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1
Oma, Ida M. "Explaining states’ burden-sharing behaviour within NATO." Cooperation and Conflict 47, no. 4 (November 27, 2012): 562–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836712462856.
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This article reviews the state of literature relevant to states’ burden-sharing behaviour within NATO. The purpose is two-fold: first, to delineate the different dependent variables and evaluate whether important questions have been left untreated, and, second, to assess strengths and weaknesses of the explanations that have been proffered. It is argued that while the system-level explanations capture major incentives to contribute, the domestic-level explanations are necessary in understanding specific decision-outcomes. The existing integrative models are superior to each explanation or level of analysis individually but tend to portrait domestic leaders as rather passive registers of international and domestic pressures. Empirically speaking, it is argued that more studies of contributions to distinct events, i.e. NATO operations, are needed, particularly focusing on cases of small states. The dependent variable of form of contributions is seemingly the least explored and may require incorporation of other theoretical arguments than utilized in existing works.
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Vabø, Mette, and Håvard Hansen. "Purchase intentions for domestic food: a moderated TPB-explanation." British Food Journal 118, no. 10 (October 3, 2016): 2372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2016-0044.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate consumers’ intention to buy domestic food applying the theory of planned behavior. Based on this framework, the authors investigate the moderating effects of consumer ethnocentrism and self-construal. Design/methodology/approach To test the conceptual model, a cross-sectional study from a random sample of Norwegian consumers was employed. A total of 501 consumers filled out the web-based survey. The data were analyzed by means of confirmatory factor analysis and multiple regression. Findings The results show that subjective norm and perceived behavioral control (PBC) both have positive significant effects on consumers’ intention to buy domestic food. Attitude also has a positive effect but is only significant on the ten percent level. The effect of subjective norm is reduced with increasing levels of ethnocentrism, and the effect of PBC is reduced when consumers are collectivistic rather than individualistic. Originality/value This study provides the food industry with useful information about which mechanisms underlie the consumers’ intention to buy domestic food. In addition the study provides useful insight into how different personality characteristics affect the consumers’ intentions.
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Blokker, Niels M., and Marieke Kleiboer. "The Internationalization of Domestic Conflict: The Role of the UN Security Council." Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 1 (March 1996): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000027.
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In recent years, the UN Security Council has increasingly been involved in domestic conflicts. To explain this development, two lines of arguments have been used most often, both referring to the end of the Cold War. The first line of argument holds that the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to more domestic conflicts that manifest themselves at the international level, and the UN has simply responded to that growing problem. In the second line of argument, the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to an end of the anticipation and use of Soviet veto power in the Security Council, leading to more opportunities for the UN to take a more proactive stance in domestic conflicts. How plausible are these explanations? In this article, the argument is made that both lines of explanation rest partly on faulty premises.
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Bak, Daehee, Kerry Chávez, and Toby Rider. "Domestic Political Consequences of International Rivalry." Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 4 (September 23, 2019): 703–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719876349.
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Given the conventional claim that external threats increase internal cohesion and government capacity, cross-country studies have examined how interstate conflict events influence domestic politics. This article reevaluates the in-group and out-group mechanisms by examining how international strategic rivalry, which indicates the presence of persistent external threats even in the absence of military conflict, affects domestic political competition. An alternative explanation suggests that the effect of external threats on political incentives of domestic actors differs between regime supporters and oppositions. We posit that the presence of international threats from rival states inflames domestic unrest and oppositions’ antiregime challenges, while making governments rely more on repressive tactics given resource constraints and a high level of domestic political intolerance. In addition, we propose that the domestic consequences of international rivalry are heterogeneous depending on the characteristics of political systems and the level of threat perception. Empirical tests reveal robust evidence for the hypotheses.
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Cao, Xun. "Global Networks and Domestic Policy Convergence: A Network Explanation of Policy Changes." World Politics 64, no. 3 (June 27, 2012): 375–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887112000081.
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National economies are embedded in complex networks such as trade, capital flows, and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). These globalization forces impose differential impacts on national economies depending on a country's network positions. This article addresses the policy convergence-divergence debate by focusing on how networks at the international level affect domestic fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policies. The author presents two hypotheses: first, similarity in network positions induces convergence in domestic economic policies as a result of peer competitive pressure. Second, proximity in network positions facilitates policy learning and emulation, which result in policy convergence. The empirical analysis applies a latent-space model for relational/dyadic data and indicates that position similarity in the network of exports induces convergence in fiscal and regulatory policies; position similarity in the network of transnational portfolio investments induces convergence in fiscal policies; and position proximity in IGO networks is consistently associated with policy convergence in fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policies.
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Chari, Raj S., Suvi Iltanen, and Sylvia Kritzinger. "Examining and Explaining the Northern League's ‘U-Turn’ from Europe." Government and Opposition 39, no. 3 (2004): 423–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.000129.x.
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AbstractSet in the context of the larger literature on regionalist parties and specifically on the Italian Northern League, this paper examines and explains why the party moved from Euro-positivism to Euroscepticism. Drawing on concepts raised in the larger comparative politics literature, five explanations of this U-turn towards Europe are evaluated. It is argued that, despite the strength of explanations that focus on the desires of party supporters, the role of public opinion, the potential influence of economic investors or the role of EU-level institutions in shaping party preferences, a more cogent explanation focuses on domestic-level developments. The conclusions will underscore the general implications of this research for the study of parties, particularly regionalist ones in the EU, highlighting that a party's changing stance towards supranational integrationist polices can be best understood as a consequence of its experience in a political system's electoral system.
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Davenport, Deborah S. "An Alternative Explanation for the Failure of the UNCED Forest Negotiations." Global Environmental Politics 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526380053243549.
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Scholars have offered numerous explanations for success stories such as the ozone regime but have paid little attention to failed cases, such as the failure to attain agreement on a global forest convention in 1992. Discussions of this case frequently attribute the failure to a prioritization of sovereignty above all other interests on the part of Malaysia and other developing countries. I offer an alternative explanation, based on interview data and documents and reports from the era. Although the US was the first state to propose a global forest convention in 1990 and remained the lead state in negotiations, the benefits of a global forest treaty at the domestic level did not outweigh the potential costs to the US of manipulating the preferences of the anti-convention coalition towards favoring agreement. Use of counter-factual scenarios demonstrates that it was this rather than sovereignty issues that precluded a forest treaty.
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Gibson, John G., and John D. Stewart. "Poll Tax, Rates and Local Elections." Political Studies 40, no. 3 (September 1992): 516–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1992.tb00706.x.
