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Journal articles on the topic 'Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Chen, Hui Juan, Li Zhang, Jun Ke, Rongfeng Qi, Qiang Xu, Yuan Zhong, Mengjie Pan, Jianjun Li, Guang Ming Lu, and Feng Chen. "Altered resting-state dorsal anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 1 (November 19, 2018): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418812674.

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Objective: The brain functional alterations at regional and network levels in post-traumatic stress disorder patients are still unclear. This study explored brain functional alterations at regional and network levels in post-traumatic stress disorder patients with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and evaluated the relationship between brain function and clinical indices in post-traumatic stress disorder. Methods: Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and seed-based functional connectivity analyses were conducted among typhoon survivors with ( n = 27) and without post-traumatic stress disorder ( n = 33) and healthy controls ( n = 30) to assess the spontaneous brain activity and network-level brain function. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to examine the association of brain function with clinical symptom and social support. Results: Both the post-traumatic stress disorder group and the trauma-exposed control group showed decreased amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex relative to the healthy control group. The post-traumatic stress disorder group showed increased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity with the right paracentral lobule and bilateral precentral gyrus/postcentral gyrus relative to both control groups. Both traumatized groups exhibited decreased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity with the right hippocampus and left cerebellum relative to the healthy control group. More decreased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity with the right hippocampus was found in the post-traumatic stress disorder group. The Checklist-Civilian Version score positively correlated with functional connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the right paracentral lobule as well as between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the right precentral gyrus/postcentral gyrus. The social support was associated with functional connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the bilateral precentral gyrus/postcentral gyrus as well as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the left middle frontal gyrus. Conclusion: Trauma exposure may result in aberrant local and network-level functional connectivity in individuals with or without post-traumatic stress disorder. Altered amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex may be a predisposing risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder development following trauma exposure. More prominent decreased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity with the right hippocampus might be specific in the post-traumatic stress disorder group. Improvement of social support might possibly be significant for post-traumatic stress disorder patients.
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2

Schulte, MHJ, AE Goudriaan, AM Kaag, DP Kooi, W. van den Brink, RW Wiers, and L. Schmaal. "The effect of N-acetylcysteine on brain glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations and on smoking cessation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 10 (September 19, 2017): 1377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117730660.

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Using data form a 14-day double-blind trial with 48 smokers randomized to either N-acetylcysteine (2400 mg) or placebo, we tested the effect of N-acetylcysteine on glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and on smoking cessation. Smoking related behaviors and neurotransmitter concentrations in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex were assessed before and after treatment. Forty-seven non-smoking males served as baseline controls. Smokers showed higher baseline glutamate but similar gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations than non-smokers. There were no treatment effects on dorsal anterior cingulate cortex neurotransmitter concentrations, smoking cessation, craving, or withdrawal symptoms. These results confirm glutamate disbalance in smokers, but not efficacy of N-acetylcysteine.
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3

Samuel, Nir, Eilat Kahana, Aryeh Taub, Tamar Reitich-Stolero, Rony Paz, and Aeyal Raz. "Neurons in the Nonhuman Primate Amygdala and Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Signal Aversive Memory Formation under Sedation." Anesthesiology 134, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 734–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003732.

