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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Doppler anemometry / Dissertations / Theses

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Doppler anemometry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Swales, Christopher. "Advance LDA techniques for measurement of 3D boundary layer velocity profiles on a helicopter rotor." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327721.

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2

Tayali, Nkole Enock. "Particle sizing using laser doppler anemometry techniques." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314652.

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3

Erk, Patrick P. (Patrick Peter). "Digital signal processing techniques for laser-doppler anemometry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43026.

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4

Dewhurst, S. J. "Fluid flow studies using three component laser Doppler anemometry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316829.

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5

Foster, Stephen John. "Some studies of laser Doppler anemometry in wet steam." Thesis, Durham University, 1985. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7119/.

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This study concerns the use of counter based laser Doppler anemometry in a wet steam flow of variable wetness fraction. Velocity measurements across the flow were made under different steam conditions. Comparison was made with a theoretical profile based upon a simple flow analysis. A small radial turbocharger was used as a means of extracting enthalpy homogeneously from a dry superheated flow of steam using the compressor as a brake. The wetness fraction of the exhaust was estimated using measured values of the thermodynamic properties. A laser extinction method was used to determine the numb

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6

Lockey, R. A. "Optoelectronic time-division multiplexing for multicomponent laser doppler anemometry." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1996. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11052.

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This thesis describes the investigation of time-division multiplexing for use in mUlticomponent laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). To make two- or three- dimensional velocity measurements of a flow, two or three separate velocity measurements in different, non-collinear or non-coplanar directions respectively must be taken from which the flow vector can be calculated. It is necessary to separate each velocity channel. Conventionally, the separation is carried out by optical techniques, such as separating the signal from each channel by wavelength or polarisation, with one detector per channel. In

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7

Thorpe, Steven J. "A study of Doppler global velocimetry in its application to aerodynamic flows." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365880.

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8

Jack, Susan Heather. "The investigation of underwater acoustic signals using Laser Doppler Anemometry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15088.

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Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) has been used to study underwater acoustic signals both from emitting hydrophones and underwater explosions. A dual-beam LDA arrangement was used to capture Doppler signals arising from light scattered from particles suspended at the point of interest in the flow. These Doppler signals are analysed using either Hilbert transforms or wavelets, both of which allow instantaneous frequency information to be obtained. When an acoustic signal propagates through a medium it creates refractive index variations within the medium. The apparent motion of the scattering part

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9

Byrne, Gerald. "3-D fibre optic laser Doppler anemometry for applications in turbomachinery." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392236.

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10

Jung, Ki Won Atchley Anthony Armstrong. "Investigation of laser doppler anemometry in developing a velocity-based measurement technique." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4739/index.html.

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11

Corrigan, Timothy J. "A preliminary investigation of high amplitude standing waves with laser Doppler anemometry." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA276463.

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12

Abbott, M. P. "Laser doppler anemometry applied to gas expansion flows and industrial coal flames." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329766.

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13

MacGillivray, Thomas Joseph. "Application of laser anemometry in acoustic measurement standards." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8365.

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The absolute measurement of acoustic particle velocity using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) provides the basis for a method of microphone calibration. In this thesis, after the current standardized calibration method (called reciprocity) is explained, the application of LDA to the determination of sound pressure acting on a microphone is discussed. From a measurement of the output voltage for a given sound pressure, the sensitivity of the microphone can be calculated. In LDA, there are two different techniques for detecting and analysing the Doppler signal generated by acoustic particle motion

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14

Allen, John Thomas. "Laser-based measurements of two-phase flashing propane jets." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298973.

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15

Hargreaves, John H. "Computing and measuring the flowfield in a de-oiling hydrocyclone." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318317.

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16

Parry, Andrew John. "A study of turbulent gas-solid suspension flows in bends using laser-Doppler anemometry." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292366.

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17

Lin, Shi Mu. "Development of laser scattering techniques to measurement of particles." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244756.

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18

Nasr, Ahmed. "Computational and experimental studies of flow through a plate valve." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243954.

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19

Millard, Deborah J. "An investigation into flow in confined environments using laser doppler anemometry and computational fluid dynamics." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245092.

