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Journal articles on the topic 'Donations of organs'
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1
EBEYE, Abimbola Oladuni, Chukwuedu OJEBOR, and Ade ALABI. "PERCEPTION OF ORGAN AND CORPSE DONATION AMONG STUDENTS OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES." International Journal of Forensic Medical Investigation 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21816/ijfmi.v2i1.10.
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In this era of great health challenges, organ donation may be the only intervention to failing and failed organs. Organ donation is willingly accepting to donate an organ or part of an organ to someone with a failing organ or failed organ. There are very few voluntary donations. Cadavers a major tool in the study of anatomy is gotten through unclaimed bodies, corpse from condemned criminals and donation of corpse for teaching and research. This cross sectional survey includes 707 students, 390 dissecting students and 317 non dissecting students from the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University Abraka. Structured questionnaires were administered to the student and date analysed. This was done to know the perception of student to organ and corpse donation and to assess if dissection affects the willingness to donate one’s organ or corpse for research. Result generally showed a negative attitude to organ and corpse donation. Only 5.9% considered donating their organs and 4.1% considered donating their corpse for research. The poor attitude towards organ and body donation may be attributed to people not wanting their body to be disrespected (30%), fear of the effect of donation (23%), religious beliefs (10%), and traditional beliefs (6%). Surprisingly lack of awareness to donation of organs and corpse accounted for a few percentages.
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Harel, Inbal, Tehila Kogut, Meir Pinchas, and Paul Slovic. "Effect of media presentations on willingness to commit to organ donation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 20 (May 1, 2017): 5159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703020114.
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We examine how presentations of organ donation cases in the media may affect people's willingness to sign organ donation commitment cards, donate the organs of a deceased relative, support the transition to an “opt-out” policy, or donate a kidney while alive. We found that providing identifying information about the prospective recipient (whose life was saved by the donation) increased the participants’ willingness to commit to organ donation themselves, donate the organs of a deceased relative, or support a transition to an “opt-out” policy. Conversely, identifying the deceased donor tended to induce thoughts of death rather than about saving lives, resulting in fewer participants willing to donate organs or support measures that facilitated organ donation. A study of online news revealed that identification of the donor is significantly more common than identification of the recipient in the coverage of organ donation cases—with possibly adverse effects on the incidence of organ donations.
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Verble, Margaret, and Judy Worth. "Reservations and Preferences among Procurement Professionals concerning the Donation of Specific Organs and Tissues." Journal of Transplant Coordination 7, no. 3 (September 1997): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/090591999700700305.
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Previous research has established that organ procurement professionals who talk with families about donation have strong personal preferences concerning the donation of specific organs and tissues. This study examines possible reasons for such preferences and compares them with those of hospital personnel who talk with families about donation. The findings suggest that preferences among procurement personnel closely resemble those of hospital personnel, but procurement professionals' reasons reflect a slightly higher rate of self-interest. Aversions among procurement personnel differ from those of hospital personnel. Procurement personnel have fewer aversions to donating eyes and skin and more aversions to bone, and their aversions are more likely to reflect professional experience with particular donations. The findings suggest the need for changes both in the way donation options are offered to families and the way hospital and procurement personnel are educated.
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Noakes, Amy. "Raising awareness of organ donation." Journal of Health Visiting 7, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/johv.2019.7.7.330.
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Despite the increase in demand for organs, the number of organ donations has remained relatively static; this is concerning as the comparatively low rate of consent for organ donation in the UK is the greatest factor limiting transplantation ( Vincent and Logan, 2012 ). All health professionals, including health visitors, should be aware of new legislation surrounding organ donation so they can provide advice and refer those requiring further information to the NHS Blood and Transplant service.
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Ahmad, Mahmood, Muhammad Shahbaz Manj, and Naheed Arain. "E-1 Human Organs Donation and Transplantation in the light of Hinduism." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 4, no. 2 (December 6, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/e1.v4.02(20).1-9.
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Organ transplantation and organ donation is an important issue today. It was implemented in different ways. The medical field offers new methods of treatment, including organ transplantation and human services. This is one of the most difficult and complex aspects of modern medicine. It is a surgical replacement of diseased organ by another healthy human organ. It was implemented in different ways. Donation and organ transplantation are important issue of today. The medical field offers new methods of treatment, including organ transplantation and human services. Researchers have been trying to expand stem cells to other organs and are experimenting with alternatives to human blood. Organ Transplantation and donations are performed under the supervision of a competent transplant team.
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Tenenbaum, Evelyn M. "Bartering for a Compatible Kidney Using Your Incompatible, Live Kidney Donor: Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Kidney Chains." American Journal of Law & Medicine 42, no. 1 (March 2016): 129–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858816644719.
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Kidney chains are a recent and novel method of increasing the number of available kidneys for transplantation and have the potential to save thousands of lives. However, because they are novel, kidney chains do not fit neatly within existing legal and ethical frameworks, raising potential barriers to their full implementation.Kidney chains are an extension of paired kidney donation, which began in the United States in 2000. Paired kidney donations allow kidney patients with willing, but incompatible, donors to swap donors to increase the number of donor/recipient pairs and consequently, the number of transplants. More recently, transplant centers have been using non-simultaneous, extended, altruistic donor (“NEAD”) kidney chains—which consist of a sequence of donations by incompatible donors—to further expand the number of donations. This Article fully explains paired kidney donation and kidney chains and focuses on whether NEAD chains are more coercive than traditional kidney donation to a family member or close friend and whether NEAD chains violate the National Organ Transplant Act's prohibition on the transfer of organs for valuable consideration.
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Pieri, Jessica M., and Neil H. Metcalfe. "The Organ Donation (Deemed Consent) Act 2019." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738019900367.
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The stance on solid organ donations in England has changed. In March 2019, the Organ Donation (Deemed Consent) Act became law, with roll-out delayed until spring 2020. It introduces an ‘opt-out’ system, which assumes every adult has agreed to donate their organs unless they register not to do so, amending the previous ‘opt-in’ approach. The RCGP and General Medical Council have long emphasised that doctors be cognisant of the organ donation process and relevant legislation. This paper summarises the rationale behind the Act’s introduction, outlines its provisions, identifies some criticisms, and stresses the importance of raising awareness.
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Ross, Lainie Friedman. "Solid Organ Donation Between Strangers." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 3 (September 2002): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00412.x.
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In August 2000, Arthur Matas and his colleagues de scribed a protocol in which their institution began to accept as potential donors, individuals who came to the University of Minnesota hospital offering to donate a kidney to any patient on the waiting list. Matas and his colleagues refer to these donors as nondirected donors by which is meant that the donors are altruistic and that they give their organs to an unspecified pool of recipients with whom they have no emotional relationship. This paper represents an ethical and policy critique of the nondirected donation protocol that was implemented at the University of Minnesota in August 1999. Specifically, I address the ethical questions: Whether altruistic living solid organ donations by strangers (nondirected donations) should be permitted? And if so, What are appropriate ethical guidelines for such donations?
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Kessler, Judd B., and Alvin E. Roth. "Organ Allocation Policy and the Decision to Donate." American Economic Review 102, no. 5 (August 1, 2012): 2018–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.2018.