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Background Anesthetics aim to prevent memory of unpleasant experiences. The amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex participate in forging emotional and valence-driven memory formation. It was hypothesized that this circuitry maintains its role under sedation. Methods Two nonhuman primates underwent aversive tone–odor conditioning under sedative states induced by ketamine or midazolam (1 to 8 and 0.1 to 0.8 mg/kg, respectively). The primary outcome was behavioral and neural evidence suggesting memory formation. This study simultaneously measured conditioned inspiratory changes and changes in firing rate of single neurons in the amygdala and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in response to an expected aversive olfactory stimulus appearing during acquisition and tested their retention after recovery. Results Aversive memory formation occurred in 26 of 59 sessions under anesthetics (16 of 29 and 10 of 30, 5 of 30 and 21 of 29 for midazolam and ketamine at low and high doses, respectively). Single-neuron responses in the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex were positively correlated between acquisition and retention (amygdala, n = 101, r = 0.51, P < 0.001; dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, n = 121, r = 0.32, P < 0.001). Neural responses during acquisition under anesthetics were stronger in sessions exhibiting memory formation than those that did not (amygdala median response ratio, 0.52 versus 0.33, n = 101, P = 0.021; dorsal anterior cingulate cortex median response ratio, 0.48 versus 0.32, n = 121, P = 0.012). The change in firing rate of amygdala neurons during acquisition was correlated with the size of stimuli-conditioned inspiratory response during retention (n = 101, r = 0.22 P = 0.026). Thus, amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex responses during acquisition under anesthetics predicted retention. Respiratory unconditioned responses to the aversive odor anesthetics did not differ from saline controls. Conclusions These results suggest that the amygdala–dorsal anterior cingulate cortex circuit maintains its role in acquisition and maintenance of aversive memories in nonhuman primates under sedation with ketamine and midazolam and that the stimulus valence is sufficient to drive memory formation. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New
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4

Heilbronner, Sarah R., and Benjamin Y. Hayden. "Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View." Annual Review of Neuroscience 39, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-013952.

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5

Fujiwara, Juri, Philippe N. Tobler, Masato Taira, Toshio Iijima, and Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui. "Segregated and Integrated Coding of Reward and Punishment in the Cingulate Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 6 (June 2009): 3284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90909.2008.

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Reward and punishment have opposite affective value but are both processed by the cingulate cortex. However, it is unclear whether the positive and negative affective values of monetary reward and punishment are processed by separate or common subregions of the cingulate cortex. We performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using a free-choice task and compared cingulate activations for different levels of monetary gain and loss. Gain-specific activation (increasing activation for increasing gain, but no activation change in relation to loss) occurred mainly in the anterior part of the anterior cingulate and in the posterior cingulate cortex. Conversely, loss-specific activation (increasing activation for increasing loss, but no activation change in relation to gain) occurred between these areas, in the middle and posterior part of the anterior cingulate. Integrated coding of gain and loss (increasing activation throughout the full range, from biggest loss to biggest gain) occurred in the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate, at the border with the medial prefrontal cortex. Finally, unspecific activation increases to both gains and losses (increasing activation to increasing gains and increasing losses, possibly reflecting attention) occurred in dorsal and middle regions of the cingulate cortex. Together, these results suggest separate and common coding of monetary reward and punishment in distinct subregions of the cingulate cortex. Further meta-analysis suggested that the presently found reward- and punishment-specific areas overlapped with those processing positive and negative emotions, respectively.
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6

Shenhav, Amitai, Jonathan D. Cohen, and Matthew M. Botvinick. "Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the value of control." Nature Neuroscience 19, no. 10 (September 27, 2016): 1286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4384.

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7

Srinivasan, Lakshminarayan, Wael F. Asaad, Daniel T. Ginat, John T. Gale, Darin D. Dougherty, Ziv M. Williams, Terrence J. Sejnowski, and Emad N. Eskandar. "Action Initiation in the Human Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex." PLoS ONE 8, no. 2 (February 27, 2013): e55247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055247.

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8

Wang, Jue, Ning Yang, Wei Liao, Han Zhang, Chao-Gan Yan, Yu-Feng Zang, and Xi-Nian Zuo. "Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in typically developing children: Laterality analysis." Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 15 (October 2015): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.002.

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9

Sheth, Sameer A., Matthew K. Mian, Shaun R. Patel, Wael F. Asaad, Ziv M. Williams, Darin D. Dougherty, George Bush, and Emad N. Eskandar. "Human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex neurons mediate ongoing behavioural adaptation." Nature 488, no. 7410 (June 24, 2012): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11239.

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10

Azab, Habiba, and Benjamin Y. Hayden. "Correlates of decisional dynamics in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex." PLOS Biology 15, no. 11 (November 15, 2017): e2003091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003091.

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11

Salehinejad, Mohammad Ali, Elham Ghanavati, Md Harun Ar Rashid, and Michael A. Nitsche. "Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 5 (January 2021): 239821282110077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23982128211007769.

