Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Domestic goat'

Curse Keepers is the first half of a novel that chronicles the story of a secret organization determined to keep the Chicago Cubs from winning the World Series and, thereby, forestalling the end of the world.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A cabra-montesa (Capra pyrenaica) é uma espécie endémica da Península ibérica, uma das mais emblemáticas do Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês. Contam-se 13 anos desde o regresso deste ungulado silvestre a território português depois de a espécie ser considerada extinta em 1890. A presença crescente de gado doméstico e assilvestrado, sobretudo de caprinos, nas áreas ocupadas pelas cabras montesas constitui uma das principais ameaças à conservação da espécie, quer devido ao aumento da prevalência e transmissão de doenças, quer devido à competição pelos recursos naturais. Posto isto, torna-se importante a monitorização e controlo deste tipo de rebanhos. Neste contexto, elaborou-se um estudo sobre a parasitofauna de 27 núcleos de caprinos residentes na área do PNPG através da recolha de 50 amostras de fezes, pertencentes a cabras-montesas (Capra pyrenaica, n=22), cabras domésticas (Capra hircus, n=20) e cabras assilvestradas (Capra hircus, n=8). Em Portugal, é a primeira vez que se realiza um estudo deste género na cabra-montesa. No total das 50 amostras, 98% (n=49) apresentaram formas parasitárias pertencentes a pelo menos um dos 9 géneros/espécies identificados e com as seguintes prevalências: Muellerius capillaris (100%, n=22 cabra-montesa, n=20 cabra doméstica, 75%, n=6 cabra assilvestrada), Nematodirus (100%, n=20 cabra doméstica, 95,5%, n=21 cabra-montesa, 25%, n=2 cabra assilvestrada), Teladorsagia (65%, n=13 cabra doméstica, 22,7%, n=5 cabra-montesa, 12,5%, n=1 cabra assilvestrada) Trichostrongylus (45%, n=9 cabra doméstica, 13,6%, n=3 cabra-montesa, 12,5%, n=1 cabra assilvestrada), Moniezia benedeni (35%, n=7 cabra doméstica, 22,7%, n=5 cabra-montesa, 12,5%, n=1 cabra assilvestrada), Dicrocoelium dendriticum (5%, n=1 cabra doméstica), Trichuris ovis (5%, n=1 cabra doméstica), Eimeria (70%, n=14 cabra doméstica, 59,1%, n=13 cabra-montesa, 37,5%, n=3 cabra assilvestrada) e Cryptosporidium (20%, n=4 cabra doméstica, 13,6%, n=3 cabra-montesa, 12,5%, n=1 cabra assilvestrada). De uma forma geral, a parasitofauna encontrada nas 3 populações foi muito semelhante, tendo-se registado intensidades parasitárias baixas, o que não invalida a necessidade da continuação de estudos de monitorização destas populações de caprinos.
ABSTRACT - Parasitological survey on wild, feral and domestic goat’s populations from Peneda-Gerês National Park - The Iberian ibex is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, one of the most emblematic species from Peneda-Gerês National Park. Is has passed 13 years since the return of this wild ungulate to Portuguese territory, after this specie be considered extinct at 1890. The increasing presence of livestock, specially domestic and feral goats, at the Iberian ibex’s range, is one of the main threats to ibex conservation, either because of the increase of diseases prevalence and transmission rates, but also due the competition to natural resources. Therefore, it’s important to monitor and control these types of flocks. In this context, a parasitological study was developed in 27 goat’s nuclei inhabiting the national park’s range from the collection of feces bellowing to Iberian ibexes (Capra pyrenaica, n=22), domestic goats (Capra hircus, n=20) and feral goats (Capra hircus, n=8). In Portugal this was the first study of this kind on Iberian ibex. In a total of 50 samples, 98% (n=49) shown to be positive for at least one parasite of the 9 identified genera/species and there were the following prevalences: Muellerius capillaris (100%, n=22 Iberian ibex, n=20 domestic goat, 75%, n=6 feral goat), Nematodirus (100%, n=20 domestic goat, 95,5%, n=21 Iberian ibex, 25%, n=2 feral goat), Teladorsagia (65%, n=13 domestic goat, 22,7%, n=5 Iberian ibex, 12,5%, n=1 feral goat) Trichostrongylus (45%, n=9 domestic goat, 13,6%, n=3 Iberian ibex, 12,5%, n=1feral goat), Moniezia benedeni (35%, n=7 domestic goat, 22,7%, n=5 Iberian ibex, 12,5%, n=1 feral goat), Dicrocoelium dendriticum (5%, n=1 domestic goat), Trichuris ovis (5%, n=1 domestic goat), Eimeria (70%, n=14 domestic goat, 59,1%, n=13 Iberian ibex, 37,5%, n=3 feral goat) e Cryptosporidium (20%, n=4 domestic goat, 13,6%, n=3 Iberian ibex, 12,5%, n=1 feral goat). In general, the parasitic fauna encountered at the three goat’s population was very similar, with low parasitic’s intensity, but it cannot be underestimated the need of continuing the monitoring study’s on these goat’s population.

The purpose of my study is to compare the academic experiences of international students with those of domestic students at the University of New Orleans (UNO). Specifically, I aimed the study towards determining international students’ perceptions and expectations of UNO, and assessing whether or not UNO’s ability to meet their expectations had an impact on student success or failure at UNO. To test this, I asked various international and domestic students to respond to a survey consisting of both open-ended and multiple choice questions. The open-ended questions were designed to capture the student experiences on expectations, academic atmosphere, and overall college life, all of which are likely to vary from one student to the other. The multiple choice questions were on student status, tenure, and other items that can easily be classified into distinct categories. I collected and analyzed the surveys over a period of four months to decide which variables in the international students’ experiences affect their academic career. In addition, I questioned if any of the stated variables aided in campus adjustment or helped meet the student expectations regarding school performance and goals. Results indicate that the majority of students, both domestic and international, feel their academic expectations are being met by what UNO has to offer. Those students who feel their expectations (of what UNO would provide them) are not met indicated their academic performance is reflective of their own efforts, an idea that students feel is fostered by UNO. However, there was no significant factor that may have helped or deterred positive experience overall.