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Organ donations from deceased donors provide the majority of transplanted organs in the United States, and one deceased donor can save numerous lives by providing multiple organs. Nevertheless, most Americans are not registered organ donors despite the relative ease of becoming one. We study in the laboratory an experimental game modeled on the decision to register as an organ donor and investigate how changes in the management of organ waiting lists might impact donations. We find that an organ allocation policy giving priority on waiting lists to those who previously registered as donors has a significant positive impact on registration. (JEL C91, D64, I11)
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Dr Mohan G. "ORGAN DONATION: REVIEW." AVISHKARA 01, no. 05 (2022): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56804/avishkara.2022.1505.
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There’s a wide spread cry for the organs across the world. Needy people are dying because of the lack of availability of the tissues/organs because of the fact that there’s a strong mismatch between the donors and recipients. When compared with other countries India stands at bottom in organ donation with a rate of only 0.16 donors per million. Growing population, impending disorders and an inadequacy in donations can disrupt the hopes of live. Global statistics too aren’t up to the mark. There requires a tremendous amount of knowledge and awareness regarding the same among the public to raise the bars and improve the quality of life by enhancing the availability.
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Reed, Matthew James, Ian Currie, John Forsythe, Irene Young, John Stirling, Lesley Logan, Gareth R. Clegg, and Gabriel C. Oniscu. "Lessons from a pilot for uncontrolled donation after circulatory death in the ED in the UK." Emergency Medicine Journal 37, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-208650.
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Worldwide there is a shortage of available organs for patients requiring transplants. However, some countries such as France, Italy and Spain have had greater success by allowing donations from patients with unexpected and unrecoverable circulatory arrest who arrive in the ED. Significant advances in the surgical approach to organ recovery from donation after circulatory death (DCD) led to the establishment of a pilot programme for uncontrolled DCD in the ED of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. This paper describes the programme and discusses the lessons learnt.
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Schnurman, Kelli Kalimi, Felice Zilberfein, Antonia Augurt, Mary Brosnan, and Yu Mee Song. "Social Work Interventions with Living Related Liver Donors: The Implications for Practice." Progress in Transplantation 15, no. 4 (December 2005): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152692480501500407.
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Living related liver donations are increasingly used to address the lack of organs available to patients faced with end-stage liver disease. A significant need exists for enhanced psychosocial intervention for donors. We sought to explore donor reactions by assessing psychosocial issues after donation. A descriptive review of donors was undertaken. The overall incidence of psychosocial issues after donation was examined by using a uniform interview questionnaire and by anecdotal case studies. Responses tend to indicate a general positive reaction to donation; yet, findings suggest a need for more preparation in the predonor stage, 100% social work follow-up after donation to provide needed support services, and inclusion of the donor as a critical partner in organ transplant treatment. A more extensive study drawing on the questionnaire may offer a standardized approach to the treatment of organ donors.
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Bharambe, Vaishaly K., Hetal Rathod, and Kalpana Angadi. "Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Organ Donation among Medical Students." BANTAO Journal 14, no. 1 (June 27, 2016): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bj-2016-0008.
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AbstractIntroduction. All over the world people on organ transplant waiting lists die due to shortage of donor organs. The success of organ donation program needs education of the population regarding organ donation for which healthcare professionals are most suitable. The present study was taken up to assess the knowledge and attitude of 1st, 2ndand 3rdyear medical students about organ donation. Methods. A specially designed self-administered questionnaire was distributed amongst all willing 1st, 2nd and 3rdyear medical students at our Medical College and later analyzed statistically. Results. A total of 157, 145 and 92 students from each year of medical education respectively gave their consent for participation in the study. Awareness regarding organ donation was found to be 98.7-100%, 69.4% claimed television as their source of information regarding organ donation and 46.7% stated that it is possible for patient to recover from brain death. The awareness regarding eye, liver, heart and kidney donations was found to be 92.4%, 87%, 87% and 97.8%, respectively. 87% of medical students were aware of need for legal supervision, and awareness regarding the existing laws was found to be 57.6%. Conclusion. Medical students had a high level of awareness and a positive attitude towards organ donation. However, knowledge regarding “brain-death”, organs and tissues donated, legislation and ethical issues was poor. A teaching intervention designed to specifically address these issues could help increase the confidence of the health-care professionals and may result finally in increased organ procurement rates.
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Becker, Gary S., and Julio Jorge Elías. "Introducing Incentives in the Market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations." Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.3.3.
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We evaluate the introduction of monetary incentives in the market for live and cadaveric organ donations. We show that monetary incentives would increase the supply of organs for transplant sufficiently to eliminate the very large queues in organ markets, and the suffering and deaths of many of those waiting, without increasing the total cost of transplant surgery by more than about 12 percent. We build on the value-of-life literature and other parts of economic analysis to estimate the equilibrium cost of live transplants for kidneys and livers. We also show that market price for kidneys will be determined by the cost of live donations, even though most organs will come from cadavers.
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Bharambe, Vaishaly K., Rathod H., Paranjape V. M., Kanaskar N., Shevade S., Survase K., Arole V., Singh Sakshi, Brahmbhatt Gaurav, and Alam Feroz. "Awareness regarding body and organ donation amongst the population of an urban city in India." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 05, no. 04 (December 2015): 051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703935.
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Abstract Purpose : Bodies for purpose of dissection and organs for transplantation surgeries are needed for education of medical students and treatment of cases of end-stage organ failure. However deceased organ donation rate in India is very dismal. In the present study the authors assess the knowledge and attitude of the people living in an urban city in India towards organ and body donation. Materials/Methods : A questionnaire was distributed amongst all willing patients and their relatives attending the out-patient Department at our Hospital. This was followed by an awareness session wherein the researchers discussed body and organ donation and its need in India. Information sheet was handed to all and the willing respondents were given eye and body donation forms, and donor cards. Result: 41/65 people consented to participate. 41.5%, 31.7%, 12.2% and 12.2% had obtained knowledge regarding organ donation from newspaper, television, family members and internet respectively. 26.8% claimed that they were imparted knowledge by health care professionals. 78%, 53.7% and 19.5% were aware about eye, kidney and liver donations respectively. 17.1% were aware of body and lung donation each. Awareness of donation of other organs was found to be in the range between 4.9% to 14.6%. 43.9% were willing to be organ donors and 3 persons filled the body donation forms. Conclusion: Newspapers, healthcare professionals could be utilized to further the awareness regarding body and organ donation. Carrying out awareness programmes will help to reach information to each individual, clarifying any myths and increasing understanding and motivation levels among
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Timmins, Rebecca, and Magi Sque. "Radical actions to address UK organ shortage, enacting Iran’s paid donation programme: A discussion paper." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 7-8 (February 21, 2019): 1936–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019826362.
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Globally there is a shortage of organs available for transplant resulting in thousands of lives lost as a result. Recently in the United Kingdom 457 people died as a result of organ shortage in just 1 year. 1 NHS Blood and Transplant suggest national debates to test public attitudes to radical actions to increase organ donation should be considered in addressing organ shortage. The selling of organs for transplant in the United Kingdom is prohibited under the Human Tissue Act 2004. This discussion paper considers five ethical objections raised in the United Kingdom to paid donation and discusses how these objections are addressed within the only legal and regulated paid living unrelated renal donation programme in the world in Iran, where its kidney transplant list was eliminated within 2 years of its commencement. This article discusses whether paid living unrelated donation in Iran increases riskier donations and reduced altruistic donation as opponents of paid donation claim. The paper debates whether objections to paid donation based upon commodification arguments only oppose enabling financial ends, even if these ends enable beneficent acts. Discussions in relation to whether valid consent can be given by the donor will take place and will also debate the objection that donors will be coerced and exploited by a paid model. This article suggests that exploitation of the paid donor within the Iranian model exists within the legally permitted framework. However, paid living kidney donation should be discussed further and other models of paid donation considered in the United Kingdom as a radical means of increasing donation.
