Academic literature on the topic 'Domestic-born'

University students usually consist of young people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, and a group recognised as being at increased risk of STI. This study found lower levels of STI knowledge and STI testing among international students and to a lesser extent, domestic overseas-born students, compared with domestic Australian-born students. International students exhibited lower risk sexual behaviour but were more likely to have had a HIV test than domestic students. This diversity in sexual health knowledge, sexual health services utilisation and sexual experience indicates the need for a variety of public health approaches to improve sexual health.

Based on social network theory and RBV theories, the paper adopts cross case studies research method to analyze how network relationship facilitates born global companies to acquire resources in their internationalization process through three Chinese born global company case studies. The research indicates that born global company’s network relationship built up in internationalization process can be classified into domestic strong ties, domestic weak ties, foreign strong ties and foreign weak ties in line with network ties’ strength and geographic dispersion. Those four types of network ties play very important as well as differentiated roles in Chinese born global companies’ internationalization process.

This study uses the 2000 PUMS to examine mobility among the foreign-born population and the role of the gateway states. Between 1995 and 2000, net domestic migration of the foreign-born population to gateway states was negative. Yet the rate of out-migration from gateway states was lower than that from non-gateway states. Overall, the findings do not support the idea that gateway states are “losing their hold” on their foreign-born population. Yet trends in international and domestic migration are increasing the foreign-born population of non-gateway states relative to gateway states, and reducing differences in their characteristics.

This study examined the bio-demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and health-related determinants of infant mortality in the Kingdom of Bhutan. The nationally representative dataset of the 2012 National Health Survey (NHS), Ministry of Health of Bhutan, was used. Cox proportional hazards regression from survival analysis, accounting for the complex study design of the NHS, was performed using a stepwise approach to identify the determinants associated with infant mortality. The weighted infant mortality rate from November 2009 to October 2011 was 34 per 1,000 live births. Children born to uneducated mothers (aHR=2.27; 95%CI=1.16-4.47) and mothers who experienced domestic violence during pregnancy (aHR=4.24; 95%CI=1.45-12.41) were more likely to die before reaching their first birthday. Those infants born in households that used solid fuel were 2.16 times (95%CI=1.21-3.85) more likely to die than their counterparts. Relative to those born in the central region, children born in western (aHR=6.13; 95%CI=2.84-13.20) and the eastern (aHR=5.13; 95%CI=2.81-9.35) regions had a greater risk of dying. The results showed that education, domestic violence experience, solid fuel use, and region of residence are the key determinants of infant mortality in Bhutan. Policies that facilitate education and empowerment of women, prevent domestic violence, reduce solid fuel use, and equitable regional socioeconomic development policies may help accelerate the reduction of child mortality.

Introduction: Antenatal domestic violence is a global public health and human rights concern. It increases the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Aims & Objectives: To assess the frequency of antenatal domestic violence and associated factors and also to determine effect of domestic violence on fetal outcome. Place and duration of study: This cross sectional study was conducted from January to June 2015 in post-natal wards of department of Gynecology & Obstetrics of six tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. Material & Methods: A total of 255 females admitted in post-natal wards of department of Gynecology & Obstetrics enrolled after proper verbal informed consent. A structured, self-constructed questionnaire was administered on females enrolled consecutively till the desired sample size was complete. Data on domestic violence (verbal or physical), its associated factors, gestational age at birth, mode of delivery and birth weight of the neonate was analyzed on SPSS version 21.0. Results: 22% (55/255) females experienced antenatal domestic violence during current pregnancy and out of 55, 72% faced verbal abuse while 27% experienced physical violence. In total 65/255(26%) w low birth weight neonates were born and out of them 58.18% (32/55) were born to mothers facing violence during pregnancy. Husband was mostly responsible for violence in 49% of cases. Antenatal domestic violence was significantly associated with low birth weight (p=<0.001). Conclusion: Antenatal domestic violence is associated with low birth weight babies. Antenatal domestic violence prevention needs implementation of legislation and changing behaviors of violence in communities so to avoid health implications.

