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1

Bloomfield, Michael. "Dopaminergic mechanisms underlying psychosis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/44332.

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Schizophrenia is a potentially devastating mental illness with a complex aetiology, in which the odds ratios for environmental risk factors for the disorder are greater than the odds ratios of any single gene hitherto identified. Within schizophrenia, striatal dopamine dysfunction has been proposed to underlie the development of psychosis. The Aberrant Salience hypothesis provides an explanatory model based on empirical findings to explain how psychotic symptoms may arise from striatal hyperdopaminergia, whereby multiple risk factors converge to elevate striatal dopamine synthesis capacity as
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2

Szostak, Carolyn Margaret. "Dopaminergic mechanisms in conditioned circling." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29438.

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After unilateral lesions of the mesotelencephalic dopamine (DA) system, the administration of DA receptor agonists results in circling. This response is believed to reflect an asymmetry in mesotelencephalic DA activity. Moreover, drug-induced circling is thought to be directed away from the projection of higher dopaminergic activity. Recently, it has been reported that circling can be established and maintained using operant procedures in surgically intact and drug naive rats. The phenomenon of conditioned circling has been associated with an asymmetrical change in DA metabolism within the str
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3

Stopper, Colin Michael. "Dopaminergic mechanisms guiding probabilistic choice." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46395.

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4

Racz, Karoly. "Peripheral dopaminergic mechanisms in experimental hypertension." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72776.

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5

Pöltl, Dominik [Verfasser]. "Degeneration mechanisms in human dopaminergic neurons / Dominik Pöltl." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025226135/34.

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6

Killcross, Andrew Simon. "Dopaminergic mechanisms and latent inhibition : implications for schizophrenia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261541.

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7

Ferland, Jacqueline-Marie N. "Investigating the influence of risky decision making on dopaminergic reward mechanisms." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63131.

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Addiction is a chronic relapsing psychiatric disorder affecting millions worldwide. Despite years of research investigating the etiology and phenomenology of substance abuse, there is no cure. Determining factors which promote the addictive phenotype may help to discover new therapeutics. Several clinical studies have shown addicts demonstrate poor cost/benefit decision making as measured by validated tasks such as the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a cognitive deficit maintained during periods of abstinence and associated with relapse risk. However, it is unclear whether disadvantageous choice pre
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8

Narayanaswami, Vidya. "DIET-INDUCED OBESITY: DOPAMINERGIC AND BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS AS OUTCOMES AND PREDICTORS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pharmacy_etds/12.

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Obesity and drug abuse share common neural circuitries including the mesocoticolimbic and striatal dopamine reward system. In the current study, a rat model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) was used to determine striatal dopamine function, impulsivity and motivation as neurobehavioral outcomes and predictors of obesity. For the outcome study, rats were randomly assigned a high-fat (HF) or a low-fat (LF) diet for 8 wk. Following the 8-wk HF-diet exposure, rats were segregated into obesity-prone and obesity-resistant groups based on maximum and minimum body weight gain, respectively, and neurobehav
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9

Bradley, Curtis. "Examining the Associative Learning and Accumbal Dopaminergic Mechanisms of Caffeine Reinforcement." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3457.

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Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive substance in the world, and most caffeine consumption in coffee and energy drinks is intended to produce a psychoactive effect. However, caffeine is not a primary reinforcer in preclinical paradigms – non-human species do not reliably take the drug to produce a psychoactive effect. However, caffeine is a ‘reinforcement enhancer’ in preclinical models; the effects of caffeine increase the motivation to obtain other non-drug reinforcers. The overall goal of this project was to determine if these reinforcement enhancing effects of caffeine could promote
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10

Daniel, James St Vincent Clinical School UNSW. "Studies of neurotransmitter release mechanisms in dopamine neurons." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. St. Vincent Clinical School, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/31934.

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Medications that treat diseases such as Parkinson???s disease work by regulating dopamine transmission at synapses. Surprisingly, little is known about the mechanisms regulating dopamine release at synapses. In this thesis, we study mechanisms that regulate vesicle recycling in axons and dendrites of dopamine neurons. Key questions we addressed were: (1) Are vesicles in axons and dendrites associated with the same regulatory proteins, and thus by implication the same regulatory mechanisms, as in excitatory neurons; (2) Do vesicles undergo recycling, and (3) if so, are they characterised by a d
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11

Yim, Hyeon Joo. "Study on the mechanism of action of ethanol on dopaminergic function in the nucleus accumbens /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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12

Tenback, Diederik Egbert. "An epidemiological approach to elucidate dopaminergic mechanisms in tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia /." Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht, 2006. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5438.

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13

McKibbon, Valerie Lynn. "Dopaminergic and glutamatergic mechanisms influence immediate-early gene expression in rodent brain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283934.

