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1
Tuakli-Wosornu, YA, EC Moses, M. Amick, and K. Grimm. "Cherry-Picking and Lemon-Dropping Lessons from Anti-Doping to Boost Abuse Prevention in Sport." Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine 72, no. 4 (June 20, 2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2021.479.
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Unethical behaviors in sport are a matter of global concern. The current surge in reports on abuse of athletes across Sports and all over the world is reminiscent of the doping scandals in the 1980s and 1990s that made many believe that doping was endemic in sport. This realization eventually led to a concerted effort of sport stakeholders and the founding of the World Anti-Doping Agency, which has since established itself as the world’s governing body in anti-doping with substantial influence and power. Framing the history and trajectory of anti-doping as a precedent of what has worked and what has not in righting sports’ wrongs, this review asks: what can the two-decades-long anti-doping ‘fight’ teach us about protecting athletes from abuse? Exploring various aspects from the effectiveness of external Regulation and the challenges of a centralized legalistic approach to athlete health protection and accountability, several lessons that have implications for safeguarding athletes can be identified. Behavior change is a long and demanding process for individuals and organizations. Centering athletes’ voices and lived experiences in practical research approaches while integrating multi-sector stakeholders can help ensure that methods and findings are fit-for-purpose and inform effective, sustainable athlete-safeguarding practices, programs, and policies.
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Elmar qızı Şahbazlı, Nəzrin. "Problems and solutions occurred for using doping substances." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/213-216.
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Doping is now a global problem that follows international sporting events worldwide. International sports federations, led by the International Olympic Committee and World Anti-Doping Agency have for the past half century attempted to stop the spread of this problem, with little effect. It was expected that, with educational programs, testing, and supportive medical treatment, this substance-abusing behavior would decrease. Unfortunately, this has not been the case. In fact, new, more powerful and undetectable doping techniques and substances are now abused by professional athletes, while sophisticated networks of distribution have developed. Professional athletes are often the role models of adolescent and young adult populations, who often mimic their behaviors, including the abuse of drugs. This review of doping within international sports is to inform the international psychiatric community and addiction treatment professionals of the historical basis of doping in sport and its spread to vulnerable athletic and non-athletic populations. Keywords: doping, harmful aspects, existing problems, control of doping, ethics of sports
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Anderson, Jack. "Doping, sport and the law: time for repeal of prohibition?" International Journal of Law in Context 9, no. 2 (June 2013): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552313000050.
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AbstractThis article concerns the legal issues that surround the prohibition of doping in sport. The current policy on the use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sport is underpinned by both a paternalistic desire to protect athletes' health and the long-term integrity or ‘spirit’ of sport. The policy is put into administrative effect globally by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which provides the regulatory and legal framework through which the vast majority of international sports federations harmonise their anti-doping programmes. On outlining briefly both the broad administrative structures of international sport's various anti-doping mechanisms, and specific legal issues that arise in disciplinary hearings involving athletes accused of doping, this article questions the sustainability of the current ‘zero tolerance’ approach, arguing, by way of analogy to the wider societal debate on the criminalisation of drugs, and as informed by Sunstein and Thaler's theory of libertarian paternalism, that current policy on anti-doping has failed. Moreover, rather than the extant moral and punitive panic regarding doping in sport, this article, drawing respectively on Seddon's and Simon's work on the history of drugs and crime control mentality, contends that, as an alternative, harm reductionist measures should be promoted, including consideration of the medically supervised use of certain PEDs.
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Vlad, Robert Alexandru, Gabriel Hancu, Gabriel Cosmin Popescu, and Ioana Andreea Lungu. "Doping in Sports, a Never-Ending Story ?" Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 8, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2018.062.
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Through doping, we understand the use by athletes of substances prohibited by the anti-doping agencies in order to gain a competitive advantage. Since sport plays an important role in physical and mental education and in promoting international understanding and cooperation, the widespread use of doping products and methods has consequences not only on health of the athletes, but also upon the image of sport. Thus, doping in sports is forbidden for both ethical and medical reasons. Narcotics and analgesics, anabolic steroids, hormones, selective androgen receptor modulators are among the most frequently utilized substances. Although antidoping controls are becoming more rigorous, doping and, very importantly, masking doping methods are also advancing, and these are usually one step ahead of doping detection techniques. Depending on the sport practiced and the physical attributes it requires, the athletes will look for one or more of the following benefits of doping: recovering from an injury, increasing body recovery capacity after training, increasing muscle mass and strength, decreasing fat tissue, increasing endurance. Finally, when we look once again at a doping scandal, amazed at how much animosity against those caught can exist; the question is: is it really such a disaster as presented by the media or a silent truth under our eyes, but which many of us have refused to accept?
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Usichenko, Taras I., Vasyl Gizhko, and Michael Wendt. "Goal-Directed Acupuncture in Sports—Placebo or Doping?" Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep210.
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The modern pentathlon (MP), sports discipline including fencing, swimming, steeplechase and a cross-country run, requires a rapid change of central nervous and peripheral neuromuscular activity from one sport to another in order to achieve the best possible results. We describe the case where a top MP athlete was supported by a program of acupoint stimulation, which was directed to relieve the symptoms, preventing him from effective performance. Although the fact of acupoint stimulation was associated with improvement of his results, other factors like training effect, placebo and nonspecific physiological effects and their mechanisms in sports are discussed in a literature review. The popularity of complementary and alternative medicine methods among the athletes raises the question of their potential misuse as a doping in competitive sports.
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Putzke, Holm, Aleksey Tarbagaev, Аleksandr Nazarov, and Ludmila Maiorova. "Criminal Liability for Using Doping in Sport: German Experience - an Example for Russia?" Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 856–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(5).856-867.
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The use of doping in sport is quite widespread at present. Primarily, it concerns professional and high level sport, where the best performance results in high income and profitable endorsement deals. It creates a temptation to improve the natural sport achievements through the use of doping. The public danger of such actions is evident: doping not only poses a threat for the athlete’s health, it also, from the viewpoint of justice, infringes on the interests of those athletes who, out of principle, never use prohibited substances and (or) methods to improve their performance in sports. Besides, such actions considerably reduce the educational effect of sport, including the declared honesty and fairness of competition. Finally, the use of doping misleads fans, spectators and sponsors of sports competitions. The authors analyze German criminal anti-doping legislation and assess the possibilities of using some of its clauses to improve Russian criminal law norms that provide for criminal liability in the cases of doping-related crimes. They show if it is possible to use the athletes’ laboratory doping tests, probes, etc. as well as the official decisions of international, national disciplinary bodies and sport courts in criminal proceedings in connection with the well-known principle of nemo tenetur («nobody is bound to incriminate himself» — equivalent to the clause of Art. 51 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) while taking into account the prejudice principles of Russia and Germany.
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Elmar qızı Şahbazlı, Nəzrin. "Prohibited doping substances and methods, their definition. Doping control procedure." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 21, 2021): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/147-150.
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Doping by humans, both in competitions and on a daily basis, remains a major health problem in modern times. There are many growing body of evidences on the negative health effects of using doping. Doping-is the use of substances that will artificially increase their performance and harm the physical and psychological health of the athlete during a race or in preparation for a game. Worldwide doping controls are carried out in accordance with the Code and the International Standard for Testing (IST). Athletes who compete at the international and national level may be tested anytime, anywhere. Specially trained and accredited doping control personnel carry out all tests. The doping control procedure is clearly defined for all anti-doping organizations in the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI). Key words: doping substances, sports, harmful substance, fairplay, health, control of doping, methods of doping
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Ignjatović, Aleksandar, Živorad Marković, Slađana Stanković, and Boban Janković. "Anti-Doping through the Pedagogical Approach." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spes-2016-0019.