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Zheng, Donghua, Hua Liu, Yaping Zhan, and Guixing Xu. "Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury in the deceased donor: a case report." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 4388. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20195023.
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Rhabdomyolysis is a common complication among brain death donors, affecting the number of organ donations and the quality of donor kidneys. Case report: Male, 17 years old, admitted to the hospital due to a car accident. Subsequently, brown urine appeared, blood myoglobin increased significantly, urine output decreased, and renal function impaired. Treatments including fluid replacement, alkalization of urine, plasma exchange and bedside CRRT were given. The patient's renal function recovered, and the organs were successfully acquired. The renal function recovered well after transplantation. Conclusion: Attention should be paid to rhabdomyolysis. Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with brain death could improve donation success rate and the recovery of postoperative renal function.
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Rasiah, Rajah, Navaz Naghavi, Muhammad Shujaat Mubarik, and Hamid Sharif Nia. "Can financial rewards complement altruism to raise deceased organ donation rates?" Nursing Ethics 27, no. 6 (May 15, 2020): 1436–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733020918927.
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Background: Organ supply–demand in developing countries worldwide has continued to widen. Hence, using a large survey (n ¼ 10,412), this study seeks to investigate whether human psychology could be used to inculcate philanthropy to raise deceased organ donation rates. Methods: Three models were constructed to examine multidimensional relationships among the variables. Structural equation modeling was applied to estimate the direct and indirect influence of altruism, financial incentives, donation perception, and socioeconomic status simultaneously on willingness to donate deceased organs. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the University of Malaya ethics committee. Results: The results show that altruism amplifies the impact of socioeconomic status and donation perception on willingness to donate. Also, the results show that financial incentives cannot complement altruism to raise organ donation rates. Hence, investing in education and public awareness enhances altruism in people, which then increases the propensity to donate. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that governments should allocate resources to increase public awareness about organ donation. Awareness programs about the importance of philanthropic donations and the participation of medical consultants at hospitals in the processes form the foundation of such a presumptive approach.
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Smith, George P. "Market and Non-Market Mechanisms for Procuring Human and Cadaveric Organs: When the Price is Right." Medical Law International 1, no. 1 (March 1993): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096853329300100103.
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In the United States, as well as throughout the world, current demands for organ transplants far exceed the actual supply. Nonconsensual human donations, taken from minors, incompetents and prisoners are regulated carefully by the courts. The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act and the National Organ Transplant Act serve also as statutory frameworks for organ retrievals and allocations and place various restrictions upon each. Altruistically motivated donations at death continue to be an inadequate mechanism for meeting the growing demands of the market. Included among the various approaches to resolving the critical shortage of human organs for transplantation are post mortem harvesting, escheatage, prospective contingent sales and standard death benefit payments — with the latter being perhaps the most attractive in the United States. While ethical and moral principles can help develop a construct for resolving harvesting and transplantation conflicts, they must be tempered — in the final analysis — by a standard of practical need that recognizes unnecessary suffering and premature death from diseased and replaceable organs as undesirable.
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Ganta, Lasya, L. Keerthi Sasanka, and Lavanya Prathap. "Survey on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Organ Donation Among Dental Students in Chennai." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 14595–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.14595ecst.
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Organ donation is the procedure when an individual permits their very own organ to be expelled and transplanted to someone else, legitimately, either by assent while the contributor is alive or dead with the consent of the closest relative. Donation might be for research or, all the more ordinarily, solid transplantable organs and tissues might be given to be transplanted into another person. Common transplantations include kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, digestive tracts, lungs, bones, bone marrow, skin, and corneas. Some organs and tissues can be given by living contributors, for example, a kidney or part of the liver, some portion of the pancreas, some portion of the lungs or part of the intestines,however most donations happen after the giver has died.In 2017 Spain had the most elevated contributor rate on the planet at 46.9 per million individuals, trailed by Portugal (34.0 per million), Belgium (33.6 per million), Croatia (33.0 per million) and the US (32.0 per million). As of February 2, 2019, there were 120,000 individuals sitting tight forever sparing organ transplants in the US. Of these, 74,897 individuals were dynamic up-and-comers hanging tight for a donor.While perspectives on organ gift are certain, there is an enormous hole between the quantities of enrolled contributors contrasted with those anticipating organ gifts on a worldwide level.
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Boucek, Robert J., and Maryanne R. K. Chrisant. "Cardiac transplantation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome." Cardiology in the Young 14, S1 (February 2004): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951104006353.
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Cardiac transplantation is now a therapeutic option with good outcomes for infants and children with end-stage cardiac failure or inoperable congenital cardiac defects.1In 2000, 356 procedures in children aged up to 18 years were reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing – International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry.2Congenital cardiac disease was the most common indication in children less than 1 year of age, and overall was the most common diagnosis leading to cardiac transplantation in children. As a result of the groundbreaking contributions of Bailey et al.,3transplantation is now an option for primary treatment of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome born in the United States of America. The availability of donor organs, however, both limits the number of children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who can be realistically offered transplantation, and contributes significantly to morbidity, mortality, and costs. Current limitations in the identification and availability of donors would not allow transplantation to be the primary option for all children born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Analyses of the database of the Registry, however, indicated that only about half of donations resulted in transplantation of the heart.4These observations provide compelling evidence of significant opportunities to improve rates of donation, and to utilize better the existing donations, with emphasis on optimizing identification of donors, expanding the number of potential donors, and better distribution of the available organs.
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Golsteyn, Bart H. H., and Annelore M. C. Verhagen. "Deceased by default: Consent systems and organ-patient mortality." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): e0247719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247719.
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Previous research shows that countries with opt-out consent systems for organ donation conduct significantly more deceased-donor organ transplantations than those with opt-in systems. This paper investigates whether the higher transplantation rates in opt-out systems translate into equally lower death rates among organ patients registered on a waiting list (i.e., organ-patient mortality rates). We show that the difference between consent systems regarding kidney- and liver-patient mortality rates is significantly smaller than the difference in deceased-donor transplantation rates. This is likely due to different incentives between the consent systems. We find empirical evidence that opt-out systems reduce incentives for living donations, which explains our findings for kidneys. The results imply that focusing on deceased-donor transplantation rates alone paints an incomplete picture of opt-out systems’ benefits, and that there are important differences between organs in this respect.
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Merz, Eva-Maria, Katja van den Hurk, and Wim L. A. M. de Kort. "Organ Donation Registration and Decision-Making Among Current Blood Donors in the Netherlands." Progress in Transplantation 27, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526924817715470.
