Dissertations / Theses: 'Doping in sports. Doping in sports Athletes Doping in sports'

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Brakeley, August Kashiwa. "Better, Stronger, Faster Explaining the Variance Between Professional and Amateur Anti-Doping Policies." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science and Communication, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1020.

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The world of sport has recently been inundated by stories of doping. These reports are not limited to a select few individuals or sports, but seemingly are spread across sports. At first, it was mostly members of the sports community voicing their discontent, but soon actors outside of the sports community, such as government committees, became interested. Anti-doping policies were created to reduce doping; however, these policies were created independently of government and vary in effectiveness. The most visible variances are between professional and amateur sports. Accordingly, this paper investigates why there is variation between professional and amateur anti-doping policies. This investigation is done in a qualitative fashion and employs the Most Similar System of Design (a comparative method) to identify that factors result in the differences. The paper also contributes to the field by creating and organizing the ethics of doping. Furthermore, it compares the various existing approaches to anti-doping policy by analysing the anti-doping policies of the PGA, IOC, WADA, and the MLB. Subsequently, the paper identifies seven obstacles facing anti-doping regulators and identifies new policy tools that could aid anti-doping policies. Finally, it closes with policy recommendations for the future. This paper is comprehensive: it introduces the topic of anti-doping, the subsequent definitions, explains the ethical considerations, answers why there is variation between professional and amateur anti-doping policies, and provides policy recommendations.

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Olson, Cora Mae. "Ab-normal Athletes: Technomedical Productions of Gender, Sports, Fairness, and Doping." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56632.

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Doping and anti-doping research laboratories are crucial sites for the production and reproduction of gender in sports. Such labs have, over time, constructed a multiplicity of gender categories through which to view and assess doping practice, but nevertheless, they consistently work hard to reproduce binary, hegemonic sex and gender categories. As part of their reproduction of the binary, I argue that technomedical researchers police gender and negotiate ethics within their research by “ab-normalizing” athletes. Ab-normalization refers to a process, adjunct to normalization, whereby gendered and racialized categories of deviance, and the means of policing such categories, are produced. Likewise, these technomedical researchers developed means of authenticating the hormonal gender of athletes. Authentication is a form of ab-normalization that represents the kind of policing that anti-doping researchers perform. It refers to the technomedical processes that produce and legitimate these hormonal gender states. In order for technomedical researchers to do this work, they have had to negotiate ethical quandaries across different spaces. Such ethical negotiations have played an important role in shaping the direction, and thus gender possibilities, within this research. Specifically, I show how technomedical researchers often shifted ethical frames while performing their research, from a sports ethical frame to either an athletic performance research ethical frame or an anti-doping research ethical frame. The first of these is premised on notions of “fair play” while the second is guided by technomedical uncertainties regarding athletic performance and doping practices. The third ethical frame reconciles these two by producing “fair play” amongst competitors through the development of technomedical detection techniques that either catch or deter cheating athletes. This shifting of ethical frames highlights how these researchers were performing legitimate scientific research at the time and not the “immoral,” ethically dubious, research as it might appear to be from our current perspective. To clarify my theoretical points on gender and ethics, I draw upon two cases. The first case deals with blood doping, which requires the withdrawal and subsequent re-infusion of blood into an athlete. The second case examines endogenous steroid use, particularly, androgenic anabolic “naturally” occurring steroids. These hormones aid in muscle production and recovery. Blood doping and endogenous steroid use are two key practices of sports doping. By deconstructing the science surrounding these two practices, I offer an alternative account of the doping debates from the more familiar accounts that explain the doping debates as a “cat and mouse game” between anti-doping researchers and athletes within which “doping” is often presented as a straightforward immoral act for the athletes. By telling the story of how these technomedical researchers simultaneously produced gender categories, ethical categories, and technomedical processes, my alternative account positions these doping debates as competing, socio-historical, articulations of “fairness” bound to competing articulations of gender. I suggest that it is possible to re-imagine “fairness” from this alternative account. Specifically, we can imagine more equitable ways to allow the individuals that do not fit neatly into the binary gender system to compete “fairly” in sports.
Ph. D.

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Lee, Andrew Wei-Min. "Media reporting of drug use in sport : a discourse analytic study into stereotype construction /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spsl477.pdf.

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Bailey, Raquisha Lynnette. "Prevalence & rationale of creatine use in DIII NCAA athletes." Cleveland, Ohio : Cleveland State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1211930080.

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Thesis (M.Ed.)--Cleveland State University, 2008.
Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 8, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-50). Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in print.

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Ritter, Andreas. "Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2002. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2005/68/.

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Die intensive Auswertung unterschiedlicher schriftlicher und mündlicher Quellen sowie die Erschließung von damals "geheimer" Literatur für die Forschung heute ermöglicht eine differenzierte Rekonstruktion historischer Abläufe. Die vorliegende Arbeit nutzt diesen Zugang zur Darstellung von kleineren und größeren DDR-internen sportpolitischen Strukturwandlungen der 1960er und 1970er Jahre, die ihren Höhepunkt in einer dramatischen Umsteuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports fanden.
Es wird gezeigt, wie die Akteure unter Führung von Manfred EWALD, gewähltem Mitglied des SED-Zentralkomitees, einer Zentralfigur des DDR-Sports (vergleichbar mit der Bedeutung eines Willi DAUME im Westen) zwischen Systemzwängen und individueller Handlungsfreiheit innerhalb des Rahmens einer Diktatur in der Phase des Wechsels von Walter ULBRICHT zu Erich HONECKER eine Effektivierung des zentralistischen Modells durchsetzten (eine Parallele zum Ansatz von Monika KAISER).
Im Gegensatz zu vielen kontroversen Erklärungsmodellen belegt der Verf., dass die Medaillenerfolge durch die zentrale Steuerung aller Abläufe gewährleistet wurden. Ohne SED-Auftrag wurde 1967 die "Leistungssportkommission der DDR" (LSK der DDR) gebildet.
Im Unterschied zu den zahlreichen vom Verf. erstmals dargestellten Vorgängermodellen war diese SED-LSK "oberhalb des DTSB" angesiedelt und erteilte ihm Parteiaufträge - die Unterordnung des organisierten Sports unter die Autorität des Zentralkomitee machte angesichts der "Nationalen Fronten" von Armeesportvereinigung "Vorwärts" und Sportvereinigung "Dynamo" (SPITZER) jegliche zentrale Sportpolitik erst durchsetzbar.
Zur "LSK der DDR" waren SED-Mitglieder abgeordnet, welche ihr Sachgebiet vertraten und nach gemeinsamer Beschlussfassung die Ergebnisse der LSK-Arbeit wiederum in ihrem jeweiligen Tätigkeitsfeld durchzusetzen hatten, was in der Diss. ausgeführt wird. Sportvertreter ebenso wie hochrangige Abgesandte der Ministerien, die mit der Produktion von Gütern für den Hochleistungssport befasst waren, gehörten den LSK-Gremien an, die auch die DDR-Sportwissenschaft steuerten; es lässt sich sogar nachweisen, dass die Herrschaft über diesen wichtigen Apparat sowie die Dopingforschung ein Hauptmotiv der LSK-Bildung gewesen ist.

Durch seine Quellenorientierung und die Fülle an Belegen gibt die vorliegende Arbeit neue Anreize zur Auseinandersetzung mit dem Phänomen der Steuerung des Hochleistungssports in der DDR - auch über den Untersuchungszeitraum hinaus.
Die Untersuchung wurde von der Humanwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam als Dissertation angenommen. Sie geht auf ein Stipendium dieser Universität zurück; das Verfahren konnte mit einem Prädikat abgeschlossen werden. Gutachter waren Prof. Dr. Dr. Gertrud PFISTER, Kopenhagen, Prof. Dr. Christoph KLEßMANN, Potsdam, und der Betreuer, Steady Visiting Prof. Univ. Odense, Priv.-Doz. Dr. habil. Giselher SPITZER, Berlin / Potsdam / Odense (Dänemark).
The guaranteed provision of material support for the athletes used to be a precondition for success in sports: 'Competitive sports under the conditions of the GDR' - thus the source material on this early model of professional sports. The author reveals both illegal (according to the IOC regulations) payments and a new drive towards success-oriented payments at least for the coaches. The latter trend was already the result of a dramatic change in competitive sports in the GDR. Today, a thorough analysis of contemporary documents, oral testimony, and formerly classified literature allows a more nuanced reconstruction of the historical events and processes. This work shows how the organisers of GDR sports, led by Manfred EWALD (EWALD was an elected member of the SED Central Committee and a central figure in the GDR sports scene. He might be characterised as the opposite number of Willi DAUME in the FRG.) succeeded with establishing a more efficient centralistic model (here, there is a parallel with Monika KAISER's approach). Despite the constraints of the system, they brought about his change at a time of political transition from Walter ULBRICHT to Erich HONECKER.
In contrast to many other, controversial interpretations, the author argues that the athletic successes originated in the central organisation of GDR sports. In 1967, the 'Competitive Sports Commission of the GDR' (LSK) was established without explicit orders from the SED. In contrast to numerous older models, which the author has discovered, this new model was positioned 'above the DTSB' and gave party orders to the DTSB - the subordination of organised sports to the authority of the Central Committee allowed the implementation of a central sports policy. Given the 'National Fronts' of the Army Sports Club Vorwärts and the Sports Club Dynamo (SPITZER), this was an especially difficult task. The LSK was composed of members of the SED. After reaching an agreement on certain issues, every member had to implement the agreed policy in his or her specific field of activity, as this dissertation shows. The LSK subcommittees consisted of representatives of the sports as well as high-ranking representatives of those ministries which supervised the production of goods needed in competitive sports. It can be demonstrated, that control over this important body as well as the doping research was an important factor in the establishment of the LSK.

The work on 'Changes in the control of competitive sports in the GDR in the 1960s and 1970s', brought the awarded degree of Doctor of Philosophy with distinction by the faculty of arts of the University of Potsdam to the author. The research was sponsored by the University of Potsdam. The degree committee consisted of Professor Gertrud PFISTER (Kopenhagen), Professor Christoph KLEßMANN (Potsdam), and the dissertation supervisor, Privatdozent Dr Giselher SPITZER (Berlin, Potsdam, Odense (Denmark)).

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6

Fayolle, Laurie. "La protection des intérêts du sportif." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD061.