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The 1990 London local elections provided a unique opportunity to examine the sensitivity of voters to two local taxes: domestic rates and poll tax. Both taxes were found to have had an important influence on voting but in unequal proportions according to party incumbency prior to 1990. In Conservative boroughs swing was sensitive to poll tax level but this was not true in Labour boroughs. In both, swing was sensitive to the change in average local tax level in the switch from domestic rates to poll tax in 1990. Rate increases between 1986 and 1989 had a substantial effect in Labour boroughs. Other variables, such as service levels and some borough-level issues, also contributed to the high levels of explanation achieved.
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Davis, Andrew P., and Yongjun Zhang. "Civil society and exposure to domestic terrorist attacks: Evidence from a cross-national quantitative analysis, 1970–2010." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 60, no. 3 (April 15, 2019): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715219837752.
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This article examines the connection between a nation’s level of civil society organizational openness and the number of domestic terrorist attacks across 167 countries from 1970 to 2010. Following the contentious politics approach, we conceptualize terrorist organizations as engaged in high-risk movement activity and sensitive to organizational opportunities that make contention more likely. Panel fixed-effects negative binomial regression models support our hypothesis that a nation’s level of civil society openness increases exposure to domestic terrorist attacks. This work connects social movement theory with the cross-disciplinary literature working to understand terrorism by offering an explanation for terrorist attacks that are rooted in the organizational opportunity paradigm. It provides us a useful tool for future work on cross-national social movements in a cross-national perspective, as well as further work on terrorist organizations.
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Khamidov, Alisher. "What It Takes to Avert a Regional Crisis: Understanding the Uzbek Government’s Responses to the June 2010 Violence in South Kyrgyzstan." Central Asian Affairs 2, no. 2 (March 13, 2015): 168–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142290-00202003.
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Uzbekistan played an important role during the June 2010 interethnic violence in South Kyrgyzstan by tightly controlling borders, allowing thousands of Kyrgyzstani refugees to cross into Uzbek territory, assisting in the shipment of international humanitarian assistance to Kyrgyzstan, and collaborating with the osce in the investigation of the causes of the violence. What explains Uzbekistan’s approach to the unrest in South Kyrgyzstan? Some scholars suggest that Uzbekistan’s response was shaped largely by external actors such as Russia. Others posit that domestic pressures account for the response. This article advances an alternative explanation: Tashkent’s response was largely a result of a consensus achieved at two levels: international and domestic. In explaining the impact of domestic level, the article emphasizes the role of bureaucratic politics—competition among various government agencies.
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Brusis, Martin. "The Instrumental Use of European Union Conditionality: Regionalization in the Czech Republic and Slovakia." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 19, no. 2 (May 2005): 291–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325404272063.
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Numerous Central and Eastern European countries have restructured their regional level of public administration in the context of their accession to the European Union. Focusing on the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the article studies how the EU has influenced the institutionalization of regions and regional self-government. Regionalization may have been driven mainly by EU conditionality or, as a competing explanation suggests, more by domestic factors. The article argues that the EU altered the opportunity structure faced by domestic actors but that its role was more complementary than decisive. Czech and Slovak governments instrumentalized a perceived EU conditionality to promote their own political objectives. These findings demonstrate that a top-down concept of conditionality lends itself to fallacies and should be substantiated by reconstructing the domestic politics of Europeanization.
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BACH, DAVID. "Varieties of cooperation: the domestic institutional roots of global governance." Review of International Studies 36, no. 3 (July 2010): 561–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021051000063x.
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AbstractThis article develops a domestic institutional explanation for the growing institutional diversity in global economic governance. Transgovernmental networks linking domestic regulatory agencies have emerged in a number of areas alongside more conventional cooperation based on international organisations and regimes. At the same time, the number and scope of private self-regulatory schemes at the international level has markedly increased. While rich literatures have developed around each of these three governance cluster, less attention has been paid to the critical questions why, where, and when we are most likely to see one type of governance as opposed to another. The article argues that broad observable patterns of global governance result from specific configurations of domestic institutional variables in leading markets against the backdrop of the dynamics of market globalisation. Empirical evidence from case studies of global governance in the fields of securities, Internet domain names, intellectual property, and hedge funds broadly support the argument.
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Hobolt, Sara B., Jae-Jae Spoon, and James Tilley. "A Vote Against Europe? Explaining Defection at the 1999 and 2004 European Parliament Elections." British Journal of Political Science 39, no. 1 (January 2009): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123408000422.
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Governing parties generally win fewer votes at European Parliament elections than at national electionsmost common explanation for this is that European elections are ‘second order national elections’ acting as mid-term referendums on government performance. This article proposes an alternative, though complementary, explanation: voters defect because governing parties are generally far more pro-European than the typical voter. Additionally, the more the campaign context primes Eurosceptic sentiments, the more likely voters are to turn against governing parties. A multi-level model is used to test these propositions and analyse the effects of individual and contextual factors at the 1999 and 2004 European Parliament elections. Both European and domestic concerns matter to voters; moreover, campaign context plays an important role in shaping vote choices.
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Ling, Song. "Discussion on the logic mechanism and implementation strategy of unblocked “Dual Circulation” Development Pattern blocking point." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 03055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129203055.
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The implementation of the strategy of “a new development pattern with domestic and international cycles as the main body and mutual promotion of domestic and international dual cycles” is of great strategic significance for promoting the high-quality development of my country’s economy, comprehensively deepening reforms, and promoting high-level opening up. This article starts from the unblocked double-circle block point, through the explanation of the background meaning of the construction of the new development pattern, the analysis of the scientific connotation of the new development pattern, and the study of the implementation strategy to promote the new development pattern. This is a major strategic decision to keep pace with the pulse of economic development in the new era, and has important practical significance for activating and digging into the domestic market space and responding to the complex and complex impact of globalization.
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Jones, Erik. "Look for the Blind Spot where Structural Realism Meets Pluralistic Stagnation." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 11, no. 2 (May 2009): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2008.00360.x.
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The predominant traditions in international relations and comparative political economy both failed to anticipate the end of the cold war. The explanation is not that these traditions are flawed; rather it is that they developed in response to different kinds of questions. Structural realism explains the distribution of power in the international system, not the attitudes or expectations of domestic elites. Meanwhile institutionalist traditions at the domestic level focus on explaining stability, persistence or path-dependence and not sudden or sweeping change. Given their focus, these different traditions built on assumptions that were ill-suited to explain the end of communism. They are better suited, however, to explaining what happened to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe once communism fell.
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Čermák, Zdeněk, Martin Hampl, and Jan Müller. "Contemporary tendencies of population development of metropolitan areas in Czechia: is an important turn coming?" Geografie 114, no. 1 (2009): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2009114010037.