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20

Hsu, Cheng-Hsing. "Laser Doppler anemometry measurements of a confined turbulent water jet with a uniform background flow." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54194.

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An axisymmetric, turbulent water jet with several very slow, coflowing external streams was measured with a frequency shifted laser Doppler anemometer. The objective was to approximate a jet submerged in an ambient fluid of infinite domain by using a confined jet in a uniform coflow. The coflow prevents flow reversal outside the jet, but if the coflow velocity is not small compared to the jet velocity, the jet will no longer be self-preserving. Thus, the objective is reached in the limit as the coflow approaches zero, but in the absence of reverse flow. In the present study, a jet with several

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21

Hawkins, Marion Joyce. "A study of turbulent flows and curved jets, including application of the laser Doppler anemometry technique." Thesis, Durham University, 1988. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1535/.

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22

Beleca, Radu. "Investigation of bipolar charge distribution of pharmaceutical dry powder aerosols using the phase Doppler anemometry system." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11271.

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Electrostatic properties of formulation component materials and blends play an important role in dry powder inhalation (DPI) products, and that valid measurement of charge distribution will lead to more precise control of powder behavior in DPI manufacturing processes. Ultra-fine powders are known to be bipolarly charged, have non-spherical shapes and tend to be highly cohesive. Real time, non-invasive techniques need to be developed to obtain a precise and accurate time-history characteristic of electrically charged powders as they aerosolize from a DPI product, and how this measure relates t

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23

Zaremba, Matouš. "Vliv provozních parametrů na kvalitu rozprašování kapalin u dvou-médiových trysek." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230587.

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This master’s thesis deals with measurement of spray characteristics of Effervescent atomizers intended for burning waste and heavy fuels. Atomizers were tested on cold test bench by means of Phase Doppler Anemometry. Spray characteristics were evaluated for many different regimes of pressure, temperature and Gas to liquid ratio. The aim of this measurement is to compare flow regimes and their influence on the quality of spray characteristics. The theoretical part describes basic fundamental principles of liquid atomization, effervescent atomization and principles of laser diagnostic methods.

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24

Cullen, John Stuart. "A study of brass instrument acoustics using an artificial lip reed mechanism, laser Doppler anemometry and other techniques." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13512.

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The self-sustained oscillation of a brass wind musical instrument involves a complex aerodynamic coupling between a multimode mechanical vibratory system (the lips of the player) and a multimode acoustical vibratory system (the air column of the instrument). In this thesis the behaviour of the coupled system near the threshold of oscillation is investigated using a simplified model in which a single mechanical lip mode is coupled to a single mode of the acoustical resonator by air flow through the lips. The theoretical threshold behaviour is compared with the measured threshold behaviour of a

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25

Crompton, Matthew John. "The thin aerofoil leading edge separation bubble." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/25312c88-4d89-4149-bee9-d56cf80d9735.

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26

Al-Rafai, Waheed Naeem. "A study of turbulent gas-solid suspension flows in pipe bends using laser doppler anemometry and computational fluid dynamics." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254667.

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27

Halim, Mohammed Salim. "Detailed velocity measurements of flow through staggered and in-line tube banks in cross-flow using laser doppler anemometry." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235574.

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28

Bennett, Matthew James. "Investigation of the flow characteristics in the spark initiation region of SI engines using hot wire and laser doppler anemometry." Thesis, Coventry University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328948.

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29

Derlaga, Joseph Michael. "An Experimental Study of Longitudinally Embedded Vortices in a Turbulent Boundary Layer via the Non-Invasive Comprehensive LDV Technique." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32776.

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This report documents the measurements of turbulence quantities resulting from vortices embedded in a zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer. Turbulent boundary layers are found in most flow regimes over large scale vehicles and have been studied for many years. Various systems to control separation of boundary layers have been proposed, but vortex generators have proven to be an economical choice as they are often used to fix deficiencies in a flow field after large scale production of a vehicle has commenced. In order to better understand the interaction between vortex generators an

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30

Kalpakli, Athanasia. "Experimental study of turbulent flows through pipe bends." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Linné Flow Center, FLOW, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93316.