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La protection s’est orientée vers la prévention des risques dans le sport de performance. L’athlète est inséré dans un fonctionnement dont la conciliation entre les différents intérêts entraîne une confrontation entre les buts, entre intervention de l’État et indépendance des institutions sportives, entre performance et protection, entre rationalisation de l’activité et sa personnification, entre dignité et réification. Sa soumission à cet ordre sportif est une condition à la fois de son activité sportive et de sa protection. Repenser la protection des intérêts du sportif sur le fondement de la dignité humaine, c’est lui offrir le respect de sa personne au regard des nouveaux défis relatifs à la lutte contre le dopage et aux conditions d’exercice décentes de son activité réconciliant, dès lors, la protection des intérêts en concours. Il sera étudié la protection des intérêts du sportif liée, d’une part, à l’environnement juridique de la pratique sportive et,d’autre part, à la personne du sportif
Protection has been geared towards the prevention of risks in performance sports. Athletes are inserted into a system in which the conciliation of interests leads to a confrontation between goals, between state intervention and independance of sport institutions, between performance and protection, between rationalization of the activity and its personification, between dignity and reification. His or her submission to the sporting order is a condition of both his/her sport and its protection since it allows him/her to practice safe and supervised sports. Rethinking the protection of the interests of the athlete on the basis of human dignity is to offer him/her the respect of his/her person in view of the new challenges in the fight against doping and decent working conditions, reconciling the protection of the competing interests. In this perspective, this thesis examines firstly, the protection of the athletes through the legal environment of sport activities first part, and secondly, the protection through the personality of the athletes second part

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Rutecki, Jared W. "Enhancing the Agenda: A Content Analysis of Weekly Magazine Coverage of Performance-Enhancing Drug Use in Competitive Athletics, 1986-2006." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1241446015.

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Marcolino, Paulo José Carvalho. "Factores psicológicos do doping-atitudes perante o doping no desporto." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UTL-Universidade Técnica de Lisboa -- -Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, 2001. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29335.

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Reis, Claúdia Gabriela Marques dos. "Atitudes face ao doping." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UTL-Universidade Técnica de Lisboa -- -Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, 2001. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29391.

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Momsen-Pflanz, Gundula. "Die sportethische und strafrechtliche Bedeutung des Dopings : Störung des wirtschaftlichen Wettbewerbs und Vermögensrelevanz /." Frankfurt am Main ; New York : P. Lang, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014160558&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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MacGregor, Oskar. "Anti-doping, whereabouts, and privacy : an ethico-legal analysis of WADA's whereabouts requirements." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42914.

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The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the primary global organization responsible for implementing rules against doping in sport. A central element of its mission is the requirement that elite athletes submit their whereabouts information for every day of the year to their relevant Anti-Doping Organization (ADO), in order to facilitate no advance notice out-of-competition doping testing. These requirements have attracted considerable criticism, including the claim that they invade elite athlete privacy in a legally or ethically unacceptable manner. The validity of these claims is threatened by the contestedness of the concept of privacy, which arises from the many different uses to which the concept is put, including in legal and philosophical contexts. Resolving this conceptual confusion requires taking an explicit position on various questions of philosophical methodology, themselves subject to contention. As an alternative to such abstraction, and particularly given the need for a philosophically defensible yet pragmatic policy application, I argue that privacy is best conceived of as the absence of certain contextually relevant harms to the person, which arise in relation to such underlying normative values as fairness between competing athletes. In the specific context of elite athlete whereabouts requirements, I maintain that privacy concerns arise principally in relation to surveillance, intrusion, and breaches of confidence. Of these, the first and second face legal difficulties in the UK, on the basis of European legislation concerning human rights and maximum working time. Ethical problems also arise due to WADAs undifferentiated application of the whereabouts requirements, which ignores the heterogeneity of different types of sports and their respective vulnerabilities to doping. I argue that WADAs whereabouts requirements ought therefore to be revised to (a) ensure that they do not conflict with established law, and (b) respect the very different sets of circumstances entailed by the heterogeneous world of elite sports.

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Atry, Ashkan. "Transforming the Doping Culture : Whose responsibility, what responsibility?" Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Centrum för forsknings- och bioetik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206607.

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The doping culture represents an issue for sport and for society. Normative debates on doping have been mainly concerned with questions of the justifiability of doping. The practice of assigning responsibility for doping behaviour has chiefly been individual-based, focusing mainly on the individual athlete’s doping behaviour. The overarching aim of this thesis is to investigate the relevance and the importance of the ideas of responsibility in relation to ethical debates on doping. The more specific aim is to examine the possibility of broadening the scope of responsibility beyond the individual athlete, and to sketch a theoretical framework within which this expansion could be accommodated. In the first study, it is argued that bioethicists have a moral/professional responsibility to start out from a realistic and up-to-date view of genetics in ethical debates on gene doping, and that good bioethics requires good empirics. In study 2, the role played by affective processes in influencing athletes’ attitudes towards doping behaviour is investigated, both on an individual and on a collective level. It is concluded that an exclusive focus on individual-level rule violation and sanctions may entail overlooking the greater social picture and would prove to be ineffective in the long term. In study 3, the common doping-is-cheating arguments are examined and it is argued that they fail to capture vital features of people’s moral responses to doping behaviour. An alternative account of cheating in sport is presented in terms of failure to manifest good will and respect. It is concluded that putting cheating in the broader context of human interpersonal relationships makes evident the need to broaden the scope of moral responsibility and agency beyond the individual athlete. In study 4, the particular case of assigning responsibility for doping to sports physicians is used to examine the current individual-based approach to responsibility. This approach underestimates the scope of the responsibility by leaving out a range of other actors from the discourse of responsibility. The central conclusion of the thesis is that transforming the current doping culture requires broadening the scope of responsibility to include individuals and groups of individuals other than the athletes themselves.

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Durussel, Jérôme. "A novel transcriptomic based approach to the detection of recombinant human erythropoietin doping." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4962/.

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Administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) improves endurance performance. Hence rHuEpo is, allegedly, frequently subject to abuse by athletes, although rHuEpo is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. A transcriptomic-based longitudinal screening approach has the potential to improve further the performance of current detection methods. AIM: To assess the effects of rHuEpo on blood gene expression profiles in order to identify a “molecular signature” of rHuEpo doping. METHODS: 19 Caucasian trained males at sea-level (Scotland – SCO) and 20 Kenyan endurance runners at moderate altitude (~2,150 m, Kenya – KEN) received rHuEpo injections of 50 IU∙kg-1 body mass every two days for 4 weeks. Blood was obtained 2 weeks before, during and 4 weeks after administration. 3,000 m time trial performance was measured pre, post administration and at the end of the study. RNA was extracted from blood stabilized in Tempus RNA tubes, amplified, labelled and hybridized to Illumina HumanHT-12v4 Expression BeadChips. Expression data was analyzed using Rank Products with a 5% false discovery rate and an additional 1.5 fold-change threshold. A subset of target and housekeeping genes was further validated using QuantiGene Plex assay. RESULTS: Despite markedly different baseline values between SCO and KEN, as exemplified by the haematocrit (41.9 ± 1.8% vs. 45.3 ± 2.6, p < 0.001), key blood parameters significantly increased during rHuEpo in both groups (p < 0.001) to reach similar levels at the end of administration (49.2 ± 2.0% vs. 49.6 ± 2.6, p = 0.638). The relative improvements in running performance post rHuEpo (~5%) and 4 weeks post administration (~3%) compared to baseline were of similar magnitude in both groups (p > 0.188). These results confirmed that the perturbation involving rHuEpo worked effectively. Relative to baseline, the expression of hundreds of genes were found to be altered by rHuEpo. In particular, 30 transcripts were already differentially expressed two days after the first injection while 15 transcripts were profoundly up-regulated during and subsequently down-regulated up to 4 weeks post administration in both groups. Importantly, the same pattern was observed in all subjects. The functions of the discovered genes were mainly related to either the functional or structural properties of the erythrocyte or to the cell cycle and its regulation. CONCLUSION: This research successfully identified the blood “molecular signature” of rHuEpo administration and provides the strongest evidence to date that gene biomarkers have the potential to substantially improve the performance of current anti-doping methods such as the Athlete Biological Passport for rHuEpo detection.

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Lüer, Christoph. "Dopingstrafen im Sport und der Grundsatz "Ne bis in idem" : unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des WADA-Code und des NADA-Code /." Baden-Baden : Nomos-Verl.-Ges, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015044702&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Jakobsson, Schulze Jenny. "Genetics of androgen disposition : implications for doping tests /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-397-9/.

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Bengtsson, Daniel. "Idrottande ungdomars attityd till doping : - En studie bland idrottsgymnasister i Karlstad och Torsby." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-424.

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Sports research in the field of social science has shown that regular physical activity leads to wellbeing and positively affects the quality of life. A natural part of being an athlete is learning the functions of the human body, and what’s harmful and destructive, such as drugs (RF 1995). Doping is a constant problem in professional sport. Doping and manipulation of medical preparations in order to maximise performance is one of modern sport’s major problems, according to Blom and Lindroth (1995).

I thought it would be interesting to see what the next generation of athletes thinks of doping. The purpose of this survey is to investigate the views on doping among adolescent athletes in ages 15-19. What do they think of it? Are they for or against it? Do they believe that doping is commonly used in elite competition? Would they consider using these substances themselves, if they were legalised?

The selection of participants is 130 adolescents in ages 15-19. (83 boys, 47 girls.) All respondents are students at upper secondary sports schools, competing in the following events: Alpine sports, soccer, track and field, ice hockey, biathlon, and cross-country skiing.

The foundation “Ren Idrott” has conducted a survey showing that as many as 86,3 percent of the respondents in ages 15-21 believe that doping is commonly or very commonly used in elite sports (RF 2005). The notion that using enhancements is necessary to become world champion did not have much support in this survey. Only 4 % stated that they would use preparations if it guaranteed them the world champion title. A whole 73% believed it would be easy to obtain preparations if one wanted to. Their primary reason to refuse preparationwas the risk of physical injury. A majority of the respondents felt that it is everyone’s individual choice whether to use them.All respondents considered doping in sports unacceptable. 11% of the respondents would however consider using preparations if they were legalised.

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Kazlauskas, Alanah, and res cand@acu edu au. "The Dynamics of Expert Work: A case study of anti-doping laboratory directors." Australian Catholic University. School of Business and Informatics (NSW), 2007. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp142.08052008.

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As humanity is increasingly confronted by shared, complex, multi-faceted problems, experts with particular knowledge and expertise are called upon to develop solutions which can be implemented internationally. Such a role requires that experts work alongside professionals from a variety of different fields as well as creating the necessary knowledge and skills to solve the problems at hand. This thesis presents the outcomes of grounded research into the dynamics of expert work based on a case study of the scientific directors of accredited sports anti-doping laboratories. The study addressed questions about how both the directors and their stakeholders viewed the work of these scientific experts. It also investigated how these experts maintained their expertise in the rapidly changing context of doping in sport. The research design integrated the methods of case study, grounded theory and developmental work research. Qualitative data was elicited using a combination of standard qualitative research methods such as semi structured interviews, surveys and participant observation, and an adaptation of the activity theory based developmental work research methods. The results of data analysis were interpreted using the theoretical frameworks of Activity Theory, Communities of Practice and the complexity based Cynefin model of organic sensemaking. The subsequent development of a grounded theoretically informed model pointed to the existence of multiple objects for expert work and the critical role of a trusted, private, shared space for the development of individual and collective identities, the expansion and application of validated knowledge within the field and the establishment of a shared and informed base from which experts can engage with other professional groups working in the field. The model identified relationships between the volume of routine processes within a workplace and both the extent of knowledge-generating research work and the development of an awareness by experts of the benefits of greater participation with other stakeholders in the broader problem context. This international study also provided insights into the complex, evolving and emergent nature of multi-stakeholder activity and identified avenues for further research into the optimum dynamics of inter-agency working in both local and global contexts.