Difficulties with the integration of foreign born and especially refugees in the Swedish labor market have further strengthened unemployment in the country. Unemployment is a macroeconomic problem with the fact that it leads to loss of tax revenues and lower productivity which negatively affects a country's growth. Unemployment varies within counties and among population groups of municipalities in Sweden. This is problematic as it creates economic inequality between population groups and municipalities. It also creates social contexts meaning that some areas become resource-strong while others are resource-weak. This has a negative effect on economic welfare in the country. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the persistently high unemployment rate among foreign-born in Sweden`s municipalities can be explained by differences in municipal characteristics regarding human capital, cultural distances, and wage levels. Methods used for the study is the fixed effects regression models using a panel data of 290 individuals (all municipalities in Sweden) during the period 2009-2018. Statistical analyzes using figures and tables have been used as well.  The study is based on human capital theory, social capital theory and theory of segregation. The results have shown that human capital related factors and characteristics linked to cultural distances have a significant impact on unemployment among foreign-born, in addition have foreign-born a lower value of human and social capital, which results in lower returns. The conclusion of this paper is that the human capital related factors can explain the higher unemployment rate among foreign-born people to a great extent. The cultural distance affects the value of foreign-born human and social capital and thus return. Therefore, there is a need for more effective integration policies to facilitate the establishment of foreign-born people in the Swedish labor market. Allocating them to the right areas where opportunities to acquire the necessary skills are great is one option. Even by shortening the waiting time for decisions on residence permits, work permits and waiting time for Swedish citizenship is important because this could give the opportunity to the foreign-born people to enter the country s labor market quickly as possible. Time is an important factor for them because it takes time to improve the value of their human capital, social capital, and necessary skills as well.<br>Svårigheter med integration av utrikesfödda och särskilt flyktingar i den svenska arbetsmarknaden har förstärkt arbetslösheten i landet ytterligare. Arbetslöshet utgör ett makroekonomiskt problem med faktum att den medför förlorade skatteintäkter och lägre produktivitet vilket påverkar negativt landets tillväxt. Arbetslösheten varierar i hög grad mellan län och kommunernas befolkningsgrupper i Sverige. Detta är problematiskt då det bidrar till ekonomisk ojämlikhet mellan befolkningsgrupper och även kommunerna emellan. Därmed skapas sociala kontexter som innebär att vissa områden blir resursstarka medan andra resurssvaga, vilket har en negativ effekt på den ekonomiska välfärden i landet. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka om den bestående höga arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda i Sveriges samtliga kommuner kan förklaras av kommunala egenskaper avseende humankapital, kulturella avstånd och lönenivå. Metoden som har används för denna studie är så kallad fixed effects regressionsmodell (FEM) med hjälp av en paneldata av 290 individer (Sveriges samtliga kommuner) under tidsperiod 2009-2018. Olika statistiska analyser har också genomförts med hjälp av figurer och tabeller. Studien har utgått ifrån humankapitalteori, socialkapitalteori och teori om segregering. Studiens resultat påvisar att humankapital relaterade faktorer samt egenskaper kopplade till kulturella avstånd har en signifikant påverkan på arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda. Dessutom har utrikesfödda lägre värde på human- och socialt kapital vilket resulterar i lägre avkastning. Slutsatsen som dragits är att humankapital relaterade faktorer kan förklara arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda i hög grad och att kulturella avståndet påverkar värdet av utrikesföddas human- och socialt kapital och därmed avkastning. Behov av effektivare integrationspolitik är stor för att kunna underlätta utrikesföddas etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Det kan exempelvis vara att allokera dem till rätta områden där möjligheter att förvärva nödvändiga färdigheter är stor. Att förkorta väntetid för beslut om uppehållstillstånd, arbetstillstånd och även väntetid för den svenska medborgarskapet är också avgörande eftersom de utrikesfödda behöver komma in i landets arbetsmarknad så snabbt som möjligt. Vistelsetid i landet är en avgörande faktor för etablering på arbetsmarknaden då det krävs tid för att förbättra sitt human- och socialkapital och även nödvändiga färdigheter och kompetenser.