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This thesis deals with turbulent flows in 90 degree curved pipes of circular cross-section. The flow cases investigated experimentally are turbulent flow with and without an additional motion, swirling or pulsating, superposed on the primary flow. The aim is to investigate these complex flows in detail both in terms of statistical quantities as well as vortical structures that are apparent when curvature is present. Such a flow field can contain strong secondary flow in a plane normal to the main flow direction as well as reverse flow. The motivation of the study has mainly been the presence o

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31

Kulon, Janusz. "Real-time measurement of bipolar charge distribution on pharmaceutical aerosols and powders using phase doppler anemometry and a bipolar charge measurement system." Thesis, Brunel University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488733.

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32

Franke, Jakub. "Studium možností zmatňování povrchu pro účely 3D skenování." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417857.

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This diploma thesis deals with matte coatings for 3D scanning purposes. The coatings are made with spray gun which uses a vibrating membrane atomizer and air blow gun. A suspension of titanium dioxide and alcohol is used as a coating material. This thesis describes the effect of the spray gun process parameters on the deposited coatings. These include, for example type of the coating suspension or setup of the blow gun. Phase Doppler Anemometry was used to measure spray characteristics. Deposited coatings were measured with profilometer and scanned with 3D scanner to study their thickness and

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33

Yeo, Siew-Hock. "Experimental determination of the flow field velocity and strain rate in a laminar opposed flow H2/air diffusion flame, via laser doppler anemometry /." This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-170839/.

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34

Yeo, Siew-Hock. "Experimental determination of the flow field velocity and strain rate in a laminar opposed flow H₂/air diffusion flame, via laser doppler anemometry." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41012.

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35

Moreau, Florian. "Évaporation et dispersion d'un spray bi-composant dans un écoulement de canal chauffé fortement turbulent : une approche expérimentale." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0087/document.

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Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre de la compréhension des phénomènes ayant lieu dans les chambres de combustion aéronautiques. Ces phénomènes étant multiples et complexes, des simplifications sont nécessaires. L'étude se focalise uniquement sur l'évaporation de gouttelettes bi-composant en écoulements turbulents. De nombreux modèles d'évaporation existent mais l'influence de la turbulence dans le cas d'un spray est encore mal comprise. Alors que la turbulence augmente l'évaporation d'une goutte isolée, elle peut amener à la création d'amas de gouttes qui vont au contraire ralentir l'évaporat

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36

Hines, Anne Michelle. "Characteristics of Active Combustion Control for Liquid-Fuel Systems with Proportional Primary Fuel Modulation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32569.

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The first part of this work focuses on control experiments performed on an unstable kerosene-fueled turbulent combustor. Using a phase shift controller and primary fuel modulation stability is successfully gained for a wide band of global equivalence ratios allowing the limitations of the control scheme to be characterized. It is shown that control signal saturation can significantly impact the ability of the control scheme to stabilize the system. Three different regions of controllability are defined based on the degree of saturation. A hysteresis behavior is also found to exist for the cont

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37

Brooks, Donald Ray. "Development of Specialized Laser Doppler Velocimeters for High Resolution Flow Profile and Turbulence Spectral Measurements." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78089.

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Fluid dynamicists are always in need of innovative instruments for flow velocity measurements. An ideal instrument would be non-intrusive, have a very fine spatial resolution as well as a very fine temporal resolution, be able to measure three-components of velocity, and be compact. Through recent advancements, laser Doppler velocimetry can now meet all of those requirements making it an important part of aerodynamicist's research toolbox. The first paper presented in this manuscript style thesis explains the development of an advanced three-velocity component, spatially-resolving laser-Dop

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38

Lízal, František. "Experimentální výzkum transportu a depozice aerosolů v dýchacím traktu člověka." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234006.

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Human health is significantly influenced by inhaled aerosols. Insight to the aerosol transport and deposition mechanisms is a prerequisite for both, toxicological protection against harmful particles and efficient application of inhaled therapeutic aerosols. The purpose of this doctoral thesis was to gain new knowledge of this topic on the basis of in vitro measurements. Phase-Doppler Anemometry was chosen for aerosol transport measurement, for it allows simultaneous measurement of particle size and velocity. Results were processed by means of statistical methods and frequency analysis. Deposi

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39

Bultynck, Hervé. "Développements de sondes laser Doppler miniatures pour la mesure de particules dans des écoulements réels complexes." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES031.