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Faria, Nuno Paulo Serrano. "Atitudes perante o doping no desporto-estudo em adolescentes dos 13 aos 15 anos." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UTL-Universidade Técnica de Lisboa -- -Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, 2001. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29325.

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Lobo, Pereira Vicente Joana Filipa. "Doping in sports : the effect of alcohol on the urinary increase of testosterone I epitestosterone." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/doping-in-sports(d31c6ea0-c5a1-4f4a-8244-0e09700ae24d).html.

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Testosterone (T) administration is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Following T administration, both T concentration and the ratio to its inactive stereoisomer, epitestosterone (E), increases. WADA recommends that their accredited laboratories undertake further analysis on urine samples with a T/E greater than 4.0. Acute alcohol consumption (2.0 g/kg) appears to increase this ratio but there is little supporting published data. This thesis describes the testing of different hypotheses based on the influence of alcohol administration on the T/E ratio and attempts to establish the underlying mechanisms. Alcohol was administered to eugonadal men and women (4 and 8 units), and also to hypogonadal men (8 units) receiving T replacement therapy. Hypogonadal men were selected as changes in T would be due solely to altered clearance rather than gonadal production, the data obtained making a useful comparator model. Following alcohol administration, the urinary T/E increased significantly in all the volunteers, in women (8 units) rising from approximately unity to greater than the WADA threshold. Serum analysis showed a decrease in T in males, which indicates that the increase in urinary T/E is most likely due to an increase in the hepatic formation of T glucuronide, which is rapidly excreted, not to an increase in gonadal production. The increase in serum T in females will most likely be due to a suppression of phase 1 metabolism of T, via enzyme inhibition (17 -HSD2), which is likely to also occur in men but is masked by the proportionately much larger concentration of circulating T. There is no evidence that EtOH displaces T from its binding proteins increasing T clearance with a resulting increase in urinary T/E, as tested in vitro by equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration, nor is there any evidence that an increase in T/E is due to an increase in lutenising hormone.

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Ramadas, Sílvio de Castro. "Aspectos psicológicos do doping no desporto-atitudes dos jovens entre os 16 e os 18 anos." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UTL-Universidade Técnica de Lisboa -- -Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, 2001. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29509.

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Pappa, Evdokia. "Sports spectacle, media and doping : the representations of Olympic drug cases in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7477.

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This thesis explores the depiction of doping in the press. My interest in the topic stemmed from an early personal experience in competitive athletics where I was exposed to an in-sports reality that tolerated the use of performance-enhancing substances. However, references to doping in the media appeared to depict it in a different way. In order to investigate the divergence, the thesis analysed the reporting of two Olympic Games, namely Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008. It focused on empirical data and thus all articles that referenced doping were collected one month prior, during and one month after the two Olympic Games. In total 1274 articles were collected and analysed. Adopting a post-structuralist approach, the discourse analysis of the data leads to the identification of journalistic techniques that constructed discursive statements of doping. It was observed that first of all, in the case of highly publicised drug cases, these statements could be understood as constructing a moral panic episode. Secondly, the same discursive statements were circulated in the press even in the absence of positive doping samples. The thesis draws on the theories of moral regulation and governmentality to make sense of the constant presence of doping discursive statements in the press. It argues that inducting doping into sport spectacle makes its depiction seem apolitical and disconnected from society. However, in-depth theorisation of the phenomenon shows that its mediated construction plays an active role in influencing public policy.

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Tutakhail, Abdulkarim. "Potential muscular doping effects of anti-depressants." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS513.

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Bien que l’effet psychotrope des antidépresseurs soit bien connu, afin de corriger les conséquences du stress et de renforcer la confiance en soi, de nombreux autres effets pharmacologiques, notamment périphériques, doivent encore être approfondis. Les antidépresseurs inhibiteurs de la recapture de la sérotonine (ISRS) peuvent avoir un effet bénéfique sur la performance physique en participant à une réparation et à une croissance plus rapides des muscles. Il a récemment été démontré que la sérotonine était impliquée dans la récupération de la force musculaire chez un modèle murin de myopathie de Duchenne (Gurel et al., 2015). Les antidépresseurs tels que les inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la sérotonine (ISRS) sont largement utilisés pour traiter divers troubles de la santé mentale, tels que la dépression modérée à sévère et l’anxiété. Les deux symptômes contribuent à l’insomnie, à la perte d’appétit, au manque de motivation et à une fatigue physique accrue. Ces symptômes peuvent nuire aux performances physiques des athlètes, en particulier de ceux qui développent des habiletés et des techniques spécifiques à un sport, reçoivent des volumes d’entraînement plus importants à différentes intensités et participent à des compétitions plus fréquentes. Par conséquent, les athlètes peuvent utiliser des médicaments qui renforcent la motivation et / ou améliorent la condition physique générale en réduisant les symptômes dépressifs. L'utilisation d'antidépresseurs n'est pas encore interdite dans les sports d'élite. Des rapports récents sur le dopage associé aux ISRS montrent une tendance croissante de son utilisation chez les athlètes en bonne santé. La consommation d'antidépresseurs chez les athlètes a augmenté dans différents sports au cours de la dernière décennie, notamment les sports d'endurance.. Notre projet doit donc permettre de caractériser les conséquences d'un traitement chronique par ISRS sur les performances physiques chez la souris et de mettre en évidence le ou les mécanismes impliqués, en particulier la variation du shunt métabolique sérotonine / kynurénine, ainsi que les modifications de biomarqueurs, variations potentiellement utilisables chez l'homme dans la lutte contre le dopage.Nous aimerions élucider notre travail de recherche dans les articles suivants:Article 1: Nous avons étudié les effets de l'exercice et de la fluoxétine seuls ou en association avec un traitement prolongé à la fluoxétine (18 mg / kg / jour) et un exercice physique d'endurance (six semaines) chez la souris mâle BalbC / j, sur tapis roulant. Nous avons ensuite évalué l'activité neurocomportementale, les marqueurs musculaires du stress oxydatif et les modifications du métabolisme du tryptophane dans les tissus plasmatiques, musculaires et cérébraux des souris BalbC / J. En général, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la vitesse aérobie la plus élevée, le temps d’endurance jusqu’à l’épuisement, la force musculaire des membres antérieurs en saisissant un mesureur de force, des tests neurocomportementaux tels que le test en champ ouvert et élevé et le labyrinthe, l’activité enzymatique mitochondriale (activité du citrate synthase et du cytochrome C oxydase) dans le muscle gastrocnémien. , marqueur de stress oxydant tel que le test DHE (Dihydroéthidium) et DCF-DA (Dichlorofluorscine diacétate).Article 2: Nous avons étudié les effets de l’exercice et de la fluoxétine seule ou les effets combinés d’un traitement prolongé à la fluoxétine (18 mg / kg / jour) et d’un exercice d’endurance physique (six semaines) chez la souris mâle BalbC / j, sur tapis roulant
As much as the psychotropic effect of antidepressants is well known, correcting the consequences of stress and boosting self-confidence, so many other pharmacological effects, peripheral in particular, remain to be deepened. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) may have a beneficial effect on physical performance by participating in faster muscle repair and growth. It has recently been shown that serotonin was involved in the recovery of muscle strength in a mouse model of Duchenne myopathy (Gurel et al., 2015).Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used to treat various mental health disorders, such as moderate-to-severe depression and anxiety. Both symptoms contribute to insomnia, loss of appetite, lack of motivation and increased physical fatigue. These symptoms can impair physical performances for athletes, more specifically for those who develop sport-specific skills and techniques, receive higher training volumes at various intensities, and participate in more frequent competitions. Therefore athletes may use drugs that enhance motivation and/or improve overall fitness by reducing depressive symptoms. The use of antidepressants is not yet forbidden in elite sports. Recent reports on doping associated with SSRIs show an increasing trend of its usage among healthy athletes. The antidepressants intake among athletes has increased in different sports over the last decade, especially endurance sports. The antidepressants Bupropion and Amineptine were removed from the list of banned substances.Our project must therefore make it possible to characterize the consequences of chronic treatment with SSRIs on the physical performance in mice and to highlight the mechanism (s) involved, in particular the variation of the serotonin / kynurenine metabolic shunt, as well as the modifications of biomarkers, potentially usable variations in humans in the fight against doping.We would like to elucidate our research work in the following articles:Article 1: We studied the effects of exercise and fluoxetine alone or in combination of long-term fluoxetine treatment (18mg/kg/day) and endurance physical exercise (six weeks) in male balbC/j mice, on animal treadmill. Subsequently we evaluated neurobehavioral activity, muscle markers of oxidative stress, and changes in tryptophan metabolism in plasma, muscle and brain tissues in the BalbC/J mice. Generally we focused on the highest aerobic velocity, endurance time until exhaustion, forelimb muscle strength by gripping strength meter, neurobehavioral tests such as open field and elevated plus maze test, mitochondrial enzyme activity (Citrate synthase and cytochrome-C oxidase activity) in gastrocnemius muscle, oxidative stress marker such as DHE (Dihydroethidium) and DCF-DA (Dichlorofluorscine di-acetate)test.Article 2: We studied the effects of exercise and fluoxetine alone or combinative effects of long-term fluoxetine treatment (18mg/kg/day) and endurance physical exercise (six weeks) in male balbC/j mice, on animal treadmill. After the mentioned exercise protocol we focused on changes in tryptophan (TRP) metabolism in plasma, muscle and brain tissues in the BalbC/J mice. To confirm the metabolomic, we also studied the KP related enzyme related genes and proteins by the modern required materials and methods. We correlated the result of article1 with the metabolites level of kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. We studied the expression of transcriptor factor PGC1α level in muscle which is induced by physical exercise(Agudelo et al., 2014). PGC1α subsequently induce the expression of kynurenine aminotransferase 1 and 2 (KAT1 and KAT2) in skeletal muscles, which convert kynurenine (KYN) to kynurenic acid (KYNA). Conversion of kynurenine to kynurenic acid decrease the level of kynurenine and quinolinic acid an NMDA receptor agonist and a neurotoxic compound

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Coll, Camenforte Sergi 1991. "Studies on glucocorticoids in sports drug testing." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668183.