[EN] This thesis investigates the type of domestic network strength and type of decisionmaking logic as causal conditions for achieving accelerated internationalisation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in context of institutional voids. Furthermore, this dissertation explore the micro-mechanisms that connect the impact institutional voids, effectual networking and networks strength on the accelerated internationalisation of SMEs from Latin America. The existing literature shows discrepancies among researchers about the individual effect of networks strength, decision-making logic and institutional voids on accelerated internationalisation. Moreover, scholars argue that accelerated internationalization is a complex phenomenon that should be studied by identifying the complex relations among variables. However, it seems that no studies have explore this complex interaction and the connection among these factors. Consequently, researchers advise to increase the investigation about the effects of these variables on the accelerated internationalisation of SMEs. They have also suggest to incorporate effectuation and institutional voids to clarify these discrepancies. On this matter, researches warn that research on effectuation and internationalization is an emerging scientific field that lacks conceptual clarity. Recent studies also advice to move beyond foreign networks to explore the role of domestic networks on accelerated internationalization. Finally, there have been calls to advance research on Latin America that usually has been neglected in the existing literature. Therefore, this thesis aims to provide an approach based on three different methodologies: First, a bibliometric analysis to contribute to classify the literature of effectuation and internationalization, and identify its structure and key trends. Second, a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to investigates which causal conditions contribute to accelerated internationalization among 33 contrarian cases (21 from Colombia and 12 from Peru) of SMEs from context with institutional voids. Results show that the combination of weak domestic ties and effectuation logic accelerated the internationalization of SMEs with fewer resource constraints. In contrast, strong domestic ties and causation behaviour lead to accelerated internationalization of SMEs with greater resource constraints. Based on these findings, an integrative model that linked the causal configurations to reach accelerated internationalization is developed. Finally, an ordered logistic regression of 2.987 SMEs from Argentina, Colombia and Peru, to examine the micro-mechanisms that connect institutional voids, effectual networking, networks strength and location on the accelerated internationalisation of SMEs from Latin America. Results show that (1) rural cities, instead of first- and second-tier cities, accelerated the internationalization process of the firm. (2) Institutional voids, effectual networks and strong local ties increase the likelihood of accelerated internationalization. Finally, (3) we found a robust and high interaction effect between effectual networking, significant institutional voids, strong local ties, size of the firm and rural cities location on accelerated internationalization. Based on the findings, a conceptual model is presented.<br>[ES] A partir del tipo de las relaciones de la red de contactos locales y la lógica en la toma de decisiones, esta tesis investiga las condiciones causales necesarias para que las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) que están situadas en contextos caracterizados por vacíos institucionales, logren tener una internacionalización acelerada. Adicionalmente, esta disertación explora los micro-mecanismos que conectan los vacíos institucionales, las redes efectúales y el tipo de relaciones (fuertes o débiles) con la internacionalización acelerada que presentan las Pymes de Latinoamérica. La literatura existente muestra discrepancias sobre el efecto individual que tienen las relaciones de la red de contactos locales, la lógica en la toma de decisiones y los vacíos institucionales sobre la internacionalización acelerada. Así mismo, los investigadores argumentan que este es un fenómeno complejo y por lo tanto, debería analizarse identificando las relaciones complejas que puedan existir entre las variables. Sin embargo, al parecer, ningún estudio ha explorado esta compleja interacción y la conexión que existe entre estos factores. En consecuencia, diversos estudios aconsejan ahondar en la investigación sobre los efectos que pueden tener estas variables sobre la internacionalización acelerada de las Pymes. Adicionalmente, han sugerido incorporar la efectuación y los vacíos institucionales como variables que pueden contribuir a aclarar estas discrepancias. Sobre este asunto, los investigadores advierten que la efectuación y la internacionalización, es un campo científico emergente que carece de claridad conceptual. Estudios recientes también aconsejan que la investigación vaya más allá de las redes internacionales para explorar el papel de las redes locales sobre la internacionalización acelerada. Finalmente, ha habido diversos llamados para avanzar en la investigación sobre América Latina, que es una región que generalmente se ha descuidado en la investigación existente. Consecuentemente, esta tesis tiene como objetivo desarrollar la investigación bajo tres metodologías diferentes: Primero, a través de un análisis bibliométrico que permite contribuir con la clasificación de la literatura, la identificación de la estructura y las tendencias de la investigación sobre la efectuación y la internacionalización de las Pymes. En segundo lugar, a través de un Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (fsQCA por sus siglas en inglés) que contribuye a identificar las condiciones causales que favorecen la internacionalización acelerada de 33 casos contrarios (21 de Colombia y 12 de Perú) de Pymes localizadas en contextos con vacíos institucionales. El resultado de este estudio demuestra que la combinación de redes locales