Merino sheep are the most numerous domestic livestock in Australia and feral goats are wide-spread and locally abundant in many of the regions where sheep are grazed. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a disease of ungulates that causes severe economic hardship to countries where outbreaks occur or where it has become endemic. In India, Africa, Greece and recently the United Kingdom and Eire, sheep and goats have been implicated in the spread and maintenance of FMD. In Australia, there are contingency plans (AUSVETPLANS) for dealing with an outbreak of FMD. Included in those plans are strategies for control of the disease in feral ungulates including feral pigs and feral goats. Modelling has provided assistance in developing strategies to combat outbreaks in feral pigs and for controlling outbreaks in domestic livestock. No models have been constructed to aid decisions about controlling FMD in feral goats where they co-occur with merino sheep. In Australia, the greatest densities of free-ranging feral goats and domestic livestock occur in the high rainfall zone (> 500 mm mean annual rainfall) along the eastern tablelands and adjacent slopes of the Great Dividing Range. Previous studies of feral goat biology, population dynamics and behaviour in Australia have concentrated on arid and semi-arid zones or on islands. Interactions between free ranging feral goats and merino sheep have not previously been studied in the high rainfall zone. My study investigated the ecological and behavioural characteristics of feral goats and their interactions with sympatric merino sheep at a high rainfall site in central eastern New South Wales. The population dynamics, biological and behavioural parameters of feral goats and sheep were then used to model FMD in such an environment. Deterministic temporal models and a new spatial stochastic model were used. Of particular interest were the rates of contact within and between subgroups of feral goats (termed herds and mobs), within and between subgroups of merino sheep (termed flocks and mobs), and between subgroups of the two species. Feral goats at the study site were found to be numerous (mean density = 34.94 goats km-2, from aerial surveys), in good condition, fecund and had high adult survival and low annual adult mortality (survival= 0.81�1.00) in the absence of harvesting and hunting. They had an observed instantaneous rate of increase of 0.112 per year. Annual rate of increase was similar to other sites in Australia without sustained harvesting pressure. Home ranges were small for both males (3.754 km², s.e. = 0.232, n = 116 goats) and females (2.369 km², s.e. = 0.088, n = 241 goats). From this and other Australasian studies, an inverse power function was found to be an excellent descriptor of the relationship between mean annual rainfall and female home range size. A resource selection function was fitted in a geographic information system to observational data of feral goats. The habitat selection of feral goats included a preference for wooded vegetation on eastern and north eastern aspects at higher elevations. The resource selection function was also used to set the probabilities of occurrence of feral goats in 1 ha areas of the landscape and these probabilities were used to generate heterogeneity in a spatial model of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) transmission. Daily per capita contact rates were estimated from observed contacts in the field where a contact between individuals was recognised when one approached within 1 body length ([approx] 1m) of another. The contacts between feral goats within herds were frequent and occurred at a rate of 6.96 (s.e. = 1.27) goat�goat contacts day-1. Sheep to sheep contacts were slightly less frequent (4.22 sheep�sheep contacts day-1, s.e. = 0.65) but both estimates were most likely negatively biased because of observer errors in estimating the number of individual animals coming in contact with observation subject (focal) animals. Contacts between herds of feral goats were not common and those between adjacent populations were fewer than 1 per year. In sheep, flock to flock contact was largely governed by husbandry practices and occurred at a mean daily rate of 0.0014 flock�flock contacts. Contacts between sheep and feral goats were less frequent but nonetheless common (2.82 goat�sheep contacts day-1, s.e. = 0.40). In feral goats the size of the mob in which focal goats were observed was found to be the most important factor in determining contact rates between individuals and a counter-intuitive inverse relationship was identified. Contacts were heterogeneous and density was not an important determinant of contact rates implying that, because of the uniformly high densities at the site, saturation had occurred. The temporal models of FMDV transmission showed that the rate of contact within and between species was such that FMD was predicted to spread rapidly throughout an infected herd or flock. Control strategies of intense culling of feral goats at the population level were predicted to allow the disease to persist at low prevalence, with a small peak corresponding to the annual lambing pulse in sheep. However, the same level of control (>90% reduction) at the herd level was predicted to eliminate FMD and allow the safe reintroduction of sheep. Extreme control that left very small groups (<3 individuals) may be counter productive because such small groups are likely to join the reintroduced sheep in an effort by the goats to meet gregarious urges. The spatial model was more reassuring. It predicted that FMD would die out in a mixed sheep and feral goat population in less than 90 days because of the low rate of herd to herd contact and herd to flock contact. For similar environments, the contingency planning consequences are that an outbreak of FMD introduced into feral goats from sympatric sheep is likely to be containable by removing all the sheep, determining the extent and likely range of the feral goats, then removing a substantial proportion of or eradicating each herd. Feral goats, being relatively sedentary, are unlikely to spread to adjacent populations and the disease will die out through lack of contact between herds and populations. Because feral goat home ranges overlap and are centred on one or two small catchments, a containment ring of feral goat control, set to encompass the home range of a target herd and that of adjacent herds, should be adequate to limit spread of FMD.

The primary objective of this study was to determine the species composition of ticks that infest domestic animals in Maputo Province and their geographic distributions. To this end a total of 145 cattle, 129 goats, 132 dogs and 63 drag­samples of the vegetation were examined at 30 localities distributed throughout the province, at each of which the geographic coordinates were recorded and later plotted. A total of 15187 ixodid ticks belonging to 15 species were recovered. These were Amblyomma hebraeum, Haemaphysalis elliptica, Haemaphysalis sp., Hyalomma rufipes, Ixodes cavipalpus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus kochi, Rhipicephalus longus, Rhipicephalus pravus group, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus simus, Rhipicephalus tricuspis and Rhipicephalus turanicus. R. (B.) microplus and A. hebraeum were most abundant on cattle, while H. elliptica was most abundant on dogs. H. elliptica, I. cavipalpus, R. longus and R. turanicus can now be added to the lists of ixodid tick species previously published for Mozambique. The geographic distributions of nine of the 15 tick species were mapped, and A. hebraeum, H. elliptica and R. evertsi evertsi were present throughout the province. No indigenous Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus were recovered, whereas the introduced Asian tick, R. (B.) microplus was present in all districts. It would seem that R. (B.) decoloratus has been completely displaced by R. (B.) microplus in Maputo Province. Although R. appendiculatus was recovered at 24 of the 30 localities, it was present at only two of the seven localities in the south of the province. R. sanguineus was present on dogs in the districts of Boane, Naamacha and Manhiça, where the collections were made at the dog owners’ homes. R. simus was present at 27 localities and R. turanicus was collected in the districts of Magude, Boane, Namaacha and Matutuine, in the north, centre and south of the province. Future surveys in Mozambique should focus on determining the extent to which R. (B.) microplus has displaced R. (B.) decoloratus. A further objective of the study was to compare the prevalence of the five major tick species, namely A. hebraeum, R. (B.) microplus, R. appendiculatus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. simus on cattle and goats. It was possible to do this at 21 of the sampling sites, at each of which five cattle and five goats had been examined. These five ticks infested both cattle and goats, but the goats harboured larger numbers of immature ticks and fewer adults of some species, while large numbers of both adult and immature ticks were recovered from cattle. Furthermore, more cattle than goats at more localities were infested with adult ticks of each of the five species. Consideration should be given to including goats in future tick control programmes applied to cattle on the same properties. A total of ten ixodid tick species were recovered from dogs in Maputo Province. Of these H. elliptica, R. sanguineus, R. simus and R. turanicus can be considered major parasites of dogs, while large numbers of immature A. hebraeum and smaller numbers of immature R. appendiculatus infested these animals opportunistically.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
unrestricted

Feedback and goal-setting interventions were used in two separate studies to reduce residential electricity use in households in Northern Ireland. In Study 1 feedback was provided via a pre-payment keypad electricity meter, and the goal commitment was to reduce electricity use by 20%. Electricity use during a one-month intervention was compared to that during the same period in the previous year. The ten households who received feedback reduced their use by a mean 17.13% (p< .0 I, r = 0.69), and the nine households who signed a goal-setting commitment reduced their use by a mean 7.12% (p < .05, r = .067). Study 2 used wireless energy monitors to provide feedback, in combination with a 20% goal-setting commitment for all participants, but also used alternating orders of presentation of intervention and baseline to explore the longer-term effect of feedback on conservation performance. Group 1 received five months of feedback followed by five months of baseline, Group 2 underwent five months of baseline followed by five months of intervention, and Group 3 experienced alternating two-month periods of intervention and baseline over ten months, using a reversal design. Group 1 saved a mean 9.54% of electricity during the intervention, but Group 2 increased their use by a mean 14.24%. Group 2's increase in electricity use is explained in terms of a potential 'compensation effect', whereby lower level users increase use when given feedback. Group 3 showed a pattern of cumulative reductions over successive interventions, with a mean reduction in electricity use of 33% from the first to the third intervention period. Participants in Group 3 did not show a return to baseline levels of electricity use when the intervention was removed; this was interpreted as supportive of conceptions of feedback as a learning tool, with potential to provide long lasting conservation effects.

