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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Domestication'
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1
Brisson, Ghislain. "La domestication de la biodiversité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25295/25295.pdf.
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Thomas, James Geoffrey. "Self-domestication and language evolution." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16149.
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This thesis addresses a major problem facing any attempt to account for language structure through a cultural mechanism: The processes required by such a mechanism are only possible if we assume the existence of a range of preconditions. These preconditions are not trivial, and themselves require an explanation. In this thesis I address the nature and origin of these preconditions. I approach this topic in three stages. In the first stage, I pull-apart the functioning of one prominent cultural account of language evolution—the Iterated Learning Model —to identify the preconditions it assumes. These preconditions cluster into two main groups. The first concerns the traditional transmission of the communication system. The second relates to the emergence of particular skills of social cognition that make learned symbols and language-like communication a possibility. In the second stage, I turn to comparative evidence, looking for evolutionary analogies that might shed light on the emergence of these preconditions. Two case studies—the Bengalese finch and the domestic dog—are considered in detail, both of which show aspects of one of the preconditions emerging in the context of domestication. In each case I examine what it is about the domestication process that led to this outcome. In the final stage, I consider whether this same context might explain the emergence of these preconditions in humans. The claim that humans are a self-domesticated species has a long history, and is increasingly invoked in contemporary discussions of language evolution. However, it is often unclear exactly what this claim entails. I present a synthesis and critique of a range of empirical and theoretical perspectives on self-domestication. I conclude that human self-domestication is a coherent concept, and that there are several plausible accounts of how it might have occurred. The realisation that humans are a self-domesticated species can, therefore, provide some insight into how a cultural account of language structure might be possible at all.
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Massilani, Diyendo. "Paléogénomique des bovinés & domestication." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC036.
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Les genres Bos et Bison incluent plusieurs lignées de bovins qui rassemblent des espèces domestiques et sauvages dont le plus récent ancêtre commun aurait divergé au Pléistocène inférieur. Afin de reconstruire l'histoire évolutive de ces genres, nous avons mis en place une approche de paléogénomique qui consiste à séquencer l'ADN ancien extrait de restes fossiles de ces différentes lignées bovines, dans le but de reconstruire les séquences génomiques de spécimens du Pléistocène et de l'Holocène. Notre approche a permis la reconstruction de 33 génome mitochondriaux anciens de Bison et de Bos. Une phylogénie mitochondriale des Bovina rassemblant nos anciens génomes et 350 mitogénomes anciens et modernes a permis d'explorer sous un nouvel angle l'histoire évolutive des lignées maternelles de ce clade. Nos résultats montrent une succéssion de vagues de contraction, d'expansion, d'extinction, de migration et de remplacement des différentes populations bovines au cours des 50 000 dernières annéesThe Bos and Bison genera encompass closely related species, in particular bison, domestic and wild cattle. This group underwent a diversification during the EarlyPleistocene. To trace back the evolutionary processes that lead to the extant Bos and Bison species and to reconstruct ancient genomes, we optimized a paleogenomics approach from fossil remains. To perform efficient and high quality paleogenomic studies, it is important to adapt standard molecular biology protocols to suit the specific need of ancient DNA. Our approach allow us to reconstruct 33 mitogenomes of ancient Bos and Bison. A phylogenetic tree containing 350 ancients and modern Bos and Bison mitogenomes still reveals the polyphyletic structure of the tree but ancient sequences allow for a novel and accurate dating of the various nodes of this tree. Our results show several waves of contraction, expansion, extinction, migration and population replacement of bovids population over the last 50 000 years
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Buckler, Edward St Clair. "Maize domestication and molecular evolution /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842511.
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Ely, Philip. "The domestication of home ubiquitous computing." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555949.
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Thesis Summary This thesis' primary concern is that of human interaction with entertainment, information and communication technology in the home. Its aim is to explore the situated realities of living with so-called ubiquitous computing technology through the study of an equivalent form of technology - entertainment, information and communication technologies. The thesis explores what entertainment, information and communication technologies are found in the home, how they get there and how they are incorporated into everyday life. The thesis takes an historical and theoretical look at the emergence of the ubiquitous computing paradigm and the growing interest in designing entertainment, information and communication technologies for the home. Through an in-depth qualitative study of five households in the UK conducted during a period of significant life-change, the thesis explores the ad-hoc nature of contemporary home ubiquitous computing environments. Using the conceptual framework of domestication theory as its starting point, the study analyzes the moral, economic, social, material and practical dimensions to owning, using and maintaining an ad-hoc entertainment, information and communication environment using specific empirical examples drawn from ethnographic data. Such an account of technology in the home provides for a necessary and contemporary view of living with ubicomp in the 21 st Century in the UK, a perspective that reveals just how involving (practically, financially and emotionally) living with technologies can actually be. As consumer interest in computing devices for gaming, communicating and information- gathering grows, ubiquitous computing visions articulated in research labs have been slow to understand the generative nature of home technology environments. The thesis provides not only empirical insights that have implications for the design of new ubiquitous computing devices and infrastructures for the home but also argues that a sociological study of the everyday realities of living with technology can provide the . field of ubiquitous computing research with the heuristic tools by which it can understand the everyday 'messiness' of technology appropriation, incorporation and use.
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Townsend, S. J. "Genetic diversity and domestication in sheep." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368146.
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Johnsson, Martin. "Genomics of chicken domestication and feralisation." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122280.
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Domestication can serve as a study system of rapid evolutionary change with wide-ranging effects on traits in animals. The chicken was domesticated from the Red Junglefowl and has diverged in behaviour, morphology and life history traits. Conversely, feralisation is a more recent process when domestic animals are again exposed and respond to an environment outside of human husbandry. Linkage-based quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping has been used to localise genetic variants that affect domestication traits in the chicken genome. Because of the limited resolution of linkage mapping, the QTL regions associated with domestication traits are often broad and contain many genes. One approach to help sort out potential causative genes is to measure gene expression as an intermediary molecular phenotype. In this dissertation, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping of gene expression traits is used to search for potential causative genes for domestication traits in the chicken. Expression quantitative trait loci were mapped across the whole genome in bone and hypothalamus samples, and targeted at QTL regions in the base of the comb. These studies have resulted in candidate quantitative trait genes, supported by genetic and gene expression evidence, for relative comb mass, bone allocation, egg production and fearful behaviour as measured in an open field test. Secondly, a population genomics approach was used to study the molecular basis of feralisation in a free-range feral chicken population from the Pacific island of Kauai. Mitochondrial DNA sequences and phenotypic observations establish the hybrid origin of this population as a mixture of wild and domestic chickens. Genome-wide mapping of pooled heterozygosity highlight regions that may be involved in adaptation to the feral environment. The expression QTL results bring us closer to knowledge about the molecular basis of domestication traits in the chicken, suggesting plausible candidate genes and opening up for functional studies of individual loci. The population genomic study shows that feralisation has a mostly different genomic architecture than domestication, and suggests phenotypic effects, based on overlap with domestication QTL regions, for some of the identified regions.
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Dalenius, Jenny. "Domestication and coat colours : A review." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176672.
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The domestication of animals is a process of great interest to many scientific fields, including genetics. Differences in coat colour between wild and domesticated animals have been of scientific interest for a long time. Coat colours are easily recognizable phenotypes and so have been studied since the dawn of modern genetics. Many phenotypes that are similar across species have the same genetic basis, but there are numerous exceptions. Similar phenotypes within a species can also have different genetic backgrounds. The progressive advances in genetic research methodology have given new insights into both the molecular basis for coat colours and the history of domestication over the last decades. The variation in coat colours seen today is believed to be caused mainly by human selection. Similarities in morphological changes between different species during domestication, including colour phenotypes such as white spotting, have long been noted. This is known as the domestication syndrome and two major hypotheses for this have been suggested: the neural crest hypothesis and the thyroid hormone hypothesis. This thesis gives an overview of the current knowledge about the genetic basis of coat colours in mammals, the genetic aspects of domestication of animals, and how the two are related.
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Leno, Colorado Jorge. "Effect of domestication in the pig genome." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667861.
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La domesticación animal es un proceso realmente importante en la historia del hombre en el cual se seleccionaron diferentes rasgos de interés de los animales, como puede ser un crecimiento más rápido o una mayor docilidad. Para estudiar la domesticación a nivel genético es necesario identificar una serie de marcadores relacionados con este proceso evolutivo. Los avances en las tecnologías de secuenciación han mejorado considerablemente la investigación de la genómica de la domesticación, pudiendo determinar los cambios genéticos que causan esa transformación de especie salvaje a doméstica.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis es la evaluación del efecto de la domesticación en el genoma del cerdo mediante el análisis de la diversidad genética en poblaciones domésticas y salvajes.