con lazos débiles y la lógica de la efectuación, contribuyen con la internacionalización acelerada de las Pymes que tienen menores limitaciones en sus recursos. En contraste, las redes locales con lazos fuertes y la lógica de causación, asisten la internacionalización acelerada de las Pymes que tienen una mayor limitación en sus recursos. En base a estos hallazgos, se desarrolla un modelo integrador que vincula las configuraciones causales que permiten obtener una internacionalización acelerada. Finalmente, a través de una regresión logística ordenada de 2.987 Pymes de Argentina, Colombia y Perú, se examinan los micro-mecanismos que conectan los vacíos institucionales, las redes efectúales, el tipo de relación con las redes de contacto y la localización con la internacionalización acelerada de las Pymes de Latinoamérica. Los resultados demuestran que las ciudades rurales, en lugar de las ciudades de primer y segundo nivel, aceleran la internacionalización de las empresas. Adicionalmente, los altos niveles de vacíos institucionales, las redes efectúales, las redes locales de lazos fuertes y localizarse en el área rural, aumentan la probabilidad de una internacionalización acelerada. Además, la investigación evidencia que existe un efecto de interacción fuerte y robusta entre las redes locales de lazos fuertes y los altos niveles de vacíos institucionales sobre la internacionalización acelerada. Este mismo efecto de interacción se da entre las redes locales de lazos fuertes y las redes efectúales y las redes locales de lazos fuertes con la localización en áreas rurales. Basados en estos resultados, se propone un modelo conceptual.<br>[CA] A partir de la mena de les relacions de la xarxa de contactes locals i la lògica en la presa de decisions, aquesta tesi investiga les condicions causals necessàries perquè les petites i mitjanes empreses (Pimes) que estan situades en contextos caracteritzats per buits institucionals, aconseguisquen tindre una internacionalització accelerada. Addicionalment, aquesta dissertació explora els micro-mecanismes que connecten els buits institucionals, les xarxes efectua'ls i el tipus de relacions (fortes o febles) amb la internacionalització accelerada que presenten les Pimes de Llatinoamèrica. La literatura existent mostra discrepàncies sobre l'efecte individual que tenen les relacions de la xarxa de contactes locals, la lògica en la presa de decisions i els buits institucionals sobre la internacionalització accelerada. Així mateix, els investigadors argumenten que aquest és un fenomen complex i per tant, hauria d'analitzar-se identificant les relacions complexes que puguen existir entre les variables. No obstant això, pel que sembla, cap estudi ha explorat aquesta complexa interacció i la connexió que existeix entre aquests factors. En conseqüència, diversos estudis aconsellen aprofundir en la investigació sobre els efectes que poden tindre aquestes variables sobre la internacionalització accelerada de les Pimes. Addicionalment, han suggerit incorporar l'efectuació i els buits institucionals com a variables que poden contribuir a aclarir aquestes discrepàncies. Sobre aquest assumpte, els investigadors adverteixen que l'efectuació i la internacionalització, és un camp científic emergent que manca de claredat conceptual. Estudis recents també aconsellen que la investigació vaja més enllà de les xarxes internacionals per a explorar el paper de les xarxes locals sobre la internacionalització accelerada. Finalment, hi ha hagut diverses demandes per a avançar en la investigació sobre Amèrica Llatina, que és una regió que generalment s'ha desatès en la investigació existent. Conseqüentment, aquesta tesi té com a objectiu desenvolupar la investigació sota tres metodologies diferents: Primer, a través d'una anàlisi bibliomètrica que permet contribuir amb la classificació de la literatura, la identificació de l'estructura i les tendències de la investigació sobre l'efectuació i la internacionalització de les Pimes. En segon lloc, a través d'una Anàlisi Qualitativa Comparativa (*fsQCA per les seues sigles en anglés) que contribueix a identificar les condicions causals que afavoreixen la internacionalització accelerada de 33 casos contraris (21 de Colòmbia i 12 del Perú) de Pimes localitzades en contextos amb buits institucionals. El resultat d'aquest estudi demostra que la combinació de xarxes locals amb llaços febles i la lògica de l'efectuació, contribueixen amb la internacionalització accelerada de les Pimes que tenen menors limitacions en els seus recursos. En contrast, les xarxes locals amb llaços forts i la lògica de causació, assisteixen la internacionalització accelerada de les Pimes que tenen una major limitació en els seus recursos. Sobre la base d'aquests resultats, es desenvolupa un model integrador que vincula les configuracions causals que permeten obtindre una internacionalització accelerada. Finalment, a través d'una regressió logística ordenada de 2.987 Pimes de l'Argentina, Colòmbia i el Perú, s'examinen els micro-mecanismes que connecten els buits institucionals, les xarxes efectuals, el tipus de relació amb les xarxes de contacte i la localització amb la internacionalització accelerada de les Pimes de Llatinoamèrica. Els resultats demostren que els alts nivells de buits institucionals, les xarxes efectuals, les xarxes locals de llaços forts i localitzar-se en l'àrea rural, augmenten la probabilitat d'una internacionalització accelerada. A més, la investigació evidencia que existeix un efecte d'interacció forta i robusta entre les xarxes locals de llaços forts i els alts nivells de buits institucionals sobre la internacionalització accelerada. Aquest mateix efecte d'interacció es dona entre les xarxes locals de llaços forts i les xarxes efectuals i les xarxes locals de llaços forts amb la localització en àrees rural. Basats en aquests resultats, es proposa un model conceptual.<br>Gil Barragán, JM. (2020). Effectuation, domestic network strength, institutional voids and accelerated internationalization: Evidence from Latin American SMEs [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/152489<br>TESIS