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Population development of metropolitan areas in Czechia displays in recent years a certain turn – since 2002 these territorial units have been growing again and increasing their share on the population of the country. However, when compared with the long-term development, those changes are rather insignificant. Their explanation comes mainly from the regional economic differentiation dating from the first decade of the transformation period. There is a dominant influence of international migration, whereas migration mobility of domestic population remains still at a low level.
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VINCENT, JEFFREY R. "Resource depletion and economic sustainability in Malaysia." Environment and Development Economics 2, no. 1 (February 1997): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x97000107.
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Countries richly endowed with natural resources have, on average, developed less rapidly than countries that are poor in natural resources. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that the level of investment in reproducible capital has been insufficient to offset the depletion of natural capital. The empirical significance of this explanation can be investigated by analysing modified measures of net investment and net domestic product. Estimation of these measures involves calculating the economic depreciation of natural resources, a task that has been problematic in previous studies. Malaysia provides an ideal case for such empirical investigations, as it is one of the world's most resource-rich countries yet also has one of the world's fastest-growing economies, consists of three subnational regions that differ significantly in terms of economic structure, and has sufficient data for estimating conceptually correct measures of natural resource depreciation. Results of the analysis indicate that Malaysia has developed sustainably, despite substantial resource depletion. This is not the case in two of the regions, however, where trends in both net investment and net domestic product indicate that current consumption levels cannot be sustained. Nevertheless, the regional differences in sustainability might be consistent with optimal national use of the rents generated by exploitation of the country's natural resources.
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Su, Bo. "Research on Green Hotels Based on Green Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.325.
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While the hardware of the domestic hotel has reached the international first-class, there is still much room left in software and benefit level at present. According to the outlook on scientific development and the requirement of sustainable development, we have to face up to the problem of the lack of environmental protection in the course of hotel construction in the tide of global competition. The author puts forward some problems in the transition process from the traditional hotel to green hotel. The author also gives corresponding countermeasures to solve the problems in the hotel industry through the explanation of the green hotels.
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Schneider, Gerald, and Lars-Erik Cederman. "The change of tide in political cooperation: a limited information model of European integration." International Organization 48, no. 4 (1994): 633–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300028332.
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European integration follows a puzzling stop-and-go pattern that traditional international reations theories cannot fully explain. The predominating paradigms only account for either the achievements or the setbacks of the integration process. An information based explanation makes it possible to move beyond structural accounts provided by realist and functionalist scholarship. Such an approach yields solid micro-level foundations of international bargaining and focuses on leaders' use of threats in negotiations about regional cooperation. Situations involving governments agreeing on the necessity of further integration, but disagreeing about its level, create room for strategic manipulation of information asymmetries. This type of uncertainty stems from the manipulator's information and control advantages concerning domestic costs. The analysis of different summit meetings demonstrates the empirical relevance of such maneuvers for the dynamics of European integration.
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GOKCEKUS, OMER, and YUI SUZUKI. "MIXING WASHINGTON CONSENSUS WITH BEIJING CONSENSUS AND CORRUPTION IN AFRICA." Singapore Economic Review 61, no. 02 (June 2016): 1640029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590816400294.
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In theory, trade intensity should positively affect the quality of domestic institutions and governance; the higher the economic openness, the lower the corruption. In practice, however, the growth of economic openness has not been accompanied by the expected improvements in corruption for 34 African countries between 1990 and 2009. This paper presents a plausible explanation for this conundrum. Results from panel data regression analyses indicate that a switch from trading with the Advanced Economies to trading with China increases the perceived corruption level. For instance, in a “representative” African country, a 10% point substitution from trading with the Advanced Economies to trading with China makes its ICRG corruption score decline—indicating increased corruption—by 29%.
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Xu, Tian Wei, Yong Feng Deng, and Chun Guang Lin. "Analysis on Garden Irrigation for the Recycling and Use of Reclaimed Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.479.
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The lack of water resource is the resource and environmental problem of various countries in the current international environment face, and a better way to solve the shortage of water resource is to adopt the reclaimed water for civil irrigation. But the development of science and technology in China started late, it leads to that our country doesnt have deep experience in the use of the reclaimed water application technology, thus, the development and requirements of this technology in the domestic world are very urgent and demanding. In this paper, the author makes a detailed technology requirement explanation for the technology requirement level of supervision, technology, technics and management aspect on wastewater reuse technology.
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Weisiger, Alex. "Learning from the Battlefield: Information, Domestic Politics, and Interstate War Duration." International Organization 70, no. 2 (2016): 347–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818316000059.
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AbstractWhat drives leaders’ decisions about whether to continue or end an ongoing war? The private information explanation for war holds that leaders fight because they believe that doing so will advance national interests, and they settle hostilities when new information reduces their optimism about the possibility of long-term success. Yet significant theoretical disagreement exists about both the extent to which and the manner in which new information, especially battlefield information, promotes settlement. This article unpacks the logic of the informational mechanism, arguing that settlement will be more likely when there has been more extensive fighting and that countries are more likely to make concessions to end wars when battlefield results have deteriorated; short-term spikes in war intensity by contrast do not promote settlement. Moreover, building on work on leadership turnover and settlement, I show that leader replacement is sometimes part of the information-updating process, especially in autocracies: new leaders without political ties to the person in power at the start of the war are more likely both to come to power when war is going poorly and to end wars once in office. Tests of these arguments make use of new participant-level data on the timing of battle deaths for all Correlates of War interstate wars, which allows me to examine the effects of changing battlefield developments across a wide range of cases in a manner that was previously impossible.
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Sari, Angguntari C. "A neoclassical realist explanation of Indonesia’s involvement in Muslim-related secessions in non-Muslim countries." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 4, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 213–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891118787930.
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This article attempts to test the ethnic ties theory and provides an alternative explanation for why Indonesia as the largest Muslim country in the world has been inconsistent in its support for Muslim separatists. In this article, I use a Mill’s method of most similar system design and examine variation in Indonesia’s foreign policy towards Muslim secessionism taking place in non-Muslim countries over time. Since Indonesia’s independence in 1945, it has frequently supported the non-Muslim host states, has supported the Muslim separatists on some occasions, and has either adopted an ambivalent foreign policy/supported both the host states and separatist groups or adopted a neutral stance/neither supported the host states nor the separatist groups on other occasions. I suggest a neoclassical realist explanation and argue that specific foreign policy outcomes in the context of Muslim separatists versus non-Muslim host states are shaped by the perception of leading policy makers on the extent to which support for the conflicting parties in the secessionist conflicts can hinder or facilitate the achievement of vital national interests and ultimately the state’s international as well as the level of domestic political constraints specifically the public demand to assist the separatist movements.