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AbstractAnti-doping programs need to preserve and promote what is essential in sport and that is sport spirit and achieving perfection through the development of its own natural talents, in order to raise awareness about the importance of fair play and creating an environment that supports the sport without doping. These programs should be directed to the athletes and young people by creating a positive and long-term impact on the choices they make. Thanks to games that are used for children in preschool and primary school age it is possible to efficiently and timely impact on the development character and virtues because it is incomparably more difficult to form character and moral values in already formed athletes than in childrens who are just getting to know the world of sport and everything what he is carries. Childrens need to be instilled the importance of physical exercise and the importance of participation in sport without prohibited resources and methods that roughly violate the ideal of fair play and on that way promote at childrens health, fairness and equality for all athletes. Fair play was created out of chivalry and gentlemanly in the middle ages where many reformers proposed sport and games with the aim of education and strengthening moral values in children. Teaching children the ideals of fair play in which the sport is based, and their continued involvement in sports activities with special accent on the pedagogical aspect leads to raising the awareness of moral values and ideals of sports chivalry. Developing awareness among children about fair play and anti-doping implies greater satisfaction with the results achieved in sports activities, which is a win at all costs and with the use of illegal resourses worthless, and victors would not be able to refer to with pride.
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Sekulic, Damir, Natasa Zenic, Sime Versic, Dora Maric, Goran Gabrilo, and Mario Jelicic. "The Prevalence and Covariates of Potential Doping Behavior in Kickboxing; Analysis Among High-Level Athletes." Journal of Human Kinetics 59, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0148.
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AbstractThe official reports on doping behavior in kickboxing are alarming, but there have been no empirical studies that examined this problem directly. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, gender differences and covariates of potential-doping-behavior, in kickboxing athletes. A total of 130 high-level kickboxing athletes (92 males, 21.37 ± 4.83 years of age, 8.39 ± 5.73 years of training experience; 38 women, 20.31 ± 2.94 years of age; 9.84 ± 4.74 years of training experience) completed questionnaires to study covariates and potential-doping behavior. The covariates were: sport factors (i.e. experience, success), doping-related factors (i.e. opinion about penalties for doping users, number of doping testing, potential-doping-behavior, etc.), sociodemographic variables, task- and ego-motivation, knowledge on sports nutrition, and knowledge on doping. Gender-based differences were established by independent t-tests, and the Mann-Whitney test. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to define the relationships between covariates and a tendency toward potential-doping behavior (positive tendency – neutral – negative tendency). The potential-doping behavior was higher in those athletes who perceived kickboxing as doping contaminated sport. The more experienced kickboxers were associated with positive intention toward potential-doping behavior. Positive intention toward potential-doping behavior was lower in those who had better knowledge on sports nutrition. The task- and ego-motivation were not associated to potential-doping behavior. Because of the high potential-doping-behavior (less than 50% of athletes showed a negative tendency toward doping), and similar prevalence of potential-doping behavior between genders, this study highlights the necessity of a systematic anti-doping campaign in kickboxing. Future studies should investigate motivational variables as being potentially related to doping behavior in younger kickboxers.
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Tan, Tien-Chin, Alan Bairner, and Yu-Wen Chen. "Managing compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code: China’s strategies and their implications." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 3 (October 23, 2018): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218805402.
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With the problems of doping in sport becoming more serious, the World Anti-Doping Code was drafted by the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2003 and became effective one year later. Since its passage, the Code has been renewed four times, with the fourth and latest version promulgated in January 2015. The Code was intended to tackle the problems of doping in sports through cooperation with governments to ensure fair competition as well as the health of athletes. To understand China’s strategies for managing compliance with the Code and also the implications behind those strategies, this study borrows ideas from theories of compliance. China’s high levels of performance in sport, judged by medal success, have undoubtedly placed the country near the top of the global sports field. Therefore, how China acts in relation to international organizations, and especially how it responds to the World Anti-Doping Agency, is highly significant for the future of elite sport and for the world anti-doping regime. Through painstaking efforts, the researchers visited Beijing to conduct field research four times and interviewed a total of 22 key sports personnel, including officials at the General Administration of Sports of China, the China Anti-Doping Agency, and individual sport associations, as well as sport scholars and leading officials of China’s professional sports leagues. In response to the World Anti-Doping Agency, China developed strategies related to seven institutional factors: ‘monitoring’, ‘verification’, ‘horizontal linkages’, ‘nesting’, ‘capacity building’, ‘national concern’ and ‘institutional profile’. As for the implications, the Chinese government is willing and able to comply with the World Anti-Doping Agency Code. In other words, the Chinese government is willing to pay a high price in terms of money, manpower and material resources so that it can recover from the disgrace suffered as a result of doping scandals in the 1990s. The government wants to ensure that China’s prospects as a participant, bidder and host of mega sporting events are not compromised, especially as the host of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
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Vdovina, Margarita V. "Sociological Possibilities of Doping Research in Modern Sport." Social’naya politika i sociologiya 20, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-3665-2021-20-1-74-81.
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The problem of doping in sports is particularly relevant. Modern sport is undergoing serious transformations. In the sociology of physical culture and sports, the problem of combating the use of doping has not been sufficiently studied. At the same time, there is a need for scientifically-based practical recommendations on anti-doping work that affects the interests of both athletes and the public from the standpoint of views on sports as the most important factor of a healthy lifestyle, the formation of a healthy generation and as an honest way of competitive activity. For this purpose, some approaches of sociological research of the problem are proposed
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Sottas, Pierre-Edouard, Neil Robinson, Giuseppe Fischetto, Gabriel Dollé, Juan Manuel Alonso, and Martial Saugy. "Prevalence of Blood Doping in Samples Collected from Elite Track and Field Athletes." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.156067.
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BACKGROUND No reliable estimate of the prevalence of doping in elite sports has been published. Since 2001, the international governing body for athletics has implemented a blood-testing program to detect altered hematological profiles in the world's top-level athletes. METHODS A total of 7289 blood samples were collected from 2737 athletes out of and during international athletic competitions. Data were collected in parallel on each sample, including the age, sex, nationality, and birth date of the athlete; testing date; sport; venue; and instrument technology. Period prevalence of blood-doping in samples was estimated by comparing empirical cumulative distribution functions of the abnormal blood profile score computed for subpopulations with stratified reference cumulative distribution functions. RESULTS In addition to an expected difference between endurance and nonendurance athletes, we found nationality to be the major factor of heterogeneity. Estimates of the prevalence of blood doping ranged from 1% to 48% for subpopulations of samples and a mean of 14% for the entire study population. Extreme cases of secondary polycythemia highlighted the health risks associated with blood manipulations. CONCLUSIONS When applied at a population level, in this case the population of samples, hematological data can be used to estimate period prevalence of blood doping in elite sports. We found that the world's top-level athletes are not only heterogeneous in physiological and anthropometric factors but also in their doping behavior, with contrasting attitudes toward doping between countries. When applied at the individual level, the same biomarkers, as formalized in the Athlete Biological Passport paradigm, can be used in analysis of the observed different physiological characteristics and behavioral heterogeneities.
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Blank, C., V. Leichtfried, D. Müller, and W. Schobersberger. "Role of parents as a protective factor against adolescent athletes’ doping susceptibility." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 3 (October 15, 2015): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/sajsm.8094.
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Background. Although literature on sports psychology outlines parental influence in various areas, research has not focused on its potential in the framework of doping.Objective. To assess whether parents’ knowledge about doping effects, and their behaviour and beliefs might act as a protecting factor for Austrian junior (14 - 18 years) elite athletes’ doping susceptibility (DS).Methods. Questionnaires were distributed to 1 818 student athletes and their parents. As well as collecting sociodemographic data, information about current sports activity levels and the former sports careers of parents, the following categories were included: (i) knowledge about effects of doping; (ii) parental behaviour; (iii) parental beliefs about athletes’ skills to become a professional athlete; and (iv) DS.Results. In total 527 data sets were entered for analysis. Current state of knowledge was significantly different between mothers (0.72 (0.2)) and fathers (0.76 (0.2)) (p=0.003). Next to situational variables, only fathers’ behaviour, which was moderated by fathers’ beliefs, was a significant predictor of athletes’ DS.Conclusion. Fathers have the potential of acting as a protective factor for DS in athletes, but only if their level of belief is moderate. Doping prevention strategies should include parents, but need to be careful on the role they are planning to fulfil, with an emphasis on soft skills (e.g. communication). Future research might include variables from sports psychology such as motivational climate, goal orientation and belief in success as possible mediators of the influence of parents on their adolescent children in the sport setting.
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Samoshkin, Vladlen, Victor Meleshko, and Artem Yakovenko. "DOPING IN SPORTS AND WAYS COMBATING VIOLATIONS ANTI-DOPING LEGISLATION." Sports Bulletin of the Dnieper 1 (2020): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32540/2071-1476-2019-1-142.