A previously unstudied stage of the child’s life in current scholarship, the pre-born child is an essential expression of the child’s life in the ancient Near East. Through Mesopotamian medical texts, personal letters, prayers, and the mythology that intersects with this data set, thought on pre-born and birthing children strongly suggests the child’s value in domestic cult. In particular the connection between child and deity is an important connection between the child and the domestic cult that underpins the question of value. This data illustrates how the child is understood in ancient Israel, showing that texts like Jeremiah 1 and Psalm 139 are rooted in a wider comparative matrix. Here we see where Israelite intersects and diverges from its cultural matrix to make unique claims about YHWH through the pre-born child.

Flynn contributes to the emerging field of childhood studies in the Hebrew Bible by isolating stages of a child’s life and, through a comparative perspective, studies the place of children in the domestic cult and their relationship to the deity in that cult. The study gathers data relevant to different stages of a child’s life from a plethora of Mesopotamian materials (prayers, myths, medical texts, rituals), and uses that data as an interpretive lens for Israelite texts about children at similar stages such as: pre-born children, the birth stage, breast feeding, adoption, slavery, children’s death and burial rituals, and childhood delinquency. This analysis presses the questions of value and violence, the importance of the domestic cult for expressing the child’s value beyond economic value, and how children were valued in cultures with high infant mortality rates. From the earliest stages to the moments when children die, and to the children’s responsibilities in the domestic cult later in life, this study demonstrates that a child is uniquely wrapped up in the domestic cult and, in particular, is connected with the deity. The domestic-cultic value of children forms the much broader understanding of children in the ancient world, through which other more problematic representations can be tested. Throughout the study, it becomes apparent that children’s value in the domestic cult is an intentional catalyst for the social promotion of YHWHism.

This opening chapter sets out the family origins, the culture, and life into which Cicely Saunders was born, and her childhood and teenage years during the inter-war period. How did this privileged upbringing, based on her father’s growing business success, lead to her subsequent caring role and long-term religious commitment? The character and personality of her parents are examined, as are the nature of their marriage, Cicely’s relationships with her two younger brothers, the domestic arrangements – and tensions — of an increasingly prosperous household, and Cicely’s conflicted ideas about faith, service, and vocation. Her schooling is explored, particularly Cicely’s time at Roedean, along with the circumstances which eventually enabled her to gain entry to Oxford for undergraduate study.

