Academic literature on the topic 'Domestic Tourism'

In 2007, the total spending by domestic visitors was AUD 43 billion, which was 1.5 times higher than the aggregate expenditure by international tourists in Australia. Moreover, domestic visitors consumed 73.7% of the Australian produced tourism goods and services whereas international tourists consumed 26.3%. Hence, this shows that domestic tourism is an important sector for the overall tourism industry in Australia. This present research determines the factors that influence domestic tourism demand in Australia and examines how changes in the economic environment in Australia could influence this demand. The main aim of this research is to achieve sustainability of domestic tourism businesses in Australia. In Chapters Two and Three, a review of the tourism demand literature is conducted. Most of the empirical papers argued that household income and travel prices are the main demand determinants. However, the literature has largely neglected other possible indicators, namely consumers‟ perceptions of the future economy, household debt and working hours, which may play an important role in influencing domestic tourism demand in Australia. The PhD thesis is divided into three parts. For the initial phase, a preliminary study is conducted using Johansen‟s cointegration analysis to examine the short- and long-run coefficients for the determinants of Australian domestic tourism demand. In the next section of this thesis, an alternative approach using panel data analysis to estimate the income and price elasticities of the demand is applied, as a panel data framework provides more information from the data and more degrees of freedom. In the final section, this thesis also investigates whether other factors (such as the consumer sentiment index, and measures of household debt and working hours) influence Australians‟ demand for domestic trips. This study reveals several distinct findings. First, the income elasticity for domestic visitors of friends and relatives (VFR) and interstate trips is negative, implying that Australian households will not choose to travel domestically when there is an increase in household income. In contrast, the study finds that the income variables are positively vi correlated with domestic business tourism demand, indicating that the demand is strongly responsive to changes in Australia‟s economic conditions. Second, an increase in the current prices of domestic travel can cause the demand for domestic trips to fall in the next one or two quarters ahead. Third, the coefficients for lagged dependent variables are negative, indicating perhaps, that trips are made on a periodic basis. Finally, to a certain extent, the consumer sentiment index, household debt and working hours have significant influences on domestic tourism demand. The current econometric analysis has significant implications for practitioners. A better understanding of income and travel cost impacts on Australian households‟ demand allows tourism companies to develop price strategies more effectively. Moreover, tourism researchers can use these indicators (such as measures of consumers‟ confidence about their future economy, household debt and working hours) to investigate how changes in these factors may have an impact on individual decisions to travel.

The primary goal of this study was to determine the factors that have an influence on the development and expansion of domestic tourism in South Africa. Three objectives were derived from the primary research goal. In the first instance, domestic tourism and the role it plays was analysed by conducting a literature study on all the available constructs as well as the concept of domestic tourism. The second objective was to analyse domestic tourism in the different provinces (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, since after all, it is the function of the provinces to promote domestic tourism). The third objective focused on the results of an empirical study. In July 2003 two hundred questionnaires were e-mailed and faxed. 108 replies were received. Aspects covered by the questionnaire included obstacles to tourism, opportunities, tendencies, trends, growth and the key success factors of domestic tourism. The survey was directed at all involved in tourism planning and management: in the public and private sector, as well as specialists from the national, provincial and local authorities. As far as the private sector is concerned, specialists from hotel groups, like Sun International and Southern Sun, as well as tour operators, such as Springbok, Atlas and Welcome Tours, and organisations, like The South African Tourism Service Association (SATSA), Federated Hospitality Association of South Africa (FEDHASA) and Association of South African Travels Agents (ASATA), were approached. The purpose of the research was to shed light on what South Africa can do to advance domestic tourism. It also attempted to elucidate the role the government and product owners should play on various levels. From responses to the questionnaire it became clear that domestic products are offered at competitive prices. Product owners, however, have to guard against too high prices. Product owners are to know their markets and understand current industry needs to market products more effectively.<br>Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