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Introduction and purpose of the study. In article to perform that doping is one of the serious of problem of modern sport. Defines important questions regarding antidoping rules and anti-doping control in sport. Given the promising solutions to the problems of doping in Ukraine. It is an extremely complex because it involves the interrelated medical, legal, political, moral, organizational, social and pedagogical aspects. To use the doping is the same to spread and the most to chase’s infringement of the law in branch of sport which to lie in the area of several fields by law. Just for this offence to foresee the several kinds of responsibility at the same time-administrative, civic. discipline’s and is particular event the criminal. The hypothesis of the study lies in the fact that in modern Olympics sport to observe the tendency of introduction in quality of doping by new improved substances and methods, gene and cellular doping and other achievement by medicine and biology. And according constantly to widen a list of drugs and methods WADA-AMA which inclusive three measures of inhibition: complete forbidden, forbidden only on the match and the drugs what limited at kinds of sport. Experts of Olympics sport by Ukraine would be constancy monitoring that tendencies and to improve of legislative and normative-legal base and infrastructure of the anti-doping policy which should be brought in line with modern international standards. The aim of the research is to determine the parents’ attitude to systematize the modern knowledge about the ways of effective counteraction to infringe by anti-doping legislation. Methods. Analysis, synthesis and systematization of scientific literature data and materials from the Internet. Results. The analysis of literary sources has found the next. To suppose that the partial modification’ athletes on the gene and cellular level will be appearance earlier than will be official to approve of cellular technologies treatment by ills. The world anti-doping code to action joint with International standards as documents what to concern by of all constituent part doping checkup that nostrified in Ukraine. By effort of WADA-AMA to exploit a new analytic methods to research of human growth hormone and biomarkers of gene doping and steroid profile of athletes. A list complete forbidden by WADA-AMA of drugs and methods include: anabolic mediators, hormones and modulators of metabolism, diuretics and camouflage agents, beta-2 agonists, peptide hormones and factors of growth, to manipulate with blood and urine, genetics doping (sexual modifications). The drugs that forbidden only on the match: stimulates, narcotics, cannabinoids, steroid hormones glucocorticoids. The drugs what limited at kinds of sport: beta-blocks. Method of doping checkup as analysis by proofs of biological passport athlete what to put together with steroid, hematological and endocrinology modules, don’t substitution traditional doping checkup by method search of forbidden substances in specimens but to add its. The underline what adversary of doping to insist on therefore that ergolitic substances and methods to kill the just idea of “fair play” - the moral code of world sport. According to code on the start all athletes must to have equal chances on the victory. Conclusions. Defines such class from forbidden WADA-AMA from a list of drugs and methods what is: complete forbidden; forbidden only on the match; limited the kinds of sport and frequency offence there for internal use. Defines that analysis by proofs of biological passport athlete to add the traditional doping checkup. To accentuate on the fact that doping pursuit to threaten for social functions of sport. Key words: doping, athlete, sport, anti-doping measures
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Emran, Md Ali, Sheikh Shahinur Hossain, AKM Salek, Md Moniruzzaman Khan, Syed Mozaffar Ahmed, Md Nuruzzaman Khandaker, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam. "Drug abuse in sports and doping." Bangladesh Medical Journal 43, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v43i1.21379.
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Drug is defined as a substance that alters the physiological processes of the body which is used for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. Abuse denotes injudicious or irrational application. The use of performance-enhancing drugs is probably the major problem facing sport today. Despite intense efforts by sporting bodies and the medical professionals to eliminate the problem, drug taking to enhance sport performance remains widespread. No player should gain an unfair advantage over other players by using an unethical substance or method. The use of drugs may also be extremely dangerous to the health of players. Drug testing programs have been established by amateur and professional sports authorities to promote a safe and fair competitive environment. Clinicians who treat athletes should be familiar with the commonly abused substances and doping methods DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v43i1.21379 Bangladesh Med J. 2014 January; 43 (1): 46-50
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Kosiewicz, Jerzy. "Sport – In Praise of Doping on its Usefulness and Necessity." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 76, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0024.
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AbstractThe author points out that in contemporary competitive, record oriented, professional, spectacular, top-level sport, elite sport, marketability sport or Olympic sport – whose beginnings should be dated to the turn of the 19th and the 20th century – mistaken decisions, which inhibited development of the abovementioned forms of sport, took place.Primarily it was restricted to circle of financially well-off gentlemen, women’s participation was forbidden, participation of professional athletes was also forbidden to a considerable degree (and during the Olympic games – totally). The need of commercialization of sport was negated and definite forms of doping were banned.When talented persons from the lower social strata – workingmen (as well as women) and athletes earning money by practicing sport – were permitted to participate in sports competition and commercialization of sport was accepted, sport started to develop more rapidly and it became more attractive and spectacular. It contributed to intensification of investment in sport, to enrichment and modernization of its infrastructure, to optimization of research, technologization, production of better equipment and a considerable increase in athletes’ and coaches’ remuneration.Another radical qualitative leap in sport can be contributed to by abolition of a ban on doping. It is going to implicate necessary and competent medical and pharmacological care, to facilitate maximization of results, to increase interest in sports spectacles. Skillful application of doping is going to release athletes’ considerable capacity, endurance and proficiency potentials which have not been used yet.
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Sas-Nowosielski, Krzysztof, and Aleksandra Budzisz. "Attitudes Toward Doping among Polish Athletes Measured with the Polish Version of Petroczi’s Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2018-0008.
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Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study was twofold. The first aim was to specify attitudes toward using performance-enhancing drugs (doping) among athletes practising different sports disciplines. The second aim was to present the Polish version and validation of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Material and methods. A total of 340 athletes (173 males and 167 females) took part in the study. They represented 13 sport disciplines. The study was conducted in Central Sports Centres in Poland. Athletes’ attitudes were assessed using the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Results. The study revealed that athletes generally were not tolerant in relation to illegal performance-enhancing substances in sport. However, men were more permissive toward illegal performance enhancement than women. The other important factor, apart from gender, was the amount of contact between competitors. The lowest values were found for sports where athletes competed parallel to each other, medium values were recorded for sports where athletes were in close contact, and the highest values were found in the group of athletes having no contact with the competitors. Our analyses also confirmed that the 11-item version of PEAS has the best fit indices and therefore is most recommended for use among Polish athletes. Conclusions. The Polish version of PEAS is recommended in its 11-item version, and its reliability was confirmed. According to the findings of the study, Polish athletes rather do not approve of doping behaviours. Men were more likely to use illegal substances than women. The most positive attitude towards doping was found for sport disciplines where there is no contact with the competitor.
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Blazer, Annie. "When Rituals Fail: Confessions of Doping in Elite Sports." Religions 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11110605.
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In the nineteenth century, Protestant reformers declared: Sport builds character. They described sport as ethically valuable and as an experiential tool to teach values and cooperation. However, sports have long raised ethical challenges when it comes to fairness in competition. This article examines controversies over performance enhancing drugs and pays attention to the rituals of confession at play for those caught doping. Nineteenth-century revivalist Charles Finney formalized a ritual practice that became known as the “anxious bench”. Finney would demand that a sinner sit on the bench, separated from others because of their sinfulness, and confess their sinful ways in order to re-devote themselves to God and goodness. Turning to steroid use in Major League Baseball and Lance Armstrong’s doping scandal, I consider how rituals of confession based on the anxious bench failed to redeem these athletes because the athletes themselves resisted the premise. Rituals of confession preserve an underlying ideology that sport is morally valuable. When these rituals fail, they reveal less noble structural motivations that lead to doping in the first place like monetary reward, intense pressure to perform, and the entertainment demands of elite sport.
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Bondarev, D. V., K. A. Bochaver, and V. Barkoukis. "The Phenomenon of Anti-Doping Policy Legitimacy in the Social Psychology of Sports." Клиническая и специальная психология 10, no. 1 (2021): 100–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2021100106.