Entre los principales impactos y amenazas que sufren hoy las comunidades insulares destacan las bioinvasiones y entre estas sobresalen las de cabras. La mayoría de las islas, reportadas en la literatura, son ecosistemas donde la vegetación evoluciono en ausencia de grandes herbívoros. En la isla de Mallorca se sabe de la presencia ancestral de un ungulado pre-humano endémico, Myotragus balearicus, que hace pensar en los herbívoros como un factor de selección siempre presente para la vegetación de la isla. Su nicho ecológico habría sido ocupado hoy principalmente por dos caprinos, que actualmente comparten hábitat y se hibridan, la Cabra Salvaje Mallorquina y la cabra domestica asilvestrada. La presencia de estas cabras ha generado muchas opiniones sobre su efecto en la vegetación de la isla. Por lo que el objetivo de esta tesis fue caracterizar y comparar la composición botánica de la dieta de la Cabra Salvaje Mallorquina y la cabra doméstica asilvestrada en Mallorca, así como del grado del ramoneo sobre los principales componentes de la vegetación y el uso del hábitat realizado por ambas cabras para indagar sobre posibles diferencias de estructura social y de comportamiento que ayuden a dilucidar el nivel de uso de los recursos, así como encontrar posibles evidencias del cambio climático en la dieta del extinto Myotragus balearicus. El estudio se llevo a cabo en seis zonas de la sierra Tramuntana en Mallorca, donde tres zonas son habitadas por la Cabra Salvaje Mallorquina y tres por la cabra domestica asilvestrada. Se realizaron análisis microhistológicos de heces de cada ecotipo de cabra en primavera, verano e invierno durante dos años, así como la evaluación de disponibilidad e intensidad de ramoneo de las especies mas abundantes de la vegetación. El análisis del comportamiento trófico y de los grupos de ambas cabras se realizo mediante focales en tres estaciones del año. La densidad y el índice estomático de fragmentos de epidermis de Buxus sp. encontrados en coprolitos del extinto Myotragus se compararon con epidermis actuales de Buxus balarica y Buxus semprevirens para detectar una posible manifestación del cambio climático. La dieta de la cabra Salvaje Mallorquina y de la cabra domestica asilvestrada fue muy similar sobretodo en épocas de escases (verano). Por lo que el posible daño sobre la vegetación estaría condicionado a una sobrepoblación de cabras, mas que al ecotipo de cabra. Ambos ecotipos de cabras mostraron un comportamiento en la dieta de carácter selectivo, con claras preferencias y rechazos pero también capaz de adaptarse a la disponibilidad ya que hace uso la mayoría de especies disponibles. Unas pocas especies son ramoneadas intensamente en todos los periodos del año, aunque la intensidad de ramoneo de la mayoría de especies estudiadas se puede considerar como moderada. Se encontraron algunas diferencias en el comportamiento trófico de ambas cabras, sobretodo en el tamaño de los rebaños, lo que sugiere un uso más eficiente de los recursos vegetales en la Cabra Salvaje Mallorquina. La densidad y el índice estomático de B. balearica actual, fue considerablemente menor al encontrado en los coprolitos de Myotragus, lo que podría deberse al incremento de CO2. De este estudio se desprende la importancia de gestionar adecuadamente las poblaciones de ambos tipos de cabras de manera que se asegure la conservación de las especies animales y vegetales.
Currently the main impacts and threats to island communities include bioinvasions and standing out the goats between them. Most of the islands reported in the literature, are ecosystems where vegetation evolved in absence of large herbivores. On the island of Mallorca is well known the ancestral presence of a pre-human endemic ungulate, Myotragus balearicus, which suggests that herbivore was a selection factor constantly present to the vegetation in the island. Today, two goats that currently shared habitat and hybridized, have mainly occupied its ecological niche: the Wild Mallorcan Goat and feral domestic goats. The presence of these goats has generated many opinions about its effect on the vegetation of the island. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to characterize and compare the botanical composition of the diet of the Wild Mallorcan Goat and feral domestic goat in Mallorca. Additionally, the browsing levels on the main components of the vegetation and the habitat use by both goats was evaluated in order to investigate possible differences in their social structure and behavior that help to elucidate the level of resource use and find possible evidences of climate change in the diet of extinct Myotragus balearicus. The study was carried out in six areas of the Sierra Tramuntana in Mallorca; three inhabited by the Wild Mallorcan Goat and three by the feral domestic goats. Microhistological analysis of faeces from each goat ecotype in spring, summer and winter for two years as well as the assessment of availability and browsing intensity of the most abundant species of vegetation were performed. Analysis of the feeding and social behavior in both goat ecotypes was conducted through focal in abovementioned seasons. Stomatal density and index of Buxus sp. epidermis fragments found in coprolites from extinct Myotragus were compared with actual epidermis of Buxus balarica and Buxus semprevirens to detect a possible manifestation of climate change. The diet of the Wild Mallorcan Goat and feral domestic goat was very similar especially in times of scarcity (Summer). Indeed, the possible damage on vegetation would be subject to an overpopulation of goats that goat ecotype itself. Both goat ecotypes showed a selective dietary behavior, with clear preferences and rejections, but also capable to adapt to availability because they use most species available. Few species are heavily browsed in all periods of the year, although the intensity of browsing by almost all studied species can be considered moderate. Some differences in the feeding behavior of the both goat ecotypes were found, especially related with herd size, suggesting a more efficient use of plant resources in the Wild Mallorcan Goat. The current density and stomatal indexes in B. balearica were considerably smaller than those found in Myotragus coprolites, which could be due to increased CO2. This thesis highlights the importance of a properly management of both goat ecotype populations so that ensure the conservation of animal and vegetal species.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Data from 10,238 weekly milk yield records from 388 first lactations of Saanen goats were used to evaluate the persistency of lactation under a random regression model. First, five models were compared (W035, W05, W0565, W068 e W10) generated by modifications of Wilmink function, assuming homogeneity of residual variance along the lactation. The value -0.05 was kept on model W05 while models W035, W0565, W068 e W10 used values -0.035, -0.0565, -0.068 e -0.10, respectively, in replacement to -0.05 value. After choosing the best model, six structures were evaluated for residual variance: homogeneity, two classes, three classes, four classes, five classes and six classes along the lactation. Subsequently, six different measures of persistency of lactation, adapted from those used on dairy cattle, obtained by replacing bovine reference values to goats ones on the expressions. AIC, BIC, ln L criterions and likelihood ratio test (nested models) were used on models evaluation. Model W035 presented the best fit among the evaluated ones. Relating to residual variance, the most indicated by used criterions was the structure of six classes. By presenting less genetic correlation with milk yield until 268 days (0.14), the persistency measure (PS4) obtained by the sum of genetic values, on period from 41st to 240th day of lactation, as deviations of yield at 40 days of lactation may be pointed for genetic evaluations. Because of the low heritability of this measure (0.03), few responses from selection are expected on this herd.
Utilizaram-se 10.238 registros semanais de produção de leite provenientes de 388 primeiras lactações de cabras da raça Saanen na avaliação da persistência da lactação sob modelo de regressão aleatória. Primeiramente, foram comparados cinco modelos (W035, W05, W0565, W068 e W10) gerados a partir de modificações da função de Wilmink, assumindo-se homogeneidade de variância residual ao longo da lactação. No modelo W05, o valor -0,05 foi mantido, enquanto nos modelos W035, W0565, W068 e W10 foram usados os valores -0,035, -0,0565, -0,068 e -0,10, respectivamente, em substituição ao valor -0,05. Escolhido o modelo, foram avaliadas seis estruturas para a variância residual: homogeneidade, duas classes, três classes, quatro classes, cinco classes e seis classes ao longo da lactação. Posteriormente, foram avaliadas seis diferentes medidas da persistência da lactação, que são adaptações de medidas utilizadas em bovinos de leite, obtidas por substituir, nas fórmulas, os valores de referência de bovinos pelos de caprinos. Os critérios AIC, BIC, ln L e teste de razão de verossimilhança (modelos aninhados) foram usados na avaliação dos modelos. O modelo W035 apresentou o melhor ajuste dentre os avaliados. Com relação à variância residual, a estrutura com seis classes ao longo da lactação foi a mais indicada pelos critérios utilizados. Por apresentar menor correlação genética com produção de leite até 268 dias (0,14), a medida de persistência (PS4) obtida pelo somatório dos valores genéticos, no período do 41o ao 240o dia de lactação, como desvios da produção aos 40 dias de lactação deve ser indicada para avaliações genéticas. Em razão da baixa herdabilidade desta medida (0,03), pequenas respostas à seleção são esperadas neste rebanho.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study was performed with the aim of to evaluate the “in vitro” acaricidal activity of the oil of the seed of andiroba against Boophilus microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Anocentor nitens; the biological activity of the third stage larvae (L3) of Musca domestica and the activity of the oil of the seed of andiroba on the larval culture of gastrointestinal nematodes of goat and sheep. The acaricidal activity in the related species of tick was carried by means of the engorged females immersion test, using groups of 10 engorged females with three repetitions for treatment; for the test with the third stage larvae (L3) of Musca domestica it had been formed four repetitions with 10 larvae for treatment. Strips of filter paper measuring 8.5 x 1.5cm (L x W) were soaked in 0.3ml of the solutions and controls, and next, they were introduced in test tubes, adding 1.30g of vermiculite, being the tubes closed with absorbent cotton. Daily observations were made for detection of mortality of larvae, formation of pupae and adults emergence. The activity of the oil of andiroba on larval culture of gastrointestinalnematodes was determined by the calculation of the percentages of reduction of infective larvae for gram of faeces, using three repetitions. For each experiment it had been used dilutions of 100%, 50%, 30%, 25% and 10% (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively) of the oil of the seed of andiroba, using tween 80 as detergent. Two groups had been formed as controls, one with deionized water and another one with tween 80 + deionized water. For the test of reduction of gastrointestinal infective larvae of nematodes, another group was added as positive control (doramectina). The results showed effectiveness of 100% for all the dilutions tested in the three species of ticks. In the test with L3 of de M. domestica, eight days after the accomplishment of the test, it was observed in the 100% concentration 20.0% of larval mortality and 62.5% of inhibition of emergency of adults, values significantly higher than those got in the other treated groups.In the test of reduction of gastrointestinal infective larvae of nematodes, effective reduction (> 90%) was obtained for 100%, 50% and 30% treatments in goat, and for all the treatments for sheep.
Avaliou-se “in vitro” a atividade acaricida do óleo da semente da andiroba contra Boophilus microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus e Anocentor nitens; a atividade biológica do óleo da semente de andiroba em larvas de terceiro estágio (L3) de Musca domestica e a atividade do óleo da semente da andiroba sobre o cultivo de larvas de nematóides gastrintestinais caprinos e ovinos. A atividade acaricida nas referidas espécies de carrapatos foi realizada por meio do teste de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas, utilizando-se grupos de 10 fêmeas ingurgitadas com três repetições por tratamento; para o teste com L3 de Musca domestica quatro repetições compostas por 10 larvas de terceiro estágio foram formadas. Tiras de papel filtro medindo 8,5 x 1,5cm (C x L) foram embebidas em 0,3ml das soluções do óleo de andiroba e controles, em seguida, colocadas dentro de tubos de ensaio, acrescentando-se 1,30g de vermiculita, introduzindo-se, então, as 10 larvas e vedando-se com algodão hidrófilo. Fez-se observação diária para detecção de mortalidade de larvas, pupação e emergência de adultos. A atividadedo óleo de andiroba sobre cultivos de L3 de nematóides gastrintestinais foi determinada pelo cálculo dos percentuais de redução de larvas infectantes por gramas de fezes (LPG), utilizando-se três repetições. Para cada experimento empregaram-se diluições de 100%, 50%, 30%, 25% e 10% (T1, T2, T3, T4 e T5 respectivamente) do óleo da semente de andiroba, utilizando-se tween 80 como dispersante. Formaram-se dois grupos controle, um com água destilada e outro com tween 80 + água destilada. Para o teste de redução de larvas infectantes de nematóides gastrintestinais, acrescentou-se um grupo controle positivo (doramectina). Os resultados revelaram eficácia de 100% para todas as diluições testadas nas três espécies de carrapatos. No teste com L3 de Musca domestica, após oito dias da realização do teste, na concentração de 100% obteve-se 20,0% de mortalidade larval e 62,5% de inibição de emergência de adultos, valoressignificativamente superiores aos obtidos nos demais tratamentos. No teste de redução do LPG de nematóides gastrintestinais, os resultados revelaram redução altamente efetiva (> 90%) no número de larvas totais para os tratamentos 100%, 50% e 30% em caprinos e em todos os tratamentos para a espécie ovina.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
In this study, the Wood model was adjusted to1069 lactations curve from dairy goats, for three different situations of residual structure. At first, the errors were considered as independent for all lactations, in the second as autoregressives of first order also for all lactations and in the third as independent for lactations that showed no residual autocorrelation and autoregressives of first order for lactations that showed, respectively, according the Durbin- Watson test. These three situations were compared by the percentage of convergence and the average and coefficients of variation of the mean square errors (MSE) and coefficients of determination (R2) adjusted. Subsequently, estimates of the variance components and genetic parameters for total milk yield (MY), for coefficients of the Wood model (a, b and c ) and for milk yield at peak (ymax), time to reach the peak (Tmax) and persistency factor (pers) of each lactation were obtained using the procedure REMLF90 (MISZTAL, 2002), with the objective to determine the influence of residual autocorrelation on heritability (h2) and repeatability (r) estimates and of animals rank according to their breeding values. Two genetic evaluations were made, one for MY with coefficients of the Wood model and other for MY with ymax, tmax e pers. The statistical model included the random effects of animal, permanent environmental and error, the fixed effects of contemporary group (year - season of kidding), number of kids per birth, genetic groups and kidding order, and the days in milk (linear) and age at kidding (linear and quadratic) covariates. In the study of individual fitting of the Wood model to lactation curves differences between the three cases of residual structure were very small, then it was not possible to give a residual structure that results in better fit of the model of Wood. The low values for h2 and r estimates for a, b, c coefficients in this three situations indicated that the gains obtained by selection for the shape of the curve was small. The different residual structures used influence estimates of the parameters h2, r and the correlations between traits. In addition, caused differences in animals rank, based on their breeding values of all traits. Therefore, in applying the Wood model, the correction of errors that are not independent must be done.
Neste estudo o modelo de Wood foi ajustado à 1.069 curvas de lactações de cabras, sob três diferentes situações de estrutura residual. Na primeira, os erros foram considerados como independentes para todas as lactações, na segunda como autoregressivos de primeira ordem também para todas as lactações e na terceira como independentes e autoregressivos de primeira ordem para as lactações que não apresentaram e apresentaram autocorrelação residual, respectivamente, segundo o teste Durbin-Watson. Essas três situações foram comparadas entre si pelos percentuais de convergência, e pelas médias e coeficientes de variação (CV) dos quadrados médios do erros (QME) e dos coeficientes de determinação (R2) ajustados. Posteriormente, as estimativas dos componentes de variância e dos parâmetros genéticos para a produção total de leite (PL), para os coeficientes a , b e c do modelo de Wood e para produção de leite no pico (ymax), tempo para atingir o pico (tmax) e fator de persistência (pers) de cada lactação, foram obtidas utilizando-se o aplicativo REMLF90 (Misztal, 2002), com objetivo de verificar a influência da autocorrelação residual sobre as estimativas de herdabilidade (h2) e repetibilidade (r) e sobre a classificação dos animais de acordo com seus valores genéticos. Foram feitas duas avaliações genéticas multicaracterísticas de PL com a , b e c e PL com ymax, tmax e pers, por meio de um modelo que incluiu como efeitos aleatórios o animal, o ambiente permanente e o resíduo; como efeitos fixos o grupo contemporâneo (anoestação de parto), número de crias por parto, grupos genéticos e ordem de parto e como co- variáveis a duração da lactação (linear) e a idade da cabra ao parto (linear e quadrática). No estudo do ajuste do modelo de Wood às curvas de lactação individuais foram encontradas diferenças muito pequenas entre as três situações de estrutura residual, não sendo possível indicar uma estrutura residual que resulte em melhor ajuste do modelo de Wood. Os baixos valores de h2 e r para os parâmetros a , b e c sob as três situações indicaram que os ganhos obtidos pela seleção para o formato da curva foram pequenos. As diferentes estruturas residuais abordadas influenciaram as estimativas dos parâmetros h2 e r e das correlações entre as características estudadas. Além disso, levaram a diferentes classificações dos animais, baseadas nos valores genéticos de todas as características estudadas. Portanto, ao aplicar o modelo de Wood, a correção dos erros que não forem independentes deverá ser realizada.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Considering the importance of raising buffaloes to the national dairy farming, the objective of this study was to model variations in test-day milk yield (TDMY) during the first lactation of Murrah buffaloes by random regression models (RRM), using orthogonal Legendre polynomials (POL) and linear B-splines (BSP). A total of 15,161 test-day records from 1,158 first lactations of Murrah buffaloes breed from herds belonging to São Paulo state, Brazil, with calving recorded from 1988 to 2005, were analyzed. For TDMY, 38 weekly classes of lactation days were considered and analyzed using a single-trait RRM, including the additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual random effects. In addition, contemporary group, linear and quadratic effects of the covariate age of the buffalo at birth, number of milkings and mean lactation curve of the population, modeled using a fourth-order orthogonal Legendre polynomials, were included as fixed effects. Covariance functions of additive genetic and permanent environmental regression coefficients were equally modeled by POL (3th to 6th order) or linear BPL (4 to 6 knots). Residual variances were modeled considering 9 classes uniformly spaced. The (co)variance components of parameters were estimated by Bayesian inference, using the GIBBS3F90 software. The convergence of Gibbs chains was verified by graphic inspection and using BOA package from the R program. The post-gibbs analyses were performed using the POSTGIBBS1F90 software. The selection of the models was based on deviance information criterion (DIC). The average TDMY was 6.31±2.13 kg. The sixth order POL and six-knot BSP (knots at 8, 29, 57, 120, 239 and 267 days), with highest degree of complexity (51 parameters) were considered as the most suitable to describe the TDMY variation. The genetic parameters presented similar tendencies for both models, excepted for genetic variances and heritability, which showed low estimates at first lactation weeks for model BSP6. It was possible realize that, despite the low correlation between the predicted breeding value for 270-day milk yield and lactation persistency, the best models classified the bulls similarly. The results indicate that linear B-spline function with six knots was the most appropriate RRM to genetic evaluation of TDMY of Murrah buffaloes, given that parcimonious models with higher computational advantages to model variations of TDMY are most sought, and given the better control of heritability estimates of the edges of the lactation curve.
Ao considerar a crescente importância da bubalinocultura na pecuária leiteira nacional, objetivou-se com o presente estudo modelar as variações da produção de leite no dia de controle (PLDC) de búfalas da raça Murrah por meio de modelos de regressão aleatória (polinômios ortogonais de Legendre POL e B-splines BSP lineares). Para tanto, foram analisados 15161 registros semanais de PLDC provenientes da primeira lactação de 1158 búfalas da raça Murrah, com partos registrados entre os anos de 1988 a 2005 e pertencentes a rebanhos do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As PLDC foram divididas em 38 classes semanais e analisadas considerando modelo animal de regressão aleatória - que incluiu efeitos aleatórios genético-aditivo, de ambiente permanente e residual. Adicionalmente, incluíram-se efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneo, a covariável idade da búfala ao parto (efeito linear e quadrático), número de ordenhas e as médias dos coeficientes da curva de lactação representativa da população (sendo esta ajustada por meio de POL de 4ª ordem). As funções de covariâncias relativas aos coeficientes de regressão aleatória dos efeitos genético-aditivo e de ambiente permanente foram igualmente modeladas por meio de POL (3ª à 6ª ordem) ou BSP lineares (4 a 6 nós). A estrutura residual foi considerada heterogênea, contendo nove classes de variâncias. Os componentes de (co)variância dos parâmetros foram estimados via inferência bayesiana, utilizando o programa GIBBS3F90. A convergência das cadeias de Gibbs foi verificada por meio de inspeção gráfica e o pacote BOA, do programa R. As análises pós-gibbs foram feitas utilizando o POSTGIBBS1F90. A seleção dos melhores modelos se deu pela utilização do critério de informação da deviance (DIC). A média de PLDC foi igual a 6,31±2,13 kg. Os modelos POL de sexta ordem POL6, e BSP com seis nós BSP6 (8, 29, 57, 120, 239, 267 dias), com maior número de parâmetros (51) foram considerados os melhores para descrever a variação da PLDC ao longo da lactação. De modo geral, os parâmetros genéticos apresentaram tendências semelhantes para estes modelos, à exceção das estimativas de variância genética aditiva e herdabilidade, menores nas primeiras semanas de lactação para o modelo BSP6. Verificou-se que, apesar de pouco correlacionados, os valores genéticos preditos para produção de leite aos 270 dias e persistência da lactação para os melhores modelos classificam os reprodutores de forma similar. O MRA mais recomendável para avaliação genética da PLDC de búfalos da raça Murrah é uma função B-spline (com seis nós), haja vista a procura por modelos mais parcimoniosos e com maiores vantagens computacionais para modelar variações da PLDC de búfalas da raça Murrah; e dado maior controle das estimativas de herdabilidade referentes aos extremos na curva de lactação.