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Introduction: In the Netherlands, there is a constant shortage in donor organs, resulting in long waiting lists. The decision to register as organ donor is associated with several demographic, cultural, and personal factors. Previous research on attitudes and motivations toward blood and organ donations provided similar results. Research Question: The current study investigated demographic, cultural, and personal determinants of organ donation registration among current Dutch blood donors. Design: We used data from Donor InSight (2012; N = 20 063), a cohort study among Dutch blood donors, to test whether age, gender, religious and political preferences, donor attitude, and altruism predicted organ donor registration among current blood donors. Results: Organ donors were more often represented in the blood donor population compared to the general Dutch population. Women showed a higher propensity to be registered as organ donor. Higher education as well as higher prosocial value orientation, prosocial behavior, that is, doing volunteer work, and awareness of need significantly associated with being registered as organ donor. Religious denomination negatively predicted organ donation registration across all faiths. Discussion: Results are discussed in light of cultural context, and possible implications for improving information provision and recruitment are mentioned.
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Krupic, Ferid. "The Impact of Religion and Provision of Information on Increasing Knowledge and Changing Attitudes to Organ Donation: An Intervention Study." Journal of Religion and Health 59, no. 4 (December 14, 2019): 2082–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00961-0.
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AbstractOne of the most significant developments in recent history has probably been organ donation and organ transplantation. They are frequently the only treatment available in certain cases. However, there is an ever-increasing discrepancy between the number of people needing transplantation and the organs available, because the decision to donate an organ is up to each individual. The study aims to assess the impact of the intervention on knowledge, attitudes and practices on organ donation among religious immigrants in Sweden. Data were collected through three group interviews using open-ended questions and qualitative content analysis. Thirty-six participants, 18 males and 18 females from six countries, participated in the focus group interviews. The analysis of the collected data resulted in two main categories: “Religion in theory and practice” and “More information—more knowledge about organ donation” including seven subcategories. Understanding of religion and religiosity, happiness by taking the class, the practice of religion in everyday life, the overcoming the prejudices in religion, having more information about organ donation and the donations process, as well as that the increased information changes people’s minds, were some of things the informants emphasised as predictors of the decision of organ donation. A class dealing with religion, the religious aspects of organ donation and the way the Swedish healthcare system is organised increased people’s knowledge and changed their attitudes so they became potential organ donors. More intervention studies are needed in every field of medicine to build confidence and give time to educate and discuss issues with potential organ donors in Sweden.
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Chen, Huey-Fen, Hayatt Ali, Wesley J. Marrero, Neehar D. Parikh, Mariel S. Lavieri, and David W. Hutton. "The Magnitude of the Health and Economic Impact of Increased Organ Donation on Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease." MDM Policy & Practice 6, no. 2 (July 2021): 238146832110634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23814683211063418.
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Objectives. There are several approaches such as presumed consent and compensation for deceased donor organs that could reduce the gap between supply and demand for kidneys. Our objective is to evaluate the magnitude of the economic impact of policies to increase deceased donor organ donation in the United States. Methods. We built a Markov model and simulate an open cohort of end-stage renal disease patients awaiting kidney transplantation in the United States over 20 years. Model inputs were derived from the United States Renal Data System and published literature. We evaluate the magnitude of the health and economic impact of policies to increase deceased donor kidney donation in the United States. Results. Increasing deceased kidney donation by 5% would save $4.7 billion, and gain 30,870 quality-adjusted life years over the lifetime of an open cohort of patients on dialysis on the waitlist for kidney transplantation. With an increase in donations of 25%, the cost saved was $21 billion, and 145,136 quality-adjusted life years were gained. Policies increasing deceased kidney donation by 5% could pay donor estates $8000 or incur a onetime cost of up to $4 billion and still be cost-saving. Conclusions. Increasing deceased kidney donation could significantly impact national spending and health for end-stage renal disease patients.
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Lee, Chang-Kyu, Joo-Hee Kim, and Su-Dong Kim. "A Study of improvement methods for determining brain death and organ transplantation." Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 28 (December 31, 2022): 229–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/bml.2022.28.229.
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The Act on Organ Transplantation makes it possible to judge brain death with the consent of the bereaved family, even if the donor does not express his/her intention to donate in writing before death, as long as the donor does not express his/her intention to the contrary. Legislation on long-term donations is a new area that was created relatively recently and is still developing with the development of medical and life science technology. It can be said that it is meaningful to examine the current state of overseas legal systems and the content of legislation in order to identify and improve the problems of laws related to transplantation of organs and other organs. In particular, Germany had an organ transplant scandal (Organspende-Skandal) based on changes in organ transplantation, followed by institutional changes. On this basis, we examined the long-term harvest requirements and consent of the German organ transplantation law and derived some improvements in our organ transplantation law.
First, as with the consent requirements for determining brain death, there is a problem as to whether or not the bereaved family can refuse the donation despite the donor's consent. If the bereaved family has inherent rights to the long-term donation after the donor's death, the bereaved family will naturally have the right to veto the long-term donation. In the Korean method of determining the scope of relatives, which does not allow such relatives to have the right of veto, it would be a problem to neglect the person's right to self-determination.
The second is the scope of long-term donors and recipients. Under the Organ Transplantation Law, family members or bereaved families are the subjects of consent or refusal of long-term donation of organs from donors. German long-term transplant law stipulates that close relatives and decision-making authority must only be given to the donor if they have had personal contact within the last two years prior to death. there is That is, close relatives are primarily spouses or registered Lebenspartners, children, parents, siblings and grandparents. In addition, if an arrangement is made among close relatives and there are multiple close relatives in the same position, it is sufficient if one of them satisfies the above circumstances.
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Mobasser, N., N. Zahmatkeshan, N. Farhadi, S. Nikeghbalian, and H. Hasankhani. "Socio-cultural acceptability of cadaver Transplantation in Iran." International Journal of Natural Sciences 2, no. 3 (October 10, 2012): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v2i3.12133.
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Organ transplantation is known to be a new and innovative treatment for patients with progressive organ failures. The present study investigates the current status of transplantation from cadaver along with its socio-cultural acceptability in Iran. The present study is a descriptive research in a systematic review method. Here, by investigating previously conducted researches in Iran during the period 2002- 2010, the status of transplantation from cadaver and its socio-cultural acceptability in Iran has been investigated. To collect the data, the access to Iranmedex website, the premier medical data center in Iran, was made possible using the related keywords. The obtained data indicate whereas there is an increase in the number of organ donations from cadaver, it is still low in comparison to other countries. The lack of consent from families of brain-dead patients is a major hurdle on the way of organ transplantation in Iran. In the cases of willingness to donate organs, the major effective factors were the deceaseds religious beliefs and prior tendency. In 66% of the cases, the donors families deemed organ donation phenomenon effective in alleviating the sorrow after the death of their beloved ones. The number of organ donation from cadaver in Iran is low contrary to other countries. It seems that general instructions to raise the knowledge on the subject and lay the foundation to increase the tendency towards posthumous organ donation are necessary.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2012), 2(3):63-66 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v2i3.12133
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Jalil, Inah Ja Abd, Mohd Azran Hafiz bin Ahmad, Nur Azah Mohd Isa, Shafi Mohd Nizamani, and Mohammed Nasimul Islam. "Impacts of Forensic Outcomes on Cadaveric Organ Donations in Malaysia." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS, TRAUMA & VICTIMOLOGY 7, no. 02 (January 20, 2022): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18099/ijetv.v7i02.8.