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Anti-doping represents a global system where an athlete is in the center of a control and regulations. The perception of legitimacy is important for compliance with rules and regulation within the anti-doping system. However, the concept of legitimacy in anti-doping is not sufficiently defined, which makes it difficult to develop psychodiagnostic tools for its assessment within the framework of relevant psychological theories. The aim of this study is to review psychological literature on legitimacy perception and identify a framework within which legitimacy can be studied in anti-doping area. Reviewed data were structured by three categories of legitimacy: “proper”, “just” and “appropriate” and a respective matrix for a focus group interview had been developed. Four focus-group interviews had been conducted among Russian competitive athletes (N=22). The focus-group interviews revealed three main themes: trust to anti-doping organizations, equal and transparent anti-doping rules and possibility for athletes to influence anti-doping policy. Legitimacy of anti-doping is an important psychological construct that may be operationalized through the perception that anti-doping is functioning proper, just and appropriate. In addition, athletes voiced their concerns on the transparent and equal implementation of the anti-doping rules and possibility to influence anti-doping policy.
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Antic, Dusan. "Evaluation of knowledge on doping in sports among Serbian general practitioners." Medical review 70, no. 1-2 (2017): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1702025a.
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Introduction. In the case of illness or injury, athletes, like other patients, seek medical care from general practitioners. Athletes, however, need to be aware of anti-doping regulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes to doping in sports among general practitioners in Vojvodina. Material and Methods. This cross-sectional study included 276 participants of both sexes and different ages. The data collection was performed using a questionnaire, as a non-standard research technique. The statistical analysis correlated the gathered data in regard sex and age of examinees. Results. Only a small number of respondents is well informed about both the List of Prohibited Doping Substances and Methods and the Law on Prevention of Doping in Sports (10.5% and 8%, respectively). Also, only 2.5% of examinees thought they were qualified to treat athletes. Correct answers that furosemide, pseudoephedrine and tamoxifen are prohibited in sports were given by a small number of respondents (36.6%, 56.9% and 29%, respectively). On the other hand, the fact that inhaled salmeterol, inhaled corticosteroids, enalapril and diclofenac are allowed in sports, was known by 42%, 40.6%, 60.9% and 52.9% of respondents, respectively. Doctors had different attitudes towards doping in sports. Conclusion. The results of this study showed that general practitioners have insufficient knowledge on different aspects of doping in sports. Since they treat all patients, including athletes, their knowledge should be on a higher level in order to avoid accidental doping. The obtained results point to the need for further education of general practitioners on doping in sports.
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Vamos, Sandra, and Annika Steinmann. "Applying a health literacy lens to youth sport: a focus on doping prevention in Germany." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 1 (March 16, 2017): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916683380.
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There are two camps when it comes to youth in high-performance sports and whether competition is good or destructive. Despite opportunities for positive development, the demands of increasing competitive levels and related situational stressors among young athletes can be a double-edged sword. Doping is becoming increasingly popular and more readily available to the youth sports population. Improving the health of youth in competitive sport requires us to think about health and its determinants in a more sophisticated manner. We share a current initiative in Germany that reflects this broader thinking by integrating ‘education for health literacy’ as one strategy in youth sport settings with regard to doping prevention. Implications and emerging opportunities to take further action for doping prevention and health improvement applicable for German and global contexts are offered.
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Bomfim, José Henrique Gialongo Gonçales. "Pharmaceutical Care in Sports." Pharmacy 8, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8040218.
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Pharmaceutical care in sports is a new field of work to clinical pharmacists, focused on promoting pharmacotherapeutic follow up and clinical services to athletes, physical activity practitioners and enthusiasts of any sports modality. A broad range of pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements and herbal drugs have been used historically as performance promoters, doping or ergogenic aids. In this context, the role of pharmacists in prevent adverse events, drug interactions or any drug related problems, as doping issues, was described. Its actions can be important to contribute with a multi professional clinical health team, leading athletes to use these resources in a rational way, promoting and optimizing the therapeutic when its necessary.
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Garlick, Marko. "Stepping Out of Bounds: The Over-Prosecution of Recreational Athletes in Light of DFSNZ v XYZ." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 51, no. 1 (June 22, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v51i1.6518.
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DFSNZ v XYZ presents a worrying precedent for anti-doping law. That case arose after New Zealand's anti-doping enforcement body, Drug Free Sport New Zealand (DFSNZ), expanded its jurisdiction over recreational athletes. It did so by internal administrative decision and without notice. This action was upheld in DFSNZ v XYZ by a majority of the Sports Tribunal resulting in an unsuspecting recreational golfer being banned for one year. The decision upheld DFSNZ's extension of onerous obligations and invasive testing powers designed for elite athletes to the large proportion of ordinary New Zealanders who partake in recreational sport. This article critiques the XYZ decision on two bases: (a) DFSNZ's illegitimate expansion of its jurisdiction to recreational athletes by mere administrative policy change; and (b) the pitfalls of extending a regime designed for elite athletes to recreational athletes. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has developed a new World Anti-Doping Code which will come into force in January 2021. The 2021 Code creates a new two-tiered system which treats "athletes" and "recreational athletes" differently. This article analyses the new Code and critiques its shortcomings with regards to defining the Code's jurisdiction and ensuring a proportionate response to doping in recreational sport. WADA's new code is a step in the right direction but fails to go far enough to align with the participation, health and education objectives of recreational sport.
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Aguilar-Navarro, Millán, Gloria Muñoz, Juan Salinero, Jesús Muñoz-Guerra, María Fernández-Álvarez, María Plata, and Juan Del Coso. "Urine Caffeine Concentration in Doping Control Samples from 2004 to 2015." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020286.
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The ergogenic effect of caffeine is well-established, but the extent of its consumption in sport is unknown at the present. The use of caffeine was considered “prohibited” until 2004, but this stimulant was moved from the List of Prohibited Substances to the Monitoring Program of the World Anti-Doping Agency to control its use by monitoring urinary caffeine concentration after competition. However, there is no updated information about the change in the use of caffeine as the result of its inclusion in the Monitoring Program. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in urine caffeine concentration from 2004 to 2015. A total of 7488 urine samples obtained in official competitions held in Spain and corresponding to athletes competing in Olympic sports (2788 in 2004, 2543 in 2008, and 2157 in 2015) were analyzed for urine caffeine concentration. The percentage of samples with detectable caffeine (i.e., >0.1 μg/mL) increased from ~70.1%, in 2004–2008 to 75.7% in 2015. The median urine caffeine concentration in 2015 (0.85 μg/mL) was higher when compared to the median value obtained in 2004 (0.70 μg/mL; p < 0.05) and in 2008 (0.70 μg/mL; p < 0.05). The urine caffeine concentration significantly increased from 2004 to 2015 in aquatics, athletics, boxing, judo, football, weightlifting, and rowing (p < 0.05). However, the sports with the highest urine caffeine concentration in 2015 were cycling, athletics, and rowing. In summary, the concentration of caffeine in the urine samples obtained after competition in Olympic sports in Spain increased from 2004 to 2015, particularly in some disciplines. These data indicate that the use of caffeine has slightly increased since its removal from the list of banned substances, but urine caffeine concentrations suggest that the use of caffeine is moderate in most sport specialties. Athletes of individual sports or athletes of sports with an aerobic-like nature are more prone to using caffeine in competition.
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Jokipalo, Iiro, and Anna Khudayarov. "A Netnography and a Survey on Doping Use among Competitive Doping-untested Strength-sport Athletes." International Journal of Sports Medicine 42, no. 07 (January 27, 2021): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1342-7312.
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AbstractDoping-untested strength-sport athletes (powerlifters, strongmen, armlifters, etc.,) are infamous for their doping use, but their exact doping regimens are not known. The purpose of this study was to provide a reasonable portrait of doping history in this specific athlete group for medical practitioners. Seventy-five athletes were selected by netnography of the social media community around the Finnish doping-untested strength-sport federations on the basis of their activity in doping-related discussions, and the athletes were invited to answer a detailed doping-related anonymous survey. Fifty respondents completed the survey. 100% of the respondents reported use of anabolic androgenic steroids, 66% reported use of stimulants, and 80% use of non-steroidal anabolic substances. The doses of both testosterone products and human growth hormone were notably larger than reported in previous studies of gym users (mostly non-competitive athletes). The subjects reported simultaneous use of an average 5.66 illegal substances, and lifetime use of 16.78 illegal substances. The doses of illicit drugs, as well as polypharmacy, among competitive doping-untested strength-sport athletes are higher than previously reported among recreational gym users, and side effects are likely in this specific population.
