Journal articles: 'Dolus'

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MAKHARADZE, Adam, Lasha-Giorgi KUTALIA, and Omar MAKHARADZE. "Dolus Compositus in the Light of Continental Classicism." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 7 (November 20, 2019): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.7(37).22.

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As a result of penal reform (1999-2001) Georgian legislator redefined its concept of dolus directus, based on a view presented in own penal theory two decades ago. By reducing the concept to its intellectual component ([precise] knowledge of illicit effect) penal legislation introduced a new kind of guilty behavior – dolus directus intellectualis as dolus directus of the second degree (theoretical description). On the other hand: Through adding intellectual segment of dolus indirectus to the voluntative one of dolus directus here emerged a further kind of guilty behavior, when person aspires an unlawful damage, but for sees it just as possible effect of his externalized intention – dolus directus voluntatis as dolus directus of the first degree (theoretical description). Authors prove that these legislative transformations do not meet basic requirements of classical continental guilt scheme and confront both innovations with a new version of dolus compositus (1998).

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Andorsen, Kjell V. "Dolus eventualis." Jussens Venner 31, no. 02 (March 1, 1996): 116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1504-3126-1996-02-03.

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Błachnio, Adam. "DOLUS GENERALIS JAKO „SZCZEGÓLNA” POSTAĆ ZAMIARU W POLSKIM PRAWIE KARNYM." PRZEGLĄD POLICYJNY 1, no. 121 (March 1, 2016): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5664.

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Artykuł omawia zagadnienie zamiaru ogólnego w polskim prawie karnym. Autor przedstawia przyczyny wprowadzenia zamiaru ogólnego do kodeksu karnego z 1932 r. Następnie wskazuje podstawowe problemy wynikające z konstrukcji dolus generalis i dostrzegane we współczesnej literaturze oraz orzecznictwie. W dalszej części artykułu autor podejmuje próbę wyjaśnienie istoty zamiaru ogólnego przez odwołanie się do wykładni gramatycznej. Jako rezultat podjętych przemyśleń autor proponuje dwojakiego rodzaju rozumienie dolus generalis — jako połączenie dolus directus z dolus eventualis lub jako zamiar ogólny popełnienia przestępstwa z art. 12 kodeksu karnego z 1997 r

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Grebieniow, A. M. "Die laesio enormis und der dolus re ipsa heute: die Verschuldensfrage." Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 85, no. 1-2 (June 22, 2017): 192–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08512p08.

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Laesio enormis and dolus in re ipsa nowadays: the question of fault. The mediaeval interpreters of Roman law have worked out the dolus re ipsa-concept to explain the mysterious laesio enormis (C. 4,44,2 [a. 285]). They supposed the inequality in exchange to be a result of malicious undertaking, for which paradoxically, no one was personally liable (D. 45,1,36 [Ulp. 48 Sab.]). In course of time, the incorporation of laesio enormis into the scheme of dolus turned into a presumption of a malicious act on the part of the enriched party, even though the laesio enormis is free from subjective criteria. It is astonishing how little the dolus re ipsa is discussed, although the modern paradigm for correcting inequality in exchange is based on the same assumptions. This ‘Wiederkehr der Rechtsfigur’ certainly deserves more attention.

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Drabik, Damian. "Problematyka zamiaru a zabójstwo w stanie silnego wzburzenia usprawiedliwionego okolicznościami (art. 148 § 4 k.k.)." Forum Polityki Kryminalnej, no. 1(3) (May 26, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/fpk.2022.03.01.

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Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie problematyki zamiaru, jaki towarzyszy sprawcy popełniającemu przestępstwo z art. 148 § 4 k.k., czyli zabójstwo pod wpływem silnego wzburzenia usprawiedliwionego okolicznościami. Omówiono specyfikę tego przestępstwa, zarówno wyjaśniając pojęcie silnego wzburzenia (afektu), jak i przybliżając poglądy na temat okoliczności, które mogą usprawiedliwiać działanie w tym stanie. W dalszej części pracy wyjaśniono specyfikę różnych postaci zamiaru, które znane są polskiemu prawu karnemu. Dokonana analiza obejmuje: zamiar bezpośredni (dolus directus), zamiar ewentualny (dolus eventualis), zamiar nagły (dolus repentinus) oraz zamiar przemyślany (dolus premeditatus). Przedstawiono zarówno poglądy przedstawicieli prawa karnego, jak i bogate orzecznictwo sądowe, odnoszące się do próby wyjaśnienia, czy możliwe jest popełnienie przestępstwa z art. 148 § 4 k.k. w każdym z wymienionych zamiarów, a jeśli tak, to w jaki sposób kształtują się procesy psychiczne sprawcy tego przestępstwa w każdej z tych sytuacji oraz jaka motywacja może mu towarzyszyć.

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Knütel, Rolf. "Leon J. ter Beek, Dolus." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 119, no. 1 (August 1, 2002): 651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/zrgra.2002.119.1.651.

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7

Puppe, Ingeborg. "Der Vorstellungsinhalt des dolus eventualis." Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft 103, no. 1 (1991): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zstw.1991.103.1.1.

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8

Mitsch, Wolfgang. "Dolus alternativus, Anstiftung und Tatsachenalternativität." JURA - Juristische Ausbildung 45, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jura-2022-3231.

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9

Phelps, Kelly. "The Role of Error in Objecto in South African Criminal Law." Journal of Criminal Law 80, no. 1 (February 2016): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018315623683.