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Due to health risks associated to the use of glucocorticoids (GC) and their potential ergogenic effects, systemic GCs are prohibited in sports competitions. However, local GC administrations are allowed for therapeutic purposes. The general reporting level used nowadays to discriminate between prohibited and allowed administrations is not adequate for all GCs. To improve the discrimination, the excretion profiles of different GCs (triamcinolone hexacetonide, triamcinolone acetonide, budesonide and betamethasone) were evaluated after prohibited and allowed administrations, and specific discrimination criteria were proposed for each GC. The urinary elimination times of systemic GCs were also evaluated. Moreover, local intra-articular administration of GCs was demonstrated to produce systemic effect. Finally, the impact of GCs on the steroid profile was evaluated. Due to the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the excretion rates of steroid profile metabolites decreased after systemic GC use. Nonetheless, the ratios between metabolites were not affected. Thus, GC administration does not affect the steroid profile.
Degut a que els glucocorticoides (GCs) presenten riscos per a la salut i poden tenir efectes que milloren el rendiment esportiu, el seu ús per vies sistèmiques esta prohibit en competicions esportives. No obstant, l’administració de GCs per vies locals esta permès per raons terapèutiques. Avui en dia s’utilitza un criteri general per discriminar administracions prohibides i permeses, el qual no és adequat per tots els GCs. Per millorar la discriminació, els perfils d’excreció de diferents GCs (triamcinolona hexacetònid, triamcinolona acetònid, budesonida and betametasona) han sigut avaluats després d’administracions prohibides i permeses. Criteris de discriminació específics han sigut proposats per cada compost. Els temps d’eliminació en orina dels GCs han sigut avaluats després d’administracions sistèmiques. A més a més, s’ha demostrat que l’administració local intraarticular de GCs produeix efecte sistèmic. Finalment, s’ha avaluat l’impacte dels GCs en el perfil esteroïdal. Degut a la inhibició de l’eix hipotalàmic-pituïtari-adrenal, l’excreció dels metabòlits del perfil esteroïdal va disminuir després de l’administració sistèmica de GCs. No obstant, les ratios entre els metabòlits no es van veure afectades. Per tant, l’administració de GCs no afecta el perfil esteroïdal.

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Soek, JanWillem. "The strict liability principle and the human rights of the athlete in doping cases." Rotterdam : Rotterdam : Erasmus Universiteit ; Erasmus University Rotterdam [Host], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/7548.

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Barouillet, Bertrand. "La privatisation du droit : l'exemple de la lutte contre le dopage." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0026/document.

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La présente thèse intitulée « La privatisation du droit : l’exemple de la lutte contre le dopage » s’inscrit dans la cadre du droit transversal constitué de droits horizontaux qui enveloppent tout en les interpénétrant l’ensemble des branches dites « classiques » du droit. Mêlant philosophie du droit et régulation d’un secteur méconnu dans son versant juridique, elle questionne le phénomène moderne de normalisation résidant dans l’adoption de textes au contenu généralement volumineux faits de dispositions d’interprétations souvent multiples, qui sont édictés par des acteurs privés ou semi-privés issus de la société nationale, internationale ou transnationale. C’est encore de pluralisme juridique dont il est question dès lors qu’il est traité dans ces travaux de l’ordre juridique transnational antidopage au sein duquel l’Agence mondiale antidopage (AMA) se meut, organisme statutairement de droit privé, qui émet des règles de conduites qui, bien que substantiellement ou matériellement publiques, constituent formellement des normes privées. Cette Agence édicte ainsi le document fondamental antidopage qu’est le Code mondial antidopage (CMA) envisageant des règles harmonisées de cette nature obligatoirement reprises par les organisations sportives privées de tous niveaux dont la gestion du contentieux incombe en principe au seul tribunal arbitral du sport (TAS). Il sera néanmoins vérifié à la mesure de l’impact de ces normes et justices privées, l’écran étatique demeurant en droit interne français comme dans le domaine pénal en général, que la normalisation privée présente une influence certaine dans le domaine antidopage, opérant une forme de novation de la « soft law » en « droit dur »
The present thesis entitled « Privatization of the law : the example of the fight against doping » is part of the transversal right constituted of horizontal rights which envelop while interpenetrating all the so-called "classical" branches of law. Combining the philosophy of law and the regulation of an unknown sector in its juridical side, it questions the modern phenomenon of normalization residing in the adoption of generally voluminous texts made of provisions of often multiple interpretations, which are enacted by private actors or semi-private from the national, international or transnational society. It is still a question of legal pluralism, since it deals with the transnational anti-doping legal order in which the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) operates, a statutory body governed by private law, which issues rules of conduct which, although substantially or materially public, formally constitute private standards. This Agency thus enacts the fundamental anti-doping document that is the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) considering harmonized rules of this nature compulsorily taken up by private sports organizations of all levels whose management of litigation falls in principle with the sole court of arbitration for sport (CAS). Nevertheless, it will be checked to the extent of the impact of these norms and private justices, the state screen remaining in French domestic law as in the criminal field in general, that the private standardization has a certain influence in the anti-doping field, operating a novation form of « soft law » into « hard law »

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Spence, John Cochrane. "Mood changes associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use in male bodybuilders." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60580.

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The present study described the daily moods of male bodybuilders who self-administered large doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AS) through a full cycle of steroid use. Male bodybuilders (N = 13) who had been self-administering AS for 2.5 to 12 years served as subjects and participated in a 14 to 16 week experience sampling procedure wherein brief mood questionnaires were filled out twice daily.
Findings revealed that 11 of the 13 subjects experienced self-reported mood changes in association with AS use. In particular, 2 subjects (subjects 4 & 11) experienced quite dramatic changes in mood. It is concluded that there is much variability with regards to the psychological effects that humans may display in association with AS use.
Data are discussed in terms of the effects that AS use may have on mental health.

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Marcos, del Águila Josep. "Detecció del consum d'agents anabolitzants en humans: estratègies alternatives de preparació de mostres i anàlisi instrumental." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/22692.

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Los agentes anabolizantes prohibidos por la Comisión Médica del Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI) deben estar ausentes en las muestras de orina objeto de análisis. El límite de detección está condicionado por la sensibilidad del instrumento y la relación señal/ruido debida al material biológico coextraído junto con los analitos de interés. Las nuevas exigencias de sensibilidad del COI como la detección de nuevas sustancias utilizadas en dosis sensiblemente inferiores, obliga al replanteamiento de la estrategia analítica utilizada. El objetivo general de esta tesis es: desarrollar nuevas técnicas analíticas de alta sensibilidad para la detección de esteroides y otros anabolizantes en orina humana mediante: 1.- Estudio de la cromatografía liquida capilar para la cuantificación de las concentraciones de testosterona y epitestosterona en orina humana. 2.- Estudio de la purificación de la muestra previa al análisis instrumental. - Estudio del uso de la cormatografía de inmunoafinidad (IAC) en la purificación selectiva dela muestra. - Desarrollo de procedimientos mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución para la purificación de fracciones en los análisis de confirmación. 3.- Incremento de la sensibilidad en el análisis instrumental. - Estudio de la formación de tert-butildimetilsilil derivados como alternativa a los trimestilsilil derivados habitualmente utilizados. - Estudio de la utilización de nueva instrumentación basada en la espectrometría de masas de trampa de iones y en tándem (MS/MS) para alcanzar la sensibilidad y selectividad requerida por los nuevos estánderes impuestos por las organizaciones internacionales del área de la salud, en particular en el deporte.

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Campos, Daniel Rossi de. "\"Detecção de esteróides androgênicos anabólicos por GC/MS em urina de esportistas e alterações séricas bioquímicas e hormonais\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-09082006-131541/.

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A cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (GC/MS) é na atualidade a técnica analítica de escolha para a detecção de esteróides androgênicos anabólicos (EAA) em amostras biológicas. Os EAA, apesar de determinarem alterações endócrinas e bioquímicas graves em seus usuários, são amplamente utilizados no âmbito esportivo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a validação de um método para a detecção de EAA e/ou seus produtos de iotransformação em urina e avaliação de seus efeitos tóxicos sobre os parâmetros séricos laboratoriais. O estudo foi realizado em 20 voluntários freqüentadores de academias da cidade de São Paulo (SP), os quais responderam a um questionário e cederam amostras de urina e sangue. Os dados obtidos dos 10 voluntários usuários de EAA (teste) foram estatisticamente comparados com os de 10 voluntários não usuários (controle). O método analítico validado apresentou-se adequado para a aplicação em programas de controle de dopagem no esporte e os dados séricos demonstraram aumento nos níveis de LDL (178,2 vs 117,6 mg/dL; p< 0.001) e queda nos de HDL (13,8 vs 44,6 mg/dL; p< 0.001), LH (0,45 vs 2,69 mUI/dL; p< 0.001) e FSH (0,67 vs 3,88 mUI/dL; p< 0.001) nos voluntários usuários de EAA. Os questionários demonstraram diferentes padrões de uso para os EAA, os quais eram obtidos sem receita médica em farmácias ou em lojas de suplementos alimentares e utilizados em associação com outros fármacos ou drogas de abuso. Os resultados desse trabalho demonstram alterações no perfil lipoprotéico e supressão do eixo hipofisário em usuários crônicos de EAA, além da necessidade da adoção de ações educativas junto à população expostas a tais substâncias.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been applied as standard analytical method for detection of anabolic steroids (AAS) in biological samples. The AAS have been used extensively in sports, despite of their reported toxicological effects in biochemistry and endocrine profile. The aim of this study was the validation of an analytical method for the detection of AAS and their metabolites in urine samples and evaluation of their effects on blood laboratories parameters. The study was conducted with 20 volunteers of professionally equipped private gym in São Paulo. Urine and blood samples were drawn and a questionnaire was answered. The data from 10 active users of AAS (test group) was statistically compared to 10 nonusers (control group). The optimized method was shown to be suitable for sports antidoping control programs and significant differences were found in laboratory parameters of test group: increase of LDL (178,2 vs 117,6 mg/dL; p< 0.001) and reduction in HDL (13,8 vs 44,6 mg/dL; p< 0.001), LH (0,45 vs 2,69 mUI/dL; p< 0.001) and FSH (0,67 vs 3,88 mUI/dL; p< 0.001) serum levels. The questionnaire demonstrated distinct user\'s profile of AAS, which were bought in drugstores or food supplemental stores and were frequently used in association with other medicines and drugs of abuse. These results indicate that chronic anabolic steroids intakes cause an alteration in serum lipoprotein profile and suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary glandgonad axis as well as the necessity of educational programs to people exposed to AAS.

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Demeslay, Julie. "Organiser la lutte antidopage à l’échelle internationale : une sociologie pragmatique d’un processus d’harmonisation." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100135.

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La motion adoptée dès 1963, à l’issue du colloque d’Uriage-les-Bains, appelle à une unification des réglementations sportives en matière de lutte contre le dopage. Pourtant, à partir des années 1990, des cas et des affaires se multiplient soulignant les dysfonctionnements de réglementations internationales éparses élaborées par des représentants des pouvoirs publics, d’une part, du mouvement olympique, d’autre part. En 1999, près de quarante ans après le premier colloque sur le dopage, l’Agence Mondiale Antidopage (AMA) est créée avec comme mission principale d’harmoniser les règlementations de cette pluralité d’acteurs. Ce travail vise précisément à décrire et analyser ce que font les différents protagonistes dans cette tâche d’harmonisation et, dans une perspective sociologique, à saisir cette figure sociale particulière. Celle-ci met en tension une nécessité de stabiliser des matériaux, des dispositifs et des formes de collaboration avec un minimum de réversibilité et de proposer un travail démocratique qui permette de remettre en question les choix précédents. La création de l’AMA, l’élaboration et la révision du Code mondial antidopage, la mise en conformité des partenaires de l’Agence et la construction d’outils de contrôle et de prévention rendent compte de la façon dont les acteurs tentent de s’accorder en articulant des principes axiologiques, des dispositifs et des pratiques. En cela, une entrée par les critiques et les arguments au fil du temps montre que l’harmonisation consiste en des jeux d’ajustements sur la base de jugements fondés sur l’indépendance de chacun dans ses activités quotidiennes et les degrés de contraintes posés par le processus lui-même
The motion carried from 1963, as the result of the Uriage-les-Bains conference, calls for some rules standardization concerning the fight against doping in sports. But starting in the 1990’s, situations and scandals have tended to increase, emphasizing the dysfunction of scattered international standards elaborated by representatives from local authorities on one side and from the olympic authorities on the other side. In 1999, almost forty years after the first conference on doping in sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is created, meaning to harmonize anti-doping policies and regulations among the great number of protagonists. This particular thesis aims precisely to describe and analyse who does what in this very task of harmonization and, from a sociologic perspective, to understand this particular social figure. It shows the necessity of stabilizing materials, devices and forms of partnerships with a minimum of reversibility and of offering some democratic approach which would allow to question previous choices and orientations. The creation of WADA, processing and updating of the World Anti-Doping Code, compliance of the partners of WADA and building of control and prevention instruments tend to show how the participants are trying to find an agreement combining axiological principles, devices and practices. Thus, entering through critics and arguments in history shows that harmonization is based on adjustment processes which rely on each and every one’s independence in its daily activities and on degrees of constraints inherent in the process of harmonization itself

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Laure, Patrick. "Les représentations du dopage : approche psycho-sociologique." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10003.