This book explores the connection between the so-called robber barons who led American big businesses during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era and the immigrants who composed many of their workforces. As the book argues, attribution of industrial-era class conflict to an “alien” presence supplements nativism—a sociocultural negativity toward foreign-born residents—as a reason for Americans' dislike and distrust of immigrants. And in the era of American industrialization, employers both relied on immigrants to meet their growing labor needs and blamed them for the frequently violent workplace contentions of the time. The book uncovers the connection of immigrants to radical “isms” that gave rise to widespread notions of alien subversives whose presence threatened America's domestic tranquility and the well-being of its residents. Employers, rather than looking at their own practices for causes of workplace conflict, wontedly attributed strikes and other unrest to aliens who either spread pernicious “foreign” doctrines or fell victim to their siren messages. These characterizations transcended nationality or ethnic group, applying at different times to all foreign-born workers. The book concludes that, ironically, stigmatizing immigrants as subversives contributed to the passage of the Quota Acts, which effectively stemmed the flow of wanted foreign workers. Post-war employers argued for preserving America's traditional open door, but the negativity that they had assigned to foreign workers contributed to its closing.

Chapter 10 relates the fall and rise and fall of international capital mobility, a centerpiece of neoliberal policy. Immediately after World War II, the Bretton Woods System established fixed exchange rates and regulated the international movement of capital to facilitate trade and preserve domestic policy capacity. Owners of capital mobilized institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in a decades-long struggle for international capital mobility. Their moment came with a crisis in the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s, and the era of floating exchange rates and international capital mobility was born. Since its ascension, international capital mobility has been a flashpoint for crisis. Facing criticism for the frequency of financial crises, especially after the deep European crisis beginning in 2010, some parts of the IMF have broken with institutional orthodoxy. The rupture suggests potential for a broader break with the principles of neoliberal governance.

Based on the literature on the Uppsala model, born-again globals, non-linear internationalization model, and late market entry, this chapter aims to portray the history, changes, and adaptations of OMEGA's internationalization process. This transitioning firm manufactures furniture and wooden hockey sticks. This chapter identifies that OMEGA follows a non-linear internationalization process and late entry into international markets. The principal added value of the case study presented here is related to presenting OMEGA's non-linear internationalization process, which displays reactive internationalization behavior in response to a saturated domestic market, typical of the Uppsala model, and which subsequently ends in a rapid internationalization process, as a born-again global, as a result of a change in its top management. During its internationalization process, OMEGA changed its internationalization pace, modes of entry, and export actions by adapting to the external environment and then changing its strategic focus.

The introduction provides a brief history of the development of US domestic adoption, and African Americans’ roles in US and transnational adoption in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Since the professionalization of adoption in the United States largely evolved around the needs of birth mothers, children, and adoptive parents who were white, African Americans’ efforts to care for orphaned and displaced children through formal and informal adoptions has been underappreciated. The introduction describes the ways African Americans adopted children in the United States and, after World War II, foreign-born children of African American soldiers. This approach provides a foundation for understanding how African Americans’ participation in Korean transnational adoption was similar to their domestic adoption efforts and their efforts to adopt World War II GI children. It also suggests reasons why efforts to increase the professionalization and standardization of Korean transnational adoption reduced African Americans’ participation in this method of adoptive family formation.

Harm reduction is a school of thought born out of public health practices: the goal of harm reduction is to mitigate the collateral dangers associated with high-risk behaviors so that individuals engaging in those activities are exposed to less harm overall. This piece argues that there is a need for harm reduction practices to implemented in the domestic violence context, specifically when working with survivors who have not, for myriad reasons, left their abusive relationships. Harm reduction in this context would include providing services in accordance with survivors’ self-identified needs and goals—services that are not contingent on ending the relationship. Explicit incorporation of harm reduction principles into domestic violence practice would also reenergize the larger domestic violence movement by shifting the focus away from one-size-fits-all criminal justice solutions and back onto survivor autonomy and community needs.