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State v Pistorius provides an opportunity to consider error in objecto in the context of the broader approach to dolus in South African criminal law. For the last 60 years South Africa has taken a consistently subjective approach to assessing intention, evidenced through the courts’ rejection of versari, the presumption of intent and transferred malice. This upholds individual autonomy and assigns blame on a principled basis, thus it has achieved recognition from the Constitutional Court. By recognising foresight/knowledge of unlawfulness as a component of dolus, De Blom took subjectivity to its logical conclusion in 1977. Consequently, error in objecto likely only applies to dolus directus, is heavily influenced by the now defunct doctrine of transferred malice and has not become an entrenched principle in our law. It must thus yield to the basic principles of criminal law, including subjectivity and the putative defences flowing from De Blom. This was the manner in which it was correctly applied in State v Pistorius, although the reasoning was not evident in the judgment. Reviewing error in objecto in the broader scheme of dolus therefore shows that it is inaccurate to claim that the victim’s identity is always irrelevant to a charge of murder.

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Rola, Marian. "Podstępne wprowadzenie w błąd jako przyczyna nieważności małżeństwa w aktualnej praktyce sądowej." Prawo Kanoniczne 29, no. 1-2 (June 5, 1986): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/10.21697/pk.1986.29.1-2.05.

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Prima in parte articuli de termino a quo can. 1098 aplicandus est disceptabatur. Praescriptum huius canonis lex mere ecclesiastica est et propterea rétro non agit. In praxi iudiciali cain. 1098 directe applicandus est solummodo ad matrimonia inita die 27 novembris 19183 anni et postea. Sententia iudicialis matrimonia antea contracta definiens in parte „in iure” praescnipta iuris veteris indicare debet et de can. 1098 solummodo obiter dicere potest. Secuinda in parte articuli de Sacrae Romanae Rotae iurisprudentia dolosam deceptionem attingente dicitur. Tribunalia inferiora hanc iurisprudentiam ante annum 1984 elaboratam sequi possunt et debent. Sentantiae rotales ab anno 1970 mullitatem matrimonii ob dolum contracti decreverunt, hunc dolum ad titulum erroris reduindantis in errorem personae reducentes. Secundum auctorem articuli sola reductio doli ad errorem insufficiens ad nullitatem matrimonii probandam videtur, quia sententiae rotales una cum probatione erroris circa gravem qualitatem personae etiam probationes aliarum circumstantiarum exigunt. Hae circumstantiae ad probandam nullitatem matrimonii necessariae sequentes sunt: 1° error redundans dolo patratus esse debet ab altero contrahente qui debitae smceritais ad mutuam donationem necessariae caret; 2° dolus patratus esse debet circa tarn gravem qualitatem personae ut revera persona alia ab intenta evadat; 3° qualitas de qua pars innocens erratur talis esse debet, ut eius detectio huic parti communianem vitae coniugalis continuandam impossibilem efficiat; 4° dolus vera causa matrimonii esse debet sine quo contrahens innocens matrimonium non contraxisset. Tertia in parte articuli auctor nonnullae opiniones canonistarum ad futuram applicatiomem can. 1098 spectantes refert. Dicitur nempe de connexione doli cum errore partis deceptae, de dolo a tertia persona patrato, de efficacia doli, de positivo et negativo aspectu doli seu de obreptione et subreptione, de intentione deceptoris, de omissione debitae diligentiae ex parte coniugis decepti, de obiecto doli seu de qualitate personae quam qualitatem alter scire debet.

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Hagglund, Kirstin, and Franaaz Khan. "Reformulating dolus eventualis: Guidance from America and Germany." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 69 (September 28, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2020/vn69a6108.

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Dolus eventualis has correctly been described as an ‘enigma’. Not only has it been variously described by the courts, but the courts have applied the two-stage test without providing an in-depth analysis of what it means. Both dolus eventualis required for murder and conscious negligence required for culpable homicide, contain an element of subjective foresight of the remote possibility of death occurring. As a result, the distinction between murder and culpable homicide has become confused over the years, and is evident in the courts vacillating between findings of murder and culpable homicide. Considering the lack of clarity, this article examines the test for dolus eventualis in the case of murder and determines whether it can be more clearly distinguished from culpa, in the case of culpable homicide. German and American law and academic opinion is consulted in order to establish how the respective countries have dealt with the conflation of murder and negligent killings.

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12

Cho Gi Young. "Distinction between ‘Dolus’ and ‘Error Juris’." Journal of Criminal Law 27, no. 2 (June 2015): 73–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21795/kcla.2015.27.2.73.

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13

V. Andorsen, Kjell. "Dolus eventualis – tolv år etter." Jussens Venner 44, no. 03 (July 7, 2009): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1504-3126-2009-03-01.

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14

Fry, Elinor, and Elies van Sliedregt. "Targeted Groups, Rape and Dolus Eventualis." Journal of International Criminal Justice 18, no. 3 (May 31, 2020): 701–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqaa017.

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Abstract This article discusses a number of substantive law developments at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) after the issuance of the trial judgment in Case 002/02 against Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan. It focuses on three themes emblematic of the Khmer Rouge era’s unique set of facts: the identification of targeted groups, male victims of rape in the context of forced marriage and the mens rea standard of indirect intent or dolus eventualis. These themes are distilled from the most pertinent jurisprudential developments regarding a number of specific crimes and a mode of liability: persecution on political grounds, genocide, other inhumane acts through conduct characterized as rape in the context of forced marriage, extermination and joint criminal enterprise. This article posits that these substantive law developments have an important place in international criminal law’s corpus as a rare stepping stone between the post-World War II trials and the modern-day international criminal courts and tribunals.