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Jusqu'à présent, la plupart des études sur le dopage se sont intéressées à ses aspects médicaux, pharmacologiques et réglementaires. Le but de ce travail est de tenter une nouvelle approche, sociologique, de ce phénomène. Deux grands axes y contribuent. Le premier propose une chronologie de l'évolution des produits dopants en quatre périodes: l'âge de pierre (depuis la nuit des temps à l'aube du XIXe siècle), les premiers pas (du XIXe a 1960), l'âge de déraison (de 1960 à nos jours) et l'avenir. Les principaux déterminants de cette progression sont la naissance du sport moderne, les progrès de la médecine, des facteurs politiques et économiques. On constate que les produits se diversifient rapidement et que leurs usagers les retiennent en fonction de critères oscillant entre la passion et la raison. Le second axe étudie la représentation du dopage dans trois populations qui y sont confrontées: médecins, sportifs, grand public. Les médecins sont indifférents à ce problème. L'indécision caractérise les sportifs, qui méconnaissent les substances qu'ils sont susceptibles de consommer (mode d'action, efficacité, risques), ne parviennent pas à situer le dopage par rapport aux toxicomanies, doutent du pouvoir de la lutte antidopage mais sont unanimes à designer l'athlétisme, le cyclisme et l'haltérophilie comme étant les disciplines les plus touchées par le fléau. Le grand public a changé son appréciation du dopage sportif au cours du temps. Il a commence par l'encourager, puis le condamner et enfin, actuellement, il y semble indifférent. Cette évolution tient peut-être à la représentation qu'il se fait du corps de l'athlète et a ses modifications. Mais le public s'est aussi approprié le dopage sportif pour ses propres besoins et ce phénomène transparait clairement dans la vie quotidienne. Les produits sont souvent identiques à ceux en usage sur les stades

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Belalcazar, Guerrero Viviana. "Validación y caracterización de un método inmuno-electroforético para la detección de eritropoyetina recombinante y análogos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7120.

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El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue el de realizar una validación y caracterización de las posibles variables que pueden afectar la metodología empleada para identificar las isoformas presentes en algunas de las especies de EPO (uEPO, rEPO alfa, rEPO beta y el NESP) tras su identificación mediante la técnica de IEF e inmunodetección

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Tampere, Klaas. "Le traitement juridique d'un fait de dopage." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD046/document.

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Lorsque le sportif professionnel exerce son activité en tant que salarié, il devrait disposer d’un contrat de travail classique soumis au droit commun. Toutefois, la spécificité du monde sportif complexifie les rapports contractuels que peut entretenir un sportif. En effet, la discontinuité des rapports contractuels, conséquence des transferts et prêts dont peuvent faire l’objet des joueurs, ou encore la règlementation sportive mise en place par les autorités sportives font que le législateur a dû s’adapter pour répondre correctement à l’originalité du monde sportif. Il a ainsi introduit, par le biais de la loi du 27 novembre 2015, le contrat à durée déterminée spécifique pour les sportifs et entraîneurs professionnels qui a permis de mettre fin à une incertitude juridique. Mais la spécificité du sport est également liée au rapport délicat qui existe entre les règles purement sportives et la législation étatique. La règlementation antidopage illustre parfaitement ce propos car il n’a vocation à s’appliquer que dans le monde du sport. Ainsi, pour préserver l’équité des manifestations sportives, il a été nécessaire de définir la notion de dopage mais surtout de rendre la lutte internationale en obligeant les différents États à intégrer les règlements en la matière au sein de leurs législations. La rencontre de ces différentes autorités permet d’expliquer la complexité du traitement juridique d’un fait de dopage d’un sportif. En effet, le sportif professionnel va faire face à plusieurs procédures qui peuvent entrer en conflit les uns avec les autres. La première est celle qui se tiendra devant la justice fédérale qui peuvent prononcer une sanction sportive. Les co-contractants du sportif peuvent également introduire une action afin d’obtenir réparation de leurs préjudices. Finalement, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte la possibilité que des poursuites pénales puissent être engagé à l’encontre du sportif qui se rend responsable d’un fait de dopage
When the professionnal sportsman carry out his activity as an employee, he should have a classic work contract subject to the ordinary law. However, the specificity of the sports world further complicate the contractual relationship that the sportsman can have. Indeed, the discontinuity of the contractual relations, resulting of the players’ transfers and loans, or the rules governing sport implimented by the sports authorithies have forced the legislator to adapt himself and to take in account the uniqueness of the sports world. He thus incorporated, through the law of 27th november 2015, a specific fixed-term contract for the professionnal sportsmen and trainers which has put an end to the legal uncertainty. But the specificity of sport is also linked to the delicate balance existing between the purely sporting rules and the state legislation. The anti-doping regulation is a good example of this because it is intended to apply only in the sports world. Therefore, to preserve the fairness during the sport events, is was necessary to define the notion of doping but especially to make the fight international by forcing the different states to adopt the regulations into their legislations. The meeting between these different autorities can explain the complexity of the legal treatment of a doping case. Indeed, the professionnal sportsman will face different procedures who can be in conflict with each other. The first one is the procedure held before the federal justice who can pronounce a sporting sanction. The other contracting partners of the sportsman can also introduce an action to obtain redress for the injury caused. Finally, it is necessary to take in account the possibility that criminal proceedings are taken against the sportsman who is guilty of a doping case

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Gravisse, Nicolas. "Administration de DHEA chez le sujet jeune et sain : effets sur les performances sportives, la composition corporelle et les réponses hormonales." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2059.

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L’administration de déhydroépiandrostérone (DHEA) est interdite par l’Agence Mondiale Anti-dopage (AMA) en raison de son potentiel effet ergogénique. Cet effet serait médié par la transformation de la DHEA en testostérone connue pour son effet anabolisant. Pourtant, l’effet sur les performances sportives a été peu étudié chez l’homme jeune sain et n’a jamais été étudié chez la jeune femme saine. Le principal objectif de notre travail était donc d’évaluer l’effet d’une administration de DHEA de courte durée sur les performances sportives dans ces populations. Dans une étude croisée, randomisée, réalisée en double aveugle, 10 jeunes hommes et 11 jeunes femmes, sportifs de loisir ont ingéré 100 mg/jour de DHEA et un placebo durant deux périodes de 28 jours séparées d’une période de wash-out de 28 jours également. Au début et à la fin de chaque période de traitement, les performances anaérobies et aérobies ont été respectivement évaluées par le Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) et le test navette. Nous avons aussi mesuré la composition corporelle, les réponses physiologiques et psychologiques ainsi que la prise alimentaire. Ni les performances au RAST et au test navette ni la composition corporelle n’ont été significativement modifiées par la prise de DHEA chez les hommes comme chez les femmes. Dans la salive, la DHEA a induit une augmentation conséquente de testostérone chez les femmes (x 20). Cette augmentation a été plus modérée chez l’homme (x 2,3). Parmi les paramètres de la prise alimentaire, seul l’apport en lipides a été augmenté et uniquement chez les hommes. Aucune modification des taux d’adipokines et des paramètres psychologiques n’a été rapportée dans les deux genres. Chez la femme, il serait intéressant de compléter ces travaux par l’administration de multiples doses au cours de la journée
The administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to its potential ergogenic effect. This effect would be mediated by the transformation of DHEA in testosterone, known for its anabolic effect. Yet, the effect on sports performance has received little attention in healthy young men and has never been studied in healthy young women.The main goal of our work was therefore to evaluate the effects of short-term DHEA administration on sports performance for these populations. In a randomized, double blind, crossover study, 10 young men and 11 young women, recreational athletes, have taken 100 mg/day of DHEA and a placebo over two 28-day periods separated by a washout period of 28 days. At the beginning and at the end of each treatment period, anaerobic and aerobic performances were evaluated,respectively with the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) and the 20-m shuttle run test. We have also measured body composition, physiologic and psychologic responses as well as dietary intake. Neither the performances both for RAST and 20-m shuttle run test, nor the body composition have been significantly altered by the DHEA intake in both men and women. In saliva, DHEA has induced a significant increase in testosterone for women (x 20). This increased has been more moderate for men (x 2.3). Among the dietary intake criteria, only the lipid intake has increased and only for men. No change in the adipokine levels and the psychological parameters has been noted for both genders. For women, it would be interesting to complete this work with the administration of multiple doses throughout the day

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Darrioumerle, Guillaume. "La mondialisation de la lutte contre le dopage." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0030.

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La lutte contre le dopage dans le sport est administrée par un corpus de règles homogènes à l’échelle mondiale depuis le début des années 2000. En crise de légitimité après avoir longtemps fonctionné en autonomie, les instances olympiques ont accepté de coordonner leurs efforts avec les pouvoirs publics au sein d’une institution hybride, l’AMA, qui participe à sa manière au phénomène de mondialisation. Le droit antidopage mondialisé se distingue d’abord par sa méthode : pour atteindre l’objectif d’harmonisation et remédier aux conflits de normes, il s’agit d’associer la codification au droit souple et le contentieux étatique à l’arbitrage ; en résulte une homogénéisation des cultures juridiques qui se manifeste autant par l’acceptation de normes que de principes communs. La mondialisation du droit antidopage interpelle ensuite par son discours : tandis que la mondialisation est critiquée pour son manque de sens, la lutte contre le dopage repose sur la définition d’une véritable idéologie qui se trouve amplifiée par l’intervention des pouvoirs publics ; il s’agit alors moins de corriger les excès du marché dans le sport que de satisfaire des besoins collectifs, ce qui aide à appréhender la notion de régulation. Le droit antidopage se révèle ainsi sous des aspects caractéristiques du droit administratif : au nom de l’intérêt général, la réglementation prend tantôt les traits d’une police spéciale, tantôt d’un service public. En fin de compte, ce qui n’était qu’un ambitieux programme s’est traduit par une reconfiguration institutionnelle et normative qui préfigure les contours d’un droit global en formation et bouleverse les perceptions classiques de l’administration
Globalization of fight against doping. The fight against doping in sport has been administered by a body of homogeneous rules on a global scale since the beginning of the 2000s. In a crisis of legitimacy after having worked for a long time in autonomy, the Olympic authorities have agreed to coordinate their efforts with public authorities in a hybrid institution, WADA, which participates in its own way in the phenomenon of globalization. The globalized anti-doping law is distinguished firstly by its method: to achieve the objective of harmonization and to remedy conflicts of norms, it is a question of associating codification with flexible law and litigation with the State with arbitration; the result is a homogenization of legal cultures that manifests itself as much in accepting norms as in common principles. The globalization of anti-doping law then comes into play with its discourse: while globalization is criticized for its lack of meaning, the fight against doping is based on the definition of a true ideology which is amplified by the intervention of the public authorities; it is therefore less a question of correcting the excesses of the market in sport than of satisfying collective needs, which helps to understand the notion of regulation. The anti-doping law thus reveals itself in characteristic aspects of the administrative law: in the name of the general interest, the regulation takes sometimes the features of a special police, sometimes of a public service. In the end, what was only an ambitious program resulted in an institutional and normative reconfiguration that prefigured the contours of a global right in formation and overturned the classic perceptions of the administration

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Ripert, Prescilla Prisilla. "Le contrat de travail du sportif professionnel." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40005.