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14

Bodea, Gabriela [Verfasser]. "Molecular mechanisms involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron migration during murine development / Gabriela Bodea." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1051028043/34.

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15

Cropley, Vanessa Louise. "Molecular imaging of striatal and extrastriatal components of the dopamine system positron emission tomographic studies in healthy subjects and Parkinson Disease /." Australasian Digital Thesis Program, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/40073.

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Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Brain Sciences Institute, 2008.<br>A thesis for Doctorate of Philosophy, Brain Sciences Institute, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology - 2008. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 193-250).
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16

Johnson, Brandi Nicole. "Dopaminergic mechanisms involved in estrogen modulation of the prolactin response to Orphanin FQ/Nociceptin." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1152115599.

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17

Kohutek, Jodi Lynn. "Long-term effects of 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on serotonergic and dopaminergic functioning." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2305.

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Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) popularly known as "Ecstasy" continues to gain popularity as a recreational drug that has been shown to increase serotonin and dopamine levels. The present study has demonstrated that repeated exposure to MDMA produces long-term damage to serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in various regions of the rat brain.
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18

Carey, Paul D. (Paul Dermot). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder : serotonergic and dopaminergic system involvement in symptom generation and treatment response." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21602.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Investigations into the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have provided useful insights into this prevalent and disabling disorder in recent decades. Encouraging advances have also been made in the pharmacological treatment of OCD. This has improved the quality of life for many who typically endure chronic unremitting symptoms. Despite the widespread use of first-line agents selective for the serotonergic system in OCD, relatively little is known about the neurobiology of treatment response, the specific compon
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19

Chih-Ta, Tai. "Some neural bases of attentional learning." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670291.

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20

Jaworski, Jason Noel. "Effect of dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist sulpiride on changes in mesolimbic dopamine produced by amphetamine and ethanol /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008360.

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21

Porter, Ailsa. "Immediate early gene expression in the mesopontine tegmentum and midbrain after acute or chronic nicotine administration." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/507.

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22

Chu, Joanne Chen. "The effects of acoustic signals and sex steroids on dopaminergic function in male anurans /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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23

Rung, Johan. "Dopaminergic stabilizers for the treatment of schizophrenia : rat studies focusing on negative symptoms and mechanisms of action /." Göteborg : Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/7535.

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24

Nomikos, George Goulielmos. "In vivo neurochemical effects of antidepressant treatments studied by microdialysis." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31076.

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The present experiments investigated the effects of different antidepressant treatments on dopamine (DA) transmission by employing in vivo microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and the striatum of freely moving rats. The treatments were: a) the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (DMI), b) the novel antidepressant drug bupropion, and c) electrically induced seizures (ECS). The following results were obtained: 1) Neither acute (5 mg/kg), nor chronic (5 mg/kg, b.i.d. X 21) DMI influenced basal interstitial concentrations of DA in the NAC or the striatum. Chronic DMI did not influence ap
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25

Ellis, Kathryn Anne, and kellis@unimelb edu au. "The dopaminergic system and human spatial working memory : a behavioural, eletrophysiological and cerebral blood flow investigation." Swinburne University of Technology. Brain Sciences Institute, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060306.111015.

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Dopamine appears to play a critical role in regulating spatial working memory (SWM) in non-human primates, and SWM deficits are observed in patients with Parkinson�s disease and schizophrenia. Unfortunately, the current experimental literature in humans is marred by inconsistent behavioural findings, and there is a void in neuroimaging studies examining dopaminergic manipulation of SWM-related brain activity. The present thesis used a combination of behavioural neurocognitive testing and brain imaging to further examine dopaminergic manipulation of SWM in healthy humans, using two pharmacologi
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26

Burton, Susan Frances. "A study of the effects of the pineal hormone, melatonin, on dopaminergic transmission in the central nervous system of rats." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001463.

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Dopamine mechanisms in the central nervous system are important in the control of both normal and abnormal motor function. The recent observations in both animal and human studies, that melatonin, the principal hormone of the pineal gland, may have a role in the control of movement and the pathophysiology of movement disorders, have given rise to the concept that melatonin may have a modulatory influence on central dopaminergic neurotransmission. This study makes use of three animal behavioural models as well as a biochemical model of central dopaminergic function to further investigate the co
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27

Ma, Thong Chi. "The molecular mechanisms of free 3-nitrotyrosine neurotoxicity." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1189707727.

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28

Janeczek, Paulina. "Mechanisms of Gene Regulation in Alcoholism: Role of α-Synuclein in the Pathophysiology of Alcohol Misuse". Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367052.