En la primera parte se ha realizado un análisis de la diferenciación y del desequilibrio de ligamiento para detectar las diferencias entre cerdos domésticos y salvajes, utilizando la vía metabólica como unidad de análisis. Mediante el estudio de la diferenciación, utilizando el estadístico Fst, obtenemos una serie de rutas significativas relacionadas con el comportamiento y el desarrollo, que fueron algunos de los primeros rasgos seleccionados en cerdo. Sin embargo, al realizar el análisis del desequilibrio, mediante el estadístico nSL, detectamos diferencias en rutas relacionadas con la reproducción del animal, rasgo seleccionado recientemente. Por otro lado, realizamos una red de co-asociación entre todas las vías metabólicas significativamente diferentes entre cerdos domésticos y salvajes, obteniendo 3 clústeres diferenciados, uno relacionado con el crecimiento y la regulación hormonal, otro con el sistema nervioso simpático y el último con la reproducción.
En la segunda parte, realizamos un análisis de la fuerza de la selección a nivel genómico en cerdos domésticos y salvajes, utilizando dos poblaciones domésticas, Ibérico y Large White, las cuales son muy diferentes entre ellas. Mientras que Ibérico es una raza autóctona que ha sufrido recientemente una gran reducción del tamaño poblacional, Large White es una raza comercial internacional que ha sido mejorada de manera artificial, además de introgresada con cerdos asiáticos. Para analizar la fuerza de la selección utilizamos el parámetro α, que estima la proporción de sustituciones no-sinónimas que son adaptativas, utilizando cuatro estimadores diferentes de la variabilidad, cada uno enfocado a una parte del espectro de frecuencias: Fu&Li (solo singletons), Watterson (todo el espectro dando más peso a las bajas frecuencias), Tajima (todo el espectro de manera uniforme) y Fay&Wu (incrementa el peso de manera proporcional a la frecuencia). Sin embargo, al analizar los patrones de selección no encontramos más señales comunes entre las razas domesticadas que al compararlas con la salvaje. En cambio, encontramos un mayor efecto de la demografía en la selección, Ibérico tiene una variabilidad muy baja debido a su bajo tamaño poblacional, lo cual se muestra en los patrones de selección obtenidos, que se asemejan a una reducción poblacional; mientras que Large White tiene una mayor variabilidad debido posiblemente a la presencia de alelos asiáticos en su genoma, obteniendo patrones explicados por la presencia tanto de mutaciones deletéreas como beneficiosas, además de una expansión poblacional y/o migración.
Por último, hemos desarrollado una aplicación web para poder analizar archivos VCF, la cual puede ayudarnos a identificar posibles errores o sesgos, principalmente relacionados con la cobertura del SNP.Animal domestication is an important process in the human history in which different traits of the animals were selected, such as faster growth or greater docility. To study domestication at the genetic level it is necessary to identify the markers related to this evolutionary process. Advances in sequencing technologies have improved the investigation of the genomics of domestication, which has allowed to determine the genetic changes that cause this transformation from wild to domestic species. The main goal of this thesis is the evaluation of the domestication effect in the pig genome through the analysis of genetic diversity in domestic and wild populations. In the first part, analyses of differentiation and linkage disequilibrium were performed to detect differences between domestic and wild pigs, using the pathway as the unit of analysis. Through the study of differentiation, using the Fst statistic, we obtained significant pathways related to behavior and development, which were some of the first selected traits in pigs. On the other hand, when performing the disequilibrium analysis, using the nSL statistic, we detected differences in pathways related to the reproduction of the animal, a recently selected trait. Besides, we made a co-association network using all pathways that are significantly different between domestic and wild pigs, obtaining three differentiated clusters, one related to growth and hormonal regulation, another with the sympathetic nervous system and the last with the reproduction. In the second part, we performed an analysis of the strength of selection at the genome level in domestic and wild pigs, using two very different domestic populations, Iberian and Large White. Iberian breed is an autochthonous breed that has recently suffered a strong reduction in the effective population size, Large White is an international commercial breed that has been artificially improved and introgressed with Asian pigs. To analyze the strength of the selection we use the parameter α, which estimates the proportion of non-synonymous substitutions that are adaptive, using four different estimators of variability, each focused on a part of the frequency spectrum: Fu&Li (only singletons), Watterson (whole spectrum giving more weight at low frequencies), Tajima (whole spectrum weighted uniformly) and Fay&Wu (increases the weight proportionally with the frequency). However, when analyzing the selection patterns, we did not find more common signals between the two domestic breeds than between domestic and wild ones. Instead, we found a larger effect of demography on the selection, Iberian has a very low variability due to its low population size, which is shown in the obtained selection patterns, which resemble a population reduction; while Large White has a larger variability, possibly due to the presence of Asian alleles in its genome, obtaining patterns that can be explained by the presence of both deleterious and beneficial mutations, together with a population expansion and/or migration. Finally, we have developed a web-based application to analyze VCF files, which can help identify possible errors or biases, mainly related to the SNP coverage.
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Zahreddine, Hala Ghassan. "The domestication of Lebanese native tree species." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1130506554.
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Uggla, Madeleine. "Domestication of wild roses for fruit production /." Alnarp : Dept. of Crop Science, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a480.pdf.
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Zahreddine, Hala G. "The domestication of Lebanese native tree species." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1130506554.
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Höjesjö, Johan. "Behavioural tactics and domestication effects in salmonids /." Göteborg : Département de zoologie, Université de Göteborg, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399304702.
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Andersson, Maria. "Domestication effects on behaviour : foraging, parent-offspring interactions and antipredation in pigs and fowl /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5942-7.pdf.
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Fages, Antoine. "The genomic history of horse domestication and management : an ancient DNA perspective." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30329.
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Parmi tous les animaux domestiques, le cheval est sans aucun doute celui ayant le plus influencé l’histoire des peuplements humains. Le cheval domestique a d’abord fourni à de nombreuses civilisations des ressources primaires essentielles telles que la viande et le lait. Utilisé pour sa force physique et comme moyen de transport, il a eu de profondes conséquences sur les mouvements de personnes et de biens ainsi que sur la diffusion de cultures et d’idées à travers l’Eurasie. Le cheval a ainsi fortement contribué à l’expansion de sociétés et d’empires pendant des millénaires, et ce jusqu’au vingtième siècle. Les différentes étapes de la domestication du cheval restent cependant mal comprises d’un point de vue archéologique et sont complexes à retracer à partir des données génétiques recueillies sur les races chevalines actuelles. L’émergence de la génomique ancienne au début des années 2010 a révolutionné la biologie de l'évolution, en donnant un accès direct à l’histoire des populations anciennes et actuelles. Elle est donc particulièrement adaptée pour étudier la transition historique induite par la domestication du cheval. En s'appuyant sur les dernières avancées en matière d’extraction d'ADN ancien et des technologies de séquençage d’ADN à haut débit, ce travail de doctorat vise à décrypter les modifications génétiques sous-jacentes au processus de domestication du cheval. Pour se faire, nous avons généré le plus grand jeu de données génomiques anciennes jamais rassemblées sur un organisme non humain. Celles-ci ont révélé que les chevaux domestiqués pour la première fois à Botai, dans le nord du Kazakhstan, il y a environ 5 500 ans, ne sont pas les ancêtres des chevaux domestiques ayant vécu pendant ces dernières ~4 100 années. Ce sont les ancêtres des chevaux de Przewalski, que l’on pensait jusqu’alors totalement sauvages. Cette découverte inattendue suggère qu'un remplacement majeur de la population de chevaux domestiques a eu lieu au cours du troisième millénaire avant notre ère, contribuant probablement à faire entrer l'humanité dans l'âge du Bronze. En outre, ces trois années de recherche ont permis d'identifier les signatures génétiques associées à différentes stratégies d’élevage du cheval et ont révélé les dynamiques évolutives en jeu lors des étapes clés de la domestication. En particulier, il ressort des analyses de génomes anciens que les chevaux ibériques n’ont contribué que marginalement à la création du cheval domestique tel qu’on le connaît aujourd'hui. Ce travail de thèse a par ailleurs permis de détecter une influence croissante des chevaux perses dès le début du Moyen AgeAmong all domesticates, the horse can confidently be considered as the animal that most impacted the history of human dynamics. Once they domesticated the horse, human civilizations got hold of essential domestication products including meat and milk, but also invaluable secondary products, such as fast transportation and powerful workforce. The horse thus deeply enhanced the circulation of people, goods, culture and ideas, promoting the spread of vast military and political units across Eurasia up until the 1900s. The various steps underpinning horse domestication are however difficult to track in the archaeological record and still poorly understood based on patterns of DNA variation among modern breeds. In the last decade, the advent of ancient genomics has revolutionized evolutionary biology by providing a direct window into the past history of populations. Ancient genomics therefore provides the necessary time travel machine to investigate the key historical transition in the history of humankind that was induced by the horse domestication. Leveraging the latest advances in ancient DNA recovery and High-Throughput sequencing technologies, this PhD project aimed at deciphering the genetic changes underlying the horse domestication process by generating the largest ancient genome dataset for a non-human organism, spanning the whole temporal and geographic range of horse domestication. This dataset revealed that horses first herded at Botai in Northern Kazakhstan ~5,500 years ago are not the ancestors of modern domestic horses but instead of modern Przewalski’s horses, previously thought to represent last true wild population on Earth. This major discovery also suggests that a swift genomic replacement in the domestic stock took place in the third millennium BCE, probably contributing to precipitating humankind into a new metal era, the Bronze Age. Additionally, this PhD work identified the genetic signatures associated with different management strategies and the evolutionary dynamics at play within distinct domestication stages. In particular, we were able to rule out Iberia as a major contributor to the modern domestic stock and moving towards more recent times, we characterized the growing influence of Persian-like horses starting in the early Middle Ages
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Warmuth, Vera Maria. "On the origin and spread of horse domestication." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/246227.
