and informal practices has to do with their mission of “educating” and transforming those in need to participate in the culture of the state. I discuss the particular relation of these two perceptions in normalizing the view of the law as a site, not of formal egalitarianism, but of hierarchical social engagements.

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SUTHERLAND, JOHN. "The rich get richer Earnings inequality is increasing because the rich are doing so well." New Economy 2, no. 1 (March 1995): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0041.1995.tb00049.x.

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Gilbert, Paul Robert, and Jessica Sklair. "Introduction." Focaal 2018, no. 81 (June 1, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2018.810101.

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Anthropological interest in critical studies of class, system, and inequality has recently been revitalized. Most ethnographers have done this from “below,” while studies of financial, political, and other professional elites have tended to avoid the language of class, capital, and inequality. This themed section draws together ethnographies of family wealth transfers, philanthropy, and private sector development to reflect on the place of critique in the anthropology of elites. While disciplinary norms and ethics usually promote deferral to our research participants, the uncritical translation of these norms “upward” to studies of elites raises concerns. We argue for a critical approach that does not seek political purity or attempt to “get the goods” on elites, but that makes explicit the politics involved in doing ethnography with elites.

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Díez-Minguela, Alfonso, Julio Martínez-Galarraga, and Daniel A. Tirado-Fabregat. "WHY DID SPANISH REGIONS NOT CONVERGE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR? AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES AND (REGIONAL) GROWTH REVISITED." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 34, no. 3 (October 20, 2015): 417–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610915000300.

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ABSTRACTIn this paper we explore the relationship between the presence of agglomeration economies and regional economic growth in Spain during the period 1870-1930. The study allows us to revisit the existence of a trade-off between economic growth and territorial cohesion, and also to examine whether the existence of agglomeration economies could explain the upswing in regional income inequality during the early stages of development. In doing so, we present alternative indicators for agglomeration economies and estimate conditional growth regressions at province (NUTS3) level. In line with new economic geography models, agglomeration economies in a context of market integration widened regional inequality in the second half of the 19th century and hindered its reduction during the early decades of the 20th.

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Mathers, Lain A. B., J. Edward Sumerau, and Koji Ueno. "“This Isn’t Just Another Gay Group”: Privileging Heterosexuality in a Mixed-Sexuality LGBTQ Advocacy Group." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 47, no. 6 (April 20, 2015): 834–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891241615578905.

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This paper examines how members of a southeastern LGBTQ advocacy group privileged heterosexuality through group interactions. Based on twelve months of fieldwork, we analyze how LGBTQ members and their heterosexual allies traded power for (heterosexual) patronage by (1) heterosexualizing their group, (2) sanctifying allies, and (3) privileging parenthood. In so doing, all the members, regardless of their intentions, ultimately reproduced societal patterns of sexual inequality within the context of their group. In conclusion, we draw out implications for understanding (1) the ways LGBTQ people and their heterosexual allies negotiate heterosexual privilege, (2) the ways they construct the meaning and status of heterosexual allies, and (3) some ways dominant groups’ affiliation with subordinate groups may inadvertently facilitate processes of inequality reproduction.

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Berens, Sarah, and Margarita Gelepithis. "Welfare state structure, inequality, and public attitudes towards progressive taxation." Socio-Economic Review 17, no. 4 (January 17, 2018): 823–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx063.

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Abstract Recent research indicates that while higher tax levels are politically unpopular, greater tax progressivity is not. However, there remain unanswered questions regarding public support for more progressive taxation. In particular, little is known about how individual attitudes towards tax progressivity are affected by their institutional context. Building on existing theories of redistribution, this article develops the argument that the structure of the welfare state shapes public attitudes towards progressive taxation—support for progressive taxation among both average and high-income households is undermined by ‘pro-poor’ welfare spending. We support our argument with a cross-sectional analysis of rich democracies, interacting household income with country-level indicators of welfare state structure. In doing so, we contribute a micro-level explanation for the paradoxical macro-level phenomenon that larger, more redistributive welfare states tend to be financed by less progressive tax systems.