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The pathophysiology of alcohol addiction is still unknown. Current research is focusing on understanding the mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of ethanol on the brain and the genetic risk factors associated with alcohol misuse. The prefrontal cortex is particularly susceptible to neurotoxic damage, and neuronal loss in this region has been associated with long-term alcohol misuse. As the prefrontal cortex is involved in the development and persistence of alcohol addiction, ethanol induced neurotoxic damage in this region is likely to amplify the reinforcing effects of alcohol. α-Sy
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29

Vergoz, Vanina, and n/a. "Effects of queen mandibular pheromone on locomotor behaviour and learning in worker honey bees Apis mellifera." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081121.161845.

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In a honey bee colony, the queen uses queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) to induce young worker bees to feed and groom her. Among its many behavioural and physiological effects, QMP reduces dopamine levels in the brains of young worker bees. Dopamine is a biogenic monoamine involved in numerous functions including motor control and aversive learning. This study investigates the effects of QMP on motor activities and aversive learning behaviour and the potential link between QMP and dopamine levels in the brain of young bees. In young bees under the age of 15-days, QMP dramatically reduced loco
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30

Reinel, Claudia. "Multidisziplinäre Untersuchung dopaminerger Mechanismen der repetitiven Störungen anhand von zwei Rattenmodellen dopaminerger Dysregulation." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17390.

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Repetitive Störungen manifestieren sich als Leitsymptom in der Zwangsstörung und dem Tourette-Syndrom. Die Symptome werden als enthemmte Stereotypien eines desinhibierten Basalganglien-thalamo-kortikalen (BGTC) Regelkreises verstanden. Überdies wird als neurochemisches Korrelat ein dysregulatives Dopamin (DA)-System innerhalb dieser Kerngebiete nahegelegt, welches über ein überaktives Dopamintransporter (DAT)-System erklärt werden könnte. In der Induktion repetitiver Erkrankungen ist die Interaktion des BGTC Regelkreises und des DA-Systems dennoch unklar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden da
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31

Dunkel, Gregor [Verfasser], and Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Pogarell. "Dopaminerge Mechanismen neurophysiologischer Parameter / Gregor Dunkel ; Betreuer: Oliver Pogarell." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1154683737/34.

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32

Reinel, Claudia [Verfasser], Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Kloas, Christine [Akademischer Betreuer] Winter, and Imke [Akademischer Betreuer] Puls. "Multidisziplinäre Untersuchung dopaminerger Mechanismen der repetitiven Störungen anhand von zwei Rattenmodellen dopaminerger Dysregulation / Claudia Reinel. Gutachter: Werner Kloas ; Christine Winter ; Imke Puls." Berlin : Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1081211199/34.

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33

Chavanon, Mira-Lynn [Verfasser], and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Stemmler. "Die dopaminerge Verankerung der Extraversion : Mechanismen und EEG-Indikatoren / Mira-Lynn Chavanon. Betreuer: Gerhard Stemmler." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1014851807/34.

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34

Barnett, Scott Thomas Charles. "Glutamate receptors in the ventral tegmental area : a potential mechanism involved in long term potentiation : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Science in Psychology at the University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1358.

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In the present study, footshock, which produces a powerful aversive emotional response was used in a Pavlovian conditioning experiment as an unconditioned stimulis (UCS), and was paired with the presentation of a light used as a conditioned stimulis (CS). There is an accumulation of evidence that supports the assertion that dopaminergic (DA) neurons within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are active in processes that contribute to the amygdala-based circuitry involved in regulating emotionally salient responses. To build upon findings implicating VTA DA, excitatory glutamate (Glu), NMDA and AM
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35

Speck, Sascha [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Sommer, Jochen [Akademischer Betreuer] Weishaupt, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Crozier. "Untersuchungen der Mechanismen kortikaler Neuroplastizität und Exzitabilität durch niederfrequente rTMS und dopaminerges Pharmakon - Eine doppelblinde und placebokontrollierte Probandenstudie / Sascha Speck. Gutachter: Martin Sommer ; Jochen Weishaupt ; Thomas Crozier. Betreuer: Martin Sommer." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/104273531X/34.

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36

Verma, Aditi. "Mechanisms of Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease." Thesis, 2018. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3853.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating movement disorder. The cardinal symptoms of PD are bradykinesia, resting tremors and rigidity. PD is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of A9 region, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and loss of dopaminergic terminals in striatum while the dopaminergic neurons of A10 region, ventral tegmental area (VTA) are relatively protected. Putative mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system and increased oxidative stress have been hypothesized to mediate PD pathology. However, precise m
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37

Verma, Aditi. "Mechanisms of Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease." Thesis, 2018. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3853.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating movement disorder. The cardinal symptoms of PD are bradykinesia, resting tremors and rigidity. PD is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of A9 region, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and loss of dopaminergic terminals in striatum while the dopaminergic neurons of A10 region, ventral tegmental area (VTA) are relatively protected. Putative mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system and increased oxidative stress have been hypothesized to mediate PD pathology. However, precise m
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38

Cui, Guohong. "Differential regulation of Ca²⁺ signals in dopamine neurons: a potential mechanism for neuroadaptive changes underlying drug addiction." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3022.