This study came about in response to the interest in, and concern about, domestic cooking and cooking skills that has arisen in recent years. It critically reviews the current state of thinking about cooking and cooking skills, provides a critique of both popular and academic discourse and proposes new opportunities for policy and future research. With little existing empirically acquired knowledge and no theoretical convention for the study of cooking and cooking skills, the primary research was designed to be exploratory and to provide systematically researched insights and understanding. It took a qualitative approach in order to provide intricate detail about people's domestic cooking practices, the skills they use, and their beliefs and opinions about cooking in the home and a systematically researched understanding of these aspects of cooking. The findings revealed that "cooking skills" could be seen specifically as the skills of domestic cooking (as opposed to those of professional cooking) and as either "task centred" (the skills involved in a particular task) or as "person centred" (the skills of an individual carrying out a task in a particular context). They also revealed that the informant's (domestic) "cooking skills" consisted of many different types of perceptual and conceptual skills as well as mechanical skills and academic knowledge. The findings revealed that the informants had very individual approaches towards domestic cooking but that there were many beliefs and opinions that they shared. The research also found that there was a complex "interrelationship" between the informants' domestic cooking skills, their approaches towards domestic cooking and their domestic cooking practices and food choice. The findings of this study provide an additional and different perspective of the relationship between domestic food provision, cooking and cooking skills allowing the development of relevant debates and concerns. They clarify that cooking skills are an influence on food choice but show that this influence is complex. They challenge current theoretical explanations of the impact of technology on domestic cooking and food provision, for example, and the deskilling of the domestic cook.

Community Based Tourism (CBT) emerged during the 1980s as a result of the increasing need to define and implement ways of addressing the challenges of tourism development in the destination through a ‘community approach’. It has since become a popular approach to tourism development that seeks to address the negative environmental and social impacts derived from such development whilst adopting the principles of sustainable development. Unsurprisingly, given its focus on benefiting and engaging local destination communities within tourism development, CBT has also attracted a significant degree of academic attention. However, such attention has been concerned primarily with the planning and management of CBT from a ‘supply’ perspective; conversely, a gap in the literature exists in regards to considering CBT as a tourism product in general, and from the perspectives and experiences of tourists in particular. In other words, limited attention has been paid to the demand for CBT as a tourism ‘product’. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to address this gap by developing an understanding of CBT from not only the perspective of the supply side but also from the perspective of the consumer, more specifically, both international and domestic tourists. Consequently, Pai, a well-known destination in Thailand for both international and domestic tourists was selected as a case study. Given the focus of this study on seeking to identify and appraise the perceptions and experiences of tourists consuming the CBT product, in-depth interviews were conducted to obtain rich and detailed data, the samples comprising 25 domestic and 25 international tourists. In addition, interviews were undertaken with the supply-side stakeholders, including three representatives of the local public sector administration and eight private sector respondents, including entrepreneurs and members of the local community, in order to understand the current situation with regards to CBT development in Pai. Brochure contents analysis was also undertaken in order to identify the contemporary ‘induced’ destination image of Pai as one influence on the destination choice and decision making process made by tourists. The outcomes of the interviews and contents analysis, along with a cross-cultural analysis of the responses of international and domestic tourists, revealed that the destination images held by both groups of tourists matched those portrayed by tour operators in the brochures. However, tourist knowledge and recognition of CBT in general, and Pai as a CBT destination in particular, were found to be limited. Nevertheless, international visitors in particular perceived the authenticity of the destination more so than domestic tourists, reflecting the differing characteristics and motivations based on their own cultures. Furthermore the community itself lacked the participation and unity required for CBT to be effective. Hence, this study concludes that not only does a destination such as Pai, that originally developed within a community based development policy framework, face significant challenges in developing tourism according to the principles of CBT, but also that tourist themselves have difficulty in understanding the concept of CBT. Nevertheless, the study reveals that, despite the differing perceptions and demands of international and domestic tourists, the potential exists to develop tourism in Pai to bring greater benefit to the local community. Therefore, the thesis proposes collaborative plans that are necessary to allow CBT managers to better design and develop strategies that enhance the community’s benefits from tourism, whilst meeting the needs of both international and domestic tourists.