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Iusmen, Ingi. "Whose Children? Protecting Unaccompanied Migrant Children in Europe: A Case of Diffused Responsibility?" International Journal of Children’s Rights 28, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 925–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-28040006.
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Abstract This paper examines the reasons behind the failure of EU and national policy interventions to protect unaccompanied migrant children’s (unaccompanied minors – uams) rights during the refugee crisis in Europe. By drawing on policy documents and empirical data, it is argued that the deficient protection of uam s’ child rights was essentially a failure of responsibility allocation in line with the “bystander effect” analytical explanation. While this argument does not disregard the role of other explanatory factors, such as the lack of European solidarity, poor legal enforcement and financial reasons, among others, it is claimed that the diffusion of responsibility (in theory and practice) between various policy systems at the national level, as well as between the EU and domestic levels, contributed to the failure to protect uam s’ child rights across Europe.
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Crawford, Beverly. "Explaining Defection from International Cooperation: Germany's Unilateral Recognition of Croatia." World Politics 48, no. 4 (July 1996): 482–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1996.0015.
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In 1991 Germany extended unilateral diplomatic recognition to Croatia and Slovenia in direct contravention of the preferences of its EC partners. In the context of Germany's postwar history of multilateralism in foreign policy, this was an unprecedented decision. As a case of defection from international cooperation, it requires explanation. This article explains how the German preference for recognition was formed and why Germany acted unilaterally when its partners had moved to adjust their policies to coordinate them with Germany's preferences. Defection from cooperation in this case is best explained as a two-level game: the source of Germany's preference for diplomatic recognition of these republics is traced to domestic political factors; its unilateral action is traced to regime weaknesses leading to negotiating failures in a changing post—cold war international environment.
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Aljuaythin, Wafa. "Gender Representation in EFL Textbooks in Saudi Arabia: A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.5p.151.
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This study investigates the representation of gender in two English as a Foreign Language textbooks for elementary students in Saudi schools. It employs the three stages of Fairclough’s (2015) three-dimensional model: description, interpretation, and explanation. The analysis phase of the description stage is concerned with analyzing four aspects: the frequency of male and female occurrences, the kinds of activity that the two genders engage in, the pictorial representations of the two genders, and the social and domestic roles associated with males and females. Subsequently, after compiling quantitative data on these aspects, the analysis moves to a qualitative interpretation of these aspects in relation to the social context. In the final stage of the analysis, when the discussion aims to reach a final critical explanation on the macro level, the underlying ideological functions of power relations and social struggles are explained in terms of the dominance approach to language (Spender, 1980). The analysis of the two textbooks reveals a gender imbalance in favor of males. This imbalance has led to the representation of women as marginalized and stereotypical figures. This study suggests that such an underrepresentation of women could create a false reality surrounding perceptions of women and hinder the process of ensuring equality to all humans.
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Ali Ahmed, Huson Joher. "The impact of financing decision, dividend policy, and corporate ownership on firm performance at presence or absence of growth opportunity: A panel data approach, evidence from Kuala Lumpur stock exchange." Corporate Ownership and Control 6, no. 1-4 (2008): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv6i1c4p8.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of a company’s level of financing policy, dividend policy and corporate structure on firm performance measured by Tobin Q of Malaysian-listed at the presence or absence of growth opportunities. The study uses panel based regression approach to address whether or not policy variable such as dividend, leverage and corporate structure play differently in explaining the market based firm performance once firm faces growth opportunities or absence of growth opportunities. The analysis is based on a sample of 100 Composite Index components Companies on Kuala Lumpur stock exchange over a period of 4 years, from 1999 to 2002. Findings suggest that firm debt policy affect firm performance differently once firm face presence or absence of growth opportunities. The relationships are unique for each scenario. Once the firm faces no growth opportunities, increase in corporate debt has adverse effect on firm performance. In contrast, firms, which face growth opportunities, resorting external funding provide a multiplier effect on firm performance. While corporate dividend policy seems to be indifferent for the firms which face growth or no growth opportunities, but provide a greater explanation for the potential impact on firm performance implying that dividend policy remain most stable in Malaysian capital market which is valued by corporate investors. Corporate structure proxies by managerial ownership may not provide any meaningful explanation for firm performance over the analysis period. However, firms based both on domestic and multinational ownership provides strong explanation for firm performance once firms face no growth opportunity. Hence this study provides new lights on issue of corporate structure on firm’s performance
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Pasuhuk, Pinkan Mariskania. "CONTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL DEPTH AND FINANCIAL ACCESS TO POVERTY REDUCTION IN INDONESIA." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 21, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v21i1.892.
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This research attempts to analyze possible relationship between financial depth and financial access indicators with poverty in Indonesia. Financial depth indicators include the ratio of saving over gross domestic regional products and the ratio of credit over gross domestic regional products. Financial access indicators include the number of banks and number of cooperatives, while poverty is measured by poverty headcount ratio. This research is utilizing panel provincial level data in Indonesia consisting of 33 provinces for the period of 2007 to 2015 using OLS estimation with fixed and random effect method. The main findings of this research is that financial development variables showed negative and significant relationship with poverty, confirming the contribution of financial depth and financial access in reducing poverty in Indonesia. However, the saving variable showed contradictory result, suggesting that in regions where saving rate is high, poverty rate tend to be high. The possible explanation is that consumption of private and household sector in the research period contribute significantly to Indonesian GDP, while the financial resources obtained from saving is not channeled to the pro poor investment. Therefore, the effect of consumption is more effective in reducing poverty than the effect of saving. This research will provide academic evidence for the policy makers in implementing financial inclusion policy in Indonesia with the objective of improving the quality of financial services to help alleviate poverty.
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Csemáné Váradi, Erika. "Harmful Effects of Imprisonment, Overcrowding in Prisons – Facts, Reasons, and the Way Forward." Central European Journal of Comparative Law 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47078/2020.1.27-50.
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High prison occupancy – regardless of the type of violation – is a serious problem and a significant obstacle to reformatory, reintegrational, and educational work. Neither the negative side effects of imprisonment, nor the harmful effect of overcrowding are uniquely Hungarian, but according to Eurostat data on the prison population between 2015 and 2017, the highest level of prison overcrowding was observed in Hungary. What could be the reason for this? Are there any peculiarities that could serve as an explanation and that make domestic conditions so different? Can repressive criminal policy really be the cause, or strict sentencing practices, or new rules in the Criminal Code, such as mid-scale sentencing? Or will the change in civic attitudes and the associated criminal policy affect professionals? Is it that public security is becoming a political issue? Maybe historical roots or other objective reasons (such as the nature of the buildings) lead us here? This study seeks answers to this situation.