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39

Cui, Guohong 1974. "Differential regulation of Ca²⁺ signals in dopamine neurons : a potential mechanism for neuroadaptive changes underlying drug addiction." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/13188.

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40

Woolley, Sarah Cushing. "Genetic and experiential effects on dopaminergic systems." Thesis, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3110709.

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41

Ellis, Kathryn Anne. "The dopaminergic system and human spatial working memory : a behavioural, eletrophysiological and cerebral blood flow investigation /." 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20060306.111015/index.html.

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Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Brain Sciences Institute, 2005.<br>Submitted for the degreee of Doctor of Philosophy, Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology - 2005. Typescript. Bibliography: p. 159-197.
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42

Tang, Man Amanda. "Involvement of mu-opiate receptors in ethanol-induced accumbal dopamine response." 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3116452.

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43

da, Costa Araújo S. "Unravelling the activity patterns of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during male sexual behaviour." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/132857.

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"In most species, male sexual behaviour involves a complicated sequence of events that culminates with the delivery of sperm and fertilisation of the female egg. However, despite decades of research, very little is still known regarding the mechanics controlling this behaviour. In this thesis, by using mice as our model system, we aimed to understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying male sexual behaviour, in particular the involvement of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons.(...)"
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44

Mahadevia, Darshini. "Developmental plasticity and circuit mechanisms of dopamine-modulated aggression." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8P28FMD.

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Aggression and violence pose a significant public health concern to society. Aggression is a highly conserved behavior that shares common biological correlates across species. While aggression developed as an evolutionary adaptation to competition, its untimely and uncontrolled expression is maladaptive and presents itself in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. A mechanistic hypothesis for pathological aggression links aberrant behavior with heightened dopamine function. However, while dopamine hyper-activity is a neural correlate of aggression, the developmental aspects and circuit level
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45

Theile, Jonathan William. "Mechanisms in ethanol modulation of GABA release onto dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-491.

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Activation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic (DA) neurons by ethanol has been implicated in the rewarding and reinforcing actions of ethanol. GABAergic transmission is thought to play an important role in regulating the activity of DA neurons. While at most central synapses ethanol generally increases inhibitory synaptic transmission, no studies have explored the effect of acute ethanol on GABAergic transmission in the VTA. Here we investigated how ethanol modulates GABAergic transmission in the VTA in relation to the overall action of ethanol on VTA-DA neuron activity. We demon
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46

Yen, Shih-Hui, and 顏世慧. "The Action Mechanisms of Progesterone on Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neuronal Activity and Prolactin Secretion." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15023197216882911804.

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博士<br>國立陽明大學<br>生理學研究所<br>87<br>The ovary is the major site for synthesis and secretion of progesterone (P4) in mammals. The major physiological functions of P4 include: control of ovulation, facilitation of implantation, and maintenance of pregnancy by promoting uterine growth and suppressing myometrial contractility. A diurnal change of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neuronal activity exists in female rats, which is prerequisite for the estrogen-induced afternoon PRL-surge. In adult ovariectomized (OVX) and estrogen (E2)-primed Sprague-Dawley rats, P4 (2 mg/kg sc, given at
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Nakamura, Ken. "Intrinsic antioxidant and mitochondrial properties of dopaminergic neurons : significance to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease /." 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9943098.

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48

Shieh, Kun-Ruey, and 謝坤叡. "The Circadian Change of Hypothalamic Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neuron Activity: Its Ontogeny and Neural Control Mechanisms." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90785877695158618106.

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博士<br>國立陽明大學<br>生理學研究所<br>87<br>A diurnal rhythm of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neural activity, i.e., high in the morning and low in the afternoon, was recently reported in ovariectomized rats treated with or without estrogen. Whether this variation of TIDA neural activity is a true circadain rhythm, exhibits a sexual and age difference, and which factor(s) is involved in its control were the focus of this study. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were measured at the same time for comparison with the TIDA neural activity. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at specifi
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49

Tang, Man Amanda 1972. "Involvement of mu-opiate receptors in ethanol-induced accumbal dopamine response." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/12545.

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50

Marvin, Caroline Braun. "How curiosity drives actions and learning: Dopamine, reward, and information seeking." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8V40TX6.

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Curiosity drives many of our daily pursuits and interactions; yet, we know surprisingly little about how it works. Here, I harness an idea implied in many conceptualizations of curiosity – that information has value in and of itself. Reframing curiosity as the motivation to obtain reward – where the reward is information – allows me to leverage major advances in theoretical and computational mechanisms of reward-motivated learning. Using willingness to wait, an established measure of reward-motivated behavior, I test the reward value of information, finding that people are more willing to wait
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