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15

Rakić, Branko. "The Ustasha genocide over the Serbs: The continuing Dolus Specialis." Napredak 3, no. 2 (2022): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak3-39804.

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The key characteristic of the criminal aspect of the genocide, which distinguishes it from other violations of international humanitarian law and raises it to the level of the "crime above all crimes", is the existence of the so-called genocidal intention of "complete or partial destruction of a specific national, ethnic, racial or religious group". The gravity and monstrosity of the content of such intention, as q rule, require that it is deeply rooted in the conscience of the members of the group perpetrating this crime, while such inveteracy also implies the permanence of the intention, or genocidal idea. During World War II, the Serbian people, together with Jews and Romas, in the Independent State of Croatia were the victims of the genocide, the crime that abhorred even the Nazis. The idea and intention of the extermination of the Serbian people from the territory considered as Croatia's national territory by the Croatian nationalists, although existing for centuries in the past, got its "theoretical formation" in the 19th century, primarily in the works of Ante Starčević, who was called the "Father of the Fatherland" while he was still alive. The Ustasha openly showed their enthusiasm and inspiration by Starčević's works during World War II, claiming that there would not have been the Independent State of Croatia if it had not been for Starčević. The Ustasha ideology persisted after World War II, primarily through the activities of the Ustasha emigrants, but Croatian nationalism, open to accept the Ustasha ideological legacy, also persisted in the territory of Croatia itself. At the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, the revival of the idea about the secession of Croatia and its realization also led to the revival of the idea of the Serbs as a "destructive factor" in Croatia and the necessity of their elimination from that territory. Tuđman's Croatia resumed the Ustasha ideology in all its elements, including its attitude towards the Serbs and the genocidal intention, which had been largely realized during World War II. Drawing on the experience from the ISC, the Serbs became organized and prevented the repetition of the fate of their ancestors and relatives killed during World War II, but did not succeed in avoiding the "ethnic cleansing" from the territory of Croatia. The manner in which today's Croatia interprets events both from World War II and from the 1990s shows that the Ustasha ideology is still deeply rooted in the significant element of the Croatian society, including practically the entire top government of Croatia. An essentially important element of the Ustasha ideology is its genocidal intention towards the Serbs still living in Croatia.

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Kandul, Nikolai, Roger Vila, and Vladimir Lukhtanov. "Rearrangement of the Agrodiaetus dolus species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) using a new cytological approach and molecular data." Insect Systematics & Evolution 37, no. 3 (2006): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631206788838563.

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AbstractThe Agrodiaetus dolus species group includes cryptic species that have similar external morphology but can be distinguished by their species-specific karyotypes. At the same time, cytogenetic analysis of these butterflies is difficult because of extremely high chromosome numbers. The application of common techniques, such as squash and spread preparations, usually yields inaccurate chromosome counting and, consequently, results in incorrect taxonomical conclusions. To overcome this problem, we combined cytological and molecular data. The former was obtained with a new cytological technique that allowed us to examine intact (notsquashed) metaphase plates and to distinguish all chromosomes in the chromosomal complement. The latter was obtained from published mitochondrial sequences that were used to calculate genetic distances between taxa. While the taxa ainsae and fulgens are generally considered as separate species, here we show that no characters exist that support this hypothesis. As a consequence, we propose several taxonomic changes within the A. dolus species complex and show that this group consists of the following species: A. dolus with haploid chromosome number n=122-125, A. fulgens (n=108-110) and A. fabressei (n=90). The following new combinations are suggested: A. fulgens ainsae comb. n., A. fulgens pseudovirgilius comb. n., A. fulgens leonensis comb. n. and A. fulgens magnabrillata comb. n.

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Stigen, Jo. "Forsettets nedre grense - dolus eventualis eller hva?" Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap 123, no. 04-05 (January 13, 2011): 573–636. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1504-3096-2010-04-05-01.

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R., Juan Pablo Mañalich. "Vorsatz als Wissen?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik / Annual Review of Law and Ethics 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/jre.29.1.177.

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The traditional understanding of the criminal law’s concept of dolus is grounded on its definition as the conjunction of a volitional and a cognitive attitude towards the satisfaction of the abstract description that specifies the corresponding offense. Although so-called “cognitivist” conceptions persuasively argue for the redundancy of the purported volitional component, the theoretical adequacy of the recourse to the concept of knowledge is very rarely called into question. The display of a teleological-analytical model for clarifying the general structure of a criminal offense can show that, according to its distinctively ascriptive function, the concept of dolus ought to be taken as requiring a predictive belief referred to an (unjustified) instance of the relevant actus reus, whereas such a predictive belief need not satisfy the semantic and epistemic conditions for an attribution of knowledge.

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Kluza, Jan. "Odpowiedzialność sprawcy wypadku drogowego ze skutkiem śmiertelnym za zabójstwo w typie podstawowym (art. 148 § 1 Kodeksu karnego)." Prawo w Działaniu 45 (2021): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32041/pwd.4508.

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The article deals with the issue of the possibility of prosecuting the person who caused a road accident in which the victim died for homicide in the basic form. In specific facts of cases, it is reasonable to conclude that an intention (dolus eventualis) to cause a possible fatal outcome can be attributed to the driver, which excludes liability for vehicular homicide. For this purpose, selected case law of ordinary courts and the views expressed in literature presented with regard to the dolus eventualis of the perpetrator of the offence are analysed. In situations of gross violation of road traffic rules on the basis of circumstances objectively justifying a high degree of probability of a given effect, the perpetrator should be held more strictly responsible for the offence.