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Petrovic, Pavle, and Zorica Mladenovic. "Exchange rate pass-through and the frequency of price adjustment across different inflation regimes." Panoeconomicus 62, no. 4 (2015): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1504409p.
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The paper explores the link between the inflationary environment and the size of the exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) into domestic prices, as inflation descends from an extreme, second highest and second longest hyperinflation in the 20th century, to high and then moderate inflation in Serbia. We found that ERPT decreases with a decline in the inflation level, variability and persistence, thus supplementing findings previously acquired in panel studies across countries. Our findings can be explained by surging empirical evidence on state contingent behavior of pricing, which indicates a sharp increase in the frequency of price adjustment as one moves from moderate, via high to hyperinflation, suggesting that the degree of price rigidities is a key determinant of the size and speed of ERPT. ERPT estimates are embedded in careful analysis of inflation episodes in Serbia, showing that hyper and high inflation episodes subscribe to the same, fiscal explanation, as opposed to the moderate inflation ones, where supply and demand shocks have been the main inflation drivers.
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O’Shea, Brian A., Derrick G. Watson, Gordon D. A. Brown, and Corey L. Fincher. "Infectious Disease Prevalence, Not Race Exposure, Predicts Both Implicit and Explicit Racial Prejudice Across the United States." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619862319.
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What factors increase racial prejudice? Across the United States, increased exposure to Black Americans has been hypothesized to increase White Americans’ prejudicial attitudes toward Black Americans. Here we test an alternative explanation: People living in regions with higher infectious disease rates have a greater tendency to avoid out-groups because such avoidance reduces their perceived likelihood of contracting illnesses. Consistent with this parasite-stress hypothesis, we show that both White and Black individuals ( N > 77,000) living in U.S. states in which disease rates are higher display increased implicit (automatic) and explicit (conscious) racial prejudice. These results survived the inclusion of several individual- and state-level controls previously used to explain variability in prejudice. Furthermore, showing disease-related primes to White individuals with strong germ aversion increased their explicit, but not implicit, anti-Black/pro-White prejudice. Domestic out-groups, not just foreigners, may therefore experience increased overt forms of prejudice when disease rates are high.
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Mukim, Megha, and T. Juni Zhu. "Empowering Cities: Good for Growth? Evidence from the People's Republic of China." Asian Development Review 35, no. 1 (March 2018): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00110.
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This paper utilizes a countrywide process of county-to-city upgrading in the 1990s to identify whether extending the powers of urban local governments leads to better firm outcomes. The paper hypothesizes that since local leaders in newly promoted cities have an incentive to utilize their new administrative remit to maximize gross domestic product and employment, there should be improvements in economic outcomes. In fact, aggregate firm-level outcomes do not necessarily improve after county-to-city graduation. However, state-owned enterprises perform better after graduation, with increased access to credit through state-owned banks as a possible explanation. Importantly, newly promoted cities with high capacity generally produce better aggregate firm outcomes compared with newly promoted cities with low capacity. The conclusions are twofold. First, relaxing credit constraints for firms could lead to large increases in their operations and employment. Second, increasing local government's administrative remit is not enough to lead to better firm and economic outcomes; local capacity is of paramount importance.
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Elshtain, Jean Bethke. "Woman, the State, and War." International Relations 23, no. 2 (June 2009): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117809104640.
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Does `gender' as a category of analysis or as a central feature of a logic of explanation alter in significant ways Kenneth Waltz's famous `levels of analysis' as developed in his classic, Man, the State, and War? One overriding claim of feminist international relations has been that `gender' alters all levels of analysis; thus, changing `man' to `woman' in the formulation `man, the state, and war' significantly transforms our understanding of international relations. I evaluate this claim critically by assessing the adequacy of feminist formulations on each of Waltz's levels of analysis and, further, by unpacking Waltz's own understanding of these levels. I conclude that Waltz remains enormously helpful in deconstructing reductionist accounts, especially on the `first level' of analysis, but that his own account is problematic insofar as it insists on a `structural analysis' sundered from his levels 1 and 2, namely, wars flow from human nature or, alternatively, from the domestic ordering of states. I point out that Waltz himself leaves some `wiggle room' in his book that permits one to `plug in' features of the first two levels of analysis that are critical to understanding the structural level. In other words, all three levels must be in play if one is to craft a compelling explanatory framework.
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Kitschelt, Herbert. "Industrial governance structures, innovation strategies, and the case of Japan: sectoral or cross-national comparative analysis?" International Organization 45, no. 4 (1991): 453–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081830003318x.
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In comparative research on industrial policy strategies, attention has shifted from national-level variables to sectoral variables in both the description and the explanation of policy. The sectoral literature, however, lacks analytic focus and has provided little systematic insight into the causes of cross-sectoral variance in governance structures and policy strategies. Based on recent contributions to the economics and sociology of formal organizations, this article attempts to sharpen the concept of “industrial sector” and to provide a rationale for why sectoral structures and strategies vary. Next, it develops a synthetic explanatory framework that combines sectoral analysis and national domestic structuralism in order to account for industrial innovation strategies in advanced capitalist countries. In the final section, the fruitfulness of this approach is illustrated by developing a new account of Japan's success and failure in industrial innovation, an account that overcomes the contradictions among the main alternatives offered in the past. The key objective of the article, however, is to develop a new set of theoretical hypotheses for cross-national research, not a rigorous empirical test of its main propositions.
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Bjarnegård, Elin, Karen Brounéus, and Erik Melander. "Honor and political violence." Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 6 (October 18, 2017): 748–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343317711241.
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Who participates in political violence? In this study, we investigate the issue at the micro-level, comparing individuals who have used violence in political uprisings with those who have not. We develop our argument from the observation that men are strongly overrepresented in political violence, although most men do not participate. Literature on masculinities emphasizes the role of honor and its links to different forms of violence, such as domestic abuse, criminal violence, and violent attitudes. Building on this literature, we discern two separate but related aspects of honor: honor as male societal privilege and control over female sexuality, that is, patriarchal values, and honor as ideals of masculine toughness, that is, the perceived necessity for men to be fierce and respond to affronts with violence or threats of violence in order to preserve status. We argue that patriarchal values combined with ideals of masculine toughness together constitute honor ideology, which contributes in turn to the explanation of who participates in political violence. We present new and unique individual-level survey data on these issues, collected in Thailand. We find that honor ideology strongly and robustly predicts a higher likelihood of participating in political violence among male political activists. A number of previous studies found a macro-level relationship between gender equality and peacefulness in a society. This study provides evidence for one micro-level mechanism linking gender equality and political violence at the macro level. Based on these results, we conclude that honor ideology endorsement is a driver of violence in political conflicts.