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In forensic medicine, there can be times when the dilemma of having to choose between harvesting organs from cadaveric donors versus the need to complete the forensic analysis to savor the equally important forensic outcomes becomes tricky as well cul de sac of one on another. The deliberation of the seemingly practical junction is of academic value and ethical considerations that need to be dissected upon. As such, the impacts of forensic outcomes on cadaveric organ donations in Malaysia through the lenses of (i) academic benefits of forensic outcomes, (ii) ethically justified considerations of the dilemma, and (iii) available data helpful in navigating through the two competing needs.
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Salim, Ali, Matthew Martin, Carlos Brown, Howard Belzberg, Peter Rhee, and Demetrios Demetriades. "Complications of Brain Death: Frequency and Impact on Organ Retrieval." American Surgeon 72, no. 5 (May 2006): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480607200502.
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Brain death is associated with complex hemodynamic, endocrine, and metabolic dysfunction that can lead to major complications with the potential donor. Untreated, this can progress to cardiovascular collapse with loss of valuable organs for transplantation. We hypothesized that brain death-related complications would have no effect on the number of organs donated if an aggressive donor management protocol was in place. We identified all successful organ donations between January 2000 and December 2003 and evaluated them for brain death-associated complications (defined as vasopressor requirement, coagulopathy, diabetes insipidus, cardiac ischemia, lactic acidosis, renal failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome) and donated organs per donor. Sixty-nine organ donors were identified. Complications identified were as follows: intravenous vasopressor requirement in 97.1 per cent, coagulopathy in 55.1 per cent, thrombocytopenia in 53.6 per cent, diabetes insipidus in 46.4 per cent, cardiac ischemia in 30.4 per cent, lactic acidosis in 24.6 per cent, renal failure in 20.3 per cent, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in 13 per cent. There was no significant effect of complications on the average number of organs harvested, with the exception of an increase in organs harvested in the presence of diabetes insipidus. With the implementation of an aggressive organ donor management protocol, these complications can be effectively managed with no impact on the number of organs harvested for transplant.
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Warnez, Matthew T. "The Ethics of Organ Donation after Cardiac Death." National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 20, no. 4 (2020): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ncbq202020467.
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Organ donations after cardiac death account for about 20 percent of all vital-organ transplantations in the United States. This article evaluates DCDs in light of the Catholic moral tradition. Certain premortem interventions commonly associated with DCDs (intended to protect target organs from asystolic deterioration) are morally impermissible even though the injuries they inflict on the patient are ostensibly inconsequential. More importantly, the criteria used for expeditiously assaying circulatory death—criteria which enhance the effectiveness of DCDs—do not always guarantee that the donor is actually deceased. Unless DCD protocols attend to these ethical problems, Catholic hospitals are obliged to abandon the practice.
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Strathern, Marilyn. "Comparing Concerns—Some issues in organ and other donations." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.116557.
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In an information society, where overload has become a problem, might anthropology’s comparative method find a new lease of life? This Lecture sets out to test the hunch that it might. A field ever more densely populated with information is that of organ and tissue donation, and the debates to which current practices give rise. Donation is only one of several modes of procurement, organs only one kind of body part that can be donated, and people offer comparisons just as commentators do. Perhaps here is an answer to the question of how to make a reasonable account out of a fraught and infinitely expandable nexus of public concerns. Is it possible to conserve the complexity of the issues while not letting the sheer quantity of information run away with itself? Would following through the comparisons do the trick?
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Kades, Eric. "The Charitable Continuum." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 285–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2021-0011.
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Abstract There are powerful fairness and efficiency arguments for making charitable donations to soup kitchens 100% deductible. These arguments have no purchase for donations to fund opulent church organs, yet these too are 100% deductible under the current tax code. This stark dichotomy is only the tip of the iceberg. Looking at a wider sampling of charitable gifts reveals a charitable continuum. Based on sliding scales for efficiency, multiple theories of fairness, pluralism, institutional competence and social welfare dictate that charitable deductions should in most cases be fractions between zero and one. Moreover, the Central Limit Theorem strongly suggests that combining this welter of largely independent criteria with the wide variety of charitable gifts results in a classic bell-shaped normal curve of optimal deductions, with a peak at some central value and quickly decaying to zero at the extremes of 0% and 100%. Given that those are the only two options under the current tax code, the current charitable deduction regime inevitably makes large errors in most cases. Actually calculating a precise optimal percentage for each type of charitable donation is of course impractical. This Article suggests, however, that we can do much better than the systematically erroneous current charitable deduction. Granting a 100% deduction only for donations to the desperately poor, along with 50%, 25%, and 0% for gifts yielding progressively fewer efficiency, fairness, pluralism, and institutional competence benefits, promises to deliver a socially more desirable charitable deduction.
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Shanker, Ruby Rajendra, Samantha J. Anthony, and Linda Wright. "A Scoping Review of the Literature on Public Solicitations for Living Organ and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donations." Progress in Transplantation 28, no. 3 (June 13, 2018): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526924818781578.
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Introduction: Evolving methods of communication have increased public appeals for living organ and hematopoietic stem cell donations from strangers, giving public solicitations more visibility. Within the academic literature, perspectives have been divisive, reflecting ethical justifications for and against appeals for living unrelated donors. Transplant programs and clinicians face a variety of ethical dilemmas when patients and their solicited donors present to the hospital. Objective: A scoping review methodology was designed to (1) explore the academic literature and (2) summarize and disseminate key research findings. Methods: We used the Arksey & O’Malley framework for conducting and reporting scoping reviews and to review the prominent ethical arguments, counterarguments, and policy implications in the literature. From 4616 articles identified through MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, and CINAHL, we screened titles and abstracts to assess eligibility for full-text review. Results: We retrieved 280 full texts, extracted data from 61, and coded and analyzed 41 papers. Of these, 36 were from or based in the US context. Two articles originated from Canada. Three articles addressed public solicitations of hematopoietic stem cell donation. We mapped themes under 3 major headings related to public solicitations of living unrelated donors for organs and hematopoietic stem cells: (1) interpretations and modes, (2) ethical arguments for and against, and (3) policy implications and suggestions to address challenges for clinical practice. Discussion: The academic literature contains divisive perspectives of public solicitations for organ and hematopoietic stem cell donation, each of which deserves further reflection for implications for policy and practice.
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Černiauskienė, Viktorija, Monika Čiplytė, and Saulius Vosylius. "Organų donoro priežiūra intensyviosios terapijos skyriuje." Lietuvos chirurgija 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lietchirur.2010.1.2122.