В даній роботі зазначено, що в загальному розумінні, термін «внутрішній туризм» можна визначити, як туризм в межах однієї «своєї» держави, тобто без виїзду за кордон. У даних подорожах існує маса переваг, наприклад, не потрібно робити закордонний паспорт та оформлювати візу, знати іноземну мову, витрачати неймовірні суми грошей на авіа перельоти і бронювання готелів, також немає складнощів з обміном валюти та інше. В даний момент практично будь-якому із закордонних курортів можна знайти гідну заміну в Україні.<br>In this paper, it is noted that in the general sense, the term "domestic tourism" can be defined as tourism within one "own" state, that is, without going abroad. There are many benefits to travel, for example, you do not need to make a passport and apply for a visa, know a foreign language, spend incredible amounts of money on air travel and booking hotels, there is also no difficulty in exchanging currency, and so on. Currently, almost any of the overseas resorts can be found worthy replacement in Ukraine.

<p>Pakistan is a home of approximately 160 million people and most of the population is earning lessthan US$ 1 per day. Pakistan just like any other beautiful European country is a big market fortourism because it offers not only beauty of nature but also variety and diversity in cultures.Infacttourism is the most profitable and entrepreneurial business, especially for people living in the mountain areas as it creates new job opportunities and reduces the unemployment level for them. But unfortunately, tourists’ visit to Pakistan is decreasing tremendously with ups and downs each year.</p><p> </p><p>Therefore, the purpose of my thesis is to search for the positive and negative factors affecting the tourism industry in Pakistan, to compare the performance of our tourism industry to some potential neighbouring countries to see where Pakistan stands and lacks in terms of competitiveness, to find the role of government towards the improvment of this industry and to suggest some possible strategies for the improvement of this industry.</p><p> </p><p>The primary data was collected by conducting interviews and survey questionnaires inside and outside the country from domestic and international tourists in 2007 and 2008. My son and close relatives in Belgium, Sweden and UK helped me in getting the questionnaire filled by foreigners to study their views about Pakistan as tourist place. The secondary data was collected through my personal visit to PTDC and Ministry of Tourism.</p><p> </p><p>The estimated results revile that the poor accessibility, under development, fragility, marginality and the continuous social / political problems of the country are the factors that have redcued the tourist visit ratio to Pakistan. Secondly, the Governmnet of Pakistan has also failed to implement policies and strategies that could have proved a stimulator for the tourism industry.</p><p> </p><p>The conclusion drawn from the collected data is that the tourism industry of Pakistan has a lot of ups and downs in alternate years i.e. from 1995 till 2008 showing the worst year of tourism in 2008.The reasons for this fall lie in the political and social problems of the country and lack of active participation of tourism authorities. Domestic and international tourists love the nature, culture and food of Pakistan and 80% of them want to travel around pakistan but unfortunately the insurgency and lack of facilities have resulted in the falling rate of their travel.</p><p> </p><p>My suggestions for the progress of this industry are that the Governments should show seriousness towards the tourism industry and take necessary steps like improving the tourism infrastructure, controll the insergency in the country as soon as possible, build strong relationships with outside world, portray the positive image of Pakistan via media etc so that the rank and standard of Pakistans tourism industry can improve globally.</p><p> </p><p>Research limitations that I faced during data collection includes the limited information sharing by the PTDC and Ministry of Tourism as their data is not up dated properly. Secondly there is a lot of difficulty in finding local and international potential tourists due to the political and social disturbance in the country and also the shy and introvert behaviour of the people especially women. Therefore, I also made use of the idea of conducting survey outside the country.</p><p> </p><p>The important aspect or value of this research is that it has brought in to consideration almost all the important factors that are effecting the tourism industry according to the view of potential tourists and at the end provide some suggestions that can improve the current deterioating condition of this industry.</p>