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Hare, Brian, Josep Call, and Michael Tomasello. "Communication of Food Location Between Human and Dog (Canis Familiaris)." Evolution of Communication 2, no. 1 (December 31, 1998): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eoc.2.1.06har.
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Two domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) participated in a series of studies in which they communicated with a human about the location of hidden food. In the first study both dogs were able to follow human pointing reliably to one of several locations where food was hidden, both in front of them and behind them. They also showed some skills at following human gaze direction in this same task, when both head and eyes indicated the same location. They did not follow eye direction when it conflicted with head direction. A second study clearly ruled out a low-level visual tracking explanation for at least one of the subjects. In a third study one of the two dogs was able to lead a naive human to one of three locations containing food consistently, mainly by barking and orienting its body to the food. The subject did not behave differently, however, when the human turned his back or covered his eyes; he continued to orient to the food and bark under all conditions. In a fourth study in which more clearly visual signals were involved, both subjects strongly preferred to drop a retrieved object at the front of, rather than at the back of, the human — even when the human turned his back so that subjects had to bring the object around his body upon return. The knowledge of human pointing and gaze direction displayed by these two domestic dogs is in many ways comparable to that displayed in experimental studies by nonhuman primates.
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Lee, Sung-Jun, Soojin Kim, and Joongwha Kim. "A Comparative Study of Cross-Border and Domestic Acquisition Performances in the South Korean M&A Market: Testing the Two Competing Theories of Culture." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082307.
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To gain a sustainable competitive advantage through cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As), acquiring firms need to correctly anticipate the consequences of national cultural differences. By comparing the cultural antecedents as well as the performances of domestic M&As (DMA) and cross-border M&As (CMA) in the Korean M&A market from 1999 to 2007, this study aims to gauge whether CMAs can be a viable option for a sustainable growth strategy. This paper tests two conflicting hypotheses (H) regarding the effects of cultural differences. From the perspective of the essentialist (“classic”) concept of culture, DMAs will outperform CMAs (H1) because culture clashes may take place less often in DMAs than in CMAs. However, from the perspective of the social constructivist concept of culture, the post-merger performance will be dependent upon the stability and legitimacy of the intergroup status relations between the acquiring and acquired firms regardless of whether it is DMA or CMA (H2). This study also scrutinizes the moderating effects of the level of integration on these two hypothesized relationships (H3 and H4). The results of this paper demonstrate that the social constructivist concept of culture overall provides a better theoretical explanation.
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Demidov, N. V., and E. A. Ilyin. "Employee Abuse: Typical Case Studies." Juridical Science and Practice 15, no. 4 (2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0410-2019-15-4-29-34.
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The article draws attention to the gap in the legal regulation of relations on the abuse of subjective labor rights by the employee. As a source of information, acts of official interpretation, judicial acts on cases of abuse of labor rights were used. The most typical, frequently encountered examples of abuses from the point of view of domestic courts are examined – disproportionately large severance pay, employee evasion from getting a work book, hiding a certificate of incapacity for work, hiding union membership. A proposal is made to improve enforcement in the field of abuse of labor rights by issuing an explanation at the level of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Two criteria are proposed for recognizing an employee’s act as an abuse of subjective law: informational and conscious. In the first case, the party to the employment relationship has information that is not communicated to the other party, and subsequently appeals to them in order to exercise its right. In the second, circumstances should be recognized as an abuse of labor rights in which the party knew that it had a subjective right, but did not use it to further derive benefits.
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Nahm, Jonas. "Renewable futures and industrial legacies: Wind and solar sectors in China, Germany, and the United States." Business and Politics 19, no. 1 (March 2017): 68–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2016.5.
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AbstractThis article develops an explanation for patterns of industrial specialization in emerging high-technology industries through a comparative analysis of wind and solar sectors in China, Germany, and the United States. Although governments have held similar industrial policy goals in the support of renewable energy industries, firms in all three economies have established distinct innovative capabilities in response to the policies of the state. This article shows that firms utilize both legacy institutions and engage in relational learning in global networks to carve out distinct niches in emerging industries. Based on an original dataset of more than 200 firm-level interviews, the article suggests that the rise of global value chains has widened the space for national diversity in industrial specialization. Firms no longer have to establish the full range of skills required to bring an idea from lab to market, but can specialize and collaborate with others. In this context, firms respond to industrial policy by incrementally building on existing industrial capabilities and by relying on familiar public resources and institutions, even in emerging industries. These findings point to the role of industrial legacies in shaping firms' positions in global value chains and show that firms are active agents in maintaining distinct industrial specializations and domestic institutions under conditions of globalization.
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Baker, Peter, Thomas Hone, Aaron Reeves, Mauricio Avendano, and Christopher Millett. "Does government expenditure reduce inequalities in infant mortality rates in low- and middle-income countries?: A time-series, ecological analysis of 48 countries from 1993 to 2013." Health Economics, Policy and Law 14, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 249–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133118000269.
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AbstractInequalities in infant mortality rates (IMRs) are rising in some low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and decreasing in others, but the explanation for these divergent trends is unclear. We investigate whether government expenditures and redistribution are associated with reductions in inequalities in IMRs. We estimated country-level fixed-effects panel regressions for 48 LMICs (142 country observations). Slope and Relative Indices of Inequality in IMRs (SII and RII) were calculated from Demographic and Health Surveys between 1993 and 2013. RII and SII were regressed on government expenditure (total, health and non-health) and redistribution, controlling for gross domestic product (GDP), private health expenditures, a democracy indicator, country fixed effects and time. Mean SII and RII was 39.12 and 0.69, respectively. In multivariate models, a 1 percentage point increase in total government expenditure (% of GDP) was associated with a decrease in SII of −2.468 [95% confidence intervals (CIs): −4.190, −0.746] and RII of −0.026 (95% CIs: −0.048, −0.004). Lower inequalities were associated with higher non-health government expenditure, but not higher government health expenditure. Associations with inequalities were non-significant for GDP, government redistribution, and private health expenditure. Understanding how non-health government expenditure reduces inequalities in IMR, and why health expenditures may not, will accelerate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Betti, Andrea. "Examining Brexit: Level of Analysis and Explanations." Comillas Journal of International Relations, no. 21 (July 16, 2021): 071–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/cir.i21.y2021.004.
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This article analyses the scholarly debate on the Brexit phenomenon and its possible causes. By contextualizing Brexit in the International Relations Theory debate about the levels of analysis, the article focuses on some of the most recent contributions of the Brexit literature. Firstly, it analyses the contributions that explain Brexit as a problem of international and European politics, related to the adaptation of the United Kingdom to the process of European integration. Secondly, it analyses the contributions that explain Brexit as the result of causes located at the domestic level, such as the decisions and perceptions of national leaders, the decision-making process, and the impact of populist and Eurosceptic political discourse. The article identifies the advantages of an approach capable of considering both international and domestic variables. This allows a deeper understanding of the phenomenon and a potentially fruitful collaboration between political scientists from different disciplines, such as International Relations Theory and Comparative Politics.