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For several decades, the origin of domestic horses has been the focus of research across multiple disciplines, yet many aspects of the horse domestication process remain poorly understood. One of the reasons for the difficulty in establishing a coherent scenario of horse domestication is that archaeological, mtDNA, and Y chromosome data have yielded ambiguous results, possibly because each class of markers reflects different aspects of the domestication process. In this thesis, I use large autosomal genetic datasets from horses sampled across Eurasia to investigate the origin and spread of horse domestication. I begin by characterising genetic diversity of horses from the Eurasian steppes and neighbouring regions, thus laying the groundwork for a more thorough analysis into the demographic history of horses. I then investigate the origin and mode of spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe region using a spatially explicit genetic model. I show that horse domestication was initiated in the western part of the steppes, and that the spread of horse domestication involved both movement of domestic herds and extensive recruitment of wild horses from across this vast region, a scenario which integrates both archaeological and molecular evidence. Having established the route of spread of early domestic horses out of their domestication origin in the western steppe, I go on to investigate the routes and levels of gene flow among Eastern Eurasian horse populations post-domestication. I show that the ancient Silk Roads have played an important role in shaping the genetic structure of Eastern Eurasian horses, facilitating gene flow across deserts and high mountain chains. Finally, I provide further compelling evidence for the persistence of wild horses in the Iberian Peninsula throughout the Holocene period, and the substantial contribution of these local populations to the gene pool of Iberian domestic horses. Together, my results provide a coherent picture of the origin and spread of horse domestication, integrating for the first time previous evidence from archaeology, mtDNA and Y chromosome sequence data.
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Dempewolf, Hannes. "Patterns of domestication in the Compositae and beyond." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/39952.
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Domestication is the process of evolutionary change that results in the phenotypic and genetic differences between a crop species and its ‘wild’ progenitor. Domesticated species vary
widely in their phylogenetic diversity, diversity of uses, and degree of domestication. Here, we
attempt to better understand the traits and processes that govern this diversity of domesticated
species by taking a comparative view of domestication. First, we compare patterns of
domestication in the Compositae family (chapter 2) and propose that the prevalence of secondary
defense compounds, the lack of carbohydrates that can be digested by the human gut, and the
predominantly mechanical or wind-dependent seed dispersal syndrome of the family are key reasons for the apparent paucity of crops in the Compositae family. We then report on the establishment of genomic tools and resources in the form of a library of expressed sequence tags, a set of microsatellite loci, and the full sequence of the chloroplast genome for one particular domesticated species in the Compositae, the oil-seed crop Noug (Guizotia abyssinica) (chapter 3). A combination of genotypic, phenotypic and eco-geographic analyses is then used to test
whether high levels of crop-wild gene flow and/or unfavorable phenotypic correlations are the
reason why noug appears to be only semi-domesticated (chapter 4). Even though we did not find
evidence for either of these hypotheses, our data revealed evidence of local adaptation of noug cultivars to different precipitation regimes, as well as high levels of phenotypic plasticity, which may permit reasonable yields under diverse environmental conditions. We then suggest that domestication may also have been slowed by noug’s outcrossing mating system. The idea that transitions in mating systems and other reproductive barriers between crops and their wild progenitors play a role in domestication is then further explored in a systematic comparison of several crops of major economic importance within and beyond the Compositae family (chapter 5). The majority of such crops appear to indeed be isolated from their progenitors by one or more reproductive barriers, even in the absence of geographical isolation during domestication.
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Rittinger, Madi. "The Effects of Domestication on Aggression in Fish." Ohio Dominican University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oduhonors1494230931148878.
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Girdland-Flink, Linus. "Investigating patterns of animal domestication using ancient DNA." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7734/.
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Animal domestication is a continuous but nonlinear evolutionary process that follows different paths (trajectories) of human-animal relationships. These paths vary in structure and intensity over time and include processes like human intentionality (such as control and taming of wild animals), directed selection on behavioral and phenotypic traits and characters, human-mediated movement of domestic herds across space (migration), wild-domestic admixture, and adaptation. Because domestic animals are continuously shaped through complex interaction of these processes, gaining a better understanding of where, when and how these took place helps clarifying human prehistory and the practice and process of domestication. Studies of modern and ancient DNA (aDNA) have recently disentangled the history of several domestic species. These studies have often shown that domestication processes were far more complex than previously thought, often encompassing more than one independent domestication event, and continuously shaped by migration and admixture. Importantly, ancient DNA studies have convincingly demonstrated that inferring the past (for example, where, when and how domestication and selection took place) from the present (modern contemporary domesticates) is biased by comparatively recent events such as modern breed formation. Ancient DNA is therefore a key component in the reconstruction of where, when and how animal domestication took place. This thesis aims to shed new light on pig and chicken domestication by analysing ancient DNA extracted from archaeological specimens from Europe and the Near and Middle East. First, I find that pig domestication took place over a much wider temporal and geographical range than previously thought, and secondly that the current reference framework for inferring where and when pigs were domesticated (wild boar mitochondrial phylogeography) must be revised. In addition, I find that genetic variation in modern domestic chickens, to a great extent, is the result of recent rather than ancient events of admixture and strong human driven selection. Overall, these finds strengthen the presumption that genetic signatures in modern contemporary populations often provide misleading estimates of their ancient history. Across genes and species, therefore, this thesis demonstrates the effectiveness of using ancient DNA for resolving a range of different aspects of human prehistory and animal domestication.
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Mattei, Jeanne. "Étude paléogénomique du processus de domestication des chats." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASL159.
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Les chats domestiques sont trouvés sur presque tous les continents. Animaux de compagnie dans les villes, ils sont des membres utiles aux communautés rurales du fait de leur rôle de souricier. Ce rôle serait la cause de sa domestication au Néolithique. Avec l'invention de l'agriculture, les céréales se seraient accumulées, attirant les rongeurs puis indirectement leur prédateur. Les chats auraient ensuite été diffusés le long des routes commerciales et militaires dès le Néolithique. Dans le but d'obtenir une vision précise du processus de domestication nous avons eu recours à une approche paléogénomique permettant le séquençage d'ADN ancien extrait à partir de restes fossiles de chats du genre Felis. L'objectif était d'abord d'établir une ligne de base à partir de génomes anciens précédents la domestication du chat et sa diffusion afin de caractériser les populations sauvages ancestrales et les changements génomiques liés aux évènements d'hybridation ou de domestication. Ensuite le but était d'intégrer les données génomiques et mitogénomiques de chats du Néolithique jusqu'à nos jours afin de suivre la diffusion des chats en Europe. Enfin à l'aide des génomes générés durant cette thèse, nous voulions caractériser la population des chats-renards Ghjatti Volpe. Nous avons adapté les méthodes d'extraction d'ADN aux caractéristiques de l'ADN ancien pour maximiser l'information obtenue à partir de chaque reste fossile. Nous avons optimisé les méthodes de construction de banques génomiques et de capture afin d'obtenir des informations à partir d'un maximum d'échantillons. Ces optimisations ont mené à l'obtention de 125 génomes anciens et de 202 mitogénomes anciens complets. Nous avons affiné la nomenclature des mitotypes à partir de 795 mitogénomes complets, anciens et modernes. Elle rend compte de l'évolution des lignées maternelles, en particulier des sous-clades IV-A1. Ces lignées ont en effet été détectées dès le PPNA dans des fonds génétiques F.s. ornata puis plus tard F.s. silvestris. Aujourd'hui encore les sous-clades IV-A1* et IV-A1a sont toujours présents dans les populations ornées et forestières respectivement. Nous avons également caractérisé des génomes anciens exempts de signature d'introgression, servant de référence pour détecter des signatures d'hybridation chez les chats anciens et modernes. Il apparaît que les chats font fi des classifications taxonomiques au moins depuis le PPNA : nous avons détecté des traces d'hybridation entre populations sauvages et/ou domestiques, se traduisant parfois par l'introgression de lignées mitogénomiques. A travers l'étude de chats anciens français, il apparaît que les évènements d'hybridation étaient fréquents, maintenant une proportion importante d'ascendance forestière chez les chats