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Le sportif professionnel employé par une entreprise sportive est aujourd’hui généralement considéré comme un véritable salarié, titulaire de tous les droits et débiteur de toutes les obligations découlant de l’existence d’un contrat de travail. Pendant longtemps, la qualification de contrat de travail a pourtant paru incongrue, en raison de l’originalité de l’environnement normatif propre au domaine sportif.Il est vrai que la situation juridique du sportif salarié est empreinte d’une grande originalité : les transferts et les prêts de joueurs entre clubs, la mise à disposition d’un sportif auprès d’une fédération et l’exploitation commerciale de l’image d’un sportif posent des problèmes qui sont parfois très éloignés des préoccupations classiques du droit du travail.Les apparences sont pourtant trompeuses. Le sportif professionnel est avant tout un salarié, placé dans une situation certes spécifique, mais qui justifie l’application du droit du travail. Le contrat de travail du sportif professionnel est soumis aux exigences du droit : seule une prise en compte des données sportives permet de les adapter.Ces particularités de la relation de travail sportive méritent d’être étudiées, car les questions relatives à la formation, l’exécution et la rupture du contrat de travail du sportif professionnel supposent des réponses adaptées à ses conditions d’emploi
The professional sportsperson who is employed by a sporting firm is generally considered nowadays as a bona fide worker, legally entitled to all of his or her rights and debtor of all the obligations entailed from the existence of a work contract. Yet for a long time the term ‘work contract’ seemed incongruous, given the originality and the normative environment pertaining specifically to the sportsperson.Indeed the legal situation of the wage-earning sportsperson (that is to say all his or her rights and obligations) is very specific; the issue of the transfers and loans of players between clubs, that of the provisioning of an athlete to a federation or of the commercial exploitation of a sportsperson’s image can be far removed from the standard issues of labour law.Appearances are however deceiving. The professional sportsperson is first and foremost a worker, admittedly one who is in a specific situation, but one for whom the application of labour law is justified, except in the case of more favourable conditions. A professional sportsperson’s work contract is subject to the requirements of state law; only when sporting data is taken into account can these requirements be adapted.These specificities in the sporting work relationship deserve to be studied, for the issues concerning training, the implementation and the breach of a sportsperson work contract require answers that are adapted to his or her employment conditions

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Kiss, Agneta Kristina. "Mise en place d'outils analytiques et chimiométriques pour les études métabonomiques de matrices biologiques complexes par Spectrométrie de Masse Haute-Résolution." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10125.

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Mes travaux de thèse mettent en avant le développement de la stratégie métabonomique dans le cadre de deux thématiques d'actualité : le domaine du dopage sportif (Partie A) et celui de l'Exposome (Partie B). La première partie regroupe deux études et a pour objectif d'évaluer la contribution de la métabonomique au développement de nouveaux outils de criblage du dopage. Au cours de ces études, je me suis intéressée à l'analyse non-ciblée d'échantillons d'urine d'athlètes dopés et non- dopés, fournis par l'Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage et par des volontaires. L'originalité de cette démarche réside dans son caractère non-ciblé et plus particulièrement, dans sa capacité à mettre en évidence des perturbations au niveau métabolique grâce à (i) la spectrométrie de masse haute résolution (ToF) et très-haute résolution (FT-ICR) et (ii) l'analyse de données multivariées. Des potentiels biomarqueurs du dopage au tétrahydrocannabinol, salbutamol et budésonide ont ainsi pu être mis en évidence. La deuxième partie de ma thèse a pour objectif d'évaluer l'impact de la vinclozoline sur le système hormonal de rats et répond ainsi aux besoins de la nouvelle réglementation. Pour cette étude, je me suis donc intéressée aux échantillons de testicules de rats ayant subi un traitement à la vinclozoline. De par son caractère compréhensif, l'approche métabonomique m'a permis d'apporter des informations complémentaires aux études ciblées réalisées auparavant. Ces travaux me permettent alors de mettre en évidence les apports et les limites de la stratégie métabonomique par rapport : (1) au choix et à la préparation des échantillons d'origine biologique, (2) aux avantages et aux inconvénients des différentes techniques analytiques, (3) aux possibilités en termes de traitement des données, (4) aux exigences statistiques et (5) à la valeur biologique des résultats obtenus
My research work highlights the development of a metabonomic strategy through two topical issues: the doping in sport (Part A) and the Exposome (Part B). The first part includes two studies and aims to assess the contribution of metabonomics to the development of new screening tools. During these studies, I focused on the non-targeted analysis of clean and doped urine samples provided by the French Anti-Doping Agency and by volunteers. The originality of this approach lies in its non-targeted nature and, particularly, in its ability to highlight metabolic disruptions by (i) high-resolution (ToF) and very high-resolution (FT ICR) mass spectrometry and (ii) the analysis of multivariate data. The implemented strategy revealed several potential biomarkers for the use of tetrahydrocannabinol, budesonide and salbutamol. The second part of this thesis aims to evaluate the impact of vinclozolin on the hormonal system of rats and thus meets the requirements of the new regulations. For this study, I focused on testes extracts coming from rats treated with vinclozolin. Due to its comprehensive nature, the metabonomic study provided additional information to the previous targeted approach. All these results highlight the contributions and the limitations of metabonomics with regard to: (1) the choice and the preparation of biological samples, (2) the advantages and disadvantages of different analytical techniques, (3) the opportunities in terms of data processing, (4) the statistical requirements and (5) the biological value of the results

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Favre, Armelle. "La communication engageante au service de la prévention des conduites dopantes chez des adolescents sportifs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3108.

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L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de tester l'efficacité du paradigme de la communication engageante appliqué à la prévention des conduites dopantes. Les conduites dopantes sont la consommation de substances (principalement des drogues licites ou illicites) afin d’améliorer les performances physiques et psychologiques. Dans le sport, certaines de ces substances sont interdites et les conduites dopantes sont simplement appelées "dopage". Les conduites dopantes, et bien plus encore dans le sport, sont souvent considérées comme problématiques car elles peuvent générer des risques pour la santé et également de la tricherie. Trois recherches-actions sont réalisées. La première, auprès de 52 sportifs de haut niveau volontaires, montre que l'engagement semble produire un effet allant dans le sens d’une meilleure prévention du dopage. La deuxième étude teste un dispositif de communication engageante avec 111 athlètes d’élite volontaires : les résultats montrent une diminution de la consommation des compléments alimentaires, excitants et substances contre la douleur, en condition libre choix et actes publics. La troisième recherche se déroulait dans le contexte réel d’une prévention. Les résultats des 760 élèves montrent une diminution de la consommation de tabac et de cannabis après l'action de communication engageante, et une augmentation de l'affirmation de soi. Une réflexion sur l’application et la faisabilité du paradigme de la communication engageante appliquée au domaine de la prévention est proposée en fin de thèse
The aim of this work is to test the effectiveness of the binding communication paradigm applied to doping behavior prevention. A doping behavior is the use of a substance (mainly a licit or an illicit drug) with the aim to enhance physical or psychological performance. In sports, some of these substances are prohibited, and doping behaviors are simply named "doping". Doping behaviors, and much more doping in sport, are often regarded as problematic, because they may generate health hazards, and cheating as well. Three studies are conducted. The first one, among 52 top-level volunteers athletes, shows that commitment seems to produce an effect which is in line with a better doping prevention. The second study tests a "committing communication" device with 111 elite volunteers athletes: results show a decrease in consumption of dietary supplements, stimulating products and substances against pain, with conditions of free choice and public acts. The third search occurs in the real context of a prevention. The 760 pupils' results show a decrease of tobacco and cannabis consumption after "committing communication" action, and increasing self-affirmation. A reflexion on the application and feasibility of the binding communication paradigm applied to the field of prevention is proposed at the end of the thesis

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Meziri, Fayçal. "Influence de l'érythropoïétine recombinante humaine sur les fonctions cardiovasculaire et rénale chez le rat présentant une dysfonction endothéliale : effets des interactions avec l'exercice chronique." Thesis, Avignon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AVIG0707/document.