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Baun, Michael, and Dan Marek. "The Limits of Regionalization: The Intergovernmental Struggle over EU Cohesion Policy in the Czech Republic." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 31, no. 4 (August 10, 2017): 863–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325417720717.
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What explains national variation in the implementation of EU Cohesion Policy, in particular when it comes to the role of regions in Structural Funds management? This is an important question because, as some scholars have claimed, Cohesion Policy has the potential to empower regions and promote regionalization in Europe. Particularly in the new CEE member states, where relations between central and subnational authorities often remain unsettled or in a state of flux, the ability of regional authorities to exercise a substantial role in Cohesion Policy implementation could significantly impact intergovernmental relations and the balance of power between the central state and regions. This article examines this question in the case of one CEE member state, the Czech Republic, where the role of regions in Structural Funds management has been a particularly contentious issue over the course of three programming periods beginning in 2004. The article argues that the standard explanation in the literature for variation in Cohesion Policy implementation—national constitutional arrangements and governmental traditions—cannot explain the change of implementation systems in the Czech Republic because these remained constant over the three programming periods under investigation. Instead, the Czech case suggests the primary importance of regional administrative capacity and performance as a factor affecting Cohesion Policy implementation, while domestic politics and EU-level influences play important though secondary roles.
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Snooke, N. A., and M. H. Lee. "Qualitative Order of Magnitude Energy-Flow-Based Failure Modes and Effects Analysis." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 46 (March 29, 2013): 413–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.3898.
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This paper presents a structured power and energy-flow-based qualitative modelling approach that is applicable to a variety of system types including electrical and fluid flow. The modelling is split into two parts. Power flow is a global phenomenon and is therefore naturally represented and analysed by a network comprised of the relevant structural elements from the components of a system. The power flow analysis is a platform for higher-level behaviour prediction of energy related aspects using local component behaviour models to capture a state-based representation with a global time. The primary application is Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and a form of exaggeration reasoning is used, combined with an order of magnitude representation to derive the worst case failure modes. The novel aspects of the work are an order of magnitude(OM) qualitative network analyser to represent any power domain and topology, including multiple power sources, a feature that was not required for earlier specialised electrical versions of the approach. Secondly, the representation of generalised energy related behaviour as state-based local models is presented as a modelling strategy that can be more vivid and intuitive for a range of topologically complex applications than qualitative equation-based representations.The two-level modelling strategy allows the broad system behaviour coverage of qualitative simulation to be exploited for the FMEA task, while limiting the difficulties of qualitative ambiguity explanation that can arise from abstracted numerical models. We have used the method to support an automated FMEA system with examples of an aircraft fuel system and domestic a heating system discussed in this paper.
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Meleshko, Khrystyna. "METHODICAL APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT OF THE TOURIST MARKET OF THE REGIONS OF UKRAINE." Economic Analysis, no. 30(1, Part 2) (2020): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.01.02.209.
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Introduction. The tourism industry is one of the most promising sectors of the economy, as international revenues consist of the costs of incoming tourists, including payments to carriers for transport, the cost of temporary accommodation, prepayment for goods and services in the host country. The development of the tourism industry encourages the improvement of its own infrastructure, the creation of new jobs. In the world's leading tourist centers, revenues from international tourism are one of the most important components in the country's economy. For example, in Spain, Italy, Turkey in 2018, revenues from international tourism amounted to 12% of GDP, in the UK - 11%, in Egypt - 15%, in Greece - 20% of GDP. At the same time, Ukraine's direct contribution of tourism to the country's GDP was only 1.5%, which suggests that tourism is an undervalued asset. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop a methodological approach to assessing the level of management of the tourism market of the regions of Ukraine. Method (methodology). The methodological basis of the article consisted of general scientific methods - the method of generalization, comparison and description, methods of data systematization, statistical analysis of data. Results. The conducted diagnostics of the processes of formation and management of the tourist market of the regions of Ukraine gives grounds to assert that powerful tourist centers have been formed in Ukraine, the quantitative indicators of which do not depend on the forms of ownership; the efficiency of the tourism industry in the region largely depends on the number of travel agents, tour operators, their income, the number of sold tourist vouchers, the total number of tourists and the number of tourists served; in all regions of Ukraine, tour operators and travel agents are mainly focused on providing services to citizens of Ukraine for travel abroad, this fact is a consequence of too slow development of domestic tourism; the share of foreign tourists in the tourist flow of Ukraine is constantly decreasing, despite the obvious positive changes in the development of infrastructure, level of service, image factors. The explanation for this is the gradual increase in the number of Ukrainian citizens who choose and can afford to travel abroad due to the introduction of a visa-free regime with a number of countries and the growth of financial well-being of the average household.
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Morgan, Cecilia. "Creating Interracial Intimacies: British North America, Canada, and the Transatlantic World, 1830–1914." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 19, no. 2 (July 23, 2009): 76–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037749ar.
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Abstract This article explores the domestic relationships of a number of interracial couples: Kahkewaquonaby/Peter Jones and Eliza Field; Nahnebahwequa/ Catherine Sutton and William Sutton; Kahgegagahbowh/George Copway and Elizabeth Howell; and John Ojijatekah Brant-Sero, Mary McGrath, and Frances Kirby. These unions took place within the context of and, in a number of instances, because of Native peoples’ movements across a multiple boundaries and borders within British North America, Canada, and Britain. Based in both Canadian Native historiography and work in colonial and imperial history, particularly that which focuses on gender, this article argues that international networks, such as nineteenth-century evangelicalism, the missionary movement, and circuits of performance, shaped such unions and played a central, constitutive role in bringing these individuals together. However, the article also points to the importance of exploring such large-scale processes at the biographic and individual level. It points to the different outcomes and dynamics of these relationships and argues that no one category or mode of scholarly explanation can account for these couples’ fates. The article also points to multiple and varied combinations of gender, class, and race in these relationships. It thus offers another dimension to the historiography on Native-white intimate relationships in North America which, to date, has focused mostly on relationships between white men and Native or mixed-race/Métis women. The article concludes by considering how these relationships complicate our understanding of commonly used concepts in imperial history, specifically those of domesticity and home.
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Thimann, Christian. "The Microeconomic Dimensions of the Eurozone Crisis and Why European Politics Cannot Solve Them." Journal of Economic Perspectives 29, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.141.