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Tshehla, Boyane. "Comment: Distinguishing between dolus directus and dolus eventualis: Ngobeni v The State (1041/2017) ZASCA 127 (27 September 2018)." South African Journal of Criminal Justice 34, no. 1 (2021): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/sacj/v34/i1a7.

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Elewa Badar, Mohamed. "Dolus Eventualis and the Rome Statute Without It?" New Criminal Law Review 12, no. 3 (2009): 433–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2009.12.3.433.

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Article 30 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court provides a general definition for the mental element required to trigger the criminal responsibility of individuals for serious violations of international humanitarian law. At first sight, it appears that the explicit words of Article 30 are sufficient to put an end to a long-lasting debate regarding the mens rea enigma that has confronted the jurisprudence of the two ad hoc Tribunals for the last decade, but this is not true. Recent decisions rendered by the International Criminal Court evidence the discrepancy among the ICC Pre-Trial Chambers in interpreting the exact meaning of Article 30 of the ICC Statute. The paper challenges that dolus eventualis is one of the genuine and independent pillars of criminal responsibility that forms, on its own, the basis of intentional crimes, and suggests its inclusion in the legal standard of Article 30 of the ICC Statute.

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Joerden, Jan C. "Ein neuer Fall des BGH zum Alternativvorsatz – Urteil vom 14. 1. 2021 (4 StR 95/20)." Zeitschrift für Lebensrecht 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/zfl.30.1.31.

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Dieser Beitrag rezensiert ein neues Urteil des BGH (vom 14. 1. 2021 – 4 StR 95/20) zum Problem des sog. Alternativvorsatzes (dolus alternativus). Ein dolus alternativus ist insbesondere dann gegeben, wenn sich ein Straftäter vorstellt, von zwei Tatobjekten entweder das eine oder das andere zu verletzen, aber ausschließt, beide zugleich zu verletzen. In der einschlägigen Literatur ist vor allem strittig, ob dem Täter hier zwei Vorsätze (in Bezug auf beide von dem Täter in den Blick genommene Tatbestandsverwirklichungen) zuzurechnen sind oder ob ihm nur einer der beiden in Betracht kommenden Vorsätze zugerechnet werden sollte. Der BGH folgt mit der o. g. Entscheidung der ersten Ansicht, während in dem vorliegenden Beitrag demgegenüber die zweite Ansicht verteidigt wird. Die Fragestellung ist insbesondere dann virulent, wenn die betreffenden Delikte unterschiedliche Schwere aufweisen (wie z. B. bei § 212 StGB einerseits und § 303 StGB andererseits). Wie damit umgegangen werden sollte, wird ebenfalls hier näher erörtert.

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Lund, Christian. "Dolus eventualis i rettspraksis – og anvendelsen i alvorlige voldssaker." Lov og Rett 59, no. 06 (August 20, 2020): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-3061-2020-06-04.

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Guzmán, Ricardo. "Dolus y Duellum: Pérdida, dolor y duelo en la consulta." Revista Pensamiento Académico 3, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33264/rpa.202001-13.

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El presente trabajo se articula en torno al concepto de duelo que emerge en el espacio terapéutico, producto de la pérdida y el dolor asociado a ella. A partir del análisis de casos en la praxis de la consulta, se conceptualiza el duelo abarcando aspectos y situaciones asociadas a las diferentes pérdidas que se producen en variados aspectos del acontecer. Así, desde una mirada más amplia, se muestra como el proceso de la pérdida y el duelo subsecuente constituye una propia realidad que más que obedecer a etapas predeterminadas, ofrece un espacio de revisión de nuestro mundo de significados y de la apertura a experimentar el dolor, desde nuestra propia realidad. En la primera parte se abordan aspectos teóricos y clínicos, especialmente aquellos que emergen del DSM IV, DSM V y CIE-10, para después de efectuar una presentación de diferentes casos donde la pérdida se asocia a diferentes vivencias, se construyen reflexiones asociadas al duelo, y a los roles del paciente y del terapeuta.

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HEADY, S. E. "Factors affecting female sexual receptivity in the planthopper, Prokelisia dolus." Physiological Entomology 18, no. 3 (September 1993): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1993.tb00598.x.

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Rohmat, Rohmat, and Prasasti Dyah Nugraheni. "Kajian Hukum Pidana Indonesia atas Penyalahgunaan Alat Bukti Visum Et Repertum sebagai Sarana untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana Pemerasan." Lex Scientia Law Review 3, no. 2 (November 24, 2019): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v3i2.35422.

