Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Données négatives'
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Papon, Pierre-Antoine. "Extraction optimisée de règles d'association positives et négatives intéressantes." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22702/document.
Full textThe purpose of data mining is to extract knowledge from large amount of data. The extracted knowledge can take different forms. In this work, we will seek to extract knowledge only in the form of positive association rules and negative association rules. A negative association rule is a rule in which the presence and the absence of a variable can be used. When considering the absence of variables in the study, we will expand the semantics of knowledge and extract undetectable information by the positive association rules mining methods. This will, for example allow doctors to find characteristics that prevent disease instead of searching characteristics that cause a disease. Nevertheless, adding the negation will cause various challenges. Indeed, as the absence of a variable is usually more important than the presence of these same variables, the computational costs will increase exponentially and the risk to extract a prohibitive number of rules, which are mostly redundant and uninteresting, will also increase. In order to address these problems, our proposal, based on the famous Apriori algorithm, does not rely on frequent itemsets as other methods do. We define a new type of itemsets : the reasonably frequent itemsets which will improve the quality of the rules. We also rely on the M G measure to know which forms of rules should be mined but also to remove uninteresting rules. We also use meta-rules to allow us to infer the interest of a negative rule from a positive one. Moreover, our algorithm will extract a new type of negative rules that seems interesting : the rules for which the antecedent and the consequent are conjunctions of negative itemsets. Our study ends with a quantitative and qualitative comparison with other positive and negative association rules mining algorithms on various databases of the literature. Our software ARA (Association Rules Analyzer ) facilitates the qualitative analysis of the algorithms by allowing to compare intuitively the algorithms and to apply in post-process treatments various quality measures. Finally, our proposal improves the extraction in the number and the quality of the extracted rules but also in the rules search path
Saurel, Claire. "Contribution aux systèmes experts : développement d'un cas concret et étude du problème de la génération d'explications négatives." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ESAE0008.
Full textVo, Xuan Thanh. "Apprentissage avec la parcimonie et sur des données incertaines par la programmation DC et DCA." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0193/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we focus on developing optimization approaches for solving some classes of optimization problems in sparsity and robust optimization for data uncertainty. Our methods are based on DC (Difference of Convex functions) programming and DCA (DC Algorithms) which are well-known as powerful tools in optimization. This thesis is composed of two parts: the first part concerns with sparsity while the second part deals with uncertainty. In the first part, a unified DC approximation approach to optimization problem involving the zero-norm in objective is thoroughly studied on both theoretical and computational aspects. We consider a common DC approximation of zero-norm that includes all standard sparse inducing penalty functions, and develop general DCA schemes that cover all standard algorithms in the field. Next, the thesis turns to the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) problem. We investigate the structure of the considered problem and provide appropriate DCA based algorithms. To enhance the performance of NMF, the sparse NMF formulations are proposed. Continuing this topic, we study the dictionary learning problem where sparse representation plays a crucial role. In the second part, we exploit robust optimization technique to deal with data uncertainty for two important problems in machine learning: feature selection in linear Support Vector Machines and clustering. In this context, individual data point is uncertain but varies in a bounded uncertainty set. Different models (box/spherical/ellipsoidal) related to uncertain data are studied. DCA based algorithms are developed to solve the robust problems
Froidefond, Claudine. "Syphilis congénitale : à propos d'une observation à IGM initialement négatives chez un enfant adopté, avec syndrome néphrotique, anémie pseudoleucémique, neuro-syphilis, atteinte hépatique et osseuse : mise au point sur les données de la littérature." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR2M106.
Full textBenhalouche, Fatima Zohra. "Méthodes de démélange et de fusion des images multispectrales et hyperspectrales de télédétection spatiale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30083/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we focused on two main problems of the spatial remote sensing of urban environments which are: "spectral unmixing" and "fusion". In the first part of the thesis, we are interested in the spectral unmixing of hyperspectral images of urban scenes. The developed methods are designed to unsupervisely extract the spectra of materials contained in an imaged scene. Most often, spectral unmixing methods (methods known as blind source separation) are based on the linear mixing model. However, when facing non-flat landscape, as in the case of urban areas, the linear mixing model is not valid any more, and must be replaced by a nonlinear mixing model. This nonlinear model can be reduced to a linear-quadratic/bilinear mixing model. The proposed spectral unmixing methods are based on matrix factorization with non-negativity constraint, and are designed for urban scenes. The proposed methods generally give better performance than the tested literature methods. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the implementation of methods that allow the fusion of multispectral and hyperspectral images, in order to improve the spatial resolution of the hyperspectral image. This fusion consists in combining the high spatial resolution of multispectral images and high spectral resolution of hyperspectral images. The implemented methods are designed for urban remote sensing data. These methods are based on linear-quadratic spectral unmixing techniques and use the non-negative matrix factorization. The obtained results show that the developed methods give good performance for hyperspectral and multispectral data fusion. They also show that these methods significantly outperform the tested literature approaches
Pannetier, Benjamin. "Fusion de données pour la surveillance du champ de bataille." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00377247.