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The academic and policy debate about the crisis in Europe's single currency area is usually dominated by macroeconomic and public sector considerations. The microeconomic dimensions of the crisis and the private-sector issues typically get much less attention. However, it is the private sector hiring choices of domestic and foreign firms that will ultimately be decisive. This paper argues there are two main problems holding back private sector employment creation in the stressed eurozone countries. First, there is a persistent competitiveness problem in some of the eurozone countries due to high labor costs relative to underlying productivity. Second, widespread structural barriers make job creation in these countries far more arduous than in many other advanced economies, and even more arduous than in some key emerging economies and formerly planned economies. Structural barriers to private sector development are particularly widespread in the areas of labor market functioning, goods market functioning, and government regulation. Evidence from the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index and the World Bank's Doing Business dataset confirms the immense size and persistence of these barriers, despite improvements in some countries in recent years. The paper also presents a novel explanation for the difficulty of structural reforms in the eurozone, tracing the challenge to the current trend to “Europeanize” and “politicize” economic reform discussions in national policy fields where “Europe” is not a legitimate actor and the European political level is not effective.
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Steelyana, Evi. "Batik, A Beautiful Cultural Heritage that Preserve Culture and Supporteconomic Development in Indonesia." Binus Business Review 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v3i1.1288.
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Batik is an icon nation for Indonesia. Batik has awarded as cultural heritage from UNESCO on October 2nd, 2009and it is significantly affected to batik industry afterward.The raising of batik industry caused some multiplier effects to economics and socio cultural in Indonesia. In many areas of industry, banking role has always beenthe man behind the scene. Banking role in Indonesia also gives some encouragement and be part of batik industry development. Many national event has been created by some banks to encourage SME in batik industry to market their product internationally. This paper will give a simple explanation how banking industry and batik industry get along together in Indonesia, especially in financial sector to enhance economics development and to preserve a nation culture.Research methodology in this paper is quantitative method. This paper will give a simple analysis through comparative analysis based on export value from batik industry, domestic use of batik,batik industry development and microcredit or loan from banking industry to SME in batik industry.Many people wearing batik to show how they do appreciate and belong to a culture.Batik also gives other spirit of nationalism which represent in Batik Nationalis.The role of batik in international diplomacy and in the world level gives significant meaning for batik as a commodity which preserve Indonesian culture. In a piece of batik cloth, embodied socio-cultural and economic values that maintain the dignity of a nation.
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Ardiansyah, Fitria, Herman Cahyo Diartho, and Endah Kurnia Lestari. "Structural Transformation of Agriculture and Poverty in Indonesia." Wiga : Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ekonomi 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30741/wiga.v10i1.513.
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The trend of modern development in some countries is the decline in the contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP (gross domestic product), as a consequence of the increased contribution of the non-agricultural sector. So the development strategy that is often applied is to increase the role of the modern sector (industry and services) that have a high level of productivity. The agricultural sector, which has low productivity, often escapes the development strategy, even though the agricultural sector is a place to make a living for some poor people who are in rural areas. This study aims to analyze the effect of economic structural transformation on poverty in Indonesia. The type of data used in this study is quantitative data, in the form of time series data between 1980-2017 obtained from World Bank publications, the World Income Inequality Database, and the Central Statistics Agency. Analysis of the data used is to use VECM estimation to see the short-term relationship and the long-term relationship of each variable. The estimation results of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) concluded that in the long run, the agricultural sector has a negative and significant relationship to poverty, while the industrial and service sectors do not have a significant effect on poverty in Indonesia. Per capita income has a positive relationship with poverty in Indonesia. Based on the explanation, it concludes that the policy that must be implemented to overcome the problem of poverty is to develop the agricultural sector.
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AKO, Rose Mbatomon. "Discriminant Analysis of a Theory on Nigeria Poverty/Corruption Incidence 1999-2015." Nile Journal of Business and Economics 2, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20321/nilejbe.v2i3.64.
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<p>This paper employs a two-stage analysis to test the efficacy of a quantitative Corruption Index theorized to double as poverty rate in Nigeria. The quantified corruption seems to peak with each democratic election cycle, singly explains 37.9% of variations in real gross domestic product (RGDP) for the economy and is statistically significant at 5 per cent level with expected negative signs. The analysis shows all the predictors are relevant to discriminating between the groups of years where development rates in the Nigerian economy (RGDP) indicate Nigerians are poor, very poor or in abject poverty with expenditure of the national assembly producing highest value F. 62.5% is the overall discriminant model fit and the model excels at identifying group1 (abject poverty) both in the original and cross-validated cases which report 100% correct classification. From the evidence, the dual face of poverty/corruption theorized by this paper for Nigeria may be considered on two fronts: as human beings are both agents and beneficiaries of development, human beings are also both agents and beneficiaries of corruption. Despite touted growth in the past decade, evidence indicates the well-being of a majority of Nigerians did not improve and we may assume that economic growth is not the only legitimate measure of development for Nigeria and that capturing the aspects of poverty/corruption is important. The theory’s explanation not only works in principle but also meets with some quantitative success and could serve as the basis for further empirical investigations of the corruption/poverty incidence in Nigeria. The paper therefore recommends government minimize general administrative expenditure and the expenditure of the national assembly to boost economic development and reduce the poverty/corruption incidence in Nigeria.</p>
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Fesenko, Hennadiy. "Importance of idea about species in forming the common zoological nomenclature." Novitates Theriologicae, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53452/nt1254.
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This work shows that the Latin and Ukrainian nomenclatures of the birds of the world are based on vernacular names inherent in the living language. The main principle of forming both nomenclature systems is specificity of the name of each taxon, in particular own names which denote bird species. Both systems are also based on the principles of typification and unification of names on each taxonomic level. They are guided by the principle of priority of names used for the first time in relation to the species in scientific works, but with some features in each of these names of systems, which causes some differences between them. There are examples of choosing some Ukrainian species names. In contrast to Latin, the Ukrainian nomenclature uses not only two-word bird species names, but also one-word ones. In addition, the Ukrainian species names have a certain autonomy compared to Latin, because they do not change in the case of inclusion of the species into other genus. Considerable attention was paid to the use of complex nouns inherent in the Ukrainian nomenclature of birds, and it was concluded that since they have the function of a special term, the two nouns of each pair should be written through a hyphen. An explanation has been made of several species with two-word Ukrainian names, the nouns of which should be changed because they are markers for other bird families, not those to which these species belong. The opinion is expressed that in the domestic nomenclature patronymic names are not appropriate, as they do not contain information about the species designated by them. It is necessary to choose characteristic names, i.e. those in which a certain feature of a bird is specified.