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Viktorija Černiauskienė, Monika Čiplytė, Saulius VosyliusVilniaus universiteto Anesteziologijos ir reanimatologijos klinika, Vilniaus greitosios pagalbos universitetinė ligoninė,Šiltnamių g. 29, LT-04130 VilniusEl paštas: saulius.vosylius@gmail.com Įvadas / tikslasDonorinių organų poreikis gerokai viršija atliktų organų transplantacijų skaičių. Dažniausios priežastys, dėl kurių potencialūs donorai netampa efektyviais donorais, yra donoro artimųjų prieštaravimas donorystei, medicininės kontraindikacijos, logistikos problemos, neadekvatus potencialių donorų gydymas iki eksplantacijos operacijos. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra apžvelgti naujausius medicinos mokslo laimėjimus atliekant potencialių organų donorų priežiūrą reanimacijos ir intensyviosios terapijos skyriuose. Metodai ir rezultataiIšliekant žymiam atotrūkiui tarp organų pasiūlos ir poreikio, būtina kuo efektyviau panaudoti esamus resursus, daugiau dėmesio skiriant tinkamai potencialaus organų donoro intensyviajai terapijai. Dėl smegenų mirties įvyksta sunkūs daugelio organizmui svarbių funkcijų sutrikimai: kraujotakos ir kvėpavimo sistemų, endokrininiai, elektrolitų balanso sutrikimai, hipotermija, koagulopatija ir intensyvus sisteminis uždegimo atsakas. IšvadosPasirinkta tinkama intensyviosios terapijos taktika galėtų padidinti transplantacijai tinkamų organų skaičių, išlaikyti geresnę jų funkciją po transplantacijos. Reikšminiai žodžiai: smegenų mirtis, intensyviosios terapijos skyriai, audinių ir organų donorystė, gairės Organ donor management in the intensive care unit Viktorija Černiauskienė, Monika Čiplytė, Saulius VosyliusClinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Vilnius University,Šiltnamių Str. 29, LT-04130 Vilnius, LithuaniaE-mail: saulius.vosylius@gmail.com Background / objectiveThe demand for donor organs greatly exceeds the number of transplantations. Many reasons may determine this inadequacy, such as family refusal, medical contraindications, logistics problems and inadequate management of the organ donor. The aim of the study was to present the recent achievements of medical practice in the management of organ donors in intensive care units. Methods and resultsWhile the discrepancy between the number of organ donations and transplantations persists, it is essential to use available resources more effectively, paying more attention to the intensive care management of the organ donor. Many physiological changes follow after brain death, such as cardiovascular and pulmonary dysfunction, endocrine and homeostasis disturbances, hypothermia, coagulopathy and an enhanced inflammatory response. ConclusionsOptimal intensive care could increase the number of organs available for transplantation and improve their function after it. Keywords: brain death, intensive care units, tissue and organ procurement, guidelines as topic
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Mills, Patrick A. S., and David K. Mills. "Reduced Supply in the Organ Donor Market and How 3D Printing Can Address This Shortage: A Critical Inquiry into the Collateral Effects of Driverless Cars." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 6400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186400.
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Driverless cars, such as those currently operated by Uber and others as well as those being researched and developed by major and niche automobile manufacturers, are expected to dramatically reduce the number of highway fatalities in the coming years. While no one will fault any technology that safely and effectively protects and saves lives, many individuals with an array of medical conditions rely on organ donors to provide the liver, kidney, or other organs required to facilitate a life-saving organ transplant. Consequently, one collateral effect of the introduction of driverless car technology will be a reduction in the market supply of healthy organs for transplantation. In this paper, a venture capital lawyer, a medical researcher, and a bioengineer will establish the expected size of this reduction in supply, the associated harm resulting from this reduction, and discuss two promising technological solutions—bioprosthetics and 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. In the case of both technologies, the authors will discuss the challenges and opportunities presented for institutional investors (private equity, venture capital, angel funds) and medical researchers in tackling the potential reduction in organ donations.
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Boas, Hagai. "Where do human organs come from? Trends of generalized and restricted altruism in organ donations." Social Science & Medicine 73, no. 9 (November 2011): 1378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.07.028.
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Gonsaga, Ricardo Alessandro Teixeira, Camila Luzia Damiana Chieratto, Bárbara Vidal Cavasinic, Gabriela Thevenard, José Alberto Fernandes da Silva Filho, Leandro De Carvalho Cagnoni, Pedro José de Lima Salgueiro Silva, Guilherme Caparroz Franchini, and Terezinha Soares Biscegli. "Impacto da Disponibilidade de Profissional com Dedicação Exclusiva no Processo de Doação de Órgãos." Journal of Health Sciences 19, no. 4 (January 18, 2018): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2017v19n4p256-261.
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Morte encefálica é definida como a parada total e irreversível das funções encefálicas de causa conhecida e constatada de modo indiscutível, caracterizada por coma aperceptivo, com ausência de resposta motora supraespinhal e apneia. Pacientes com diagnóstico reconhecido se tornam potenciais doadores de órgãos e tecidos, porém a correta abordagem familiar se torna fundamental para que a doação ocorra, sendo esta afetada por crenças, emoções e comportamentos. Objetivo: conhecer o impacto sobre a doação de órgãos, após a contratação de profissional com dedicação exclusiva. Métodos: estudo descritivo, utilizando informações contidas no banco de dados de um complexo hospitalar referência de alta complexidade para a região administrativa de Catanduva-SP, composta por 18 municípios, referente aos casos notificados de potenciais doadores de órgãos para transplante no período de 6 anos, divididos em: Período A (janeiro de 2008 a junho de 2012, sem profissional de dedicação exclusiva às doações) e Período B (julho de 2012 a dezembro de 2015, com enfermeiro de dedicação exclusiva e especialização no processo de doação de órgãos). Conclusão: observou-se que, apesar da obtenção de um maior número absoluto de potenciais doadores, 350 (período B) contra 142 (período A), as doações efetivas antes (42,2%) e após (40,8%) a contratação do profissional não acusaram diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,778). Tal fenômeno se deve, possivelmente, a subnotificação no primeiro período.Palavra-Chave: Morte Encefálica. Transplante. Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos.AbstractBrain death is defined as the total and irreversible failure of brain functions of known cause and indisputably verified, characterized by coma apperceptive with absence of supraspinal motor response and apnea. Patients with known diagnosis become potential donors of organs and tissues, but the correct family approach is fundamental so that the donation occurs, which is affected by beliefs, emotions and behaviors. The challenge for those who participate in the identification and data collection is ethical competence and identification of opportunities for improvement of the service. Therefore, a descriptive study was carried out using information contained in the database of a hospital complex, high complexity reference to the administrative region of Catanduva-SP, composed of 18 municipalities, referring to reports of potential organ donors for transplantation in period of 6 years, divided into: period A (January 2008 to June 2012, without exclusive dedication professional donations) and period B (July 2012 to December 2015, exclusively dedicated nurse and expertise in process organ donation). It was observed that despite obtaining a higher absolute number of potential donors, 350 (B period) to 142 (period A), in percentage, had 40,8% of effective donations after hiring professional against 42,2% donations effective prior to this hiring, showing a reasonable decrease in the amount of actual donations. Thus, a negative result was observed opposite to that expected, probably by a sample of potential donors whose families have proven irreducible to their beliefs and opinions. There was not statistical difference between the periods (p=0,778), maybe because the first period was underreported.Keywords: Brain Death. Transplantation. Tissue and Organ Procurement.
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Focosi, Daniele, and Massimo Franchini. "What a Transfusion Physician Should Know about Monkeypox Virus: Barriers to and Risks for Transmission, and Possible Mitigation Strategies." Diagnostics 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2022): 2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092200.
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The ongoing monkeypox pandemic is posing new challenges to the transfusion community. While to date most regulatory agencies recommend deferrals for cases and contacts, we summarize here arguments for introduction of universal PCR testing of MPXV in blood donations and donated tissue/organs.
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Shin, Jaemyung, Yoonjung Lee, Zhangkang Li, Jinguang Hu, Simon S. Park, and Keekyoung Kim. "Optimized 3D Bioprinting Technology Based on Machine Learning: A Review of Recent Trends and Advances." Micromachines 13, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13030363.