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Ioannides, Yannis M., and Linda Datcher Loury. "Job Information Networks, Neighborhood Effects, and Inequality." Journal of Economic Literature 42, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 1056–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0022051043004595.

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This paper explores the theoretical and empirical literature to examine the use by different social groups of informal sources of information provided by friends, relatives, and acquaintances during job search and its consequences for the job market. It also addresses the role of network structure and size, the resource endowments of contacts, and nature of the links between contacts to explain differences in the effects of job information networks. In doing so, the paper also turns to the sociology literature on job information networks and provides an economic perspective on such sociological concepts as strong versus weak ties, inbreeding, distance from structural holes, etc. The paper distinguishes between models of exogenous job information networks, that is where individuals obtain job-related information through a given social structure, and endogenous job information networks, which are social networks that result from individuals' uncoordinated actions. The paper pays special attention to such issues as physical and social proximity and sharing of information and discusses them in the context of the recent social interactions and neighborhood effects literature. Finally, the paper outlines a model that integrates job information networks, where interactions occur in business cycle frequencies, with the dynamics of human capital formation, which include the joint effects of parental, community and neighborhood human capital, and are set in life cycle frequencies, for the purpose of organizing suggestions for future research and examining earned income inequality.

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Clarke, Marilyn. "Liberate our Library: doing decolonisation work at Goldsmiths Library." Art Libraries Journal 45, no. 4 (October 2020): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/alj.2020.23.

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Library work now has a role to play when it comes to decolonisation. This article outlines what Goldsmiths Library, University of London is doing, through the Liberate our Library initiative, to diversify and decolonise its collections and practices against the backdrop of worldwide movements for education and social justice led by both students and academics to challenge the dominance of the ‘Westernised university’.2Examples of how we are doing this work are explained using critical librarianship as our guide, whilst recognising that we are still developing expertise in this evolving field of practice. This decolonisation work also uses critical race theory (CRT) as a means to dismantle racial inequality and its impact on higher education.Here, I would like to acknowledge the excellent and inspirational content of ALJ, Critical Librarianship: Special Issue (v.44, no.2) and I see this article as an ongoing companion piece.Goldsmiths Library's liberation work endeavours to empower its users with critical thinking and study skills whilst conducting their research using hierarchical systems and resources which in themselves are in the process of being decolonised.Decolonising a library collection and a profession must of course always begin or at least happen in tandem with the self, through a process that Kenyan author Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o describes as ‘decolonising the mind.’3

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Sealey, Clive. "Social exclusion: re-examining its conceptual relevance to tackling inequality and social injustice." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 35, no. 9/10 (September 8, 2015): 600–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-05-2014-0040.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to rationalise the continued conceptual utility of social exclusion, and in so doing addresses the prevailing question of what to do with it. This is relevant from social exclusion’s declining relevance in contemporary UK social policy and academia, where its consideration as a concept to explain disadvantage is being usurped by other concepts, both old and new. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses criticisms of limitations of social exclusion which have typically centred on the operationalisation of the concept, but the author will argue that there are distinctive operationalisation and conceptual strengths within social exclusion which make it value-added as a concept to explain disadvantage. Specifically, there will be an analysis of both New Labour’s and the present Coalition government’s conceptualisation of the term in policy in relation to work. Findings – The analysis highlights the significant difference that a focus on processes rather than outcomes of social exclusion can make to our understanding of inequality and social injustice, and locates this difference within an argument that social exclusion’s true applied capabilities for social justice requires a shift to a conceptualisation built on the processes that cause it in the first place. Originality/value – The paper acts as a rejoinder to prevailing theoretical and political thinking of the limited and diminishing value of social exclusion for tackling disadvantage. In particular, the paper shows how social exclusion can be conceptualised to provide a critical approach to tackling inequality and social injustice, and in doing so foregrounds the truly applied capabilities of social exclusion for transforming social justice.