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Executive functions, or cognitive control, are higher-order cognitive functions needed for adaptive goal-directed behaviours and are significantly impaired in majority of neuropsychiatric disorders. Different models and approaches are proposed for describing how executive functions are functionally organised in the brain. One popular and recently proposed organising principle of executive functions is the distinction between hot (i.e. reward or affective-related) versus cold (i.e. purely cognitive) domains of executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is traditionally linked to executive functions, but on the other hand, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices are hugely involved in executive functions as well. In this review, we first define executive functions, their domains, and the appropriate methods for studying them. Second, we discuss how hot and cold executive functions are linked to different areas of the prefrontal cortex. Next, we discuss the association of hot versus cold executive functions with the cingulate cortex, focusing on the anterior and posterior compartments. Finally, we propose a functional model for hot and cold executive function organisation in the brain with a specific focus on the fronto-cingular network. We also discuss clinical implications of hot versus cold cognition in major neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism) and attempt to characterise their profile according to the functional dominance or manifest of hot–cold cognition. Our model proposes that the lateral prefrontal cortex along with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex are more relevant for cold executive functions, while the medial–orbital prefrontal cortex along with the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex are more closely involved in hot executive functions. This functional distinction, however, is not absolute and depends on several factors including task features, context, and the extent to which the measured function relies on cognition and emotion or both.
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12

De Ridder, Dirk, Patrick Manning, Paul Glue, Gavin Cape, Berthold Langguth, and Sven Vanneste. "Anterior Cingulate Implant for Alcohol Dependence." Neurosurgery 78, no. 6 (April 13, 2016): E883—E893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000001248.

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Abstract BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Alcohol dependence is related to dysfunctional brain processes, in which a genetic background and environmental factors shape brain mechanisms involved with alcohol consumption. Craving, a major component determining relapses in alcohol abuse, has been linked to abnormal brain activity. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We report the results of a treatment-intractable, alcohol-addicted patient with associated agoraphobia and anxiety. Functional imaging studies consisting of functional magnetic resonance imaging and resting-state electroencephalogram were performed as a means to localize craving-related brain activation and for identification of a target for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and implant insertion. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex with a double-cone coil transiently suppressed his very severe alcohol craving for up to 6 weeks. For ongoing stimulation, 2 “back-to-back” paddle electrodes were implanted with functional magnetic resonance imaging neuronavigation guidance for bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex stimulation. Using a recently developed novel stimulation design, burst stimulation, a quick improvement was obtained on craving, agoraphobia, and associated anxiety without the expected withdrawal symptoms. The patient has remained free of alcohol intake and relieved of agoraphobia and anxiety for over 18 months, associated with normalization of his alpha and beta activity on electroencephalogram in the stimulated area. He perceives a mental freedom by not being constantly focused on alcohol. CONCLUSION: This case report proposes a new pathophysiology-based target for the surgical treatment of alcohol dependence and suggests that larger studies are warranted to explore this potentially promising avenue for the treatment of intractable alcohol dependence with or without anxiety and agoraphobia.
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Oh, Sanghoon, Minah Kim, Taekwan Kim, Tae Young Lee, and Jun Soo Kwon. "Resting-state functional connectivity of the striatum predicts improvement in negative symptoms and general functioning in patients with first-episode psychosis: A 1-year naturalistic follow-up study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 5 (November 8, 2019): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867419885452.