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The need for organ transplants has risen, but the number of available organ donations for transplants has stagnated worldwide. Regenerative medicine has been developed to make natural organs or tissue-like structures with biocompatible materials and solve the donor shortage problem. Using biomaterials and embedded cells, a bioprinter enables the fabrication of complex and functional three-dimensional (3D) structures of the organs or tissues for regenerative medicine. Moreover, conventional surgical 3D models are made of rigid plastic or rubbers, preventing surgeons from interacting with real organ or tissue-like models. Thus, finding suitable biomaterials and printing methods will accelerate the printing of sophisticated organ structures and the development of realistic models to refine surgical techniques and tools before the surgery. In addition, printing parameters (e.g., printing speed, dispensing pressure, and nozzle diameter) considered in the bioprinting process should be optimized. Therefore, machine learning (ML) technology can be a powerful tool to optimize the numerous bioprinting parameters. Overall, this review paper is focused on various ideas on the ML applications of 3D printing and bioprinting to optimize parameters and procedures.
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Alvarez, Joaquin, and Maria Rosario del Barrio. "Transplant Coordination as the “Keystone” in Non—Heart-Beating Donations." Progress in Transplantation 12, no. 3 (September 2002): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152692480201200305.
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The shortage of donated organs has become a problem in the transplantation world. Transplant teams are continuously looking for new ways to increase and improve the donor pool. Non—Heart-beating donors could be a source for increasing the number of donors, even though in some countries legal, ethical, or logistical problems obstruct the development of that source. The good results obtained by some groups working with Non—Heart-beating donors should stimulate others to implement this type of policy in their hospitals. We describe the origin and development of our policy on Non—Heart-beating donation, which has become the main source for organ donation in our hospital. We have found that the 5-year survival rate for kidneys from these donors is similar to the survival rate for kidneys obtained from brain-dead donors, and this encourages us to continue to use kidneys from Non—Heart-beating donors.
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MILUNSKY, AUBREY. "Harvesting Organs for Transplantation From Dying Anencephalic Infants." Pediatrics 82, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.82.2.274.
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Pediatricians, vested with the care of newborns with anencephaly or irreparable congenital cardiac defects, would naturally think about heart transplantation to save the otherwise healthy children. Indeed, parents of anencephalic newborns have publically declared their wishes to help others through organ donations from their own terminally ill infants. Their actions would give solace and some meaning to an otherwise unmitigated catastrophe. Unfortunately, acceptance of an act by such grieving parents, at once so sensitive, gracious, and wellintentioned, unwittingly invites a cascade of medical, ethical, moral, and legal dilemmas. Attempts to save one life may threaten the dignity (or even life) of another, albeit terminal and vegetative.
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Maulana, Muhammad Iqbal, Grasia Kurniati, and Rani Apriani. "Legal Liability By Organs of Social and Humanitarian Foundations Against Misuse of Foundation Funds." Widya Yuridika 6, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/wy.v6i1.3848.
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Foundation is a legal entity that is functionally a means to carry out social activities which was established with the intention of improving the welfare of others and not for commercial purposes or for profit. A foundation as a legal entity has its own assets that are separate from the assets of its management. The foundation's source of funds can come from donations or donations from third parties or from business activities carried out by the Foundation. Where the wealth is used to carry out its activities, besides that the foundation also requires funds to meet its operational needs for the sustainability of the foundation. However, recently there have been findings related to the organs of social and humanitarian foundations that deviate by misusing the assets of the foundation. This is a result of the lack of public supervision related to the foundation so that there is a deviation from the aims and objectives of the foundation. This study was conducted to find answers to the formulation of the problem regarding the role and authority of the foundation organs and how the legal accountability of the foundation organs for the misuse of foundation funds. The research method used in normative juridical research, the data used is secondary data in the form of primary legal material which comes from Law Number 16 of 2001 concerning the Jo Foundation. Law Number 28 of 2004 concerning Amendments to Law Number 16 of 2001 concerning Foundations. and secondary legal materials related to this research. The results of this study are to find out related to the duties, functions and authorities of foundation organs in accordance with the Foundation Law and also how the legal accountability of foundation organs for misuse of foundation funds.
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Volpone, Annalisa. "Supposing the Law: Nomos and Categorical Imperatives in Never Let Me Go." Pólemos 14, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pol-2020-2006.
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AbstractThis paper addresses the issue of posthuman bodies in Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel Never Let Me Go against the background of organ transplants and prosthetic surgery. The novel posits a number of questions about what qualifies a human being and/or what distinguishes a human being from a clone, suggesting that art, perhaps, might be a discriminating factor. Further, it also raises questions about the kind of regulation should be applied to organs “donations,” especially when they are not voluntary, but part of a programmed response inscribed in someone’s DNA. Accordingly, the last section of the paper will investigate the social impact of the exploitation of the clones and the medico-legal issues pertaining to it.
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Paz, Anna Carollina De Araújo Costa, Priscila Carla De Abreu Ribeiro, Márcio Dênis Medeiros Mascarenhas, and Marylane Viana Da Silva. "Caracterização dos doadores de órgãos e tecidos para transplante do estado do Piauí, de 2000 a 2009." Enfermagem em Foco 2, no. 2 (May 26, 2011): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21675/2357-707x.2011.v2.n2.110.
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A doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplante é um tema permeado por incompreensões e controvérsias. O artigo descreve o perfil clínico-epidemiológicodos doadores de órgãos e tecidos a partir de dados de prontuários de doadores da Central de Transplantes do Piauí de 2000 a 2009. Dos 308 doadores,predominaram os homens (65,9%), idade média de 39,2 anos, procedentes do Piauí (84,7%). Ocorreram doações de córneas (96,8%), rim (19,5%) e coração(16,6%). O perfil dos doadores é semelhante aos dados colhidos na literatura específica. Recomendamos a condução de novos estudos e melhorias na redede transplantes nos níveis municipal e estadual.Descritores: Doação de Órgãos, Transplantes, Epidemiologia.Characterization of donor organs and tissues for transplantation in the state of Piauí from 2000 to 2009The donation of organs and tissue for transplant is a theme that leads to misunderstandings and controversies. The article describes the clinical andepidemiological profile of organs and tissues donors from donors’ files data from the Transplant Center of Piauí from 2000 to 2009. Among the 308 donors,males predominated (65.9%), the mean age was 39.2 years and most of them was from Piauí (84.7%). There were donations of corneas (96.8%), kidney(19.5%) and heart (16.6%). The donor profile is similar to data from the literature. It is recommended to conduct further studies and improvement in thetransplant network at city and state levels.Descriptors: Organ Donation, Transplantation, Epidemiology.La caracterización de donantes de órganos y tejidos para transplante en el estado de Piauí, 2000 a 2009La donación de órganos y tejidos para trasplante es un tema lleno de malentendidos y controversias. El artículo describe el perfil clínico epidemiológicode donantes de órganos y tejidos a partir de registros de datos de donantes del Centro de Trasplantes de Piauí desde los años 2000 a 2009. Dentre los308 donantes, predominan los hombres (65.9%), con promedio de edad de 39.2 años y procedentes de Piauí (84,7%). Se han producido donaciones decórnea (96,8%), riñón (19,5%) y corazón (16,6%). El perfil de donantes es similar a los datos de la literatura específica. Se recomienda la realización de nuevosestudios y mejoras en la red de trasplante en los niveles estatal y municipal.Descriptores: Donación de Órganos, Trasplantes, Epidemiología.