Arbetet med att minska människans utsläpp av växthusgaser är en fråga som är högaktuell idag. Transportsektorn är den sektor som har näst störst klimatpåverkan inom EU-området. För att minska transportsektorns klimatpåverkan anser EU-kommissionen att en del av det gods som idag går på väg behöver flyttas till tåg eller sjö för att nå EU:s miljömål. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka skillnaden av växthusgasutsläpp för transport av containrar beroende på transportsätt på sträckan Göteborg till Stockholm. De undersökta transportsätten var lastbil, godståg och containerfartyg. Studien använde en empirisk fallstudie där växthusgasutsläpp beräknades utifrån empiriska bränsleförbruknings data. Fallstudien kompletterades med en intervju från en person med stor erfarenhet av godstransporter på sträckan. Resultatet av undersökningen är att järnvägens miljöverkan är minst, men för tidskänsligt gods är fortfarande vägtransport det effektivaste transportslaget. För att sjöfart ska vara ett miljömässigt alternativ måste anpassningar av fartyg och/eller drift göras.
The work to reduce greenhouse emissions created by humans is a question that is highly relevant today. The transport sector is the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the European Union. To reduce the greenhouse emissions from the transport sector the EU commission has said that some of the freight that currently is being transported by road must move to rail or sea transport in order to reach EU environmental targets. The scope of this study is to compare the greenhouse emissions based on fuel consumption from domestic container transport between Gothenburg and Stockholm. The different modes of transports studied were trucks, freight train and container ship. The study was conducted using an empirical case study to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions using empirical fuel consumption data. The case study was supplemented by an interview with a person with great insight in the transport business. The result from the study shows that from an environmental perspective container transport by rail should be used. Transport by road is still the best means of transport for time sensitive cargo. If transport by sea is to be an environmental option, there has to be adjustments on either ships or management or both.