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Objective: The persistent disease burden of psychotic disorders often comes from negative symptoms; however, prognostic biomarkers for negative symptoms have not been fully understood. This study investigated whether the altered functional connectivity of the striatum predicts improvement in negative symptoms and functioning after 1 year of usual treatment in patients with first-episode psychosis. Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic imaging was obtained from 40 first-episode psychosis patients and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. Whole-brain functional connectivity maps were generated with subdivisions of the striatum as seed regions and compared between first-episode psychosis patients and healthy controls. In 22 patients with first-episode psychosis, follow-up assessments of negative symptom severity and general functional status were conducted after 1 year of usual treatment. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine factors predictive of symptomatic or functional improvements over the 1-year period. Results: First-episode psychosis patients showed greater functional connectivity between the left dorsal caudate and left primary motor cortex, as well as between the left ventral rostral putamen and right temporal occipital fusiform cortex, than healthy controls. Lower functional connectivity between the right dorsal rostral putamen and anterior cingulate cortex was observed in the first-episode psychosis patients than in healthy controls. In multiple regression analyses, lower functional connectivity of the left dorsal caudate–left primary motor cortex/right dorsal rostral putamen–anterior cingulate cortex predicted improvement in negative symptoms. In addition, lower right dorsal rostral putamen–anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity predicted improvement in general functioning. Conclusion: These results suggest that altered striatal functional connectivity can be a potent neurobiological marker in the prognosis prediction of first-episode psychosis. Furthermore, altered striatal functional connectivity may provide a potential target in developing treatments for negative symptoms.
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Jueptner, M., K. M. Stephan, C. D. Frith, D. J. Brooks, R. S. J. Frackowiak, and R. E. Passingham. "Anatomy of Motor Learning. I. Frontal Cortex and Attention to Action." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 1313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.3.1313.

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Jueptner, M., K. M. Stephan, C. D. Frith, D. J. Brooks, R.S.J. Frackowiak, and R. E. Passingham. Anatomy of motor learning. I. Frontal cortex and attention to action. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1313–1324, 1997. We used positron emission tomography to study new learning and automatic performance in normal volunteers. Subjects learned sequences of eight finger movements by trial and error. In a previous experiment we showed that the prefrontal cortex was activated during new learning but not during automatic performance. The aim of the present experiment was to see what areas could be reactivated if the subjects performed the prelearned sequence but were required to pay attention to what they were doing. Scans were carried out under four conditions. In the first the subjects performed a prelearned sequence of eight key presses; this sequence was learned before scanning and was practiced until it had become overlearned, so that the subjects were able to perform it automatically. In the second condition the subjects learned a new sequence during scanning. In a third condition the subjects performed the prelearned sequence, but they were required to attend to what they were doing; they were instructed to think about the next movement. The fourth condition was a baseline condition. As in the earlier study, the dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate area 32 were activated during new learning, but not during automatic performance. The left dorsal prefrontal cortex and the right anterior cingulate cortex were reactivated when subjects paid attention to the performance of the prelearned sequence compared with automatic performance of the same task. It is suggested that the critical feature was that the subjects were required to attend to the preparation of their responses. However, the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex were activated more when the subjects learned a new sequence than they were when subjects simply paid attention to a prelearned sequence. New learning differs from the attention condition in that the subjects generated moves, monitored the outcomes, and remembered the responses that had been successful. All these are nonroutine operations to which the subjects must attend. Further analysis is needed to specify which are the nonroutine operations that require the involvement of the dorsal prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex.
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Hewig, Johannes, Thomas Straube, Ralf H. Trippe, Nora Kretschmer, Holger Hecht, Michael G. H. Coles, and Wolfgang H. R. Miltner. "Decision-making under Risk: An fMRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 8 (August 2009): 1642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21112.

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Recent research has focused on decision-making under risk and its neural bases. Two kinds of bad decisions under risk may be defined: too risky decisions and too cautious decisions. Here we show that suboptimal decisions of both kinds lead to increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in a Blackjack gambling task. Moreover, this increased activity is related to the avoidance of the negatively evaluated decision under risk. These findings complement other results suggesting an important role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in reward-based decision-making and conflict resolution.
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16

Schaufelberger, Maristela, Maurien C. T. Senhorini, Maria Angela Barreiros, Edson Amaro Jr, Paulo R. Menezes, Marcia Scazufca, Claudio C. Castro, et al. "Frontal and anterior cingulate activation during overt verbal fluency in patients with first episode psychosis." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 27, no. 3 (September 2005): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462005000300013.