Although companies seek to export in order to meet the growing importance of international markets, vis-à-vis domestic markets, this chapter presents a case study of a company founded by two former high school teachers who started a beverage company in 2015 and quickly reached an early internationalization. The company produces alcoholic beverages and has won international awards regarding the quality of its product, which has given it an important status and opened the door to a process of rapid internationalization. This will be used to explore the theory of entrepreneurship and how two potential entrepreneurs, with employment difficulties in teaching, began with a project that gave birth to a born global firm.

This chapter recounts the passage of the 1927 Law of Independent Nationality, in which French women who married immigrant men could for the first time retain their French nationality after marriage. It explains how the 1927 law permitted the French women's foreign-born husbands to obtain French citizenship with fewer delays and decreed that the children born of those unions on French soil would automatically become French. It also analyses the state's movement to facilitate intermarriage between Frenchwomen and foreign-born men on a vast scale, using marriage as a means to repopulate France. The chapter discusses the notion of republican motherhood, which held that Frenchwomen could use their influence within the domestic sphere to assimilate their foreign husbands and their half-foreign children into the French nation. It elaborates how intermarriages between Frenchwomen and immigrant men were favorable but indispensable for many Third Republican contemporaries.

This concluding chapter argues that the book's analysis confirms previous research on Latin American domestic workers' experiences published mostly in Spanish and Portuguese, while generating new insights. The book's findings, when viewed along with research from other parts of Latin America, suggest that the experiences of nonmigrants, internal migrants, and international migrants in the region are quite similar. Their working conditions are equally dismal. Domestic workers are exploited as a subclass of worker, a subclass of human, whether they were born in the same country as their employers or not. They are always the other. Setting migration aside, then, as the primary variable explaining exploitation, the book's analysis focuses on three dimensions of oppression that act as obstacles to domestic workers' rights: social reproduction, informality, and class. Scholars and activists can target these obstacles in the effort to improve working conditions.

This section traces the fight against tuberculosis and the role of foreign evangelists through the late Taishō and early Shōwa periods to the Pacific War and its aftermath. The scourge of tuberculosis was ultimately conquered during the Occupation of Japan by General Douglas Macarthur’s SCAP forces, with the help of some of the evangelists, both domestic and foreign-born, who were able to remain throughout the war years.

This study consolidates the state of academic research using agency theory to explain the various phenomena’s in the multinational firm’s (MNCs) context. Based on the systematic review of the literature, the author finds that agency theory is used to examine the degree of internationalization, international diversification, born global internationalization, and governance issues in various modes of foreign entries. The author classifies the literature in three broad themes: corporate governance, firm ownership, and born global firms. Agency theory is also used to examine the impact of top management characteristics, board structure, ownership by domestic investors, foreign investors, business group firms, family ownership, and state ownership on the firm internationalization decisions. The study concludes with the research gaps and future research directions.

This chapter analyses the critical representation of changing baby care methods in Charlotte Yonge’s fiction to parse the growing awareness of competitive parenting advice in Victorian culture. As a religious novelist dedicated to producing realist accounts of family life, Yonge creates unidealized infant protagonists who exhibit realistically described, age-appropriate behaviour. While they demonstrate the effects of different childrearing methods, Yonge avoids producing model children or parents. Instead, she depicts baby care as demanding domestic work that is rendered more difficult by the growing onslaught of contrasting opinions. Whereas her early marriage novel Heartsease (1854) describes maternal involvement in the day-to-day care of the young heroine’s first-born with unprecedented detail, both The Daisy Chain (1856) and Nuttie’s Father (1885) highlight the difficulties of a ‘mother-sister.’ In asserting the superiority of domestic realism over sensationalism, moreover, Yonge rewrites popular infant impostor plots while drawing on child abduction cases in the press and, in her late novel That Stick (1892), critically tackles the notorious vilification of workhouse nurseries. This still seldom discussed domestic writer thus negotiates shifting attitudes to and representations of babies and baby care. Her comments on changing practices alert us to the competitive parenting prevalent in Victorian Britain, how such a sense of competition was fostered by divergent childrearing advice, how damaging this could be, and how it already began to attract critical remarks at the time.