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Chen, Zuosong, Dong Wang, Kun Wang, and Tao Huang. "Coaching style and attitudes toward doping in Chinese athletes: The mediating role of moral disengagement." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 3 (June 2017): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117710505.
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Previous studies in Western countries indicated that coaching style had significant influence on athletes’ attitudes toward doping. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between coaching style and attitudes toward doping among Chinese athletes. The potential mediating role of moral disengagement was examined. Participants were 203 athletes (Mean age = 19.0 years, 36.9% females) from the Fujian Provincial Sports Team, China. Athletes’ perception of autonomy-supportive and controlling coaching style was assessed using the adapted Health Care Climate Questionnaire and the Coach Controlling Behaviors Scale, respectively. Moral disengagement in sport was assessed using a scale developed by the authors. The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale was adapted to measure athletes’ attitudes toward doping. Structural equation modelling was used to establish to assess the mediation effects. The results from structural equation model testing showed that autonomy-supportive coaching style had no direct effect on attitudes toward doping, and the indirect path through moral disengagement was also not significant. Controlling coaching style had an indirect and positive effect on attitudes toward doping through moral disengagement. Results indicated that controlling coaching style was positively associated with attitudes toward doping among Chinese athletes. The relationship was mediated by moral disengagement. Autonomy-supportive coaching style was not associated with attitudes toward doping. The findings provided evidence supporting the important role of moral disengagement in mediating the positive relationship between controlling coaching style and attitudes toward doping among Chinese athletes. The findings indicated that avoiding construction of controlling coaching climate and reducing moral disengagement in sport may be relevant for reducing athletes’ pro-doping attitudes.
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Drapsin, Miodrag, Milana Simic, and Dea Karaba-Jakovljevic. "Players’ and coaches’ attitudes and knowledge of prohibited doping substances." Medical review 72, no. 5-6 (2019): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1906154d.
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Introduction. Doping is an illicit use of illegal substances or substances that the body normally contains, in order to stimulate the competitive ability of athletes, which is in collision with sports ethics as well as the physical and mental integrity of athletes. In 2006, the World Anti-Doping Agency made a list of illicit substances and prohibited their use in different sports. The aim of this research was to evaluate athletes? and coaches? knowledge and attitudes about the use of doping substances. Material and Methods. This prospective study included 199 subjects, 164 (82.4%) athletes and 35 (17.6%) coaches. The group of athletes included 88 females and 114 males, with an average age of 24.1 ? 6.4 years, being engaged in sports 9.1?4.7 years on average. The athletes were engaged in the following sports: volleyball, basketball, handball, athletics, wrestling, soccer, and swimming. The coach group included 20 males and 15 females, with an average age of 31.8 ? 8.1 years with a coaching experience of 9.3 ? 3.1 years. Results. The differences in the average scores between athletes and coaches were statistically significant (p = 0.001; p < 0.05), in favor of coaches. The average scores between male and female athletes, and between individual and team coaches showed no significant differences (p = 0.267; p = 0.349; p > 0.05). Conclusion. The knowledge on prohibited doping substances was significantly higher in coaches than in athletes, while differences related to gender and collective or individual sports were not found.
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Mroczkowska, Helena. "Perception of Risks Associated with the Doping Use Among the Competitors Practicing Individual and Group Sport Disciplines." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10197-011-0010-x.
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Perception of Risks Associated with the Doping Use Among the Competitors Practicing Individual and Group Sport DisciplinesIntroduction. The aim of this study was the research among athletes whether and to what extent the sport discipline practiced (individual or team competition) influences the perception of risk associated with the use of doping in sport, and whether age and experience translates into the sports perception of the risks of doping. Material and methods. Three groups of athletes diverse was studied because of the nature of the sport task and the experience/time of practice. Individual disciplines were represented by combat sports (n=12, average time of practice ~6 years), group games by football players (n=9, average time of practice ~7 years) and volleyball players (n=13, average time of practice ~14 years.) The technique "Perception of risk of doping" was used to measure: a) the ranking of values that one can afford to lose in consequences of doping; b) the real probability of losing cherished values; c) personally acceptable level of risk associated with loss of value. Results. It was shown that young players who are members of the team are less mature and aware of the risks associated with the use of doping, not only from their older colleagues in the team, but also from their peers, competing individually. In the perception of young players there were both errors in risk assessment (distortion of losses) as well as illusions relating to the control of hazards, and unrealistic optimism about the possibility of avoiding the negative effects of doping. For mature players, the fear of losing public image has proven to be a strong deterrent against the temptation to use of illegal drugs; for young players, a relatively stronger remedy was the fear of losing the attributes of health and physical attractiveness. Conclusion. Due to the small size of the groups, these findings are suggestions that may serve as an inspiration for research on the wider population.
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Klein, Marco Aurelio. "Protecting Athletes and Ensuring Sports—Free of Doping." Substance Use & Misuse 49, no. 9 (June 4, 2014): 1198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.917522.
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Shevchenko, O. A., and D. I. Vorontsov. "Legal Basis for the Creation of a System for Preventing Gene Doping and Countering Genetic Modification in Sport." Lex Russica 1, no. 9 (September 26, 2019): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.154.9.119-129.
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The paper is devoted to the study of the key factors underlying the building of a balanced system of legal norms aimed at preventing gene doping and countering the spread of genetic modifications of athletes. The paper explores the goals of countering doping as such and focuses on the dangers and potential harm to the sports of such a relatively new threat as gene doping. The authors discuss approaches to understanding gene therapy, as well as the prospects of embedding resistance to gene doping in existing legal mechanisms, including the possibility of using the mechanism of therapeutic exceptions (TUE). The current approaches to the definition of the essence of doping are studied and it is determined why gene therapy has a significant risk of being recognized as such. The risks and threats to the sphere of sport caused by the ongoing development of genetic technologies and the spread of their application are outlined. The possible consequences of the use of the results of genetic research, as well as the use of gene therapy, which may affect the field of sports, are discussed. The authors study issues of responsibility for the use of gene doping, subjects against which appropriate sanctions can be imposed, as well as the issue of the application of state coercion to individual subjects, without which the use of gene doping would be impossible. At the same time, the paper formulates the problems that need to be solved in the short term to ensure the preventive nature of the fight against gene doping in sport, and identifies the questions that society must answer to form a system of countering gene doping.
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Vinod, Vismaya annie, Dhanya Dharman, Merlin N J, Deepa Manohar, Shaiju S Daran, Sunitha Mahadevan, and Aleena Roy. "Evaluation of knowledge and perceptions of pharmacy students towards doping and the need for doping education." International Journal of Research in Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy 1, no. 4 (September 10, 2019): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33974/ijrhcp.v1i4.130.
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Background: Despite the need for doping prevention strategies, information about doping awareness among pharmacy professionals is limited. Therefore, developing a pharmacy workforce or specialized pharmacists with expertise in sports pharmacy is a necessity, but also a subject of global health significance.
Objective: Objective of this study was to assess pharmacy student’s knowledge and perceptions of doping and anti-doping in sports and to explore the curricular needs in the field of sports pharmacy.
Methodology: An 18 item questionnaire developed according to World Anti-Doping Code and the FIP Statement on pharmacist’s role against doping in sports was employed to collect data from pharmacy students at Ezhuthachan College of pharmaceutical sciences. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Questionnaires were distributed to 300 pharmacy students, among them 237 students participated in the survey, with a response rate of 79%. respondents said that they were familiar with the word doping were 78%. 39 respondents (16.5%) had attended a lecture about doping, (83%) had not. 222 respondents held the view that it is not fair for the athletes to use prohibited substances to improve their performance were (94%). According to 40 respondents (17%), most common doping violation in India is unintentional doping and 175 respondents (74%) claimed it to be intentional doping. Only a few respondents correctly recognized the WADA- banned drugs. Most of the respondents think that pharmacist should get involved in anti-doping activities for athletes. Many (73 %) are interested to have training for doping.
Conclusion: The study highlights the need to provide pharmacy students with advanced theoretical background and practical training concerning doping.
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Литовченко, В. В. "РОССИЯ И КИТАЙ: СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА В ОБЛАСТИ БОРЬБЫ С ДОПИНГОМ." Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион: экономика, политика, право 56, no. 3 (2020): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1813-3274/2020-3/157-166.