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OBJECTIVE: Functional neuroimaging studies using phonological verbal fluency tasks allow the assessment of neural circuits relevant to the neuropsychology of psychosis. There is evidence that the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus present different activation patterns in subjects with chronic schizophrenia relative to healthy controls. We assessed the functioning in these brain regions during phonological verbal fluency in subjects with recent-onset functional psychoses, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI). METHODS: Seven patients with functional psychoses (3 schizophreniform, 4 affective) and 9 healthy controls were studied. We compared functional magnetic resonance images acquired during articulation of words beginning with letters classified as easy for word production in Portuguese. Statistical comparisons were performed using non-parametric tests. RESULTS: There were no differences between patients and controls in task performance. Controls showed greater activation than patients in the left rostral anterior cingulate gyrus and right inferior prefrontal cortex, whereas patients showed stronger activation than controls in a more dorsal part of the anterior cingulate gyrus bilaterally and in a more superior portion of the right prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary findings of attenuated engagement of inferior prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus in patients with recent onset psychosis during phonological verbal fluency are consistent with those of previous studies. The greater activation found in other parts of the anterior cingulate gyrus and prefrontal cortex in patients may be related to a compensatory response that is required to maintain normal task performance, and suggests a pattern of disorganized activity of different functional anterior cingulate gyrus units in association with psychotic conditions.
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17

Fink, Gereon R., Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Uwe Pietrzyk, and Richard E. Passingham. "Multiple Nonprimary Motor Areas in the Human Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 2164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.4.2164.

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Fink, Gereon R., Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Uwe Pietrzyk, and Richard E. Passingham. Multiple nonprimary motor areas in the human cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2164–2174, 1997. We measured the distribution of regional cerebral blood flow with positron emission tomography while three subjects moved their hand, shoulder, or leg. The images were coregistered with each individual's anatomic magnetic resonance scans. The data were analyzed for each individual to avoid intersubject averaging and so to preserve individual gyral anatomy. Instead of inspecting all pixels, we prospectively restricted the data analysis to particular areas of interest. These were defined on basis of the anatomic and physiological literature on nonhuman primates. By examining only a subset of areas, we strengthened the power of the statistical analysis and thereby increased the confidence in reporting single subject data. On the lateral convexity, motor related activity was found for all three subjects in the primary motor cortex, lateral premotor cortex, and an opercular area within the premotor cortex. In addition, there was activation of somatosensory cortex (SI), the supplementary somatosensory area (SII) in the Sylvian fissure, and parietal association areas (Brodmann areas 5 and 40). There was also activation in the insula. We suggest that the activation in the dorsal premotor cortex may correspond with dorsal premotor area (PMd) as described in the macaque brain. We propose three hypotheses as to the probable location of vental premotor area (PMv) in the human brain. On the medial surface, motor-related activity was found for all three subjects in the leg areas of the primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex and also activity for the hand, shoulder, and leg in the supplementary motor area (SMA) on the dorsal medial convexity and in three areas in the cingulate sulcus. We suggest that the three cingulate areas may correspond with rostral cingulate premotor area, dorsal cingulate motor area (CMAd), and ventral cingulate motor area (CMAv) as identified in the macaque brain. Somatotopic mapping was demonstrated in the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex. In all three subjects, the arm region lay anterior to the leg region in parietal area 5. Also in all three subjects, the arm region lay anterior to the leg region in the supplementary motor cortex.
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18

Bush, G., B. A. Vogt, J. Holmes, A. M. Dale, D. Greve, M. A. Jenike, and B. R. Rosen. "Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: A role in reward-based decision making." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 1 (December 26, 2001): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.012470999.

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Shinoura, Nobusada, Ryozi Yamada, Yusuke Tabei, Ryohei Otani, Chihiro Itoi, Seiko Saito, and Akira Midorikawa. "Damage to the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex induces panic disorder." Journal of Affective Disorders 133, no. 3 (October 2011): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.029.

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Holroyd, Clay B., and Michael G. H. Coles. "Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex integrates reinforcement history to guide voluntary behavior." Cortex 44, no. 5 (May 2008): 548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.013.

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21

Zuo, ChuanTao, Yilong Ma, BoMin Sun, Shichun Peng, HuiWei Zhang, David Eidelberg, and YiHui Guan. "Metabolic Imaging of Bilateral Anterior Capsulotomy in Refractory Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: an FDG PET Study." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 33, no. 6 (February 27, 2013): 880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2013.23.