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L'administration chronique de rHuEPO peut engendrer de graves effets secondaires. Une augmentation de l’hématocrite provoquée par la rHuEPO, en augmentant l'érythrocytose, la viscosité sanguine et les forces de cisaillement à la surface vasculaire, peut être responsable d'hypertension artérielle (HTA) et de thromboses artérielles. La présence d'une fonction endothéliale normale et de monoxyde d'azote (NO) peut contrer les effets délétères thrombogène et hypertenseur de l'EPO. Sur ces bases, nous avons étudié les effets cardiovasculaires d'une administration chronique de rHuEPO dans différentes situations : dans le cadre du dopage, chezdes rats "sportifs" présentant une dysfonction endothéliale NO-dépendante induite par l'administration chronique de L-NAME et dans le cadre d'un traitement chez des rats urémiques développant une dysfonction endothéliale NO-dépendante résultante d'une néphrectomie de 5/6de la masse rénale. Chez nos rats entrainés, dopés et traités au L-NAME, nous avons observé une altération de la performance physique avec une mortalité importante (51%). Une HTA sévères'est développée chez ces rats, avec des valeurs de pression artérielle (> 220 mmHg) bien plusélevées que celles des rats recevant le L-NAME seul, associée à une altération de la vasorelaxation NO-dépendante aortique (< 60%). Les rats insuffisants rénaux (IRC) ont eux aussi montré une augmentation de la pression artérielle et une dysfonction endothéliale en réponse àl'acétylcholine au niveau de l'aorte et en réponse à une élévation du flux au niveau de l'artère mésentérique perfusée. Ces différents paramètres ont été améliorés par l'exercice. Les coupes de rein colorées au rouge Sirius ont montré une fibrose accentuée chez les rats CKD. La fibrose, la créatinémie et l'albuminurie ont été diminuées par l'exercice seul mais ont été aggravées chez les rats du groupe CKD+EPO+Ex. L'activité NADPH oxydase et l'expression des Nox4, p67phox etMAPK erk1/2 ont été augmentées chez les les rats CKD. L'exercice ou la rHuEPO ont prévenuces augmentations. Cependant, l'activité de la NAD(P)H oxydase et l’expression des MAPKerk1/2 sont restées élevées dans le rein des rats CKD+EPO+Ex. Nos données suggèrent que l'exercice seul a un effet protecteur contre les dysfonctions vasculaire et rénale et la fibrose rénale. Ces effets protecteurs sont associés à une inhibition de l'activité de la NADPH oxydase et des voies de signalisation MAPK erk1/2. Par contre, l'exercice combiné avec le traitement rHuEPO, a des effets délétères sur la structure et la fonction rénale des rats CKD. Ces effets nocifs semblent liés à la stimulation de la NADPH oxydase et des voies de signalisation MAPKerk1/2. Malgré les effets protecteurs cardiovasculaire et rénal de l'entraînement physique, ces résultats mettent en évidence que la fonction rénale peut être potentiellement endommagée ainsique la structure du rein en combinant l'exercice avec le traitement rHuEPO dans l'insuffisance rénale. En conclusion, nous pouvons dire que la rHuEPO affecte gravement la fonction cardiovasculaire du rat entraîné présentant une dysfonction endothéliale. Ce risque étant fatal,beaucoup de sportifs, voulant augmenter leur performance, mettent leur vie en danger. Par ailleurs, ayant remarqué les effets délétères au niveau rénal, en associant exercice et traitement rHuEPO dans des conditions expérimentales sur un modèle d'insuffisance rénale, nous suggérons une investigation clinique afin de vérifier la transposition de nos résultats aux patients insuffisants rénaux
The chronic administration of rHuEPO can engender side effects. An increase of the hematocritinduced by rHuEPO, by increasing the erythrocytosis, the blood viscosity and the shear stress onvascular surface, can be responsible of arterial high blood pressure and arterial thrombosis. Thepresence of a normal endothelial function and nitric oxide (NO) can counter the noxious effectsof rHuEPO. On these bases, we studied the cardiovascular effects of a chronic administration ofrHuEPO in various frames: within doping field, to trained rats with L-NAME-induced NOdependentendothelial dysfunction and within the framework of a treatment, to chronic kidneydisease (CKD) rats developing endothelial dysfunction caused by the "5/6 nephrectomy". In ourdoped rats, we observed an important mortality (51%). A severe arterial high blood pressuredeveloped in these rats (> 220 mmHg) associated with an impairment of the NO-dependentvasorelaxation (< 60 %). CKD rats also showed an increase in blood pressure and an endothelialdysfunction, in response to acetylcholine in the aorta and in response to a rise in flow in perfusedmesenteric artery. These parameters were improved by exercise. Kidney sections stained withSirius red showed marked fibrosis in CKD rats. Fibrosis, creatinine and albumin were decreasedby exercise alone but were increased in rats from the CKD + EPO + Ex group. NAD(P)H oxidaseactivity and the expression of Nox4, p67phox, and MAPK erk1/2 were increased in CKDrats. Exercise or rHuEPO prevented these increases. However, the NAD(P)H oxidase activityand the expression of MAPK erk1/2 remained high in the kidney of rats from the CKD+EPO+Exgroup. Our data suggest that exercise alone has a protective effect against vascular and renaldysfunction and renal fibrosis. These protective effects are linked to the downregulation of theNADPH oxidase activity and MAPK erk1/2 signaling pathways. However, exercise combinedwith rHuEPO treatment has deleterious effects on kidney structure and function in CKDrats. These adverse effects appear to be related to the stimulation of NADPH oxidase and MAPKerk1/2 signaling pathways. Despite the cardiovascular and renal protective effects of physicaltraining, these results highlight the potentially damaging renal function and structure bycombining exercise with rHuEPO therapy in renal failure. In conclusion, we can say that therHuEPO affects seriously cardiovascular function in trained rat with endothelial dysfunction. Thisrisk being fatal, many sportsmen, looking to increase their performance, put their life in danger.Moreover, having noticed the deleterious effects in the kidney by combining exercise andrHuEPO therapy under experimental conditions on a model of renal failure, we suggest a clinicalinvestigation to verify the transposition of our results to patients with renal failure

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Dadi, Hala. "Analyse par spectrométrie de masse des tubulines et de l'hormone de croissance." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS582.

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Les tubulines sont des protéines impliquées dans des processus biologiques essentiels à la vie cellulaire. Elles sont polymodifiées en leurs extrémités C-terminales. Différentes techniques ont été utilisées pour caractériser les polymodifications des tubulines. Mais certaines difficultés persistent concernant l’indentification fine de plusieurs structures. Le couplage de spectrométrie de masse à la mobilité ionique représente une avancée technique plus pertinente pour la séparation d’isomères de structures. En effet, la mobilité ionique peut séparer des ions de même rapport m/z en fonction de leur conformation. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, une analyse par mobilité ionique et spectrométrie de masse en tandem a permis la séparation de deux peptides de synthèse mimant des peptides C-terminaux de tubuline α diglycylés. L’hormone de croissance (GH) est une hormone anabolique et un agent dopant pour les sportifs. La disponibilité de la hGH recombinante (rhGH) dans le marché noir a augmenté la fréquence du dopage à la GH. Les tests antidopage approuvés par l’agence mondiale d’antidopage sont confrontés à certaines limites. Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, des analyses comparatives de la hGH naturelle et la rhGH ont été réalisées par spectrométrie de masse couplée à la chromatographie liquide en phase inverse pour trouver une différence chimique entre la hGH naturelle et la rhGH. La hGH naturelle extraite des glandes pituitaires de cadavres est glycosylée alors que la rhGH n’est pas modifiée. De manière intéressante, cette glycosylation se trouve sur un peptide protéospécifique de la hGH. Ce travail ouvre une piste pour le développement d’une nouvelle méthodologie pour les tests anti-dopage à la GH
The tubulins are proteins involved in cellular processes that are essential for cell life. The tubulins are polymodified at their C-terminal extremities. Different techniques have been used to characterize the polymodifications of tubulins. However, some challenges remain in the fine identification of some structures. In fact, mass spectrometry ion mobility can separate ions of the same m/z ratio depending on their conformations. In the first part of this thesis, an ion mobility mass spectrometry analysis allowed the separation of two synthetic peptides that mimic the structure of C-terminal peptides of biglycylated α-tubulins. In order to extrapolate this type of experiment to the C-terminal peptides purified from biological tubulins, we employed an analytical process to analyze these peptides from purified brain tubulins. Growth hormone (GH) is an anabolic hormone and a doping agent used by athletes. The availability of rhGH in the black-market has continuously increased because of doping in sports. The natural and the biosynthetic hGH have identical peptidic sequences. So far, the valid hGH anti-doping tests by the world antidoping agency are based on immunological recognition. However, Immunoassays have their own limitations. Therefore, the next generation analysis of GH has to be more specific and accurate. In the second part of this thesis, mass spectrometry coupled to reversed phase chromatography was used to find chemical differences between the pituitary hGH and the rhGH. The pituitary extracted hGH is glycosylated whereas the biotech product is sugar free. The present work represents an opening towards a novel methodology for a novel hGH anti-doping test

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Verchère, Raphaël. "Travail, ordre et discipline : la société sportive et ses tensions." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30051/document.

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Dès son origine anglaise au XIXe siècle dans les public schools, le sport répondait à des impératifs stratégiques allant du contrôle des populations étudiantes, jusqu'au projet plus vaste de formation d'une élite conquérante. Dans l'importation en France du sport, Pierre de Coubertin posa des objectifs similaires, désirant réformer une société jugée en crise. Le sport, caractérisé par une liberté encadrée et régulée, se heurta dans ce projet à la gymnastique, autre mode de contrôle des populations en vigueur dans les pratiques corporelles, marqué par le disciplinaire. Surtout, tel que pensé par Coubertin, le caractère du sport est fondamentalement ambivalent, étant à la fois aliénant et émancipateur. Cette ambiguïté se cristallise dans la question de l'égalitarisme. En effet, le sport, fondamentalement aristocratique au sens où il ne profite qu'aux forts physiquement, parvient paradoxalement à se présenter comme une pure méritocratie où le rang de chacun serait uniquement dépendant des efforts fournis, produisant ainsi ordre et travail. Cette représentation méritocratique du sport s'est cependant construite tout au long du XXe siècle, répondant à un progressif oubli de son caractère aristocratique. Toutefois, malgré les évolutions des discours, le fait sportif demeure aristocratique, tant physiologiquement que psychologiquement. Des résistances naissent : celles du sport lui-même, qui ne parvient pas à se réduire au seul mérite ; celles des sportifs, qui élaborent des stratégies qualifiées de délictueuses (triche, dopage, etc.) afin de subvertir l'aristocratie sportive. Des corps utiles, des âmes travailleuses et des caractères soumis sont ainsi produits par cette dialectique du mérite. Le sport exemplifie les valeurs du mérite et tâche d'en imposer la logique, en se constituant comme un dispositif se généralisant peu à peu à tous les champs de la société
From its British beginning in the XIXth century in the public schools, sport was meant for the strategic imperatives of controlling student populations and at a larger scale for training a dominating elite. Pierre de Coubertin has set similar goals when importing sport in France, wanting to reform a society considered in crisis. Sport, characterized by a framed and regulated freedom, faced gymnastics, the established method of population control by body practice, characterized by discipline. Above all, as thought by Coubertin, the sport characteristic is fundamentally ambivalent, being both alienating and emancipating. This ambiguity crystallize itself in the issue of egalitarianism. Sport, fundamentally aristocratic in the sense that it benefits only to physically strong people, paradoxically succeeds to show itself as a pure meritocracy where ranking is solely dependent of the provided efforts, thus producing order and work. This meritocratic representation of sport has built itself throughout the XXth century, gradually replacing its aristocratic characteristic. However, despite the evolutions of speeches, the sporting fact remains aristocratic, both on physiological and psychological sides. Some resistances arise: those of sport itself, which can not reduce itself to the sole merit; those of the sportsmen, who elaborate strategies described as unlawful (cheating, doping, etc.) in order to subvert the sport aristocracy. Useful bodies, hardworking minds, submissive personalities are thus produced by this dialectic of merit. Sport exemplifies the values of merit and try to compel its logic, by constituting itself as an apparatus which gradually extends to all fields of the society

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Soek, Janwillem. "The strict liability principle and the human rights of the athlete in doping cases Het "strict-liability"-beginsel en de mensenrechten van de atleet in dopingzaken /." 2006. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 356-367). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

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Van, Aswegen Mariaan. "The knowledge, attitudes and use of performance enhancing substances and supplements among male high school first- and second team athletes in the central metropolitan area of Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15239.