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Behounek, Elaina. "The Safety of Women and Girls in Educational Settings: A Global Overview and Suggestions for Policy Change." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i1.1450.

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Safety in educational settings is a barrier to equality for women and girls. This article highlights four key areas that perpetuate inequality in education for women and girls, and that contribute to a worldwide lack of safety in educational settings for women and girls: cultural norms, societal norms, sexual assault and sexual harassment. All four areas form part of a social–structural condition that underpins a world in which women and girls experience violence and an economic and social inequality that contributes to their lack of safety in educational settings. Several solutions are proposed to combat this. To improve the life outcomes of women and girls, we must invest in approaches that empower and educate them in safe environments. In doing so, we must also ensure that such approaches are holistic and intersectional.

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Ko, Nusta Carranza, Jeong-Nam Kim, Song I. No, and Ronald Gobbi Simoes. "The Korean Wave Hallyu in Looking at Escapism in Peruvian Society." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 13, no. 3 (April 15, 2014): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341305.

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Abstract Overcoming geographic, cultural, and linguistic differences, the second phase of the Korean wave Hallyu made its mark in Latin America. From the results of the field research conducted in two Latin American countries Brazil and Peru during the summer of 2012, this study examines the effects of the second wave of Hallyu on Peruvian society. In doing so, it regards the demographics, education level, and socio-economic status of the Hallyu consumer groups that reflects the situation of inequality and escapism embedded in Peruvian society. The continuous access to a different culture, distinct from that of one’s own reality through a virtual environment of cyberspace may be a reflection of the individual’s own awareness of despair in the reality in which they find themselves, characterized by inequality and a cyclical nature of class differences.

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Dworczak, Piotr, Scott Duke Kominers, and Mohammad Akbarpour. "Redistribution Through Markets." Econometrica 89, no. 4 (2021): 1665–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16671.

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Policymakers frequently use price regulations as a response to inequality in the markets they control. In this paper, we examine the optimal structure of such policies from the perspective of mechanism design. We study a buyer‐seller market in which agents have private information about both their valuations for an indivisible object and their marginal utilities for money. The planner seeks a mechanism that maximizes agents' total utilities, subject to incentive and market‐clearing constraints. We uncover the constrained Pareto frontier by identifying the optimal trade‐off between allocative efficiency and redistribution. We find that competitive‐equilibrium allocation is not always optimal. Instead, when there is inequality across sides of the market, the optimal design uses a tax‐like mechanism, introducing a wedge between the buyer and seller prices, and redistributing the resulting surplus to the poorer side of the market via lump‐sum payments. When there is significant same‐side inequality that can be uncovered by market behavior, it may be optimal to impose price controls even though doing so induces rationing.

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Schnebel, Karin. "Dilemma over the issue of inequality: A strategy against political apathy (Politikverdrossenheit)." Citizenship, Social and Economics Education 15, no. 3 (December 2016): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047173417698148.

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Politics is inseparable from conflict. But we often have the idea that the political process has to simply “solve” conflicts and in so doing make the conflict disappear. And because the politicians are not able to do this and instead simply continue arguing, we get the impression that we have incompetent politicians, whom we cannot trust. This is not new: in political education, it is important to see the aims and identify the meaning of conflicts. This allows us to have a constructive debate about the conflicts themselves. It is important to analyze conflicts as well as to develop the competence to deal with political controversies and conflicts constructively. This presentation will broach the issue of inequality without dramatizing it. Inequality can indeed threaten a democratic society, but for a free democratic society, inequality has to also be constitutive. The central thesis is that reflection on dilemmas stemming from inequality could be a strategy against political apathy and can help reinforce a sense of solidarity and cohesion in our society. This will be shown using an instrument borrowed from the psychology of communication, the “quadrate of value and development,” whose potentials for political education are currently being exploited for various projects.

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Kerner, Ina. "Relations of difference: Power and inequality in intersectional and postcolonial feminist theories." Current Sociology 65, no. 6 (October 13, 2016): 846–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392116665152.