Depuis la domestication du pommier, l’homme a progressivement sélectionné des variétés plus performantes, notamment pour la qualité du fruit, la productivité ou la résistance aux pathogènes. Les bases génétiques de ces caractères ont été explorées par cartographie en descendances F1 ne permettant d’explorer qu’une infime partie de la diversité génétique disponible.L’objectif de la thèse portait sur l’analyse des bases génétiques de caractères de qualité du fruit et de résistance du pommier à la tavelure et au feu bactérien dans des collections représentant une diversité plus large. Le génotypage de core collections de variétés anciennes s’est fait à l’aide de deux puces 8k et 480kSNPs ou grâce à du ré-séquençage de gènes. Des traces de différenciation génétique entre pommes à cidre et à couteau ont été identifiées et partiellement reliées à la voie des polyphénols. Après analyse de l’étendue du déséquilibre de liaison à large et fine échelle, une approche de génétique d’association a permis l’identification de régions génomiques associées à la variation de plusieurs caractères de qualité du fruit, dont le haut du groupe de liaison 16 rassemblant l’acidité (locus Ma), la fermeté, la jutosité et l’amertume (gène LAR). Pour la résistance au feu bactérien, une région contenant un homologue du gèneNPR1 (activateur de défenses) a été identifiée.Cette thèse a ainsi permis de préciser la localisation potentielle de QTLs identifiés préalablement par cartographie génétique et d’identifier de nouvelles ressources utiles dans de futurs programmes de sélection assistée par marqueurs
Since apple domestication, humans have progressively selected improved varieties, especially for traits linked with fruit quality, productivity or resistance to pathogens. The genetic bases underlying these traits have been explored thanks to genetic mapping in F1 segregating populations that only allows the study of a small part of the available genetic diversity. The aim of this work was to analyze the genetic bases of fruit quality and disease resistance against apple scab and fire blight, in collections of old apple varieties representing a much larger diversity. Genotyping of core collections was performed either with arrays of 8k and 480k SNPs or by resequencing of chosen genes. Signs of genetic differentiation were identified between cider and dessert apples and were partially linked to the polyphenols pathway. After studying linkage disequilibrium, both on a large and a small scale, an association genetics approach allowed the identification of genomic regions associated with the variation of several fruit quality traits. Especially, the top of linkage group 16 was found to be linked with acidity (locus Ma), firmness, juiciness and bitterness (LAR gene). Concerning the resistance of apple to fire blight, a region containing a homolog of the NPR1 gene (defense activator) was identified. This thesis allowed the refining of the putative localization of previously identified QTLs and the identification of new genetic resources that could be useful in future selection programs using marker assisted selection