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Le diagnostic par des méthodes optiques basées sur l'anémométrie Doppler laser ou phase Doppler permet une meilleure connaissance des écoulements diphasiques. Cependant, l'encombrement de tels systèmes optiques limite leur utilisation. Grâce à la théorie de Lorenz-Mie généralisée, la dimension finie des faisceaux peut être prise en compte, ainsi, deux sondes laser Doppler miniatures ont pu être réalisées. Le développement d'une sonde phase Doppler miniature en rétrodiffusion est au centre de la première partie de cette thèse. L'originalité d'une telle sonde réside dans l'utilisation d'une seul

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40

Baral-Baron, Grégory. "Traitements avancés pour l’augmentation de la disponibilité et de l’intégrité de la mesure de vitesse 3D par LiDAR, dans le domaine aéronautique." Thesis, Supélec, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014SUPL0016/document.

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Afin de satisfaire les exigences de sécurité requises dans l’aviation civile, la stratégie adoptée consiste à multiplier les chaînes de mesure pour une même information. Il est aujourd’hui recommandé d’introduire une chaîne de mesure dissemblable (reposant sur un principe physique différent) afin d’augmenter le niveau de sécurité. Dans cette optique, Thales mène des travaux sur le développement d’un anémomètre laser Doppler embarqué sur aéronef. Ce capteur, composé de quatre axes LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) répartis autour de l’avion, permet d’estimer la vitesse air par l’analyse de la

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41

Lowe, Kevin Todd. "Design and application of a novel Laser-Doppler Velocimeter for turbulence structural measurements in turbulent boundary layers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29257.

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An advanced laser-Doppler velocimeter is designed to acquire fully-resolved turbulence structural measurements in high Reynolds number two- and three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers. The new instrument combines, for the first time, new techniques allowing for the direct measurement of particle acceleration and sub-measurement-volume-scale position resolution so that second-order 3D particle trajectories may be measured at high repetitions. Using these measurements, several terms in the Reynolds stress transport equations may be directly estimated, giving new data for modeling and underst

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42

Lelong, Nicolas. "Etablissement numérique et expérimental d'un dispositif nébuliseur pour l'aérosolthérapie." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR3309.

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L’aérosolthérapie a pour objectif de délivrer un médicament dans les voies respiratoires. Le nébuliseur pneumatique est un dispositif permettant de générer des gouttelettes de liquide de diamètre micrométrique. Son processus d’atomisation a cependant été peu analysé. Ainsi, les performances du nébuliseur, caractérisées par le diamètre des gouttes et la masse de médicament inhalable par le patient, et atteignent un palier. Notre travail consiste à utiliser un modèle numérique diphasique en 3D basé sur une géométrie donnée et paramétré sous ANSYS Fluent. Plusieurs méthodes sont utilisées pour ca

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43

Mojtabi, Mehdi. "Optical analysis of multi-stream GDI sprays under various engine operating conditions." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8503.

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The design and optimisation of a modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine requires a thorough understanding of the fuel sprays characteristics and atomisation process.Therefore this thesis presents a detailed optical analysis of atomisation, penetration and interaction of multi-stream GDI sprays under engine relevant pressures and temperatures. The characteristics of the fuel spray in a GDI engine have a great influence on the fuel-air mixing and combustion processes as fuel injectors must provide adequate atomisation for vaporisation of the fuel to take place before combustion is initiat

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44

Chishty, Wajid Ali. "Effects of Thermoacoustic Oscillations on Spray Combustion Dynamics with Implications for Lean Direct Injection Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28089.

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Thermoacoustic instabilities in modern high-performance, low-emission gas turbine engines are often observable as large amplitude pressure oscillations and can result in serious performance and structural degradations. These acoustic oscillations can cause oscillations in combustor through-flows and given the right phase conditions, can also drive unsteady heat release. This coupling has the potential to enhance the amplitude of pressure oscillations. To curb the potential harms caused by the existence of thermoacoustic instabilities, recent efforts have focused on the active suppression an

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45

Utzig, Jonathan. "Dinâmica das partículas em leito fluidizado circulante." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2016. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/18235.