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Спорт высших достижений является отражением экономического и политического влияния на международном уровне. Россия со времен СССР, являясь одним из мировых лидеров, занимала ведущие позиции в мировом спорте. Вместе с тем последние события в сфере крупных международных соревнований, серьёзные допинг-скандалы, отстранение ведущих спортсменов от соревнований показывают, что успех в современном спорте высших достижений неизменно связан с правильной трактовкой и реализацией на национальном уровне международно-правовых норм, связанных с допингом. Особую роль занимает уголовно-правовая охрана «чистоты» спорта от преступных посягательств в сфере использования и оборота допинговых средств. Автором проанализированы основы законодательства Российской Федерации и Китайской Народной Республики в области противодействия применению запрещённых препаратов в спорте. Осуществлена оценка на-ционального законодательства двух стран в контексте их соответствия междуна-родно-правовым договорам и соглашениям. Проведён сравнительный анализ действующих административных и уголовно-правовых норм. Систематизированы ос-новные положения и подходы в правовом регулировании данной сферы в России и Китае. Отдельно рассмотрены нормы, регламентирующие уголовную ответствен-ность за преступные деяния, в которых допинг является предметом преступления. Также в работе уделяется внимание уголовной политике в сфере борьбы с использованием допинга национальными спортсменами. Автор приходит к выводу, что две страны – на правильном пути, модифицируя нормы, касающиеся допинга, в соответствии с текущими реалиями спорта высших достижений. Несмотря на необ-ходимость внесения некоторых изменений, в дальнейшем принятые меры в России и Китае должны дать положительный результат. Ключевые слова: спорт высших достижений, законодательство, существующее в России и в КНР, субъекты международной спортивной деятельности, правоотношения, ответственность, борьба с допингом, незаконное употребление, наказание. The sport of records reflects the economic and political influence at the international level. Since the times of the USSR, Russia has been one of the world leaders, hold-ing leading positions in world sports. At the same time, the latest events in the sphere of large international competitions, serious doping scandals, banishment of the leading athletes from the competitions demonstrate that a success in modern sports of the highest achievements is inevitably connected with the correct interpretation and implementation of international legal norms related to doping at the national level. A special role is played by criminal legal protection of sport "cleanliness" from criminal encroachments in the sphere of use and circulation of doping means. The author analyzed the basics of legislation of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China in the sphere of counteraction to the use of prohibited drugs in sport. National legislation of the two countries was assessed in the context of their compliance with international legal treaties and agreements. A comparative analysis of existing administrative and criminal legal norms was made. The main provisions and approaches to legal regulation in this area in Russia and China were systematized. The norms regulating criminal liability for criminal acts in which doping is a subject of crime are considered separately. Also, attention is paid to criminal policy in the sphere of struggle against doping by national sportsmen. The author comes to the conclusion that the two countries are on the right track by modifying the norms concerning doping according to the current realities of the high-performance sport. Despite the necessity to make some changes in the future, the measures taken in Russia and China should give positive results. Keywords: sport of records, legislation existing in Russia and the PRC, subjects of international sports activities, legal relations, liability, the fight against doping, illegal use, punishment.
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Baylis, Anna, David Cameron-Smith, and Louise M. Burke. "Inadvertent Doping through Supplement Use by Athletes: Assessment and Management of the Risk in Australia." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 11, no. 3 (September 2001): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.11.3.365.
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Many athletes report using a wide range of special sports foods and supplements. In the present study of 77 elite Australian swimmers, 99% of those surveyed reported the use of these special preparations, with 94% of swimmers reporting the use of non-food supplements. The most popular dietary supplements were vitamin or mineral supplements (used by 94% of the group), herbal preparations (61%), and creatine (31%). Eighty-seven percent of swimmers reported using a sports drink or other energy-providing sports food. In total, 207 different products were reported in this survey. Sports supplements, particularly supplements presented as pills or other non-food form, are poorly regulated in most countries, with little assurance of quality control. The risk of an inadvertent “positive doping test” through the use of sports supplements or sports foods is a small but real problem facing athletes who compete in events governed by anti-doping rules. The elite swimmers in this survey reported that information about the “doping safety” of supplements was important and should be funded by supplement manufacturers. Although it is challenging to provide such information, we suggest a model to provide an accredited testing program suitable for the Australian situation, with targeted athlete education about the “sports safety” of sports supplements and foods.
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Silva, Henrique Custódio da, Êdio Fernandes de Miranda, Mariseth Carvalho de Andrade, Fernando Mateus Viégas Brandão, Rodrigo Paracampo Couteiro, Marcus Vinícius Henriques Brito, Julio Cezar Costa Furtado, and Rafael Oliveira Chaves. "HEART AT RISK: ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL GAME WITH INFORMATION ON DOPING IN ATHLETES." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 25, no. 5 (October 2019): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192505217459.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Games are recognized tools that can be used for teaching, awareness-building and behavioral change. In the world of competitive sports, it is necessary to both educate athletes and make them aware that doping is an unsportsmanlike practice, particularly because this conduct can be life-threatening. A game called “Heart at Risk” was developed in this context for the purpose of teaching athletes which substances are characterized as doping by the World Antidoping Agency, and to raise their awareness of health hazards through entertainment. Objective Present and empirically evaluate the efficacy of the game as a tool for educating athletes on substances characterized as doping. Methods The sample group was formed by 20 players in the under-20 category of Clube do Remo (Rowing Club), aged over 18 years. The athletes underwent a pre-test, played the Heart at Risk game, and took a post-test at the end. Both tests were related to healthy sport practices (positive factors) and to doping substances (negative factors). Results Regarding the knowledge of positive factors, there was an increase of knowledge in relation to low doses of caffeine (∆ = 40%; p-value= 0.0125) and doping assessment (∆ = 55%; p-value = 0.0017). Regarding negative factors, there was an increase of knowledge in relation to diuretics (∆ = 25%; p-value = 0.0455), contaminated thermogenic (∆ = 35%; p-value = 0.0191), growth hormone-GH (∆ = 50%; p-value = 0.0025), contaminated supplements (∆ = 65%; p-value = 0.0007), and testosterone (∆ = 55%; p-value = 0.0017). Conclusion The Heart at Risk game proved to be an effective resource in the process of learning about prohibited substances and positive factors for sports performance. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.
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Manonelles Marqueta, Pedro, Carlos De Teresa Galván, José Antonio Lorente Acosta, Juan José Rodríguez Sendín, Serafín Romero Agüit, and José Luis Terreros Blanco. "Medical arguments for and against the liberalization of doping." Archivos de Medicina del Deporte 37, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 406–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18176/archmeddeporte.00016.
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The use of doping has been banned for almost a century due to the risk involved to the athlete's health. Since then, the crite-rion of prohibiting substances has been reinforced to improve performance, becoming a rarely controversial issue nowadays. However, opinions defending the liberalization of doping has been sometimes given based on various arguments. One of the most common is the impossibility of completely eradicating doping and that this can be safe, from the point of view of health, if it is done by qualified doctors.This paper presents the arguments against the liberalization of doping from a medical point of view, contemplating various aspects.Those related to the use of substances such as: lack of clear criteria for inclusion in the list of prohibited substances and the unclear margin between the use of medication for treatment and for doping. Arguments related to health protection such as: the risk of sport for the athlete, the healthy sport, doping substances have few health risks, the use of medications, allow genetic doping because it is inevitable, risks of self-medication or use of me-dication without a prescription.Arguments related to sports performance such as: Doping products do not improve performance, doping is comparable to other performance improvement techniques, match genetic differences among athletes.And other arguments such as: prohibition favours doping, the control of doping increases the risks of doping itself, the high cost of anti-doping fight or the few anti-doping resources.The proposal for liberalization of doping under medical control is analyzed and discussed as well as the effects of liberalization on children and adolescents. At the end the medical ethical aspects related to doping are presented to conclude with the opposition of the medical profession against doping and its liberalization.
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Holt, Richard I. G., and Ken K. Y. Ho. "The Use and Abuse of Growth Hormone in Sports." Endocrine Reviews 40, no. 4 (June 10, 2019): 1163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00265.