domestiques. Le cas particulier d'un chat français du Vieil-Évreux suggère par ailleurs l'existence d'une sélection précoce de chats pour un phénotype particulier par les Gallo-Romaines. Enfin nous avons effectué la caractérisation génomique à haute résolution de la population des Ghjatti Volpe en mettant en évidence leur singularité et homogénéité génétiques qui résulterait d'une adaptation à leur milieu plutôt que de l‘appauvrissement génétique d'une petite population. Leur bonne santé génétique semble résulter d'un équilibre entre une hybridation modérée avec des chats domestiques et une continuité territoriale permettant le brassage génétique des individus sauvages. Si leur origine exacte n'est pas encore connue, il est probable qu'ils aient été importés par un peuple méditerranéen en Corse dès l'Antiquité. Pris ensemble ces résultats participent à une meilleure compréhension du processus de domestication du chat, dont la diffusion est indissociable de sa propension à s'hybrider avec les populations locales, qui est antérieure aux prémices de sa domestication. Nos données sur l'hybridation et les marqueurs phénotypiques analysés sont en faveur d'un processus de domestication prolongé et extensifDomestic cats are found on almost every continent. Mainly pets in cities, they are useful members of rural communities as pest predators. This role is thought to be the reason for their domestication during the Neolithic. With the invention of agriculture, cereals would have been accumulated, attracting rodents and then indirectly their predator. Cats then spread along trade and military routes from the Neolithic period onwards. To achieve a more accurate view of the domestication process, we used a palaeogenomic approach to sequence ancient DNA extracted from fossil remains of cats of the genus Felis. The aim was firstly to establish a baseline from ancient genomes preceding the domestication of the cat and its spread, and to characterise ancestral wild populations and genomic changes linked to hybridisation or domestication events. To do so, we aimed to integrate genomic and mitogenomic data from cats from the Neolithic period to the present day to track the spread of domestic cats in Europe. Finally, using the genomes generated during this thesis, we wanted to characterise the Corsican “fox cat” population, the Ghjattu Volpe. We adapted DNA extraction methods to ancient DNA characteristics to maximise the information recovered from each fossil remain. We optimised genomic library construction and capture methods to obtain information from as many samples as possible. These optimisations resulted in 125 ancient genomes and 202 complete ancient mitogenomes.We refined the mitotype nomenclature based on 795 complete ancient and modern mitogenomes. It reflects the evolution of maternal lineages, in particular the singular case of sub-clades IV-A1. These lineages were detected as early as the PPNA in F.s. ornata and later F.s. silvestris genetic backgrounds. Even today, sub-clades IV-A1* and IV-A1a are still present in Asiatic and European wildcats respectively. We have also characterised ancient genomes free of introgression signatures, which have served as a reference to detect hybridisation signatures in ancient and modern cats. It appears that cats have ignored taxonomic classifications at least since the PPNA: we have detected traces of hybridisation between local wild and/or domestic populations, sometimes resulting in the introgression of mitogenomic lineages. Through the study of ancient French cats, it appears that hybridisation events were frequent, maintaining a significant proportion of forest ancestry in domestic cats. The case of a French cat from Vieil-Évreux also suggests the existence of early selection of cats for specific phenotypic traits by the Gallo-Romans. Finally, we characterised at high genomic resolution the Ghjattu Volpe population, highlighting their genetic uniqueness and homogeneity, which seem to be the result of adaptation to their environment rather than that of genetic depletion of a small population. Their good genetic health seems to be the result of a balance between moderate hybridisation with domestic cats and territorial continuity allowing genetic mixing between wild individuals. Although their exact origins are not yet known, it is likely that they were imported by a Mediterranean people who traded with or settled in Corsica in ancient times. Taken together, these results contribute to a better understanding of the cat's domestication process, whose spread is inextricably linked to its propensity to hybridise with local populations, a process that predates the beginnings of its domestication. Our data on hybridisation and selection of phenotypic markers identify the domestication process as prolonged and extensive
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Heikkinen, M. (Marja). "The domestication history of the European goose:a genomic perspective." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526215976.
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Abstract Animal domestication is a complex evolutionary process. Multiple forces influence the genetic variation of the species under domestication and leave their mark on the genome of the species. The European domestic goose is an economically and culturally important species, but knowledge about the domestication history of the species has been lacking. My doctoral thesis has focused on elucidating the genetic background of goose domestication using mitochondrial control region sequences and nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). By comparing the patterns of genetic diversity observed in the greylag goose (Anser anser) and its descendant European domestic geese, I was able to conclude that genetic diversity has decreased in domestic geese following the domestication albeit being still relatively high. In addition, admixture of populations increased the genetic diversity in both greylag geese and domestic geese. The results also confirmed that greylag geese and domestic geese hybridise in certain locations. What is more, many breeds of European domestic geese shared a substantial amount of ancestry with Chinese domestic geese, domesticated from the swan goose (Anser cygnoid). While the timing and location of goose domestication remains unresolved, the results do not disagree with the suggested origin of domestication in the Eastern Mediterranean. More sampling in this region would be needed to further investigate the matter. Lastly, multiple regions in the goose genome have been targeted by selection which is likely to have contributed to phenotypic divergence of greylag and domestic geese, but the functional basis of these differences needs further investigationTiivistelmä Eläinlajin kesyttäminen on monimutkainen evolutiivinen prosessi. Useat geneettiset tekijät vaikuttavat kesytettävän lajin perinnöllisen monimuotoisuuden määrään ja jättävät lajin perimään jälkensä. Eurooppalainen kesyhanhi on kulttuurillisesti ja taloudellisesti merkittävä laji, mutta tieto sen kesytyshistoriasta on puutteellista. Väitöskirjassani olen keskittynyt tutkimaan hanhen kesytyksen perinnöllistä taustaa käyttäen apuna mitokondrio-DNA:n kontrollialueen sekvenssejä ja yhden emäksen polymorfismeja. Kun vertailin perinnöllisen monimuotoisuuden jakautumista merihanhissa (Anser anser) ja eurooppalaisissa kesyhanhissa, pystyin toteamaan, että perinnöllinen monimuotoisuus on kesytyksen seurauksena vähentynyt kesyhanhissa, mutta se on edelleen suhteellisen korkeaa. Lisäksi risteytyminen muiden populaatioiden kanssa lisäsi perinnöllistä monimuotoisuutta sekä meri- että kesyhanhissa. Tulokset myös vahvistivat, että meri- ja kesyhanhet risteytyvät paikoitellen keskenään. Tämän lisäksi moniin eurooppalaisiin kesyhanhirotuihin on kohdistunut geenivirtaa kiinalaisesta kesyhanhesta, joka on kesytetty joutsenhanhesta (Anser cygnoid). Saadut tulokset vastaavat aiempia näkemyksiä, joiden mukaan hanhi kesytettiin Välimeren idänpuoleisilla alueilla, kanssa, mutta kesytyksen ajankohdan ja paikan tarkempi selvittäminen vaatii vielä lisätutkimuksia ja lisää näytteitä tältä alueelta. Lopuksi voidaan todeta, että useat alueet hanhen perimässä osoittivat merkkejä valinnasta, joka on todennäköisesti vaikuttanut meri- ja kesyhanhien välisiin fenotyyppisiin eroihin, mutta erojen funktionaalinen tausta vaatii lisätutkimuksia
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Simons, Kristin Jean. "Cloning and characterization of the wheat domestication gene, Q." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/135.
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Cowan, Rebecca. "Molecular domestication and transposon contributions to plant genome evolution." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82211.
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Despite the ubiquity of transposons in eukaryotic genomes, their evolutionary role remains controversial. The discovery of several domesticated genes has suggested that transposons can gain host functions, and thus contribute to the evolution of their host. Here, I present the results of a genome-wide screen for transposon-derived host genes, which was based on the idea that, once domesticated, the open reading frame of such elements would be maintained, while terminal structures necessary for transposition would be lost. Eight-hundred-and-sixty-three such transposon-dissociated elements were mined from the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana var. Columbia-0, of which less than 10% are associated with expression data. Phylogenetic analysis of Mutator superfamily genes in the genomes of Oryza sativa ssp. japonica (cv Nipponbare) and Arabidopsis, including 121 Mutator-derived transposon-dissociated elements, found that only two gene families are taxonomically widespread. MUSTANG1, a member of one of these families, appears to be under purifying selection. Thus, despite the dearth of taxonomically widespread and/or expressed transposon-dissociated elements, MUSTANG1, as well as three transposon-dissociated elements that may be associated with mutant phenotypes, might be newly discovered transposon-derived host genes.
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Larson, Greger John. "Genetic insights into the patterns and processes of domestication." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433377.
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Bell, P. E. C. "Evolutionary dynamics of domestication : the case of Brassica rapa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596539.