Full textRousset, Florian. "Single-pixel imaging : Development and applications of adaptive methods." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI096/document.
Full textSingle-pixel imaging is a recent paradigm that allows the acquisition of images at a reasonably low cost by exploiting hardware compression of the data. The architecture of a single-pixel camera consists of only two elements, a spatial light modulator and a single point detector. The key idea is to measure, at the detector, the projection (i.e., inner product) of the scene under view -the image- with some patterns. The post-processing of a measurements sequence obtained with different patterns permits to restore the desired image. Single-pixel imaging has several advantages, which are of interest for different applications, especially in the biomedical field. In particular, a time-resolved single-pixel imaging system benefits to fluorescence lifetime sensing. Such a setup can be coupled to a spectrometer to supplement lifetime with spectral information. However, the main limitation of single-pixel imaging is the speed of the acquisition and/or image restoration that is, as of today, not compatible with real-time applications. This thesis investigates fast acquisition/restoration schemes for single-pixel camera targeting biomedical applications. First, a new acquisition strategy based on wavelet compression algorithms is reported. It is shown that it can significantly accelerate image recovery compared to conventional schemes belonging to the compressive sensing framework. Second, a novel technique is proposed to alleviate an experimental positivity constraint of the modulation patterns. With respect to the classical approaches, the proposed non-negative matrix factorization based technique permits to divide by two the number of patterns sent to the spatial light modulator, hence dividing the overall acquisition time by two. Finally, the applicability of these techniques is demonstrated for multispectral and/or time-resolved imaging, which are common modalities in biomedical imaging
Gérardin, Benoit. "Manipulation et contrôle d'ondes élastiques guidées en milieux complexes." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC230/document.
Full textWhatever their nature or the propagation medium, controlling the propagation of waves is of fundamental interest for many applications. On the one hand, one can tame wave-fields in order to take advantage of the complexity of the medium. On the other hand, one can force waves along desired paths through a careful design of manmade materials. In this thesis, we study those two aspects on the basis of laser-ultrasonic experiments involving the propagation of Lamb waves in elastic plates.The control of wave propagation through complex systems is first investigated by means of the scattering matrix approach. In diffusive media, theorists have demonstrated the existence of propagation channels either closed or open through which the wave can travel. The first part of this work present a direct experimental evidence of this result as well as the ability to fully transmit a wave through a disordered medium. In a second part, the measurement of the time-delay matrix allows the study of such channels in the time domain. They are shown to give rise to particle-like wave packets that remain focused in time and space throughout their trajectory in the medium.The second part of this thesis consists in studying the concepts of negative reflection and refraction for the manipulation of Lamb wave propagation. On the one hand, negative reflection is taken advantage of to perform a passive phase conjugation of Lamb waves. On the other hand, the notion of complementary media is investigated in order to cancel the diffraction of waves and cloak some areas of the plate
MARQUE, Sebastien. "Prise en compte de la surdispersion par des modèles à mélange de Poisson." Phd thesis, Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009885.
Full textHennequin, Romain. "Décomposition de spectrogrammes musicaux informée par des modèles de synthèse spectrale : modélisation des variations temporelles dans les éléments sonores." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00648997.
Full textPierens, Matthieu. "Les sentiments négatifs à travers les siècles : l'évolution des champs sémantiques de la colère, de la peur et de la douleur en français dans la base textuelle FRANTEXT (1500-2000)." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070015.