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Visum et Repertum oleh beberapa orang dapat disalahgunakan oleh beberapa orang untuk menguntungkan diri sendiri secara ilegal. Masalah dalam makalah ini adalah bagaimana posisi bukti Visum et Repertum dalam studi Pidana Indonesia KUHAP, kekuatan bukti Visum et Repertum dan bagaimana studi hukum pidana Indonesia terhadap bukti Visum et Repertum adalah digunakan sebagai alat untuk melakukan kejahatan pemerasan. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian analisis normatif. Bahan penelitian yang digunakan adalah sekunder. Maka metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi literatur, sedangkan analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil dapat dikatakan bahwa kekuatan bukti Visum et Repertum hanya sebagai instrumen pelengkap dalam mencari kebenaran. Seseorang yang dengan sengaja menggunakan post mortem untuk keuntungan secara ilegal, maka orang tersebut tidak dapat dianggap sebagai korban tapi pelaku lain yang berhubungan dengan saksi. Berdasarkan analisis unsur pidana dalam aliran monistik dan unsur pertanggungjawaban pidana dalam aliran dualistik, para pelaku kejahatan ini telah memenuhi unsur Dolus. Penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa hukum pidana Indonesia belum secara langsung dikendalikan itu. Dapat dikatakan bahwa kekuatan bukti Visum et Repertum hanya sebagai instrumen pelengkap dalam mencari kebenaran. Seseorang yang dengan sengaja menggunakan post mortem untuk keuntungan secara ilegal, maka orang tersebut tidak dapat dianggap sebagai korban tapi pelaku lain yang berhubungan dengan saksi. Berdasarkan analisis unsur pidana dalam aliran monistik dan unsur pertanggungjawaban pidana dalam aliran dualistik, para pelaku kejahatan ini telah memenuhi unsur Dolus.

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Tarabrin, V. E., and R. A. Kantur. "Offences against Internationally Protected Persons: Problems of International Legal Qualification." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2021-2-61-77.

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INTRODUCTION. The article examines various aspects of the international legal qualification of offences committed against internationally protected persons. The analysis of different elements of corpus delicti was laid at the heart of the study: namely, those of actus reus (whether the offence was perpetrate in the situation of an armed conflict), mens rea (whether the perpetrator was moved by a special intent, particularly the terrorist dolus specialis), and the legal status of a perpetrator (whether he or she was a state agent).MATERIALS AND METHODS. The materials of the study encompass international conventions, rules and principles of customary international law, case law of international courts and tribunals and international legal doctrine. The paper uses the comparative method and those of analysis and synthesis. RESEARCH RESULTS. The key result of the study consists in the assumption that offences against internationally protected persons can be considered as either a conventional crime within the meaning of the 1973 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (including, if a terrorist dolus specialis is established, as a crime of terrorism), or (in case of armed conflict) a violation of laws and customs of war, for this category of persons falls within the definition of protected persons by implication of Article 4 of the 1949 IV Geneva Convention, which gives grounds for the application of Article 146 of the 1949 IV Geneva Convention for purposes of the their criminal prosecution.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Given the result of the study, it is states that the following test can be applied for purposes of international legal qualification of offences against internationally protected persons: first, it is necessary to establish whether the offence of committed in a situation of armed conflict; second, it is highly important to enquire about the intent of the delinquent. If there is a terrorist dolus specialis, the offence can be qualified as terrorism-related. Moreover, it is necessary to establish the status of the delinquent and whether the one is a state agent or a private person, or, even if the person is a state agent, whether the one is a person acting sua sponte; additionally, the status of a delinquent and its relation with the belligerent state in regard to the situation of armed conflict is also significant for the qualification of respective offences in light of international law

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Ritzer, Jeremy. "Book Review: Scorched Earth: Environmental Warfare as a Crime Against Humanity and Nature." Genocide Studies and Prevention 15, no. 3 (December 2021): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.15.3.1854.

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The subtitle of Emmanuel Kreike’s Scorched Earth foreshadows the goal of this impressive and comprehensive contribution to the field. His goal is to chip away at the Nature-Culture dichotomy that he argues drives, and limits, much of the analysis that is produced of historical, and modern, warfare. Kreike uses the concept of environcide, which he defines as “intentionally or unintentionally damaging, destroying, or rendering inaccessible environmental infrastructure”, and argues that the traditional assumptions about nature and culture in the study of warfare obscure the importance of the natural world in determining who lives and who dies. For the field of genocide studies, Kreike’s work promotes the analysis of mass violence and potentially genocidal conflicts by looking not simply at actions taken by perpetrators directly against victims, but also at a litany of actions that perpetrators might take that could reasonably result in mass death, joining those in the field who promote a shift in the definition of genocide that includes actions that do not simply meet the definition of dolus specialis to also those that demonstrate dolus eventualis. While confiscating food and burning fields may not fit our current understanding of genocidal acts, they can certainly have the same eventual outcome as the use of machine guns and poison gas. And, recent scholars of risk factors do note the importance of “crises, resource scarcity, population pressure, natural disasters” as increasing the likelihood of genocide.

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Amanah, Himayatul, Sjaifurrachman Sjaifurrachman, and Abshoril Fithry. "PENCEMARAN NAMA BAIK MELALUI MEDIA SOSIAL YANG TERJADI AKIBAT KELALAIAN SESEORANG." Jurnal Jendela Hukum 9, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/fh.v9i2.2295.