碩士
國立嘉義大學
動物科學系研究所
99
The purpose of this study was to study on making fresh cheese from domestic goat milk and fermented whey. Test 1 was to compare the qualities of fresh goat cheese with different fat contents. Three fresh goat cheeses made by whole goat milk, low fat goat milk and skim goat milk. The milk was pasteurized and then cooled, a mixed strain culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (BCRC 17064) + Bifidobacterium longum (BCRC 11847) (1:1) was added to the milk with 15% and was made the fresh goat cheese. After the cheese was made, the approximate composition analyzed for moisture, crude protein, milk fat and ash; and the other measurements such as moisture, pH value, titratable acidity, hardness, color, lactic acid bacteria count, fatty acid composition, amino acid composition, Sodium Dodecyl-Sulfate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and sensory evaluation were determined. The results showed that lower protein content in cheese product (P&lt;0.05) in fresh goat cheese made by higher fat content in raw milk. At 4℃ cold storage for 4 weeks, the moisture, pH value, titratable acidity, color and lactic acid bacteria count of all treatments of fresh cheeses showed no significant difference but the fresh goat cheese made by low fat goat milk was of the biggest hardness; the fresh goat cheese made by whole goat milk was of most fatty acid content and the fresh goat cheese made by skim goat milk has the less amino acid content. With SDS-PAGE, there was shown that αs2-casein, β-casein and κ-casein were decreased at week 4 in all treatments. On sensory evaluation, there were no significant differences among treatments. Test 2 was to investigate the effect of post- pasteurization of fermented goat whey. Fermented goat whey were made by the whey removing from fresh goat cheese and added with 25% sugar, then pasteurized and cooled, a mixed strain culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (BCRC 17064) + Bifidobacterium longum (BCRC 11847) (1:1) was added to the whey at 5%, incubated at 37℃ for 6 hours and then storaged at room temperature for 8 weeks as control group; re-pasteurization with 80℃for 20 minutes and then storaged at room temperature for 8 weeks as contrast post-pasteurization group. During storage, pH value, titratable acidity, water activity (aw), lactic acid bacteria count, amino acid composition, SDS-PAGE and sensory evaluation were determined. The results showed the titratable acidity, L value and b value of post-pasteurization group was significantly lower than control group (P&lt;0.05), and the aw is significant higher than control group (P&lt;0.05). The amino acid content of both treatments were increased with storage. With SDS-PAGE showed that there was no change on β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin at week 8. On sensory evaluation, the overall acceptability of post- pasteurization group with dilution rate 1:1 and 1:2 was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05).

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
動物科學與畜產系所
106
Most of meat ruminant livestock in tropics and sub-tropics utilizes locally produced by-products of pasture and crops to reduce feeding costs. However, these feed resources contain lower crude protein (CP) and higher fiber which is usually accompany with lower digestibility. The smallholders feeding domestic forages usually face problems of producing shortage in winter and unavailability of drying abounding hay during rainy season in spring and summer. Therefore, to overcome this problem and maintain adequate feed supply was to conserve hay into silage or haylage until winter to stabilize the supply throughout the year. Pangola grass is a popular tropical forage, but with lower content of CP than legume forage. Thus, we planted Pangola with legume forage; not only to improve the quality of forage, but also utilized the characteristics of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume to reduce the usage of nitrogen fertilizers. Coupled with proper harvesting period and storage, it showed the potential of stabilizing supply of domestic forage and decreasing the feeding cost of ruminants. As a result, the study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of applying domestic grass-legume mixture forage on meat goat production. Twenty-seven 4-month old Nubian cross Boer female goats were randomly divided into three groups. Goats in each group were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments fed with different forage (control: Bermuda straw and alfalfa pellet, Pangola-alfalfa mixture haylage, and Pangola-alfalfa mixture hay). The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, first week for adaptation. Feed intake was recorded daily, body weight was meseared every two weeks throughout the experiment. The results showed that the quality of domestic grass-legume mixture was better than import Bermuda straw. According to in vitro gas production kinetics, the insoluble potential degradable fraction and cumulated gas production volume of the grass-legume mixture diet were greater than the diet of Bermuda straw and alfalfa pellet. Both of the treatments were significantly higher than control group on final body weight, total weight gain, average daily gain and total dry matter intake. In conclusion, domestic pangola-alfalfa mixture grass showed potential to replace import Bermuda straw and alfalfa pellet for feeding growing goats, not only increase growth performance but also decrease the feeding cost.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
生物機電工程系所
103
Because of economic development, consumers need high quality fresh goat milk more and more. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the quality of goat milk on different seasons, brands, and delivery routes. This study used visible and near-infrared spectroscopy to detect fresh goat milk and raw goat milk. Evaluated factors include three seasons, 16 brands of products, and 13 delivery routes. Sampling dates are from December 2011 to December 2013 on monthly base and sum up to 1570 fresh goat spectra and 585 raw goat milk spectra. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are applied to test their differences. MANOVA test results showed that 9 brands fresh milk and 11 delivery routes raw milk have significant differences in three tested seasons. LDA test results showed that the highest misclassified rate was 0.72 and the lowest was 0.27 for fresh goat milk. For raw goat milk the misclassified rate was 0.57 and 0.2 for the highest and lowest, respectively. These results are useful for dairy goat production and milk quality management.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
動物科學技術學研究所
100
Most feed ingredients are imported nowadays in Taiwan. Due to climate change, and energy crisis, the feed cost in animal husbandry is getting higher during the past years. In order to cut down the cost, to use domestic forages, crop residues, agro-industrial byproducts or non-conventional feed resources is an important issue. A total of 8 Alpine goats in mid-lactation were used in a cross-over design experiment. According to their milk yield, lactating goats were evenly assigned into two groups which were assigned as control diet group ( CD ) fed imported feed ingredients or domestic diet group ( DD ) fed completely domestic feed ingredients. The major constituents of CD were alfalfa hay, bermudagrass hay, corn, soybean meal, and alfalfa pellet; the major feed ingredients of DD were corn silage, peanut stover, soybean pulp, and brewers’ grains. Each experiment period included 14 days adaptation period followed by 4 days of sampling period. The results showed there’s no significant difference of dry matter intake between two groups ( CD: 1522 g/head/d; DD: 1449 g/head/d ), but the CD had higher intake and apparent digestibility of crude protein and non-fiber carbohydrates. The intake and digestibility of crude protein of CD were 318 g/head/d, and 84.5％; the DD were 230 g/head/d, and 74％. The intake and digestibility of non-fiber carbohydrate of CD and DD were 662 g/head/d, 90.0％; and 568 g/head/d, 85.9％. Although the DD had lower milk yield ( CD: 2079 g/head/d; DD: 1865 g/head/d ), and N retention ( CD: 19.4 g/head/d; DD: 2.3 g/head/d ) than the CD, the feed efficiency of them were not significantly different. The feed costs of CD and DD were NT$ 14.5 and 11.9 dollars/head/d, respectively. Based on feed intake and milk yield, the estimated profit were NT$ 54.3 and 51.2 dollars/head/d. The DD had lower cost but lower profit. Based on the above results, it still needs to improve the efficiency of DD. Crude protein and non-fiber carbohydrate intakes and digestibilities of DD deserve further improvement if higher milk yield and higher profit were demanded.