Full textThis thesis deals with the evolution of semantic fields of anger, fear and pain throughout the whole FRANTEXT textual database from the 16th to the end of the 20th century. To do so, we have conducted a diachronic study of lexemes in these fields and the three fields considered in their entirety by adopting a periodization of half a century. For each of the 39 lexemes, we have presented the evolution of its frequency, the perception of affect by language users, the nature of the experiencer, of the causes, the symptoms and the most salient metaphors, relying on the study of collocations and the most significant co-occurrences. We have shown that the range of lexemes vaiy greatly according to the era and the genre whenever it concerns emotional symptoms or metaphors / metonymies expressing intensity, appearance or control. This variability can be explained by socio-cultural changes that seem most likely to account for the ongoing reconfiguration of the system of affects. In addition, our study has also emphasized the heuristic value of semantic fields and highlighted the large variability in their frequency and their mutual relations. Finally, regarding meaning change, we have proposed a descriptive model reflecting the changes in the combinatorial of the word (prototypical vs. Peripherical uses) depending on whether its overall frequency in the corpus increases or decreases in the context of ma:or historical 'aces characterizing the evolution of the field in question
Loingeville, Florence. "Modèle linéaire généralisé hiérarchique Gamma-Poisson pour le contrôle de qualité en microbiologie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10005/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose an analysis of variance method for discrete data from quality control in microbiology. To identify the issues of this work, we start by studying the analysis of variance method currently used in microbiology, its benefits, drawbacks, and limits. We propose a first model to respond the problem, corresponding to a linear model with two nested fixed factors. We use the analyse of deviance method to develop significance tests, that proved to be efficient on data sets of proficiency testings in microbiology. We then introduce a new model involving random factors. The randomness of the factors allow to assess and to caracterize the overdispersion observed in results of counts from proficiency testings in microbiology, that is one of the main objectives of this work. The new model corresponds to a Gamma-Poisson Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model with three random factors. We propose a method based on this model to estimate dispersion parameters, fixed, and random effects. We show practical applications of this method to data sets of proficiency testings in microbiology, that prove the goodness of fit of the model to real data. We also develop significance tests of the random factors from this new model, and a new method to assess the performance of the laboratories taking part in a proficiency testing. We finally introduce a near-exact distribution for the product of independent generalized Gamma random variables, in order to characterize the intensity of the Poisson distribution of the model. This approximation, developped from a factorization of the characteristic function, is very precise and can be used to detect outliers
Gaudeau, Albane. "Conversion du cancer du sein triple-négatif par la modulation épigénétique Cell-Based siRNA Screens Highlight Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Epigenetic Vulnerability True Value of RNAi Screens Beyond On-Target Effects Du criblage à haut contenu à la déconvolution de cibles : nouvelle donne pour les approches phénotypiques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL048.
Full textResearch presented in this thesis manuscript is the result of a fruitful collaboration between my host company, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, my host laboratory, BioPhenics Laboratory at Institut Curie, and I, preparing my PhD at the doctoral school CBMS at Université Paris-Saclay. International partnerships also led to the generation of numerous data towards the same purpose: identifying novel therapeutic targets in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. TNBC is a breast cancer subtype characterized by its ER(Estrogen receptor)-, PR(Progesterone receptor)- and HER2(Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-negative phenotype, affecting almost 20% of breast cancer diagnosed women. In the absence of these receptors, patients cannot respond neither to hormone therapy nor anti-HER2 targeted therapies. While TNBC is enriched in cancer-stem cells (CSC) and epigenetic deregulations were identified in TNBC CSC signaling pathways, we supposed that epigenetic mechanisms could be modulated to result in two phenotypes : an impact on TNBC cell viability, and an impact on HER2 expression in order to sensitize cells to existing anti-HER2 therapies. To investigate these hypotheses, we performed siRNA functional genomics screening targeting 863 epigenetic modulators through high-throughput and high-content approaches. Although using siRNA represents a powerful approach, the risk of off-target effects is important. In order to reinforce on-target hits discovery and to prevent the identification of non-specific hits, various strategies were used for the two studies. While the identification of genes involved in HER2 expression is currently in progress, we identified 3 key genes for TNBC cell viability, including CHAF1A for which the role in TNBC cell viability was never revealed. Also, following bioinformatic analyses performed from viability data, off-target effects were considered as sources of potential hits, highlighting the potential of a new functional genomics screening approach
Nguyen, Viet-Dung. "Contribution aux décompositions rapides des matrices et tenseurs." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2085/document.
Full textLarge volumes of data are being generated at any given time, especially from transactional databases, multimedia content, social media, and applications of sensor networks. When the size of datasets is beyond the ability of typical database software tools to capture, store, manage, and analyze, we face the phenomenon of big data for which new and smarter data analytic tools are required. Big data provides opportunities for new form of data analytics, resulting in substantial productivity. In this thesis, we will explore fast matrix and tensor decompositions as computational tools to process and analyze multidimensional massive-data. We first aim to study fast subspace estimation, a specific technique used in matrix decomposition. Traditional subspace estimation yields high performance but suffers from processing large-scale data. We thus propose distributed/parallel subspace estimation following a divide-and-conquer approach in both batch and adaptive settings. Based on this technique, we further consider its important variants such as principal component analysis, minor and principal subspace tracking and principal eigenvector tracking. We demonstrate the potential of our proposed algorithms by solving the challenging radio frequency interference (RFI) mitigation problem in radio astronomy. In the second part, we concentrate on fast tensor decomposition, a natural extension of the matrix one. We generalize the results for the matrix case to make PARAFAC tensor decomposition parallelizable in batch setting. Then we adapt all-at-once optimization approach to consider sparse non-negative PARAFAC and Tucker decomposition with unknown tensor rank. Finally, we propose two PARAFAC decomposition algorithms for a classof third-order tensors that have one dimension growing linearly with time. The proposed algorithms have linear complexity, good convergence rate and good estimation accuracy. The results in a standard setting show that the performance of our proposed algorithms is comparable or even superior to the state-of-the-art algorithms. We also introduce an adaptive nonnegative PARAFAC problem and refine the solution of adaptive PARAFAC to tackle it. The main contributions of this thesis, as new tools to allow fast handling large-scale multidimensional data, thus bring a step forward real-time applications
Gagne, Christophe. "Les interactions verbales en France et en Grande-Bretagne : étude comparative de quatre petits commerces français et britanniques." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20051/document.