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Title: The knowledge, attitudes and use of performance enhancing substances and supplements among male High-school first and second team athletes in the metropolitan area of Cape Town, South Africa. Objective: Pressure to perform and to achieve success is to many high school athletes the overbearing goal and reality. Many are willing to use substances to achieve their goals even at the expense of their health and wellbeing. Four objectives emanated from this research: To determine the most frequently used sport performance enhancing substances and supplements (PESS) by male high school athletes; to evaluate the prevalence and use of PESS; to determine the main sources of information on PESS to determine the knowledge and lastly to determine the perceptions and attitudes of male high school athletes on PESS usage. Design: This study used a prospective cross sectional survey design. A self-administered questionnaire was employed to assess the participant’s knowledge, perceptions, attitude toward and use of PESS. The selected sample was male athletes in high schools in the central metropolitan area in Cape Town that were involved in competitive sports at the first and second team level. Results: One hundred and twenty two male athletes from four schools in the central metropolitan area of Cape Town participated. No serious PESS use was found. The main first choice of reported sources of information regarding PESS was pharmacists (21.3%), biokineticists (16.4%) and the internet (16.4%). The participants’ knowledge, perception and attitude toward the use of PESS was found to be poor. Conclusion: Most athletes reported to gather information from pharmacists (21.3%) and biokineticists which is encouraging since it is expected of these professionals to provide sound advice. It is suggested to create awareness among such professionals regarding use of PESS by this population and to incorporate organizations such as SAIDS and WADA as part of this dissemination of knowledge. The knowledge, perceptions and attitude toward PESS use by male high school athletes appears to be lacking thus indicating the need for more education on PESS.

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Suchý, Aleš. "Doping na vrcholných světových soutěžích v atletice v 21. století." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-382912.

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This diploma thesis investigates the extent to which athletes competing in 21st century world athletic competitions, ie OH and MS in athletics, violated anti-doping rules. The main aim is to find out which disciplines at the world's top athletics competitions, ie World Championships in Athletics and the Olympic Games, most frequently appeared in the 21st Century of Doping, and from which countries were athletes who contributed most to the use of doping. The secondary objective is to find out which prohibited substances or methods were most used in the athletic world competitions under study.

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Frydrychová, Zita. "Doping a management ve vrcholovém sportu." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353273.

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Title: Doping and management in elite sport Objectives: The main aim of this diploma thesis is to find the opinions of the cardinal representatives from professional sport, i.e. top sports officials and elite sportsmans, to doping, who may have the different attitudes to this issue from their position and roles. Methods: In this diploma thesis were used two methods for collection of data. Specifically, the method of questionnaires and semi-structured interview method. Mixed type of research was selected due to deeper into the issue. In the diploma thesis was also used the method of analysis or comparison, mostly to gather sufficient information for the development of theoretical foundations of work. Results: Results of mixed research are interpreted in the research of this diploma thesis. The results of this study found the opinion of the cardinal representatives from professional sport, sports managers and the elite sportsmans, to doping. The results can serve as a basis for future research in this area, for example, when comparing the sports company to the general public, as to whether individuals who show more willingness in the use of doping, they have a different attitude to their body and health than individuals who do not want to show this willingness. Keywords: doping, management, sports...

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Krupauerová, Martina. "Doping ve sportu a rozhodčí řízení s ním spojené." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-346793.

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This diploma thesis aims to describe and examine the legal framework of the anti-doping system, which is a phenomenon of top-level sport, i.e. the rules controlling institutions, legal rules, arbitration procedure etc. At the beginning of the thesis, the author would like to describe to its readers the history and the origin of the term "doping" as itself and how it developed both in the modern sport history and also as a term important for arbitral proceedings. Next chapter is related to the system of the testing, starting with a preventive control ad testing related to it. Numerous chapters present together an extensive overview of the anti- doping program, the legal system related to it and its debated issues with connections to several legal branches. After the testing proves a positive finding, the sportsmen face a serious risk of being punished (if some of the exception do not apply) because of the strict liability. Since this kind of liability might seem harsh for many, the author presents to readers both the opinions in favor of this system and against its use. The anti-doping system and its rules, the World Anti- Doping Code, changes continuously, therefore author decided to also stress out the most important changes which were brought with the last amendment of the Code, which is effective...

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Hunt, Thomas Mitchell 1978. "Drug games: the international politics of doping and the Olympic movement, 1960-2007." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3255.

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The widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs among elite athletes is the most important policy problem in modern Olympic history. Although several works have addressed the subject (a few of which are admittedly excellent), they have been limited either temporally or by a lack of access to archival sources of information. Based on research in both American and foreign archives, this dissertation complements earlier, path-breaking works by tracing the evolution of Olympic doping policy from 1960 to the present. Olympic policymakers first seriously considered the subject of doping after suspicions arose that the death of Danish cyclist Knud Jensen at the 1960 Rome Olympic Games was triggered by the use of amphetamines. For most of the next decade, these officials attempted to define the doping problem and struggled to formulate a program for its solution. An international politics of doping consequently developed, under which the various bodies of the Olympic governance structure failed, due to their divergent interests and jurisdictions, to implement a coordinated plan. Until recently, administrators working at all levels of this organizational system tended to formulate doping policies with the idea of dampening the effects of public controversy. In addition, the influence of the Cold War on the Olympics exacerbated the situation, as national governments on both sides of the Iron Curtain, believing that success in the Olympic medals race was essential to their images abroad, condoned the use of ergogenic aids among elite competitors. It was not until Canadian track star Ben Johnson tested positive for an anabolic steroid after setting a new world record in the one-hundred meter sprint at the 1988 Seoul Games that a different policy direction was initiated. The involvement of national governments after the scandal led eventually to the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in November 1999. The consolidation of regulatory authority in this agency has transformed the issue of doping in the Olympics from a combined political and scientific problem to one based more appropriately on the latter.
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He, Dongwan. "The impact of recent policy revisions addressing doping and gender rules on women track and field student-athletes in China." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30672.

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Women’s involvement in sport has remained a critical issue in society for several decades. Sex verification and drug testing are two methods that have been used to regulate women’s eligibility to compete in international sports competitions based on their testosterone levels. Organizations such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) have published and updated policies and rules that set eligibility criteria for who can compete in women’s sport and under what conditions. However, the academic literature addressing Chinese women’s perspectives on international sex verification and drug testing policies available in English is extremely limited. This study investigates how recent policy revisions regarding doping and sex eligibility rules impact women student- athletes competing in track and field at the university level in China. Using qualitative research methods, this thesis analyzes the impact of recent doping and gender policies on a sample of Chinese female student-athletes.
October 2015

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Yatsynych, Oksana. "Revisão das características farmacológicas do Meldonium. Uso no desporto como doping." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/82169.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Medicina do Desporto apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina
O Meldonium é um análogo estrutural do precursor da Carnitina, cujo mecanismo principal é inibir a síntese da Carnitina que é um transportador de FA do citoplasma para o interior da mitocôndria, local onde estes são oxidados. O principal objetivo da ação do Meldonium é alteração o processo da produção de ATP da oxidação dos ácidos gordos (FA), que requer alto consumo de oxigênio, até à glicólise, que aumenta da eficiência da produção de ATP. Nos certos países, o Meldonium é utilizado na prática médica para a normalização de funcionamento das estruturas celulares expostas a falta de oxigenação e é indicado para fins terapêuticos nas doenças cardiovasculares, metabólicas, neurológicas, nos períodos pós-operatórios e no caso de síndrome de abstinência no alcoolismo crónico. Devido ao crescente número de evidências sobre o uso indevido no desporto, em 2015 o Meldonium entrou no Programa de Monitorização de WADA. Durante a realização de Jogos Europeus em Baku em 2015, foi realizada uma analise, que revelou o Meldonium em grande parte dos atletas. Em geral o Meldonium foi detectado em 15 modalidades de desporto das 21. Em 2016 o Meldonium foi incluído na Lista de substâncias e métodos proibidos em todos os períodos (dentro e fora de competições). O objetivo do trabalho foi analizar os dados científicos disponíveis sobre o Meldonium e tentar chegar a uma conclusão se a substância de fato tem um efeito estimulante no organismo humano.Os estudos que foram realizados sobre o Meldonium, não têm um alto nível de evidência e até esta altura não existem resultados que claramente confirmem ou neguem as propriedades do Meldonium como doping.
Meldonium is a structural analogue of the Carnitine precursor, whose main mechanism is to inhibit the synthesis of Carnitine, which is a carrier of FA from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, where they are oxidized. The main objective of the action of Meldonium is to alter the ATP production process of fatty acid oxidation (FA), which requires high oxygen uptake to glycolysis, which increases the efficiency of ATP production.In certain countries, Meldonium is used in medical practice to normalize the functioning of cellular structures exposed to lack of oxygenation and is indicated for therapeutic purposes in cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological diseases in the postoperative periods and in the case of withdrawal syndrome not chronic alcoholism.Due to increasing evidence of misuse in sport, in 2015 Meldonium entered the WADA Monitoring Program. During the European Games in Baku in 2015, an analysis was performed, which revealed the Meldonium in 66 athletes of the 762 (8.7%) during and before the competitions and in 22 athletes (of which 13 winners) of the 662 (3 , 5%), who personally announced the use of Meldonium. In general, Meldonium was detected in 15 sports modalities of 21. In 2016, Meldonium was included in the List of prohibited substances and methods in all periods (inside and outside competitions). The objective of the study was to analyze the available scientific data on Meldonium and to try to reach a conclusion as to whether the substance actually has a stimulating effect on the human body. Studies that have been conducted on Meldonium do not have a high level of evidence and to date there are no results that clearly confirm or deny the properties of Meldonium as doping.

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Ornstová, Kateřina. "Antidopingová praxe v řízení ruského sportu." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-379241.

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Title: Russian Sport Management Anti-doping Practice Objectives: I would like to point up how is practical antidoping working in Russia in sport. Sanction which were imposition to Russia in sports world and approach Russia sports mentality. I the end found out public opinions about this problem. Methods: Document analysis, internet questionair, interview. Results: I am combinating results from my work with explanation how is antidoping politics working in Russia and on the world. The results containing Russia sanctions and opinions of respondents to doping problemations. Keywords: Sport, Doping, Anti-doping Convention, Sports legislation, IOC.

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Lebl, Ondřej. "Mezinárodní sportovní právo s důrazem na problematiku dopingu ve sportu." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-345384.

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International sports law with emphasis on issue of doping in sports Key words: international sports law, doping, WADA The aim of this thesis is to describe environment and character of sports law on the one hand and to thoroughly analyse the doping issue in sports as one of highly topical fields of sports law on the other hand. After a general introduction, the second chapter describes problems of definition of the term 'sports' itself and subsequently the relation between sports and law as two distinct phenomena with norms of different nature. Terminological suitability of usage of term 'sports law' commonly used for relation between sports and law is also examined. The third chapter is already focused on international sports, since the international character is a typical attribute of sports law. Crucial characteristics determining the international character of sports law, as the pyramid structure of sports organizations, are explained. The following chapter concerns in more detail international organizations and treaties in the field of sports and their character with respect to public international law. Emphasized is the distinction between governmental and non-governmental international organizations. The thesis does not forget to point out case law, which has a crucial significance for establishment...

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Doping in sports. Doping in sports Athletes Doping in sports'

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