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Feminist theory has addressed relations of difference, heterogeneity, and hierarchy within gender groups as well as the entanglement of various forms of differentiation, power, and inequality for a long time. This does not mean that there was unanimity with regard to the best way of doing this, though. Today, we can distinguish different approaches in this regard, and there is contestation about both the analytical and the political advantages and pitfalls of each of them. This article concentrates on two of these approaches: on the one hand on intersectional ones, which strongly focus on inequality; and on the other hand on postcolonial feminist theories, which put the emphasis on global power relations and interactions. The article discusses select positions of both intersectional and postcolonial feminist theories in conjunction, and argues why and how they should be conceptualized as complementary.

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Haltom, Trenton M. "A New Spin on Gender: How Parents of Male Baton Twirlers (Un)Do Gender Essentialism." Sociology of Sport Journal 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2019-0077.

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Families and sports are spaces for “doing” and “undoing” gender. The author presents qualitative interviews with 30 American men who recall their parents’ involvement in the gender atypical sport of baton twirling. The author analyzes the data using “doing” and “undoing” gender as well as “hard” and “soft” essentialism frameworks. Mothers are often supportive of their sons’ twirling, contributing to “undoing” gender and relaxing “soft essentialism.” Fathers do not see baton twirling as a normative pathway to manhood or masculinity, thus reinforcing “hard essentialism.” Fathers often take on an absentee role in their sons’ twirling. In rare cases, fathers “do” gender by reformulating their sons’ twirling into a more recognizable sport. Findings consider how parents navigate gender when sons cross gendered boundaries in sports and the consequences for gender inequality.

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Pickersgill, Martyn. "Pandemic Sociology." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 6 (August 25, 2020): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2020.523.

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In 1990, the sociologist Phil Strong wrote about “epidemic psychology” as part of his research on the recent history of AIDS. Strong described vividly how epidemics of fear, of explanation and moralization, and of (proposed) action accompanied the epidemic of the AIDS virus per se. In this essay, I draw on these formulations to think through the current COVID-19 crisis, illustrating too a pandemic of inequality. In so doing, I provide a sketch of a pandemic sociology.

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Donnor, Jamel K. "Understanding white racial sovereignty: doing research on race and inequality in the Trump era (and beyond)." International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 33, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2019.1681554.

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Pearson, M. N. "The Thin End of the Wedge Medical Relativities as a Paradigm of Early Modern Indian–European Relations." Modern Asian Studies 29, no. 1 (February 1995): 141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00012658.

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The Rise of the West, the creation of the Third World, the beginnings of disparity between Asia and Europe, or whatever other phrase is used, is obviously the great event of world history; hence the attempts to explain and date it, going back to the time when the Rise was actually beginning in the later eighteenth century. The literature is vast, complex and mostly of high quality. Some of it is concerned with causation—how did ‘the West’ get ahead, why did ‘Asia’ fall back or perhaps just stay the same? Others are interested in trying to date the beginnings of inequality—when can we see the beginnings of dominance, where did this occur and in which sectors of human life was this first to be seen? The first matter is, of course, the more important for an historian. It has been argued that, in the most general way, the fundamental cause of the beginnings of inequality is the series of changes in western Europe, and at first in England, known collectively as the Industrial Revolution. I will use this term as a shorthand for these collective changes, which Marshall Hodgson called the ‘Great Western Transmutation.’ Put most crudely, western Europe advanced and changed in a paradigmatic way, while Asia did not. At the most, Asia kept doing what it had been doing for centuries; Europe changed basically.

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Murray, Sarah E. "Seeing and Doing Gender at Work: A Qualitative Analysis of Canadian Male and Female Police Officers." Feminist Criminology 16, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085120914351.

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This qualitative study examines the ways in which male and female police officers view and enact gender in their workplace. Data were generated from in-depth interviews with 20 active police officers working in a populous Canadian province. Although most male officers deny gender differences and gender bias, female officers describe experiences of workplace sexism and deploy adaptive strategies daily in their workplaces to resist gender inequality. Both men and women describe a masculine-coded ideal police officer and disparage the “old police culture” and “old boy’s club.”