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The presence of three B. rapa forms in the UK provides an opportunity for a unique study of the relationships between cultivated B. rapa, and weedy and wild derived from them - the escape from cultivation. A range of morphological characters have been studied along with the DNA markers, AFLP and microsatellites, using the same plant material. Morphological characters discriminated between wild, weedy and cultivated forms of B. rapa. Within the cultivated group, the morphological analysis separates B. rapa var oleifera winter and spring turnip oil seed rape varieties. B. rapa var rapa stubble turnip varieties are separated from root turnip. Based on morphological analysis wild and weedy groups are differentiated, but this is not supported by AFLP analysis. AFLPs, as neutral markers, reflect the agricultural histories of B. rapa cultivars. All B. rapa var. rapa and var. oleifera cultivars clustered together in principal co-ordinate plots, although two accessions of vars. rapa clustered with wild and weedy forms (traditional cultivars, ‘Hardy Green Round’ and ‘Lincolnshire Red Globe’). Significant levels of genetic variation was observed in all B. rapa accessions. Genetic evidence indicates that weedy B. rapa is derived from wild plants not directly from cultivars. The microsatellite analysis indicated significant distinctions in allele frequency between wild, weedy and cultivated forms. The population structure of cultivated and weedy B. rapa was distinct from the wild group, with much enhanced homozygosity. Inbreeding and founder effects may be important factors here. Some plants of wild B. rapa growing adjacent to B. napus show intermediate DNA and morphological phenotypes. This indicates natural hybridisation and backcrossing.
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Casas, Alejandro. "Evolutionary trends in Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) riccobono under domestication." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360055.
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Bell, Philippa Emily Clements. "The dynamics of domestication : the case of Brassica rapa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614234.
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Keddie, Zöe. "Communications in general practice and the domestication of ICT." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29189.
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The NHS is currently being transformed by the implementation of the National Programme for Information Technology (NPfIT). This thesis examines the use of Information Communications Technology (ICT) and its consequences for communications in general practice. While drawing on a range of social scientific approaches to ICT, this research explores the particular utility of the 'domestication' framework advanced by Silverstone and Sorensen. It considers how users in general practice 'tame' and use technology by incorporating its affordances into their work roles and communication practices. Drawing on previous survey work, this research adopts a comparative, ethnographic approach, analyzing patterns of talk and writing in two general practices in London. Empirical work involved analysis of local and national policy documentation and two ethnographic studies that were designed to identify changes in attitudes and behaviours across a defined set of actors over time. Interviews generated preliminary evidence as to how multiple users in general practice communicated by a variety of means, including the problems/concerns they encountered or created in doing so. Observation was used to gather further direct evidence of those problems as they were negotiated and resolved. Although the two cases were both of practices that had been identified in an earlier survey as 'paper-light' which might therefore have been assumed to make effective use of ICT, usage was uneven and sharp differences were noted in the way in which broadly similar technologies were domesticated by specific user groups. Analysis of these differences produced three key findings. Firstly, domestication of ICT in general practice is difficult. To be successfully domesticated, ICTs have to be locally negotiated both horizontally and vertically in order to connect with working practices of the individual users. Secondly, the struggle to 'tame' ICTs is shaped by the extent to which different groups of users perceive ICT as assisting or compromising their roles and responsibilities. This, in turn, increases the diversity between user groups. Thirdly, the research indicated the importance of local context and workplace cultures which facilitate or inhibit the negotiations or 'communications about communications' required to domesticate ICTs. A concluding discussion reflects on the changing relationship between ICTs and communications in general practice and, in particular, the impact of ICT on faceto- face communications. The key contribution of the study lies in offering a theoretically-sophisticated framework in which to examine and explicate detailed patterns of communications in general practice. By addressing both electronic and paper-based communication as well as face-to-face interaction, it provides a basis for future research in this area as NPfIT develops.
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Ishikawa, Yuko. "Domestication of kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) in India." Kyoto University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136562.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第13308号
農博第1650号
新制||農||946(附属図書館)
学位論文||H19||N4287(農学部図書室)
UT51-2007-H673
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 大西 近江, 教授 遠藤 隆, 教授 冨永 達
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Wierich, Jochen. "The domestication of history in American art: 1848-1876." W&M ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623945.
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This dissertation traces the decline of history painting and its domestication in Other artistic forms in the United States. In the three decades between the Mexican-American War and the Centennial, the market for historical art went through a major transformation. Artists shifted from historical to contemporary subjects or represented historical themes in everyday-domestic settings. Monumental history painting, which was supported by art unions and private patrons during the antebellum period, came under critical attack and lost its status as a form of high art. Critical opinion turned especially against paintings of historical struggle and heroic sacrifice which seemed to be removed from the domestic experiences of middle class audiences. Painters domesticated the high moral drama of history painting in more intimate scenes.;I analyze the contest over historical representation from several directions. Part One discusses the institutional changes affecting the transformation of historical art. I focus on two institutions, the American Art-Union and the Cosmopolitan Art Association, a number of private patrons, and several art critics and art journals. Part One establishes a historical framework for the discussion of three individual painters discussed in Part Two. The careers of Emanuel Leutze, Lilly Martin Spencer, and Eastman Johnson allow me to trace the domestication of history through a spectrum of cultural forms including history, genre, and portrait painting.;This study links the decline of history painting to a cultural process which included specific constituencies---artists, patrons, critics---competing for cultural authority. Antebellum history painting had a weak institutional basis and was unable to consolidate a supportive audience. The focus on three painters and their attempts to negotiate changing perceptions of what constituted historical authenticity reveals complex process in which history painting lost its credibility.;My approach to the transformation of history painting relies on various methodological and theoretical sources, including the social history of art, cultural studies, material culture, and the philosophy of history. The dissertation applies theoretical framework to the study of history painting and other historical representations and brings into focus an emerging bourgeois art public in the States.
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BACHAR, ROEI. "The De-Domestication of Home - The Story of Airbnb." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/286713.
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The domestic space has a long and crucial place in the creation and the development of the very properties and characters of social behavior and social identity, in its most fundamental sense. Home, to the urban life, is a place of retreat, of protection and privacy, whose dichotomy to the public realm allows an emotional and sensual introspection, in which intimacy and deep relationships can emerge, while providing the most basic and human needs. Along with the urban history, the dichotomy between home and the public space has always been challenged by technological and social trends, but it has never been broken. The Airbnb service, an accommodation solution that offers a social and cultural experience at homes around the globe, can be another such challenge, with new and outstanding outcomes to the image of home. The Airbnb experience is yet another revolutionary expression of the 'sharing economy', or the 'platform economy', which is a result of such technological progression, combined with different developments of the tourism market in general and the urban tourism in particular. In this research, I wished to follow the influence of the Airbnb service, over the lives of hosts who continue living in the home where they host, by focusing on the practical, conceptual, and emotional reaction of the hosts to possible changes that Airbnb leads inside their home. By designing an international project, that created a narrative-based qualitative work, in the urban contexts of Milan, Italy, Lisbon, Portugal, and Jerusalem, Israel, and by using overt and covert ethnographic work, in-depth interviews, and other complementary methods. Following this mix-methods design, 145 mini-cases were collected in the three cities, which enabled the creation of a four-level resolution induction, starting from the hosts themselves, the city, the platform, and finally, the technological meaning over the social order and the balance between home and the urban sphere. As a result, findings managed to demonstrate a chronological process which hosts experience, starting from their interest in the service, towards an increasing disturbance and domestic influence, towards a grand and compromising decision of change, that finally leads to intentions to leave the service. The Airbnb stay-at-home hosts are in a constant reaction to a six-layer impact. Their integration into the imagined community of Airbnb, in a certain socio-economic situation, the presence of the guests, the interaction with them, the intentional and technological pressure on the host, the expectations and types of the guests, and finally the structural and functional change of home itself, all lead to a massive yet reversible view of the meaning and the sense of home, while creating a (possible positive) impact on gender roles, and conflicts, that this text would aim to interpret and discuss.Lo spazio domestico occupa un posto lungo e cruciale nella creazione e nello sviluppo delle proprietà e dei caratteri stessi del comportamento sociale e dell'identità sociale, nel suo senso più fondamentale. La casa, per la vita urbana, è un luogo di ritiro, di protezione e privacy, la cui dicotomia al regno pubblico consente un'introspezione emotiva e sensuale, in cui possono emergere intimità e relazioni profonde, fornendo al contempo i bisogni più elementari e umani. Insieme alla storia urbana, la dicotomia tra casa e spazio pubblico è sempre stata messa alla prova dalle tendenze tecnologiche e sociali, ma non è mai stata rotta. Il servizio Airbnb, una soluzione di alloggio che offre un'esperienza sociale e culturale nelle case di tutto il mondo, può essere un'altra di queste sfide, con risultati nuovi ed eccezionali all'immagine della casa. L'esperienza di Airbnb è un'altra espressione rivoluzionaria della "economia della condivisione", o "economia della piattaforma", che è il risultato di tale progresso tecnologico, combinato con i diversi sviluppi del mercato del turismo in generale e del turismo urbano in particolare. In questa ricerca, ho voluto seguire l'influenza del servizio Airbnb, sulle vite degli host che continuano a vivere nella casa in cui ospitano, concentrandosi sulla reazione pratica, concettuale ed emotiva degli host ai possibili cambiamenti che Airbnb conduce nella loro casa. Progettando un progetto internazionale, che ha creato un lavoro qualitativo basato sulla narrazione, nei contesti urbani di Milano, Italia, Lisbona, Portogallo e Gerusalemme, Israele, e usando il lavoro etnografico palese e nascosto, interviste approfondite e altri complementari metodi. Seguendo questo progetto di metodi di miscelazione, sono state raccolte 145 mini-case nelle tre città, che hanno consentito la creazione di un'induzione di risoluzione a quattro livelli, a partire dagli stessi host, la città, la piattaforma e, infine, il significato tecnologico sul ordine sociale ed equilibrio tra casa e sfera urbana. Di conseguenza, i risultati sono riusciti a dimostrare un processo cronologico che ospita l'esperienza, a partire dal loro interesse per il servizio, verso un crescente disturbo e influenza domestica, verso una decisione di cambiamento grandiosa e compromettente, che alla fine porta alle intenzioni di abbandonare il servizio. I padroni di casa di Airbnb sono costantemente in reazione a un impatto a sei livelli. La loro integrazione nella comunità immaginata di Airbnb, in una determinata situazione socio-economica, la presenza degli ospiti, l'interazione con loro, la pressione intenzionale e tecnologica sull'host, le aspettative e i tipi di ospiti, e infine la struttura e il cambiamento funzionale della casa stessa, tutto porta a una visione massiccia ma reversibile del significato e del senso della casa, creando allo stesso tempo un impatto (possibile positivo) sui ruoli di genere e sui conflitti, che questo testo avrebbe lo scopo di interpretare e discutere.