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Pencemaran nama baik diatur di Undang – Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang – Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Pada Pasal 27 ayat (3)fokus pemidanannya tidak dititikberatkan atau hanya terbatas pada perasaan korban saja, melainkan kepada perbuatan pelaku pencemaran nama baik yang dilakukan dengan sengaja (dolus). Hal ini tentunya menjadi pertanyaan baru, lantas bagaimana tindakan yang dilakukan tanpa sadar (kelalaian) oleh pelaku pencemaran nama baik, artinya tindakan yang dilakukan oleh pelaku tersebut tanpa sadar telah membawa efek kedepannya yang mengakibatkan nama baik atau kehormatan seseorang tercederai. Pada hukum pidana, seseorang yang melakukan perbuatan yang dinilai telah menyalahi suatu hal dapat dikenakan kepadanya tanggung jawab hukum. Prinsip dasar tanggungjawab dari kesalahan memiliki arti bahwa seseorang harus dapat dipertangungjawabkan karena ia melakukan kesalahan, yang kesalahan tersebut timbul akibat dari tindakannya baik itu karena kesengajaan (dolus) ataupun karena kelalaiannya (culpa), sehingga karena hal itu ia harus dapat bertangungjawab karena merugikan orang lain. Kesalahan akibat dari kelalaian seseorang dalam menggunakan media sosial dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, karena hal tersebut tentunya menimbulkan kerugian seperti nama baik ataupun kehormatan seseorang tercederai. Tanggungjawab tersebut dapat berupa pengenaan sanksi administratif dan sanksi pidana. Namun dapat pula mengedepankan upaya restorative justice, dengan mempertimbangkan hubungan semula antara pelaku dengan korban seperti yang terdapat pada Putusan Nomor 42/PID.SUS/2021/PT BBL dimana pertimbangan Hakim tingkat banding sejalan dengan pertimbangan Hakim tingkat pertama, dimana dalam hal ini Majelis Hakim mengedepankan upaya restorative justice.

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Quénivet, Noëlle. "The Conflict in Ukraine and Genocide." Journal of International Peacekeeping 25, no. 2 (August 3, 2022): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-25020004.

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Abstract Since the beginning of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine that started on 24 February 2022 accusations of genocide have been levelled against each other by both sides. This article focuses on the claim that Russia is carrying out a genocide in Ukraine. After explaining the concept of genocide and the legal consequences of such qualification, the article applies the law to the situation, drawing the conclusion that, based on the current information, it does not appear that a genocide is being committed as, so far, no dolus specialis can be identified.

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Kwon, Kyung-Hwi. "A Consideration on Dolus Generalis from the Perspective of Philosophy of Law." Yonsei Law Review 27, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 223–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21717/ylr.27.2.6.

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Clark, Janine Natalya. "Elucidating the Dolus Specialis: An Analysis of ICTY Jurisprudence on Genocidal Intent." Criminal Law Forum 26, no. 3-4 (September 16, 2015): 497–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10609-015-9260-5.

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ten Voorde, Jeroen. "The Concept of Intent in Rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union." European Public Law 21, Issue 3 (August 1, 2015): 555–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2015030.

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The concept of intention is used in different ways in many regulations of the EU. The Court of Justice of the EU has given a description of intention and accepted dolus eventualis as a form of intention. This article examines several relevant judgments of the Court, especially case C-396/12.These judgments show a double emancipation process. Not only are legal concepts used in the European Union emancipated from those concepts used in the national legal traditions of the Member States. These concepts are also emancipated from the field of law in which they were developed in the Member States.

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Sánchez Dafauce, Mario. "DESVIACIÓN DEL CURSO CAUSAL E IMPRUDENCIA INCONSCIENTE." Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminología, no. 20 (January 23, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdpc.20.2018.26448.

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En el presente trabajo se estudian diversos problemas del tipo penal: las consecuencias sistemáticas de la ausencia de tipo subjetivo en la imprudencia inconsciente, la diferencia entre imputación objetiva e imputación al dolo en las desviaciones del curso causal y la realización del riesgo en resultado en caso de comportamiento alternativo conforme a Derecho.In the present paper we discuss the systematic consequences of the absence of mens rea in the unconscious negligence, the difference between dolus eventualis and negligence in the deviations of the causal course, and the realization of the risk in the result in cases of alternative behavior according to Law.

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Vang, Hans. "Kan skyldformen dolus eventualis benyttes ved terrorfinansieringsforbudet i straffeloven § 147 b første ledd?" Tidsskrift for strafferett 4, no. 02 (May 31, 2016): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn0809-9537-2004-02-03.

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Battistoni, Giulia. "La moralidad en Hegel y los conceptos jurídicos de dolus indirectus y culpa." Resistances. Journal of the Philosophy of History 2, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): e21065. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/resistances.v2i4.65.

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En los últimos treinta años, la teoría hegeliana de la acción ha estado en el centro del debate entre los estudiosos del territorio europeo y angloamericano interesados en las cuestiones de la acción humana y la responsabilidad del agente, mostrando su relevancia tanto en la perspectiva moral como en la jurídica. Los estudios que han identificado elementos puramente jurídicos en la filosofía práctica hegeliana se han centrado, sin embargo, sobre todo en la doctrina hegeliana del crimen y el castigo dentro del derecho abstracto o en el papel del tribunal dentro de la sociedad civil. En cambio, esta contribución pretende poner de manifiesto algunas de las reflexiones hegelianas jurídicamente relevantes de la sección de Moralidad de las Líneas fundamentales de la Filosofía del derecho: En particular, nos centraremos en el concepto de dolus indirectus, cuya presencia y conceptualidad se encuentra en el texto de Hegel, así como en los apuntes de los estudiantes sobre las Lecciones sobre Filosofía del Derecho, y en las reelaboraciones de los alumnos directos de Hegel, Karl Ludwig Michelet y Eduard Gans (2); en los conceptos de culpa y negligencia (3), mostrando cómo el texto hegeliano presenta ejemplos de actos ilícitos atribuibles a ellos. También se corroborará la afirmación de Michelet de que la moral hegeliana es precisamente el fundamento de la doctrina de la imputación, tanto moral como jurídica.

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Yong-kyu Yun. "Eine Studie zum sog. dolus generalis - Im Vergleich mit der “Abweichung im Kausalverlauf” -." Korean Journal of Comparative Criminal Law 10, no. 2 (December 2008): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23894/kjccl.2008.10.2.002.