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Sampson, Robert J., William Julius Wilson, and Hanna Katz. "REASSESSING “TOWARD A THEORY OF RACE, CRIME, AND URBAN INEQUALITY”." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 15, no. 1 (2018): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x18000140.

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AbstractIn “Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality,” Sampson and Wilson (1995) argued that racial disparities in violent crime are attributable in large part to the persistent structural disadvantages that are disproportionately concentrated in African American communities. They also argued that the ultimate causes of crime were similar for both Whites and Blacks, leading to what has been labeled the thesis of “racial invariance.” In light of the large scale social changes of the past two decades and the renewed political salience of race and crime in the United States, this paper reassesses and updates evidence evaluating the theory. In so doing, we clarify key concepts from the original thesis, delineate the proper context of validation, and address new challenges. Overall, we find that the accumulated empirical evidence provides broad but qualified support for the theoretical claims. We conclude by charting a dual path forward: an agenda for future research on the linkages between race and crime, and policy recommendations that align with the theory’s emphasis on neighborhood level structural forces but with causal space for cultural factors.

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Childress, Clayton, and Jean-François Nault. "Encultured Biases: The Role of Products in Pathways to Inequality." American Sociological Review 84, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 115–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122418816109.

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Recent sociological work shows that culture is an important causal variable in labor market outcomes. Does the same hold for product markets? To answer this question, we study a product market in which selection decisions occur absent face-to-face interaction between intermediaries and short-term contract workers. We find evidence of “product-based” cultural matching operating as a pathway to inequality. Relying on quantitative and qualitative observational data and semi-structured interviews with intermediaries in trade fiction publishing, we show intermediaries culturally match themselves to manuscripts as a normal feature of doing “good work.” We propose three organizational conditions under which “encultured biases” come to the fore in product selection, and a fourth resulting in inequalities along demographic lines and other markers of perceived cultural proximity and distance. We close with a discussion of other settings in which product-based cultural matching is likely to occur, call for the investigation of cultural matching beyond previously theorized conditions, and argue for the inclusion of cultural products in the broader movement toward reconsidering culture as a causal factor.

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Gul, Ejaz, and Imran Sharif Chaudhry. "Spatial Distribution of Socio-economic Inequality: Evidence from Inequality Maps of a Village in Tribal Region of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 793–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.793-808.

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Economic and social inequality is consistently persisting in tribal region of Pakistan. People in the tribal region of Pakistan are living in deprived state whereby they lack even basic necessities in their lives. As described by Gul, the tribal areas are different than the rural areas because tribal areas are located in far flung mountainous terrain where accessibility to basic amenities is much lower than the rural areas [Gul (2013)]. In recent times, the Government of Pakistan initiated many efforts for provision of basic amenities in tribal areas as an essential component of development in the context of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, according to John the desired state is yet to be achieved in tribal areas [John (2009)]. Tribal life is characterised by hardship and great insecurity especially for poor labour. Given the income vulnerabilities, the long run welfare is forgone for short run securities. Interruption, reduction or loss of earnings from the contingencies such as unemployment, underemployment, low wages, low prices and failure to find the market for the produce, old age, ill-health, sickness, disability etc. are the situations which call for social security and protection. As concluded by Talbot, this constant state of deprivation has generated deep rooted inequalities in the tribal society [Talbot (1998)]. People take rescue measures such as sending their earners to urban areas and if possible to foreign countries. Those who have lands and doing agriculture are the blessed one, although, the earning pattern is distorted due to law and order situation. To have an assessment of the overall economic inequality in the tribal region, author conducted a study in a small village Naryab which is located in the tribal region. Primary data was collected from the households physically and it was thoroughly analysed to conclude the pattern of inequality. This inequality was then mapped using latest mapping software “SURFER”.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Doing inequality'

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