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Roullier, Caroline. "Aux origines de la diversité de la patate douce (Ipomoea batatas) : une enquête phylogéographique en Amérique tropicale (aire d’origine) et en Océanie (aire d’introduction)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20263/document.
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Au travers d'une approche de génétique des populations et de phylogéographie, basée sur la comparaison des patrons de diversité chloroplastiques et nucléaires, cette étude s'attache à retracer les processus qui ont façonné la diversité de la patate douce depuis sa domestication en Amérique tropicale jusqu'à son introduction et sa diffusion en Océanie. Dans un premier temps, cette étude s'intéresse à l'histoire de la domestication et à l'identification de l'origine botanique et géographique de la patate douce dans son aire d'origine - l'Amérique tropicale. La patate douce est un taxon hexaploïde pour lequel les différents contributeurs sauvages n'ont pas encore été clairement identifiés. Deux hypothèses sont classiquement invoquées: 1) une origine autopolyploide à partir d'un taxon sauvage diploide I. tridida et 2) une origine allopolyploide ayant impliqué l'hybridation de deux espèces distinctes I. trifida et I. triloba. Nos résultats génétiques viennent corroborer le scénario auto-polyploïde. Néanmoins, contrairement à ce qui était avancé auparavant, I. trifida ne peut être considérée comme l'ancêtre sauvage de la patate douce. Des formes sauvages de I. batatas existent, populations à partir desquelles les formes cultivées ont été domestiquées. Par ailleurs, nous révélons l'existence de deux lignées chloroplastiques distinctes au sein des cultivars de patate douce, ce qui laisse penser que plusieurs parents sauvages, différenciés génétiquement mais probablement conspécifiques, sont impliqués dans la formation du génome de I. batatas. Deux scénarios (non exclusifs) peuvent alors être envisagés: i) I. batatas résulte de l'hybridation de plusieurs lignées distinctes (conspécifiques ou proches); ii) I. batatas est un complexe autopolyploïde avec une origine multiple. La caractérisation génétique des cultivars de patate douce met en lumière l'existence de deux groupes génétiques différenciés et géographiquement structurés: l'un correspond aux variétés d'Amérique centrale et caribéenne et l'autre aux variétés de la région du Pérou et de l'Equateur. Ce patron de diversité suggère fortement une domestication multi-locale - en Amérique centrale et en Amérique du Sud - et renforce l'hypothèse d'une origine autopolyploïde multiple dans ces deux régions. Dans un deuxième temps, notre étude nous conduit en Océanie, une aire d'introduction de la patate douce. La distribution de la patate douce dans le Pacifique s'explique par une (des) introduction(s) pré-historique(s) en Polynésie en provenance d'Amérique du Sud (par les polynésiens eux-mêmes) et des introductions historiques dans le Pacifique Ouest, en provenance du Mexique et des Caraïbes. Il s'agit là d'une hypothèse élaborée par des linguistes, ethnobotanistes et archéologues, mais qui à ce jour manquait de preuves génétiques. En combinant un échantillonnage de variétés traditionnelles contemporaines et des spécimens d'herbiers datant du 18ième au début du 20ième siècle, nous avons pu retracer l'évolution temporelle et spatiale de la diversité dans le Pacifique. Nous montrons que les variétés de patate douce présentes jusqu'au début du 20ième siècle en Polynésie ont clairement une signature génétique sud-américaine, c'est-à-dire qu'elles dérivent directement des variétés de la région Pérou-Equateur. Ainsi nos données génétiques apportent une preuve supplémentaire à l'existence d'au moins une connexion préhistorique entre la Polynésie et l'Amérique du Sud. A l'Ouest du Pacifique, les cultivars de patate douce ont une origine principalement centraméricaine. Nous montrons également qu'il y a eu un remaniement de la base génétique au fil des nouvelles introductions, effaçant progressivement la signature des introductions d'origine. En revanche, les phénotypes reconnus par les cultivateurs et les noms associés - c'est-à-dire les déterminants « culturels » des variétés - ont probablement été maintenus. La patate douce est essentiellement propagée par voie clonale par les cultivateursFollowing a population genetics and phylogeography approach, based on the comparison of chloroplastic and nuclear diversity patterns, this study aims at describing the processes which built sweet potato diversity from its domestication in tropical America to its introduction and diffusion into Oceania. We first studied the history of sweet potato domestication and identified its botanic and geographic origin in the area from which it originates - tropical America. Sweet potato is a hexaploid taxa of which the wild parents still remain to be identified. Two hypothesis are classically refered to: 1) an autopolyploid origin deriving from a wild diploid I. tridida and 2) an allopolyploid origin implying the hybridization between I. trifida et I. triloba. Our genetic results corroborate the autopolyploid scenario. However, in contrast to what was previously anticipated, I. trifida cannot be considered the wild ancestor of sweet potato. Wild forms of I. batatas do exist, these are populations from which cultivated forms were domesticated. In addition, we highlighted the existence of two distinct chloroplastic lineages within sweet potato cultivars, suggesting that several wild parents, genetically differenciated but probably conspecifics are involved in the formation of the I. batatas genome.Two scenari (non exclusive) are to be envisaged: i) I. batatas would result from the hybridization of several independent lines (conspecific or near); ii) I. batatas is an autoploid complex with multiple origin. The genetic characterization of sweet potato cultivars highlight the existence of two genetically differentiated and geographically structured groups: one includes central american and caribbean varieties while the other is made of varieties from Peru and Equador region. This diversity pattern is strongly suggestive of multilocal domestication events - in Central America and in South America - and strengthens the hypothesis of a multiple autopolyloid origin in these two regions.Next, we investigated Oceania as area of introduction of sweet potato. The sweet potato distribution in the Pacific can be explained by pre-historic introductions in Polynesia originating from South America (brought by Polynesians), and historical introductions in West-Pacific originating from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.This is a hypothesis originally proposed by linguists, ethnobotanists and archeologists, but which was lacking until now of genetic proves. Combining the sampling of contemporary traditional varieties and herbarium specimens dating from the 18th to the early 20st century, we were able to refine the temporal and spatial evolution of sweet potato diversity in the Pacific. We demonstrate that sweet potato varieties present until the early 20th century in Polynesia clearly harbor a south-american genetic signature, indicating that they directly derive from varieties found in the Peru-Ecuador area. Thus our genetic data provide an additional prove to the existence of at least one prehistoric connection between Polynesia and South America. On the west side of Pacific, sweet potato cultivars mainly display a central-american origin. We also demonstrate that a reshuffling of the genetic base happened in line with the occurrence of new introductions, progressively erasing the signature of original introductions. In contrast, phenotypes and associated names known by farmers, i.e. cultural determinants of these varieties - were probably maintained over time. Sweet potato is essentially propagated clonally by farmers. However, it also maintained active sexual reproduction. Our genetic data demonstrate that the impressive numbers of cultivars found nowadays in Oceania mainly derive from independent recombination events and from the local selection of true-seed plants. In some regions, this diversification process even lead to the emergence of secondary diversity centers, as exemplified by New Guinea highlands
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Drew, Robert Edward. "Genetic analysis of traits associated with domestication in rainbow trout." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2006/r%5Fdrew%5F122205.pdf.
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Björnerfeldt, Susanne. "Consequences of the Domestication of Man’s Best Friend, The Dog." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Evolutionsbiologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7799.