作為一種新型扶貧手段，小額信貸產業在過去三十年中於發展中國家迅速興起。從業者常常聲稱小額信貸機構能夠為貧窮農民提供金融機會，而這些弱勢群體過去往往被排除在傳統金融機構之外；與此同時，不同於以往的扶貧手段，小額信貸機構被認為能夠在財務上達到平衡乃至盈利。這種雙重目標的前景吸引了許多發展中國家的興趣，因此，小額信貸產業作為解決貧困問題的一種嘗試而在國際舞台上獲得了迅猛的發展。
由於中國獨特的社會和政治環境，小額信貸機構的發展有其特殊的軌跡。本研究以深入訪談和參與式觀察為主要研究方法，通過為期三個月的田野調查，對中國西部與北部的兩個非政府小額信貸組織進行了深入考察。研究發現，小額信貸組織正面臨無法同時達成雙重目標的困境；基於觀察與資料分析，本文提出，中國農村社區信任結構的轉型是小額信貸組織面臨多重問題的主要原因。隨著市場經濟的發展與城市化的加速，在日漸瓦解的熟人社會中，小額信貸機構的社會目標被其財務目標所壓制，導致原有的扶貧、婦女賦權等目標難以達成，更形成了目標替代的組織現象。
為深入探討小額信貸產業中目標替代的現象，本文從組織目標的合法性與可測量性兩個角度提出假設，指出當邊緣目標具有強烈的合法性和直觀的可測量性，便可能取代相對難以觀測的核心目標。最後，本文指出，為保證小額信貸組織不偏離原有的社會目標，需要設計一種新型的、獨立的測量工具，用以跟踪記錄小額信貸組織的社會影響，並將其作為判斷組織表現的核心因素。
Known as an innovative tool for poverty alleviation, microfinance has been widely spread in developing countries in the past few decades. It is commonly claimed that microfinance institutions (MFIs) can provide financial opportunities to those who are unable to obtain loans from the formal system, while at the same time maintain their institutional sustainability. This promise has attracted the interest of developing countries with large population in poverty, leading to a remarkable emergence of microfinance industry on the global stage.
Because of the special social and political environment, the development of MFIs in China has its unique trajectory. Based on interviews and participant observation, this three-month research focuses on two non-governmental MFIs in Western China and Northern China, revealing a plight of infeasible dual objectives and proposing an explanation from the angle of transformed trust structure. In a collapsing acquaintance community, the social objectives are suppressed by the demands of self-sustainability, thus violating the original intention of poverty alleviation and women empowerment, and leading to a phenomenon of goal displacement.
To further discuss the logic behind the goal displacement phenomenon in microfinance industry, two propositions are suggested from the angles of legitimacy and measurability of organizational goals. The findings indicate that to ensure the social objective of MFIs, an independent evaluation system is needed to track the social impacts and better assess organizational performances in microfinance industry.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Liu, Ran.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-74).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2. --- Trust and its Transformation --- p.4
Chapter 3. --- Debates on Microfinance --- p.11
Chapter 3.1 --- Development of global microfinance --- p.11
Chapter 3.2 --- Microfinance in China --- p.18
Chapter 4. --- Research Settings and Methodology --- p.23
Chapter 4.1 --- Methodology and Limitations --- p.23
Chapter 4.2 --- Brief introduction of association A --- p.25
Chapter 4.3 --- Brief introduction of association B --- p.27
Chapter 5. --- Microfinance and the Transformation of Trust --- p.29
Chapter 5.1 --- Urbanization and the transition of clients --- p.29
Chapter 5.2 --- The Failure of group-lending model --- p.37
Chapter 5.3 --- The decoupling between practices and regulations --- p.42
Chapter 5.4 --- Target shift and goal displacement --- p.47
Chapter 6. --- Discussion: Dual Objectives and Goal Displacement --- p.51
Chapter 6.1 --- Multiple organizational goals of MFIs --- p.51
Chapter 6.2 --- Proposition 1: Sustainability as a legitimate goal --- p.55
Chapter 6.3 --- Proposition 2: Sustainability as a practical goal --- p.58
Chapter 7. --- Conclusion --- p.62
References --- p.65
Chapter Appendix: --- Information of Interviewees --- p.75

No
Until recently, osteological studies into ancient diet and health have primarily focused upon human remains. As a result, these areas of research are still in their infancy in the field zoo-archaeology. Animals have paid a heavy price for many major human advances, such as those in agriculture and transport. This use (and often abuse) of animals has left many tell-tale signs in their teeth and bones. Along with the many advantages in animal exploitation have also come major problems for humans. Thus, infectious diseases passed from animals to humans must have long played a significant evolutionary role in the development of society. The zooarchaeological record could provide an extremely important temporal framework for exploring and understanding past and current issues of human health and animal welfare. This volume provides one of the first contributions to the field, and may stimulate many more.

碩士
南華大學
文化創意事業管理學系休閒產業碩士班
103
Most of the elderly people in Taiwan are rich, free and able to make their own travel plans. In addition to convenient mass transportation, they consequently become potential customers in domestic tourist market. Understanding and analyzing the types of what their travel purposes are can help us explore some certain factors influencing how often they take a trip. This survey is based on 2001~2013 questionnaires of “The travel conditions of the seniors in Taiwan over the age of 60” from Tourism Bureau, MOTC. It aims to discuss if the rates of the elderly people who take a domestic trip rise, and analyze the relative types of taking a domestic trip by using probit model and multinomial probit model. 　　The survey results show that: (1.) whether to take a domestic trip or not : Chances are that married female interviewees in the seventies with higher-educated background and high monthly pay would take a domestic trip. (2.) Types of travel purposes : Higher-educated interviewees living in downtown or in Taipei suburbs prefer to take a sport trip. Housekeeping or unemployed interviewees have little chance of taking this kind of trip. Divorced male interviewees or those who are in separation are more likely to take an eco-trip than married or unemployed ones do. The better education, pay and residence male interviewees in downtown possess, the less chance they would take a religious trip. Unmarried, professional or laboring female interviewees are much more interested in it instead. Higher-educated, professional, laboring interviewees are more likely to visit their relatives or friends by taking a trip. Married, widowed, unemployed or paid less than twenty thousand dollars per month male interviewees in downtown or Taipei suburbs don’t do so during the trip. (3.) According the analysis of the types of travel purposes, it suggests that taking a trip “simply” increase gradually every year. 　　The survey recommends that the government should put the conditions and environment of all kinds of travel plans into consideration while promoting the elderly people to take a trip, which not only gives them more options but also offers more incentives to those who are unwilling to take part in any trips.