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AbstractGH is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a performance-enhancing anabolic agent. Doping with GH likely began in the early 1980s and became more prevalent with the advent of recombinant technology well before any scientific evidence of benefit. The expectation that GH improves physical function stems from its anabolic and lipolytic properties. Athletic performance depends on muscle strength and the energy required to power muscle function. In recreational athletes, GH selectively improves anaerobic sprint capacity but has not been proven to significantly enhance muscle strength, power, or maximum rate of oxygen consumption. GH is secreted as a family of isoform peptides in a pulsatile manner reflecting intermittent secretion and rapid clearance. Its anabolic actions are largely mediated by IGF-I, which stimulates whole-body protein synthesis, including skeletal muscle and collagen proteins. Two methods have been validated for detecting GH abuse in athletes. The first (the isoform method) is based on distinguishing pure recombinant 22-kDa GH from the heterogeneous isoforms secreted from the pituitary. The second (the marker method) is based on measuring blood levels of GH-responsive proteins, specifically IGF-I and the N-terminal propeptide of type III collagen (P-III-NP). Only a handful of athletes have been caught since the implementation of GH doping tests in 2004. The low rate likely reflects the limitation of in-competition testing using current methods. Improved detection rates may be achieved by more out-of-competition testing, introducing athletes’ biological passports, and the development of novel methods. Governance, operational, technical, and political factors influence the effectiveness of an anti-doping program.
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Greydanus, Donald E., and Dilip R. Patel. "Sports doping in the adolescent athlete." Pediatric Clinics of North America 49, no. 4 (August 2002): 829–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(02)00021-4.
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Trinks, S., AB Scheiff, M. Knipp, and A. Gotzmann. "Declaration of analgesics on Doping Control Forms in german football leagues during five seasons." Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine 72, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2020.474.
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Problem: The use of analgesics in sport has been the subject of numerous studies and surveys among athletes for years. This evaluation was targeted at providing the first evaluation of analgesics declared on Doping Control Forms (DCF) from football players in the highest German leagues, the Cup, and the A and B Juniors’ Bundesliga. Methods: The evaluation included a total of 8,344 DCF from doping controls performed by the National Anti Doping Agency Germany in the five football seasons from 2015/16 to 2019/20. This included both in-competition and out-of-competition doping controls in the Bundesliga, 2nd Bundesliga, 3rd League, Women’s Bundesliga, A and B Juniors’ Bundesliga, and the Cup. Results: On average, 33% of all DCF from the last five seasons of the adult and junior sector of the top football leagues in Germany declared use of analgesics within the seven days preceding testing. The A and B Juniors’ Bundesliga has significantly lower values, at an average of 14% ibuprofen was the most commonly reported among 14 analgesic active substances, across all leagues and seasons. Discussion: Some of the analgesic active substances recorded are used for self-medication, while others are prescription drugs. They are not considered doping substances under the current rules of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). However, the calculated frequency of their use suggests that further scientific surveys in competitive sport should be initiated, e.g. via the WADA Monitoring Program. Since analgesics have a general potential for abuse, continuous information of athletes, supported by the sports environment, concerning the deliberate use of such medications is required. Key Words: National Anti Doping Agency,Painkillers, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Bundesliga
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Al-Dafrawi, Ahmad Saad Ahmad, Mohamad Asmadi Abdullah, Majdah Zawawi, and Zainudin Ismail. "PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING MEDICINES IN SPORTS: LEGAL DISCUSSION." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 4, no. 17 (December 15, 2019): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.417005.
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Morally speaking, employing Performance-Enhancing Medicines (PEMs) in sports is not acceptable because using these medicines in sports competitions is associated with negative legal consequences. However, due to rapid advances in the genetic modification technologies, there is a fear that these therapeutic technologies have been applied to athletes (e.g., to prevent Myostatin from incapacitating skeletal muscle groups). Additionally, taking and giving performance-enhancing medicines are not only unethical, but such activities could even be illegal because of the dangerous side effects of drugs associated with it. The main issue that this paper is going to discuss in the absence of criminal provisions addressing the actions of doping generally and gene doping in many existing legal systems around the world. Another issue that this paper deals with is the lack of laboratory screening methods that can discover the occurrence of gene modifications. In this regard, this study attempts to examine the legal theory of the development of disciplinary and criminal systems setting athletes’ responsibility which definitely arise as a result of utilizing PEMs and employing gene doping technologies in sports competitions. The study uses the analytic method to find out the exact terminologies of these substances which affect athletes and their rights to life - bodily integrity.
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Ming Chiang, Lim, Ahmad Fuad Shamsuddin, and Tuan Mazlelaa Tuan Mahmood. "Knowledge, attitude and practice on doping of Malaysian student athletes." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.23598.
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Objective: The aim of the study is to measure the knowledge, attitude, and practice of drugs use in sports among Malaysian student athletes.Methods: This was a cross-sectional, self-administered survey of student athletes studying in six universities and two sports schools in Malaysia. Athletes were approached at their schools or universities and were explained about the study. If they agreed to participate, they were asked to provide written informed consent and fill in the survey. Participation in the study was voluntary and no incentives were given.Results: Overall, 182 respondents were recruited for this study. Most of the respondents were male, age between 16 and 18 years old and had participated in international sports competition. The knowledge of the respondents on drugs in sports was found to be moderate with the median score of 11 per 18. The overall mean performance enhancement attitude scale scores, a measure of doping attitudes, for all respondents were 44.63 ± 13.03 indicating they are having a negative attitude toward doping. Meanwhile, 12% of the respondents had been offered doping agents by any parties with 13.7% of them are using it for medical purpose while 4.4% of them had used it for other purposes.Conclusion: Young athletes should be better equipped with knowledge on the dangers of doping and have a firm stance against doping. Thus, specific educational package and special courses should be provided to address the knowledge gap observed among the athletes in this study apart from enhancing their attitude toward the importance of anti-doping.
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Lazuras, Lambros, Vassileios Barkoukis, Angelos Rodafinos, and Haralambos Tzorbatzoudis. "Predictors of Doping Intentions in Elite-Level Athletes: A Social Cognition Approach." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 32, no. 5 (October 2010): 694–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.5.694.
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Doping use is an ongoing problem in contemporary sports. Despite efforts to detect and control doping, research on its etiology is limited, especially among elite-level athletes. The present study used an integrated social cognition model to examine the predictors of doping intentions. Structured anonymous questionnaires were completed by 1075 Greek adult elite-level athletes (M age = 25 years, SD = 5.89, 36.1% females) from both team and individual sports. Multiple regression and mediation analyses showed that attitudes, normative beliefs, situational temptation, and behavioral control significantly predicted doping intentions. A normative process was identified whereby situational temptation mediated the effects of normative beliefs on intentions. The findings provide the basis for future social cognition research in doping use, and set the framework for the development of evidence-based preventive interventions.
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Dzhemlikhanova, Lyailya Kh, Dariko A. Niauri, Galina Kh Safaryan, and Alexander M. Gzgzyan. "Womenʼs professional sports: reproductive health, hormonal contraception, doping issues." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 68, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd68287-94.
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The article presents an overview of current data regarding reproductive health in female athletes, rationale and possibility of hormonal contraception use, as well as the role of licit hormonal agent use in reproductive health maintenance and restoration among female athletes.
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Chirico, Andrea, Fabio Lucidi, Gennaro Pica, Daniela Di Santo, Federica Galli, Fabio Alivernini, Luca Mallia, Arnaldo Zelli, Arie W. Kruglanski, and Antonio Pierro. "The Motivational Underpinnings of Intentions to Use Doping in Sport: A Sample of Young Non-Professional Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105411.
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Doping use is considered as a deviant behavior in sport contexts, and it is necessary to recognize preventive factors to shut down the negative consequences. We proposed that athletes experiencing loss of personal significance would be more prone to doping use intentions. This pathway should occur through the effect of the enhanced predominance of obsessive (vs. harmonious) passion that such athletes experience concerning their sport activity, which, in turn, facilitates the adoption of moral disengagement strategies to find justifications for it, when they perceive that significant others approve their intention. The study relied on a cross-over design, with a convenience sample of 437 athletes recruited at four sports sciences Universities evenly distributed in Italy. Questionnaires administered contained a validated tool based on Kruglanski’s theorizing on radical and deviant behavior (e.g., Loss of Significance, Obsessive, and Harmonious passion) and deriving from social cognitive theory (e.g., Moral disengagement). Results of the study tested a serial mediation moderated model, which links the different variables to explain the influence they have on the intentions to use doping. Overall, this research suggests a motivational dynamic that may be at the heart of illicit behaviors in sport, such as using drugs-enhancing performance potentially among athletes of all kinds.