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The dog was the first animal to be domesticated and the process started at least 15 000 years ago. Today it is the most morphologically diverse mammal, with a huge variation in size and shape. Dogs have always been useful to humans in several ways, from being a food source, hunting companion, guard, social companion and lately also a model for scientific research. This thesis describes some of the changes that have occurred in the dog’s genome, both during the domestication process and later through breed creation. To give a more comprehensive view, three genetic systems were studied: maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA, paternally inherited Y chromosome and biparental autosomal chromosomes. I also sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes to view the effect new living conditions might have had on dogs’ genes after domestication. Finally, knowledge of the genetic structure in purebred dogs was used to test analytic methods usable in other species or in natural populations where little information is available. The domestication process appears to have caused a relaxation of the selective constraint in the mitochondrial genome, leading to a faster rate of accumulation of nonsynonymous changes in the mitochondrial genes. Later, the process of breed creation resulted in genetically separated breed groups. Breeds are a result from an unequal contribution of males and females with only a few popular sires contributing and a larger amount of dams. However, modern breeder preferences might lead to disruptive selective forces within breeds, which can result in additional fragmentation of breeds. The increase in linkage disequilibrium that this represents increases the value of purebred dogs as model organisms for the identification and mapping of diseases and traits. Purebred dogs’ potential for these kinds of studies will probably increase the more we know about the dog’s genome.
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Katajamaa, Rebecca. "Effects of domestication on social support in chickens (Gallus gallus)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78960.
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Social support is thought to give animals benefits from social partners, such as improved coping with challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in social support in the red junglefowl (RJF) and a domestic layer strain, the White Leghorn (WL). A runway test consisting of two compartments with unfamiliar and familiar stimulus animals was used to measure social motivation before and after a stressful experience. Total number of test animals was 56 divided into four groups; male and female WL as well as male and female RJF. Results showed that females preferred to stay close to familiar conspecifics after stress treatment. Before stress treatment there was little difference between either sex of WL while RJF males and females chose different zones. Females preferred familiar conspecifics, indicating that they rely more on familiar social stimuli for social support. Males of the two breeds behaved differently towards stimulus animals. WL males showed aggression towards familiar stimulus animals while RJF males directed aggression towards unfamiliar stimulus animals. Indication of sexual behavioural dimorphism was supported while further research is needed in domestication effects on social support in chickens.
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Bergvall, Caroline. "The domestication effects on social support in chickens (Gallus gallus)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-79026.
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When animals are stressed they use a trait called social support to alleviate their stress responses. With domestication many traits from the ancestor red junglefowl have changed in the domesticated breed white leghorn. White leghorns are bred to be able to live in large groups where it becomes hard to recognize every chicken. They are therefore not as dependent of familiar stimuli birds for social support as red junglefowl. Our hypotheses were that red jungle males would be more interested in unfamiliar stimuli birds than white leghorn male before stress due to their territoriality. We tested total 56 chickens in an open field test. The test arena was divided in three zones and the time the focal birds spent in each zone was recorded. The focal bird was recorded in 300 seconds before being stressed by being suspended in a net and then recorded again in 300 seconds. The results showed that social support and social behaviour differs between females and males for both breeds. No significant differences were found between the breeds. There was a tendency for significant of breed (P=0.08) effects in the central zone unstressed. The two interactions before stressed between breed and sex, central zone (P<0.01) and unfamiliar zone (P<0.01) had significant effects. We observed fights between white leghorn males and familiar stimuli. Waltzing did also occur in red jungle males in front of unfamiliar. In conclusion, numeric differences can be seen but not large enough to be significant and our hypotheses are not confirmed.
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Björnerfeldt, Susanne. "Consequences of the domestication of man's best friend, the dog /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7799.
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Gustavsson, Björn A. "Plant breeding and domestication of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) /." Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5707-6.pdf.
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Lindqvist, Christina. "Domestication effects on foraging behaviour : consequences for adaptability in chickens." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : IFM Biology, Linköping University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11237.
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Nghitoolwa, Ndeunyema E. T. N. "Aloe Zebrina Baker : Resource assessment, utilisation and domestication in Namibia." Thesis, Bangor University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510269.
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Teixeira, Adla Betsaida Martins. "The domestication of primary school teaching : a Brazilian study case." Thesis, UCL Institute of Education (IOE), 1998. http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/21964/.
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This thesis explores the ways in which the work of women teachers in primary schools in one region of Brazil has been re-defined by agents within the school itself. The investigation was pursued through semi-structured interviews with 48 women teachers and 14 school managers working mainly in poor communities. It reflects the experiences of teachers from Municipal schools in one of the developed cities: Belo Horizonte. Informal talks with teachers involved in activities outside classroom, other school staff such as secretaries and door-keepers, and parents encountered at the school entrance (some parents agreed to participate in tape-recorded interviews) also provided useful information for the study. Among the secondary• material collected during the field work were visual and written didactic texts used inside schools, the school files relating to discipline problems between pupils/parents and teachers, and the school files of "Colegiado" meetings. Also inside schools, observations were made of school meetings with parents; pedagogical meetings and a extraschool activities such as paren& and pupils' preparation for a party and showing of a school video. A search of written material from local newspapers archived by the Teachers' Union related to teachers was conducted. Visits to, and contacts with, the Municipal Secretary of Education provided material on extra-school administration. Study at the local University, with its extensive archive of recent studies on the history and conditions of work of women teachers in Brazil, in the State of Minas Gerais and specifically in the Municipal schools of Belo Horizonte,was a rich source of academic material for this study. It is suggested that the domestication of teachers' roles has been promoted within schools by teachers, the school managers and others involved in school life (parents, pupils and other school staff). This has led to a considerable increase in the number of roles schools and teachers are required to fulfil in communities with serious economic and social limitations. In a society where state social support is insufficient, schools provide palliative solutions for a range of needs. However, as schools become increasingly involved in business other than formal education, teachers' roles have changed and thus are judged through a gendered filter iii which stresses femininity over professionalism. Women's acceptance of poor working conditions and their involvement in the immediate social problems of pupils and local communities has been beneficial for the Brazilian and State governments, as well as for the local community. However, there have been negative consequences for the development of better ways to teach children from these communities and the status and socio-economic position of teachers themselves. The domestication of the roles of women in teaching has thus had long-term negative consequences for the education of the poor.
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Clarke, Julia. "Deconstructing domestication : women's experience and the goals of critical pedagogy." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246258.
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Garel, Jean-Renaud. "Contexte socio-culturel et domestication des céréales au Proche-Orient." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040109.
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Les céréales domestiques, blé et orge, sont apparues sur plusieurs sites éloignés du Proche-Orient à partir de précurseurs sauvages originaire d'Anatolie. Cette thèse propose que la domestication de ces céréales est le résultat de quatre étapes successives et indépendantes: 1) au Natoufien ancien, une sédentarisation a augmenté la fertilité en rapprochant les naissances. Ceci a créé un nouveau besoin en aliments de sevrage qui a rendu les céréales indispensables comme ressource alimentaire. La croissance démographique a fait évoluer la structure sociale des communautés des groupes familiaux à des groupes locaux; 2) au Natoufien récent, la crise environnementale du Dryas récent a obligé certaines communautés à combler leurs besoins en céréales avec les premières mises en culture. Ces communautés ont réussi à maintenir leur vie sédentaire, leur population et leurs capacités technologiques en rigidifiant leur structure sociale en chefferies; 3) au PPNA, une expansion coloniale des communautés qui ont survécu au Dryas récent a transplanté les céréales sauvages dans l'ensemble du Proche-Orient en les adaptant à des sols et des climats nouveaux; 4) au PPNB, la recherche d'une plus grande productivité et un heureux hasard ont fait apparaître les céréales domestiques sur quelques sites. La domestication des céréales au Proche-Orient est donc le résultat d'un processus évolutif qui a modifié à la fois le contexte socio-culturel des communautés humaines et leur relation aux céréalesDomestic cereals, wheat and barley, appeared at several distant sites in the Near East from wild progenitors from Anatolia. This thesis suggests that domestication of these cereals was the result of four successive and independant steps: 1) during early Natufian, sedentarisation raised fertility by decreasing the time inteval between consecutive births. This created a new need for weaning foods, so that cereals became a necessary part of subsistance. The increase in population led the social structure of communities to evolve from family groups into local groups; 2) during late Natufian, the Younger Dryas environmental crisis forced some communities to meet their needs for cereals by initiating their first cultivations. These communities could remain sedentary and maintain both their population and their technological potential by rigidifying their social structures into chiefdoms; 3) during PPNA, a colonial expansion of communities that survived the Younger Dryas transplanted wild cereals throughout the Near East and adapted them to new soils ans climates; 4) during PPNB, the search for an increased productivity and some chance led to the appearance of domestic cereals at some sites. Cereal domestication in the Near East thus appears as resulting from an evolutionary process which modified both the socio-cultural context of human communities and their relationship to cereals
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Larsson, John. "Cyanobacterial genome evolution subsequent to domestication by a plant (Azolla)." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Botaniska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-56851.