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system was used as a basis for describing a methodology for the management of reproduction in small ruminant flocks. The seven principles of the HACCP system are:

1. Conduct a hazard analysis 2. Identify critical control points 3. Establish critical limits for each control point 4. Establish monitoring procedure 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish a record keeping procedure 7. Establish verification procedures.

The first principle of HACCP requires a description of the production system. The small ruminant reproduction process was subdivided into four sub-processes with a total of 33 phases. The ewe management cycle consists of 12 phases and the ram management cycle, replacement ewe cycle and replacement ram cycle each consists of seven phases. The reproductive process was described by a flow diagram. The hazards were categorized as management, environmental, nutritional, genetic, predatory, physiological and disease factors that could affect reproductive performance. The second principle requires the establishment of Critical Control Points (CCP). Seventeen CCPs in the reproductive process were established and monitoring and diagnostic procedures for each of the critical control points was described together with suggested corrective actions. The resulting HACCP plan formed the basis of consultations with 30 commercial small stock enterprises. Each of the Critical Control Points was applied to at least three and up to 30 of the flocks over the period of the trial to establish the practicality and validity of the procedures which were described as standard operating procedures. Data forms were designed for the structured collection of data regarding the process as well as the CCPs. The Critical Control Points and forms that were selected in this project were as follows:

• CC1. Ewe selection. Prior to Ewe preparation. Ewe selection data form
• CC2.Ram selection. Prior to Phase two of ram preparation. Ram selection data form
• CC3. Ewe preparation. Prior to start of mating (end of flushing period). Ewe preparation data form
• CC4. Ram preparation. Prior start of mating (end of flushing period). Ram preparation data form
• CC5. Joining. Start of mating period. Joining data form
• CC6. Mating. End of mating period. Mating data form
• CC7. Scan. >35 days after mating. Scan data form
• CC8. Rescan. ≥ 30 days after initial scanning. Rescan data form
• CC9. Pregnant. Prior to start of lambing. Pregnancy management data form
• CC10. Lambing. End of lambing period. Lambing data form
• CC11. Marking. After neonatal period. Marking data form
• CC12. Weaning. Separation of lambs from ewes. Weaning data form
• CC13. Ewe replacement. At ewe selection. Replacement maiden data form
• CC14. Ram replacement. At ram selection. Replacement ram data form
• CC15. Genital soundness. Prior to ram selection. Ram genital soundness data form
• CC16. Ram recovery. About 8 weeks after mating. Ram recovery data form
• CC17. Last day of lambing. About 146 days after end of joining. Last day of lambing data form.

In addition to the specific procedures described in the seventeen CCP's three CCP's were described that can be performed to assist in monitoring the general health and welfare of the flock at strategic points in the management cycle:

• CC 18 Body condition score
• CC 19 Helminthic status
• CC 20 Nutritional status.

Qualitative aspects of the critical control point as well as certain quality control questions were described as a generic quality control form. This generic form is modified annually to reflect hazard issues that need to be followed up the following year. Specific questions are entered on the form which is diarised for the next year. The use of these generic forms assisted in the process of continuous improvement by ensuring that adjustments to the Flock Health and Production Plan are made to prevent repeating management failures. Examples of the use of the CCP's are described on the basis of data that was collected from the flocks that participated in the project. Upon conclusion a questionnaire was completed by 12/25 of the flock managers who participated. The results of the survey indicated that there was general acceptance of a HACCP – based management system for the management of reproduction in the small ruminant enterprises by the flock managers that responded to the questionnaire. Flock managers agreed that the program must be adapted to their individual needs, would not be a problem to implement but needed to be simple and many would need assistance. Training and information was considered important aspects. There was general consensus that financial results should form part of the program and that comparisons within the group on an anonymous basis is accepted. The two responses that showed the least variance were the needs to reduce production risk and to be informed of potential hazards. Flock managers disagreed the most in their response about the range of control points they would implement. This correlates with the expressed need to have individually adapted programs. Flock managers were not very positive about the benefits of a quality control and certification system. Predation proved to be the most important hazard followed by parasites and stock theft, all three being highly variable as indicated by a large variance. The HACCP-based methodology should be applied in and extended form to all aspects of the flock production system to assist in improving sustainability. Copyright
Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Production Animal Studies
unrestricted

Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde nahe der Ortschaft Hemmoor (Niedersachsen) ein kaiserzeitlicher Urnenfriedhof entdeckt, aus dem die sogenannten Hemmoorer Eimer stammen. Die vorliegenden 32 Tierknochenreste wurden bei der anthropologischen Bestimmung der Knochenfunde aus sechs Eimern aussortiert. Das wichtigste Fundstück ist ein Hühnerknochenfragment, daß mit seiner Datierung in den Zeitraum zwischen dem Ende des 2. bis zur ersten Hälfte des 3. Jahrhunderts einen wichtigen Nachweis für den Beginn der Haltung dieses Hausgeflügels darstellt. Die weiteren Knochenreste stammen überwiegend von Schafen oder Ziegen. Die Altersbestimmung ergab, daß kaum eines der Tiere älter als zwei Jahre wurde. Bei diesen Stücken fiel auf, daß es sich zumeist um Skelettreste aus den unteren Beinabschnitten handelt, die nur wenig Fleisch tragen.
At the end of the 19th century close of the locality Hemmoor (Lower Saxony) an urn cemetery from the time of the Roman Iron Age was discovered, on that the so-called Hemmoor situla were found. The 32 fragments presented here were found during the anthropological examination of the cremated bone finds from six situlae. The most important piece of the finds is a chicken bone fragment dated into the period between the end of the 2nd up to the first half of the 3rd century. It represents an important evidence for the beginning of the animal husbandry of house poultry. The further bone remainders come predominantly from sheep or goats. The age determination resulted in that no one of the animals became hardly older than two years. In addition it was noticeable that most remainders come from the bones of the lower limbs. That bones carry not a lot of meat.

The diploma thesis deals with problems of depression in older people. Mainly the work is focused on identifying and analyzing the role of nurses in screening for depression in older people in primary care, acute care, long-term care and home care. This thesis was focused on theoretical direction and was used the method of design and demonstration. In this thesis was set one main goals with five research questions. The main goal was to identify and analyze the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly. RQ 1: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 2: What is the role of the nurse in the primary care in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 3: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in hospitalized patients in acute care? RQ 4: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in seniors in long-term and home care? RQ 5: What rating scales and methods are used in screening for depression in the elderly? The thesis introduce the concept of depression. The following are specified the causes of and the important factors that affect depression in the elderly. It also deals the differences in the clinical symptomatology of depression in old age. It explains possibilities and various barriers in the diagnosis of depression. Another chapter introduces complete geriatric examination, diagnostic classification systems, possible screening methods and scales for detection of depression in the elderly population. It also deals methods of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment and its possible complications associated with older age. By reason of increased suicide rate caused by depressive disorder the issue of suicidal behavior in the elderly is introduced. The next chapter deals with the nursing process, which is used by nurses in practice. It consists of the evaluation of the patient's health condition, making nursing diagnosis, creating nursing plan and subsequent implementation and evaluation. The nursing process is also needy for providing quality care. The nursing process in the stage of nursing diagnosis, introduces possible nursing diagnosis for a patient suffering from depression, which are based on the latest classification. Finally is described the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly in different health facilities and their contribution to the timely evaluation of depression in the elderly. This chapter introduces the role of nurses, nursing screening and collaboration with a physician. The role of nurses in screening for depression in different medical facilities is based on the first phase of the nursing process of assessment. On the basis of objective and subjective information, the nurse will assess the overall health and mental condition of the patient. Primarily, it was investigated what is the role of the nurse in screening for depression. On the basis of content analysis and synthesis it was necessary to used and processed domestic and foreign literature. A number of relevant sources are the results of various studies and Meta-analyzes, mostly from abroad, but also from the Czech Republic. The thesis can serve as a basis for nurses. The result of this thesis is to create e-learning material available for students in the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice in the tutorial called Moodle.