Full textThis thesis, which is of a contrastive and intercultural nature, is informed by the idea that it is by observing the behaviour of interactants in everyday interactions that the relationship between cultures can best be approached, and the specificity of the forms of behaviour encountered explored. Through the careful and detailed analysis of recordings taken in four different shops (French and British), the study aims to understand the linguistic behaviour of the participants by linking it to various contextual elements (micro-contextual elements: discursive material that surrounds the utterances analysed; situational elements: site layout, number of participants, interaction’s finality; macro-contextual ones: status of service encounters and of the types of shops selected, cultural values that underpin explored behaviour). The purpose of the study (which analyses opening and closing rituals; thanking; the way directive speech acts such as questions, offers and requests are performed; conversational sequences) is to provide a better understanding of the communicative styles that can be associated with French and British cultures
Labrecque, Mariane. "Expériences négatives d'accouchements décrites par des femmes ayant accouché en milieux hospitalier : les liens avec le concept des violences obstétricales." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21340.
Full textKulinich, Chuprina Olena. "Irrégularité, surgénéralisation et rétroaction négative (quelques aspects du traitement et de l’acquisition de la morphologie verbale du russe)." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18475.
Full textThis thesis aims at studying certain aspects of Russian verb morphology processing and acquisition. The goal was two-fold: first, we investigated the productivity of morphonological alternations that lead to irregular verb stem allomorphy among adult speakers of Russian. The verbs in the study are known to undergo overregularization in Russian child speech. Second, we tested the (potentially) lasting effect of negative feedback on the retreat from overregularization errors in children. In the first paper, we present experimental data on the processing of loanwords and nonce words that focus on a morphonological alternation (palatalization) in Russian. This study addresses the issue of how stem allomorphy involving palatalization of the velar/palatal and dental/palatal types in the Russian verb system is processed by adults. Processing of palatalization is shown to be quite variable and to depend on: (i) different distribution of allomorphs (past/non-past or 1Sg./other forms) within the verb paradigm, and (ii) overall productivity of verbal classes. We also hypothesized that these differences should be reflected in child language verb morphology acquisition. The study presented in the second article investigates negative feedback effects on inflectional morphology acquisition in Russian. With that goal in mind, we conducted a series of elicited tasks with Russian speaking children aged from 3 to 4 years. Verbs which undergo overregularization in the non-past tense resulting from applying the yod /j/-pattern (typical errors for children of this age) were used as stimuli. Four groups of participants were formed accordingly to three types of feedback (Correction, Clarification question and Repetition), and a control group without feedback. Our results revealed a significant effect of time on target verb form production. However, no significant difference was observed as a function of feedback type, or even where there was no feedback. This finding supports the general hypothesis that negative feedback is not an important factor of language acquisition. Altogether, the results presented in this thesis provide new insights on irregular processes in Russian verb morphology, as well as on the inefficiency of negative feedback in the acquisition of L1 morphology.
Rivest, Amélie. "La régression de Poisson multiniveau généralisée au sein d’un devis longitudinal : un exemple de modélisation du nombre d’arrestations de membres de gangs de rue à Montréal entre 2005 et 2007." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9924.
Full textCount data have distributions with specific characteristics such as non-normality, heterogeneity of variances and a large number of zeros. It is necessary to use appropriate models to obtain unbiased results. This memoir compares four models of analysis that can be used for count data: the Poisson model, the negative binomial model, the Poisson model with zero inflation and the negative binomial model with zero inflation. For purposes of comparison, the prediction of the proportion of zero, the confirmation or refutation of the various assumptions and the prediction of average number of arrrests were used to determine the adequacy of the different models. To do this, the number of arrests of members of street gangs in the Montreal area was used for the period 2005 to 2007. The sample consisted of 470 men, aged 18 to 59 years. After the analysis, the most suitable model is the negative binomial model since it produced significant results, adapts well to the observed data and produces a zero proportion very similar to that observed.
Omidi, Firouzi Hassan. "On the design of customized risk measures in insurance, the problem of capital allocation and the theory of fluctuations for Lévy processes." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11669.
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