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The therapeutic benefits of bilateral capsulotomy for the treatment of refractory obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are probably attributed to interruption of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry. We evaluated resting brain metabolism and treatment response in OCD patients using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. [18F]-fluoro-deoxy-glucose PET was performed in eight OCD patients precapsulotomy and postcapsulotomy. We determined metabolic differences between preoperative images in patients and those in eight age-matched healthy volunteers, and postoperative changes and clinical correlations in the patients. The OCD patients showed widespread metabolic increases in normalized glucose metabolism in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and bilateral pons/cerebellum, and metabolic decreases bilaterally in the precentral and lingual gyri. Bilateral capsulotomy resulted in significant metabolic decreases bilaterally in the prefrontal cortical regions, especially in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and in the medial dorsal thalamus and caudate nucleus. In contrast, metabolism increased bilaterally in the precentral and lingual gyri. Clinical improvement in patients correlated with metabolic changes in the bilateral dorsal ACC and in the right middle occipital gyrus after capsulotomy. This study underscores the importance of the internal capsule in modulating ventral prefrontal and dorsal anterior cingulate neuronal activity in the neurosurgical management of OCD patients.
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Zhuo, Min. "Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic pain." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1633 (January 5, 2014): 20130146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0146.

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Glutamate is the primary excitatory transmitter of sensory transmission and perception in the central nervous system. Painful or noxious stimuli from the periphery ‘teach’ humans and animals to avoid potentially dangerous objects or environments, whereas tissue injury itself causes unnecessary chronic pain that can even last for long periods of time. Conventional pain medicines often fail to control chronic pain. Recent neurobiological studies suggest that synaptic plasticity taking place in sensory pathways, from spinal dorsal horn to cortical areas, contributes to chronic pain. Injuries trigger long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn and anterior cingulate cortex, and such persistent potentiation does not require continuous neuronal activity from the periphery. At the synaptic level, potentiation of excitatory transmission caused by injuries may be mediated by the enhancement of glutamate release from presynaptic terminals and potentiated postsynaptic responses of AMPA receptors. Preventing, ‘erasing’ or reducing such potentiation may serve as a new mechanism to inhibit chronic pain in patients in the future.
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Zhao, Jizheng, Dardo Tomasi, Corinde E. Wiers, Ehsan Shokri-Kojori, Şükrü B. Demiral, Yi Zhang, Nora D. Volkow, and Gene-Jack Wang. "Correlation between Traits of Emotion-Based Impulsivity and Intrinsic Default-Mode Network Activity." Neural Plasticity 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9297621.

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Negative urgency (NU) and positive urgency (PU) are implicated in several high-risk behaviors, such as eating disorders, substance use disorders, and nonsuicidal self-injury behavior. The current study aimed to explore the possible link between trait of urgency and brain activity at rest. We assessed the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) of the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal in 85 healthy volunteers. Trait urgency measures were related to ALFF in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventral and dorsal medial frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus. In addition, trait urgency measures showed significant correlations with the functional connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus seed with the thalamus and midbrain region. These findings suggest an association between intrinsic brain activity and impulsive behaviors in healthy humans.
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Perry, Robin N., Hera E. Schlagintweit, Christine Darredeau, Carl Helmick, Aaron J. Newman, Kimberley P. Good, and Sean P. Barrett. "The impacts of actual and perceived nicotine administration on insula functional connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 12 (September 23, 2019): 1600–1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119872205.

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Background: Changes in resting state functional connectivity between the insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex as well as between the insula and nucleus accumbens have been linked to nicotine withdrawal and/or administration. However, because many of nicotine’s effects in humans appear to depend, at least in part, on the belief that nicotine has been administered, the relative contribution of nicotine’s pharmacological actions to such effects requires clarification. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of perceived and actual nicotine administration on neural responses. Methods: Twenty-six smokers were randomly assigned to receive either a nicotine inhaler (4 mg deliverable) or a nicotine-free inhaler across two sessions. Inhaler content instructions (told nicotine vs told nicotine-free) differed across sessions. Resting state functional connectivity between sub-regions of the insula and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens was measured using magnetic resonance imaging before and after inhaler administration. Results: Both actual and perceived nicotine administration independently altered resting state functional connectivity between the anterior insula and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, with actual administration being associated with decreased resting state functional connectivity, and perceived administration with increased resting state functional connectivity. Actual nicotine administration also contralaterally reduced resting state functional connectivity between the anterior insula and nucleus accumbens, while reductions in resting state functional connectivity between the mid-insula and right nucleus accumbens were observed when nicotine was administered unexpectedly. Changes in resting state functional connectivity associated with actual or perceived nicotine administration were unrelated to changes in subjective withdrawal and craving. Changes in withdrawal and craving were however independently associated with resting state functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and insula. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of considering non-pharmacological factors when examining drug mechanisms of action.
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Schulz, Kurt P., Anne-Claude V. Bédard, Rosa Czarnecki, and Jin Fan. "Preparatory activity and connectivity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex for cognitive control." NeuroImage 57, no. 1 (July 2011): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.04.023.