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Szczygieł, Tomasz. "Dolus eventualis jako remedium na braki legislacyjne ustawodawstwa karnego Polski Ludowej 1944–1969 – analiza prawna." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 73, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2021.2.7.

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Artykuł prezentuje wykorzystywanie w doktrynie i praktyce orzeczniczej Polski Ludowej 1944–1969 konstrukcji zamiaru ewentualnego (dolus eventualis) do kształtowania – a de facto zaostrzania – polityki karnej w sprawach o czyny objęte nieumyślnością. Autor koncentruje swoje rozważania w szczególności na sprawach przeciwko interesom politycznym i gospodarczym państwa, przestępczości komunikacyjnej oraz dotyczących przeciwdziałania negatywnym skutkom alkoholizmu. Przeprowadzone analizy wskazują, że we wszystkich tych obszarach braki systemu prawa karnego oraz subtelna (dowodowa) różnica między świadomą nieumyślnością (lekkomyślnością) a zamiarem ewentualnym były wykorzystywane na niekorzyść potencjalnych sprawców. Fakty te dobitnie potwierdzają znaną powszechnie właściwość ówczesnego systemu, a więc jego instrumentalizm w wykorzystywaniu prawa karnego, do kształtowania – zwalczania – negatywnych aspektów rzeczywistości społeczno-gospodarczo-politycznej.

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VALLÈS, Ramon Ragués i. "Dolo sem conhecimento? Reflexões sobre a condenação de Lionel Messi por sonegação fiscal." Revista do Instituto de Ciências Penais 7, no. 2 (2022): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46274/1809-192xricp2022v7n2p265-284.

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In civil law systems, the possible existence of a dolus that does not require knowledge of the objective circumstances of the criminal offense has been discussed in recent times. This discussion has been fostered from two very different traditions: the German theory of the so-called “blindness to the facts” (Tatsachenblindheit) and the common law doctrine of willful blindness. This work critically exposes and values these approaches and, to show its practical relevance, it will do so by means of one of the most famous cases in which these theories have been applied: the conviction of the football player Lionel Messi for tax fraud.

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Sorice, Rosalba. "Sorice, Rosalba, La teoria del versari in re illicita nel pensiero di Giovanni d'Andrea: dolus generalis?" Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 105, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 99–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgk-2019-0004.

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Abstract The theory of versari in re illicita in the thougth of Giovanni d'Andrea: dolus generalis? Jurists of the ius commune age are engaged on several fronts in the long process of building human responsibility in the criminal field. The doctores elaborate their thoughts in a context that does not yet know the clear boundaries of criminal law as an autonomous legal science. The reflections of scientia iuris, engaged in the various fields of the right to construct juridical figures that respond to the needs of the ever-changing society, contribute in a decisive way to defining different forms of personal criminal responsibility that slowly detach from the ex-facto responsibility of the high-medieval centuries.

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Nak-Hyon Seong. "Juridical Assessment about the Cases "dolus generalis" and the Cases of the untimely Completion." Journal of Criminal Law 28, no. 2 (June 2016): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21795/kcla.2016.28.2.35.

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Tejic, Mirjana. "Responsibility of Serbia for genocide: Application of the Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide." Temida 10, no. 4 (2007): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0704033t.

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On February 26th 2007, International Court of Justice claimed Serbia responsible for failing to prevent genocide and punish perpetrators underlining its' responsibility to cooperate with International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia. Although it was confirmed genocide has been committed in Srebrenica 1995, Serbia is not obliged to pay financial reparations. Judgment makes distinction between individual and three-fold state responsibility for genocide, based on Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and other sources of international law. There are evident disagreements among judges on jurisdiction, interpretation rules, even on meritum of the case. Many questions still remain open especially what precedent effects will have on establishment of state's dolus specialis and how it will influence the reconciliation process in the region.

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Sanjaya, Aditya Wiguna, I. Nyoman Nurjaya, Prija Djatmika, and Masruchin Ruba'i. "Sociological implication of pro parte dolus pro parte culpa form of fault in the formulation of passive money laundering." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): e53991110323. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10323.

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This research determines and analyzes the sociological implications of the provisions of the passive money laundering in Article 5 paragraph (1) of Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering formulated in pro parte dolus pro parte culpa form of fault. Normative legal research with the statute and conceptual approaches was used. The results showed that the sociological implication of the formulation of provisions in question is that it can cause state budget overspending for disproportionate interests. With the existence of a large state budget expenditure, especially for the implementation of imprisonment against the criminal act of negligent passive money laundering, the state budget which should be used for the welfare of the community is reduced.

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Antonovych, Myroslava. "Specific intent (dolus specialis) in the Armenian genocide, the Holodomor and the Holocaust: comparative analysis." NaUKMA Research Papers. Law 3 (August 14, 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-2607.2019.3.19-25.

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Amielańczyk, Krzysztof. "W poszukiwaniu antycznej genezy klauzul generalnych, czyli o wartościach i wartościowaniu w prawie rzymskim." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius) 63, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/g.2016.63.2.27.

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Rzymscy iuris prudentes z upodobaniem używali zwrotów wartościujących, przypominających współczesne klauzule generalne, nadając prawu rzymskiemu elastyczność i ponadczasowość. W prawie prywatnym charakter takich zwrotów miały przykładowo: bona fides (dobra wiara), bonos mores (dobre obyczaje), bonum et equum (dobre i słuszne), ratio aequitatis (słuszne powody), utilitas (użyteczność), natura rerum (natura rzeczy). W prawie karnym rola klauzul generalnych była mniejsza, ale także można odnaleźć stosowne ich przykłady, jak choćby: utillitas publica (korzyść, interes publiczny) czy dolus malus (zły zamiar).