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Cyanobacteria are an ancient and globally distributed group of photosynthetic prokaryotes including species capable of fixing atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) into biologically available ammonia via the enzyme complex nitrogenase. The ability to form symbiotic interactions with eukaryotic hosts is a notable feature of cyanobacteria and one which, via an ancient endosymbiotic event, led to the evolution of chloroplasts and eventually to the plant dominated biosphere of the globe. Some cyanobacteria are still symbiotically competent and form symbiotic associations with eukaryotes ranging from unicellular organisms to complex plants. Among contemporary plant-cyanobacteria associations, the symbiosis formed between the small fast-growing aquatic fern Azolla and its cyanobacterial symbiont (cyanobiont), harboured in specialized cavities in each Azolla leaf, is the only one which is perpetual and in which the cyanobiont has lost its free-living capacity, suggesting a long-lasting co-evolution between the two partners. In this study, the genome of the cyanobiont in Azolla filiculoides was sequenced to completion and analysed. The results revealed that the genome is in an eroding state, evidenced by a high proportion of pseudogenes and transposable elements. Loss of function was most predominant in genetic categories related to uptake and metabolism of nutrients, response to environmental stimuli and in the DNA maintenance machinery. Conversely, function was retained in key symbiotic processes such as nitrogen-fixation and cell differentiation. A comparative analysis shows that the size of the cyanobiont genome has remained relatively stable, and that few genes have been completely eliminated, since the symbiotic establishment. Indications of genes acquired via horizontal gene transfer were discovered in thec yanobiont genome, some of which may have originated from the bacterial community in the Azolla leaf-cavities. It is concluded that the perpetual nature of the Azolla symbiosis has resulted in pronounced ongoing streamlining of the cyanobiont genome around core symbiotic functions, a process not described previously for complex cyanobacteria or for any bacterial plant symbiont. Further, the status of the genome indicates that the cyanobiont is at an early stage of adapting to its host-restricted environment and continued co-evolution with the plant may result in additional genome reductions. However, although a vertical transmission process is already established, the unusual extracellular location of the cyanobiont and the intricate nature of the symbiosis, may still impose restrictions on such a reductive process.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Jonsson, Malin. "Effects on domestication and feeding on the avian melanocortin system." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129253.
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Domestication in chickens has made feed-restriction a necessity if broiler breeder hens should reach sexual maturity and be fertile. This is claimed to cause chronic hunger. To measure hunger the gene expression of the appetite regulators agouti-related peptide (AgRP), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) of the melanocortin system was quantified with qPCR. This was done in feed-restricted Red Junglefowl and compared with the gene expression of two strains of feed-restricted broilers, Ross 308 and Rowan Ranger, to detect possible effects on domestication on appetite regulation. POMC-expression was upregulated 2-fold in the feed-restricted Red Junglefowl. POMC-expression was downregulated by half in the feed-restricted Ross 308. AgRP/NPY-expression was upregulated 4-fold in feed-restricted Rowan Rangers. A comparison between the control groups (ad libitum fed) of the breeds showed that the NPY-expression was lower in Ross 308 and Rowan Ranger compared with the ancestor. Results show no difference in body weight of ad libitum fed and feed-restricted Red Junglefowl. Conclusions were that the feed-restricted Red Junglefowl was not properly restricted in food supply since no difference in body weight between the treatment groups was detected. The upregulation of POMC in the feed-restricted Red Junglefowl could be stress-linked influenced by the feeding type (scattering of food in litter). No conclusions of the impact of domestication on chicken’s appetite could be drawn. Domestication has probably had its impact by altering other signaling pathways of the melanocortin system than in the arcuate nucleus.
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Hurst, Daniel Jay. "Alienation and domestication in the bereavement poetry of Emily Dickinson /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487678444259503.
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Gublin, épouse Diquelou Amérina. "L'animal et la technique : Etude comparée des processus de domestication." Compiègne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005COMP1577.
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L'objet de cette thèse était de déterminer les influences relatives de l'identité des acteurs de la relation homme/animal. L'identité de l'animal est modifiée par l'environnement technique humain et modifie l'homme à son tour. La relation homme/animal apparaît alors comme un système dynamique, caractérisé à la fois par l'origine culturelle de l'humain et par l'espèce animale. Une étude de terrain, en Guyane française, a permis de préciser que moins la domesticité d'une espèce était ambiguë, plus son statut affectif était stable et fort d'une culture à l'autre, et que sa charge symbolique influençait fortement sa relation avec l'homme. C'est donc à l'interface du fantasme humain de l'animal et de son identité naturelle que se construit la relation. L'adéquation entre désir humain et potentiel de l'espèce façonne la relation et en détermine l'issue. L'étude des relations homme/animal peut dès lors être considérée comme un outil particulièrement efficace de caractérisation culturelleThe aim of this thesis was to determine the actors’ relative influences in the human/animal relationship. The animal's identity changes when placed in the human technical environment The human, in return, is also modified. The human/animal relationship is thus a dynamic system, determined by the human cultural origin as well as by the animal's species. A study, done in French Guyana, shows that the less the domesticity of a species is ambiguous, the more its emotional status is stable and strong within the culture; the study also shows that the symbolic power of the animal strongly influences the relationship. It is therefore at the interface between human phantasm of the animal and the animals own natural identity, that the relationship is built. The adequacy between human desire and the potential of the animal species mould the relation and determine the outcome. Ln conclusion, the study of human/animal relationships could be considered as a useful tool in culture characterization
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Naito, Ken. "Dramatic amplification of a rice transposon mPing during recent domestication." Kyoto University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136550.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第13132号
農博第1637号
新制||農||943(附属図書館)
学位論文||H19||N4258(農学部図書室)
UT51-2007-H405
京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻
(主査)教授 谷坂 隆俊, 教授 山末 祐二, 教授 遠藤 隆
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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DESIDERIO, FRANCESCA. "Origin and domestication of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242368.
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Biagetti, Eleonora. "The genomic consequences of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris l.) domestication." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242840.
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La domesticazione è un importante processo evolutivo che ha determinato la codipendenza tra le specie coltivate e l’uomo grazie a cambiamenti genetici avvenuti nelle piante coltivate e fissati dalla selezione operata dall’uomo. Il fagiolo (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) presenta una storia evoluzionaria unica caratterizzata dalla presenza di due principali pool genici, geograficamente e geneticamente distinti, quello Mesoamericano e quello Andino, in cui si sono verificati almeno due eventi di domesticazione indipendenti.
In questo lavoro il sequenziamento dell’RNA (RNA-Seq) è stato impiegato per analizzare l’intero trascrittoma del fagiolo a partire da 64 accessioni selvatiche e domesticate appartenenti ai due principali pool genici di questa specie. L’elevato numero di polimorfismi identificati è stato impiegato per inferenze di genetica di popolazione con lo scopo di approfondire le conseguenze della domesticazione in fagiolo. Una drastica riduzione della diversità nucleotidica (~60%) è stata osservata per le forme domesticate rispetto a quelle selvatiche. In particolare sono state evidenziate tracce di selezione nel 9% dei geni ottenuti da un approccio di assemblaggio de novo, sequenziando 21 genotipi selvatici e domesticati, principalmente dal Mesoamerica. In parallelo, il processo di domesticazione ha comportato in Mesoamerica anche la diminuzione della diversità di espressione (18%; Capitolo 1), con una più ampia riduzione (26%) nella porzione del tracrittoma sotto selezione. Usando il genoma del fagiolo come riferimento inoltre sono confrontati gli effetti della domesticazione del fagiolo sulla diversità genetica sia nel pool genico Mesoamericano che in quello Andino. Una perdita di diversità genetica tre volte inferiore associata con la domesticazione è stata riscontrata nelle Ande rispetto al Mesoamerica come risultato del collo di bottiglia avvenuto in questo pool genico prima del processo di domesticazione.Domestication is a fundamental evolutionary process that induced a co-dependence between crop plants and humans, resulting in genetic modifications of plants due to human selection. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) presents a unique evolutionary history among crops, as it characterized by the presence of two main geographically and genetically distinct gene pools, Mesoamerican and Andean, where at least two independent domestication events occurred. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) strategy to investigate the whole common bean transcriptome as of 64 wild and domesticated accessions from the two gene pools. We identified a high number of single nucleotide polymorphisms that we used for population genetics inferences with the aim to scrutinize the consequences of common bean domestication. A drastic reduction in nucleotide diversity (~60%) was evident for the domesticated compared to the wild forms. In particular, as main outcome in the chapter one, we highlighted signature of selection in the 9% of genes achieved from a de novo assembling approach, sequencing 21 wild and domesticated genotypes, mainly from Mesoamerica. In parallel, the domestication process in Mesoamerica was found to influence also the expression pattern, involving a decrease in the expression diversity (18%) with a broader reduction (26%) in the portion of transcriptome under selection. In the second chapter, using the common bean genome as reference, we have compared the effects of common bean domestication on genetic diversity in both the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools. A loss of genetic diversity three-fold lower associated with domestication was observed in the Andes compared with the Mesoamerica as result of a bottleneck occurred in this region before domestication.