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Majid, Marina Abdul. "Combating Malaysia's Involvement in Worldwide Organ Trafficking by Tapping into the Potential of Bioprinting." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 7, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2019.7.1(8).
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Objective - Organ shortages have caused many Malaysian people to travel to India or China to purchase organs illegally and to have those organs transplanted into their body, thus contributing to the worldwide problem of organ trafficking. Bioprinting presents the potential to develop human organs in the future. The objective of this study is to explore, through empirical research, the potential of bioprinting as a means of addressing Malaysia’s organ shortages, thereby discouraging Malaysians from obtaining illicitly acquired organs abroad. Methodology/Technique – This is a qualitative study involving primary data including binding international agreements, soft law (non-binding documents issued by international organizations) and Malaysian legislation dealing with organ trafficking. These legal documents are interpreted through a textual analysis. A content analysis was also conducted on the secondary resources consisting of journals, book chapters, conference and working papers, newspaper reports, and other internet materials. Findings - The results of the study show that between 2014 and 2018, Malaysia experienced significant organ shortages, particularly shortages of kidneys. They also suffered from a lack of transplant specialists and medical teams as well as overburdened government hospitals. The Organ and Tissue Transplantation Bill, a new law replacing the Human Tissues Act of 1974, aims to ban organ trading and regulate organ donations. Malaysian research universities have embraced bioprinting through the production of blood vessels and skin, and the Malaysian government has introduced grants and technology transfers that are hoped to accelerate bioprinting. This has the potential to curb Malaysian involvement in worldwide organ trafficking. Novelty – This study is novel as it proposes bioprinting as a technological solution to illicit organ trading and transplantation within the Malaysian context, which has not been previously suggested. Type of Paper: Review. JEL Classification: K10, K14, K49. Keywords: 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children; Bioprinting; Guiding Principles on Human Cell; Transplantation Bill; Organ Trafficking.
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Graziano, Vincenzo, Claudio Buccelli, Emanuele Capasso, Francesco De Micco, Claudia Casella, Pierpaolo Di Lorenzo, and Mariano Paternoster. "Suggestions on how to make suboptimal kidney transplantation an ethically viable option." Open Medicine 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/med-2016-0090.
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AbstractTo overcome kidney donation, the pool of potentially eligible donors has been widened by using suboptimal organs harvested from living donors or cadavers. These organs may engender health complications as age, risk factors, and pathologies of donors fail to meet the standard donor criteria.After examining a wide array of literature on suboptimal kidney transplants, we evidenced two major issues: the lack of standardized terminology and the lack of longterm data on the health outcomes of both suboptimal living donors and recipients. Consequently, surgeons are still unable to provide patients with thorough information to obtain a well-informed consent. Suboptimal kidney transplantation still remains in its experimental stage, thereby raising many ethical and medico-legal concerns.We suggest that one possible solution to overcome some of the ethical shortcomings of suboptimal kidney donations is to provide living donors and recipients honest, accurate, and thorough information about its health risks. To this aim, we advocate adopting a widely standardized terminology that would embrace the whole concept of suboptimal kidney transplantation, increasing the number of future publications on the health outcomes of living donors and recipients, spurring ethical reflection to improve the experience of suboptimal kidney transplantation and reduce the waiting-list for kidney transplantation.
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Harbaugh, Jeremy Thomas. "Do You Own Your 3D Bioprinted Body?" American Journal of Law & Medicine 41, no. 1 (March 2015): 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858815591512.
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By the end of 2013, almost 122,000 organ transplant candidates in the United States remained active on the national waiting list. The current number of candidates exceeds 123,000. To address this overwhelming need, researchers have been exploring methods to supplement traditional organ donations. At the forefront of this research is regenerative medicine, the field of regenerating or replacing tissue and organ function by studying the body’s own healing mechanisms. Regenerative medicine is quickly fulfilling its promise of producing vascularized, functioning organs in vitro by combining two other areas of research: the replication of cell lines in vitro and the recent adaptation of three-dimensional printing for the health care industry. Today, physicians armed with the latest generation of bioprinters and imaging equipment are creating high-resolution airway splints and personalized bone replacements for human use. These techniques have even achieved success with more complicated structures, including human kidneys and livers.
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Chuang, Yao-Mei, Shan-Shan Yeh, Chi-Fen Tseng, and Chie-Chien Tseng. "Soliciting organ donations by medical personnel and organ donation coordinators: A factor analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 23, 2021): e0250249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250249.
Full textAbstract:
The literature on organ donation in Taiwan lacks a discussion of the roles of medical staff, organ donors, and transplant coordinators in organ donation. The biggest plight of organ donation is lack of the organ donations. When we probed the possibilities of not finish the organ donation procedure, such as religions, traditions and cultural belief, disease cognitions, and the failure of persuasion or the loss of organ donors. There are lots of research literature shown that the attitude of medical personnel would influence the willingness of organ donation or persuasion. This study considered such personnel and their participation in organ donation, specifically analyzing factors influencing their effectiveness. Snowball sampling was adopted to recruit medical staff, organ donors, and transplant coordinators for an online survey. The results revealed that some participants were unclear as to how to initiate the organ donation process and what practical operations are involved. Even with the necessary qualifications, some participants remained passive when soliciting organ donations in clinical practice. Organ donation coordinators with experience in caring for organ donors who attended organ donation courses performed well in soliciting organ donations. The researchers recommend that training courses on clinical planning and organ donation are incorporated into intensive care training and that they serve as the basis for counsellors soliciting organ donations to increase nurses’ willingness to solicit organ donations.
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Platz, Trine Tornøe, Nikolaj Siersbæk, and Lars Peter Østerdal. "Ethically Acceptable Compensation for Living Donations of Organs, Tissues, and Cells: An Unexploited Potential?" Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 17, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40258-018-0421-7.
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Chung, Christine S., and Lisa Soleymani Lehmann. "Informed Consent and the Process of Cadaver Donation." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 126, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 964–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2002-126-0964-icatpo.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Context.—Informed consent entails more than signing a document. Ideally, it should involve a process in which individuals are given sufficient information to make a voluntary decision. Little is known about the process of informed consent for cadaver donation. Objective.—To assess existing consent procedures for cadaver donation in a sample of US medical schools. Design.—Cross-sectional survey and content analysis of informational brochures and consent forms given to potential cadaver donors. Setting and Participants.—The 22 largest medical schools in the United States, as ranked by the number of medical students in the Association of American Medical Colleges Institutional Profile System Annual Report 1995–1996. Main Outcome Measures.—Description of dissection procedure, information provided about dissection, and the process for obtaining consent. Results.—Of the 22 schools studied, 18 schools (82%) mentioned the altruistic nature of cadaver donation. Twenty-one schools (96%) specified that bodies would be used to teach students, and 16 schools (73%) specified that bodies would be used for research. One school (4%) noted that organs could be permanently preserved for teaching purposes. Only 2 schools (9%) provided any description of the dissection procedures to be performed on the cadavers. Seven schools (32%) used the term dissect at least once. None of the schools offered to provide a complete account of the dissection procedure. Conclusions.—The existing consent procedures for cadaver donations at US medical schools do not provide sufficient information to potential donors to constitute a fully informed consent.