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Nuzban, Yulia. "“For private or personal use”: The meaning of the special intent requirement in the war crime of pillage under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." International Review of the Red Cross 102, no. 915 (December 2020): 1249–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383121000576.

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AbstractLegislating for international courts and tribunals is a delicate and complex process, which sometimes results in unintended consequences. Arguably, the inclusion of a special intent requirement, also known as dolus specialis, concerning “private or personal use” in the definition of pillage under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is one such consequence. But this is not the only reason why the war crime of pillage deserves special attention. On closer examination, other questions arise concerning its interpretation and application. What is the meaning of “military necessity” and “necessity” in relation to pillage, and how do they correlate with the special intent requirement? To answer these questions, the article examines the drafting history, law and current practice relating to the crime's ambiguous new element. It then proposes several avenues to address the recurring uncertainty regarding its meaning: conservative, radical and pragmatic.

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Sowada, Christoph. "Die Beurteilung des Alternativvorsatzes durch den Bundesgerichtshof." Zeitschrift für Lebensrecht 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/zfl.30.1.41.

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In einer aktuellen Entscheidung hat der 4. Strafsenat des BGH zu Beginn dieses Jahres erstmals grundlegend zur Problematik des „dolus alternativus“ Stellung genommen. Er hat hierbei in Übereinstimmung mit der vorherrschenden Lehrmeinung für die Konstellation, dass der Täter den Erfolgseintritt an einer anderen (nicht jedoch weiteren) als der verletzten Person billigend in Kauf genommen hat, die tateinheitliche Verurteilung wegen eines versuchten Delikts neben der vollendeten Tat mit der Maßgabe gebilligt, dass die Verengung des Tätervorsatzes auf ein einziges Opfer im Rahmen der Strafzumessung Berücksichtigung finden müsse. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, dass in anderen dogmatischen Zusammenhängen durchaus zwischen dem Entweder-oder-Schema des Alternativvorsatzes und dem am Sowohl-als-auch-Prinzip ausgerichteten Kumulativvorsatz unterschieden wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund erscheint es fraglich, beide Konstellationen hinsichtlich der Konkurrenzen einander gleichzustellen und das zwischen ihnen bestehende Abstandsgebot in den eher diffusen Strafzumessungsbereich zu verweisen.

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Badar, Mohamed Elewa. "Drawing the Boundaries of Mens Rea in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia." International Criminal Law Review 6, no. 3 (2006): 313–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181206778553905.

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AbstractEven though more than a decade has passed since the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the law of the most fundamental concept in international criminal law – mens rea – remains unsettled. Through its jurisprudence, the Yugoslavia Tribunal has made enormous efforts to assign different degrees of mens rea for different categories of crimes under its Statute. The present study is an attempt to clarify several issues with regard to the law of mens rea as developed in the case law of the Yugoslavia Tribunal. Among these issues are the following: what precisely is to be understood by the terms "specific intent", "special intent", "dolus specialis", or "surplus intent"? Similarly, what are the precise meanings of the terms "deliberately", "intention", "intent", "intentionally", "wilful or wilfully", "knowledge", and "wanton" as provided for in the ICTY Statute or as employed by the Chambers within its judgments.

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Jankowski, Michał, and Łukasz Pohl. "Zabójstwo a pobicie i bójka z następstwem śmierci (opis fragmentu praktyki sądowej oraz jej ocena z perspektywy ustaleń teorii prawa karnego – przyczynek do rozważań nad różnicą między zamiarem ewentualnym a nieumyślnością)." Prawo w Działaniu 37 (2019): 7–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32041/pwd.3701.

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This article discusses the difference between indirect intent (dolus eventualis) and unintentionality. It is stated that the difference is found not only in the substance of the so-called volitional element of the mens rea of an offence, but also in the substance of the so-called intellectual element. With the help of findings from the area of epistemic logic, it is demonstrated that the difference between the intention to commit an offence and its commission in the form of knowledgeable unintentionality arises from the fact that in the latter case the perpetrator thinks he/she will avoid committing an offence. Considering the above, the authors formulate the relevant proposals of amendment to the provision of the Polish Criminal Code which defines unintentional commission of an offence. The aforementioned analysis was based on an assessment of grounds for judgments in cases involving manslaughter and affray or battery resulting in death.

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Wijaya, Dwi Fahri, Marwin Sitinjak, and Aston Martin Panggabean. "Penerapan Tindak Pidana Malpraktik Yang Menyebabkan Kematian Berdasarkan Uu No.36 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 3, no. 1 (August 8, 2020): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v3i1.219.

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The study aims to know of the implementation of criminal sanctions against the establishment of health act no. 36 years 2014 on health care guidelines against the legal policy against malpractice crimes committed by doctors in the practice of malpractice, and the professional sanction given to doctor vang commits a malpractice that causes death. Vang research method used in this study is the conservative vuridis approach to examining secondary data by searching through laws used in malpractice crimes. This research is the answer to the background of the problems associated with malpractice that Causing death under statute no.36 years 2009 about Health. Malpractice is an offense (intentional, dolus, opzettelijk) or negligence in violation of the law, the enforcement of criminal penalties against health powers by law: the 36-year 2014 law on health power consists of prison crime and penal penalties in accordance with the type of ACTS committed by health workers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dolus'

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