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Cai, X., and C. Padoa-Schioppa. "Neuronal Encoding of Subjective Value in Dorsal and Ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex." Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 11 (March 14, 2012): 3791–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3864-11.2012.

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Logiaco, Laureline, René Quilodran, Emmanuel Procyk, and Angelo Arleo. "Spatiotemporal Spike Coding of Behavioral Adaptation in the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex." PLOS Biology 13, no. 8 (August 12, 2015): e1002222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002222.

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Benedict, Ralph H. B., David W. Shucard, Michael P. Santa Maria, Janet L. Shucard, Jose P. Abara, Mary Lou Coad, David Wack, James Sawusch, and Alan Lockwood. "Covert Auditory Attention Generates Activation in the Rostral/Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 4 (May 1, 2002): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290260045765.

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The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is believed to mediate conscious information processing or high-capacity attention. However, previous functional imaging studies have largely relied on tasks that involve motor function as well as attention. The work from our group utilizing an auditory continuous performance task demonstrated increased activity in a caudal division of the ACC that borders the supplementary motor area (SMA). Activity in this region was attributed to motor responding as well as attention. In the present study, we used15O H2O positron emission tomography (PET) to map brain activation during nonmotor, covert auditory attention. Our hypothesis was that a different region within the ACC, anterior to the SMA, would be active during covert attention (CA). Six men and six women were asked to monitor aurally presented syllables presented at a 1-sec interstimulus interval. During the CA condition, subjects were asked to continuously discriminate target (.19 probability) from nontarget stimuli. Simultaneous recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) confirmed the discrimination of target and nontarget stimuli and the allocation of attention capacity. Comparison of the monitored versus nonmonitored presentation of stimuli demonstrated significant activity in a rostral/dorsal division of the right ACC, anterior to SMA. Other regions of activation included the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere, consistent with neurocognitive models of language and vigilance. We conclude that a rostral/dorsal subdivision of the right ACC is specific for conscious attention during auditory processing, in contrast to premotor response formation.
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McGovern, Robert A., and Guy M. McKhann. "Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Neurons as the Basis for the Gratton Effect." Neurosurgery 71, no. 4 (October 2012): N9—N10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000419705.94910.de.

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Milad, Mohammed R., Gregory J. Quirk, Roger K. Pitman, Scott P. Orr, Bruce Fischl, and Scott L. Rauch. "A Role for the Human Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Fear Expression." Biological Psychiatry 62, no. 10 (November 2007): 1191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.032.

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Magno, Elena, Cristina Simões-Franklin, Ian H. Robertson, and Hugh Garavan. "The Role of the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate in Evaluating Behavior for Achieving Gains and Avoiding Losses." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 12 (December 2009): 2328–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21169.

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Effective goal-directed behavior relies on a network of regions including anterior cingulate cortex and ventral striatum to learn from negative outcomes in order to improve performance. We employed fMRI to determine if this frontal–striatal system is also involved in instances of behavior that do not presume negative circumstances. Participants performed a visual target/nontarget search game in which they could optionally abort a trial to avoid errors or receive extra reward for highly confident responses. Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex were equally activated for error avoidance and high reward trials but were not active on error trials, demonstrating their primary involvement in self-initiated behavioral adjustment and not error detection or prediction. In contrast, the insula and the ventral striatum were responsive to the high reward trials. Differential activation patterns across conditions for the nucleus accumbens, insula, and prefrontal cortex suggest distinct roles for these structures in the control of reward-related behavior.
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Aarts, Esther, and Ardi Roelofs. "Attentional Control in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Based on Probabilistic Cueing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 3 (March 2011): 716–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21435.