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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>A presente tese e voltada à investigação da dinâmica das partículas em um riser de leito fluidizado circulante (CFB). Os leitos fluidizados sao comumente encontrados em aplicações de diversas areas industriais, como na secagem e revestimento de partículas, na polimerizaçao, na combustao e gaseificacao de carvão ou biomassa, no craqueamento catalítico de gasóleo. Dada a importancia da compreensão fenomenologica dos mecanismos que ocorrem nestes equipamentos, este trabalho utiliza de experimentacães física material e numeric

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46

Kuhl, David Derieg. "Near Wall Investigation of Three Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34676.

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This report documents the experimental study for four different three-dimensional turbulent flows. The investigation focuses on near wall measurements in these flows. Several experimental techniques are used in the studies; however, the bulk of the investigation focuses on a three-orthogonal-velocity-component fiber-optic laser Doppler anemometer (3D-LDA) system. The control volume of the 3D-LDA is on the order of 50 micro-meter in size, or a y<sup>+</sup> distance of around 2.3 units (using average values of U<sub>&#964</sub> and ν from the experiment). An auxiliary small boundary laye

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47

Beauquel, Julien A. "Numerical investigation on the in-cylinder flow with SI and CAI valve timings." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21548.

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The principle of controlled auto-ignition (CAI) is to mix fuel and air homogeneously before compressing the mixture to the point of auto-ignition. As ignition occurs simultaneously, CAI engines operate with lean mixtures preventing high cylinder pressures. CAI engines produce small amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx) due to low combustion temperatures while maintaining high compression ratios and engine efficiencies. Due to simultaneous combustion and lean mixtures, CAI engines are restricted between low and mid load operations. Various strategies have been studied to improve the load limit of CA

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48

Ghahremanian, Shahriar. "Near-Field Study of Multiple Interacting Jets : Confluent Jets." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-113259.

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This thesis deals with the near-field of confluent jets, which can be of interest in many engineering applications such as design of a ventilation supply device. The physical effect of interaction between multiple closely spaced jets is studied using experimental and numerical methods. The primary aim of this study is to explore a better understanding of flow and turbulence behavior of multiple interacting jets. The main goal is to gain an insight into the confluence of jets occurring in the near-field of multiple interacting jets. The array of multiple interacting jets is studied when they ar

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49

Desnous, Clélia. "Etude expérimentale de la dépressurisation rapide du C6F14 et caractéristiques du brouillard formé." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI059/document.

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La vaporisation explosive, ou flashing, par dépressurisation rapide du C6F14 au travers d'une vanne à boisseau sphérique est analysée expérimentalement sur une grande plage de surchauffe. Les visualisations rapides montrent un jet s’ouvrant très largement en aval, preuve de l'existence d'un fort gradient de pression. Des mesures locales par sonde optique et par vélocimétrie phase Doppler ont permis de caractériser tailles, vitesses, concentration et flux numérique des gouttes en fonction de la surchauffe. La faible influence du degré de surchauffe sur la remontée en pression et sur les tailles

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50

Malý, Milan. "Experimentální studie vlastností spreje a funkčnosti malých tlakových vířivých trysek." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254386.

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Abstract:

Diplomová práce se zabývá experimentální studií vlastností spreje z několika malých tlakových vířivých trysek používaných ve spalovacích komorách proudových motorů. Po desetiletí byla snaha zlepšit jejich rozprašovací charakteristiky a stále jsou možnosti, které nebyly téměř prozkoumány. Výzkum byl proveden za použití různých geometrií jednotlivých dílů trysky za účelem zjištění jejich vlivu na sprej. Byl použit různý počet vstupních portů (2, 3 a 4), různé vířivé komůrky (kulová, kuželová, konvexní, nízká kuželová) a rozdílné návrhy obtokového otvoru (osové, mimosové). Důraz byl kladen na pos

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