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Лазоренко, Сергій, Дмитро Балашов, and Микола Чхайло. "ЕПІСТЕМОЛОГІЯ ЯВИЩА «ТРАНСГЕНДЕР» У СУЧАСНОМУ ОЛІМПІЙСЬКОМУ СПОРТІ." Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології, no. 5-6(99-100) (August 31, 2020): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.24139/2312-5993/2020.05-06/190-202.
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Relevance of the Research Topic. The forthcoming Olympic Games in July 2021 in Tokyo – the capital of the rising Sun country – in the view of most heads of international sports federations, which absolutely support the aspects of the current Olympic concept, and the athletes preparing to demonstrate the best sides of modern Olympic sports during the Tokyo Olympic Games, can become most scandalous in the context of determining the winners of the Games, the fairness of Olympic records, especially in women’s competitions and Athletes-Transgenders’ participation in the Games. In the history of the modern Olympic movement, these will be the first Olympics Games in which, alongside biological women, will compete representatives of the male half of humanity, who have artificially changed gender. The last four years, following the Games in Rio de Janeiro, have been marked by a total struggle against doping in sports. The purpose of the research is to study the issues of transgender ontology in modern Olympic sport and solutions to this problem. Being used research methods are analysis, comparison and generalization of historical information and its systematization according to the dialectic of the problem’s development. Results of the study. The International Olympic Committee has decided to purge modern Olympic sports from this shameful phenomenon, because peaceful Olympic rivalry is a demonstration of the individual qualities of the athlete, not a rivalry of the modern achievements in medicine and pharmacology. This struggle demonstrated the fundamental position of the IOC towards athletes, teams and national teams, who, for the sake of high sport achievements, used prohibited pharmacological drugs, manipulated of doping tests, etc. in the preparation for official competitions. The result of this struggle is the removal of specified subjects from participation in 2021 Games. Conclusions. The authors of the article tried to explore the dialectic of the transgender phenomenon in modern Olympic sports and to identify aspects of the IOC policy regarding the admission of transgender athletes to the 2021 Summer Olympics.
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Dolara, Piero. "Doping: drugs misused for sports put athletes at risk." Nature 449, no. 7160 (September 2007): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/449281b.
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Sajber, Maric, Rodek, Sekulic, and Liposek. "Toward Prevention of Doping in Youth Sport: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Correlates of Doping Tendency in Swimming." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 4851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234851.
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Doping is recognized as one of the most important problems in sports, but a limited number of studies have investigated doping problems in youth athletes. This study aimed to evaluate doping tendency (potential doping behavior (PDB)) and correlates of PDB in youth age swimmers. The participants were 241 competitive swimmers (131 females; 15.3 ± 1.1 years of age, all under 18 years old). Variables included predictors and PDB (criterion). Predictors consisted of sociodemographic factors (gender and age), sport-related variables (i.e., experience in swimming and sport achievement), variables explaining coaching strategy and training methodology, consumption of dietary supplements (DS), knowledge about doping, and knowledge about sports nutrition and DS (KSN). In addition to the descriptive statistics and differences between genders, a multinomial regression using PDB as the criterion (negative-, neutral-, or positive-PDB, with a negative-PDB as the reference value) was calculated to define associations between predictors and criterion. With only 71% of swimmers who declared negative-PDB results indicated an alarming figure. Boys with better KSN were more negatively oriented toward positive-PDB (OR: 0.77, 95%CI: 0.60–0.95). In girls, lower competitive achievement was evidenced as a risk factor for neutral-PDB (OR: 0.39, 95%CI: 0.24–0.63). Also, higher neutral-PDB (OR: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.81–0.96) and positive-PDB (OR: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.83–0.99) were identified in girls who began with intensive training in younger age. Because of the alarming figures of PDB, there is an evident need for the development of systematic antidoping educational programs in youth swimming. In doing so, focus should be placed on girls who began intensive training at an earlier age and those who did not achieve high competitive results.
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Denham, Bryan E. "Coverage of the Russian Doping Scandal in the New York Times: Intramedia and Intermedia Attribute Agenda-Setting Effects." Communication & Sport 7, no. 3 (April 10, 2018): 337–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479518765188.
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When it publishes a major investigative report or exposé, a prominent news organization can transfer the salience of both an issue and its attributes to other news outlets. Major investigations can also affect how reporters in the same outlet think about an issue in the news. The present study examines intramedia and intermedia agenda-setting effects in the context of sport, drawing on allegations of a state-sponsored doping program in Russian athletics. In May 2016, Dr. Grigory Rodchenkov, a former doping official in Russia, described the program to reporters at the New York Times, and the ensuing front-page story impacted coverage both internally and externally. The current study considers the implications of these effects for sports journalism and individual athletes.
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Cartwright, Edward. "Guilt Aversion and Reciprocity in the Performance-Enhancing Drug Game." Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 4 (August 21, 2018): 535–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002518794793.
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We revisit the performance-enhancing drug game by applying models of guilt aversion and reciprocity. Both models fit within the framework of psychological game theory in that they allow payoffs to depend on beliefs. We explore the extent to which social norms can help reduce or eliminate doping in sport. With reciprocity, we see that first-order beliefs on the prevalence of doping are key and a norm of clean sport would require a coordinated shift in such beliefs. With guilt aversion, by contrast, second-order beliefs are key and individuals may have an incentive to race clean even if they expect competitors will dope. Our results point to the importance for sports bodies and coaches to manage the beliefs of athletes.
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Vernec, Alan, Andrew Slack, Peter Rex Harcourt, Richard Budgett, Martine Duclos, Audrey Kinahan, Katja Mjøsund, and Christian J. Strasburger. "Glucocorticoids in elite sport: current status, controversies and innovative management strategies—a narrative review." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 1 (July 20, 2019): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100196.
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The use of systemic glucocorticoids (GCs), as well as local injections, continues to be a controversial issue in the sport/anti-doping community. There is widespread and legitimate use of GCs for numerous health conditions, yet there are concerns about side effects and the possibility of enhanced athletic performance in limited settings. This is compounded by the uncertainty regarding the prevalence of GC use, mechanisms underlying physiological effects and complex pharmacokinetics of different formulations. While WADA continues to promote research in this complex area, some international sporting federations, major event organisers and professional sports leagues have introduced innovative rules such as needle policies, mandatory rest periods and precompetition guidelines to promote judicious use of GCs, focusing on athlete health and supervision of medical personnel. These complementary sport-specific rules are helping to ensure the appropriate use of GCs in athletes where overuse is a particular concern. Where systemic GCs are medically necessary, Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) may be granted after careful evaluation by TUE Committees based on specific and strict criteria. Continued vigilance and cooperation between physicians, scientists and anti-doping organisations is essential to ensure that GC use in sport respects not only principles of fairness and adherence to the rules but also promotes athlete health and well-being. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarise the use and management of GCs in sport illustrating several innovative programmes by sport leagues and federations.
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Sottas, Pierre-Edouard, Neil Robinson, Olivier Rabin, and Martial Saugy. "The Athlete Biological Passport." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.162271.
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BACKGROUND In elite sports, the growing availability of doping substances identical to those naturally produced by the human body seriously limits the ability of drug-testing regimes to ensure fairness and protection of health. CONTENT The Athlete Biological Passport (ABP), the new paradigm in testing based on the personalized monitoring of biomarkers of doping, offers the enormous advantage of being independent of this endless pharmaceutical race. Doping triggers physiological changes that provide physiological enhancements. In the same way that disease-related biomarkers are invaluable tools that assist physicians in the diagnosis of pathology, specifically selected biomarkers can be used to detect doping. SUMMARY The ABP is a new testing paradigm with immense potential value in the current climate of rapid advancement in biomarker discovery. In addition to its original aim of providing proof of a doping offense, the ABP can also serve as a platform for a Rule of Sport, with the presentation before competition of the ABP to objectively demonstrate that the athlete will participate in a healthy physiological condition that is unaltered by performance-enhancing drugs. Finally, the decision-support system used today for the biological monitoring of world top-level athletes can also be advantageously transferred to other areas of clinical practice to reach the goal of personalized medicine.