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In Stroop-like tasks, conflict effects in behavioral measures and ACC activity are smaller on trials following an incongruent trial than following a congruent one. Researchers have found no agreement on whether these sequential effects in ACC can be driven by experienced incongruency only or also by expectations about target types. In the present fMRI experiment, we specifically manipulated the expectancies by using symbolic cues predicting with 75% or 50% certainty the incongruent or congruent targets in a Stroop-like task. Both behavioral and dorsal ACC data replicated previous sequential effects, with conflict effects being smallest for targets following the cues that predicted with 75% certainty the incongruent targets. However, these effects were not driven by experienced conflict but by symbolic cues. These results demonstrate differential attentional control activity in ACC after probabilistic cueing, providing evidence for control adjustments driven by changes in expectation.
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Brockett, Adam T., Stephen S. Tennyson, Coreylyn A. deBettencourt, Fatou Gaye, and Matthew R. Roesch. "Anterior cingulate cortex is necessary for adaptation of action plans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 11 (March 4, 2020): 6196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919303117.

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Previous research has focused on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as a key brain region in the mitigation of the competition that arises from two simultaneously active signals. However, to date, no study has demonstrated that ACC is necessary for this form of behavioral flexibility, nor have any studies shown that ACC acts by modulating downstream brain regions such as the dorsal medial striatum (DMS) that encode action plans necessary for task completion. Here, we performed unilateral excitotoxic lesions of ACC while recording downstream from the ipsilateral hemisphere of DMS in rats, performing a variant of the STOP-signal task. We show that on STOP trials lesioned rats perform worse, in part due to the failure of timely directional action plans to emerge in the DMS, as well as the overrepresentation of the to-be-inhibited behavior. Collectively, our findings suggest that ACC is necessary for the mitigation of competing inputs and validates many of the existing theoretical predictions for the role of ACC in cognitive control.
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Penner, Jacob, Elizabeth A. Osuch, Betsy Schaefer, Jean Théberge, Richard W. J. Neufeld, Ravi S. Menon, Nagalingam Rajakumar, and Peter C. Williamson. "Temporoparietal Junction Functional Connectivity in Early Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder." Chronic Stress 2 (January 2018): 247054701881523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470547018815232.

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Background The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) has been linked to lower-level attentional and higher-level social processing, both of which are affected in schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined resting functional connectivity of bilateral anterior and posterior TPJ in SZ and MDD to evaluate potential anomalies in each disorder and differences between disorders. Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 24 patients with SZ, 24 patients with MDD, and 24 age-matched healthy controls. We performed seed-based functional connectivity analyses with seed regions in bilateral anterior and posterior TPJ, covarying for gender and smoking. Results SZ had reduced connectivity versus controls between left anterior TPJ and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC); between left posterior TPJ and middle cingulate cortex, left dorsal PFC, and right lateral PFC; between right anterior TPJ and bilateral PCC; and between right posterior TPJ and middle cingulate cortex, left posterior insula, and right insula. MDD had reduced connectivity versus controls between left posterior TPJ and right dlPFC and between right posterior TPJ and PCC and dlPFC. SZ had reduced connectivity versus MDD between right posterior TPJ and left fusiform gyrus and right superior-posterior temporal cortex. Conclusion Functional connectivity to the TPJ was demonstrated to be disrupted in both SZ and MDD. However, TPJ connectivity may differ in these disorders with reduced connectivity in SZ versus MDD between TPJ and posterior brain regions.
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Holroyd, Clay B., Sander Nieuwenhuis, Nick Yeung, Leigh Nystrom, Rogier B. Mars, Michael G. H. Coles, and Jonathan D. Cohen. "Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex shows fMRI response to internal and external error signals." Nature Neuroscience 7, no. 5 (April 18, 2004): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1238.

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Fedeli, Davide, Nicola Del Maschio, Camilla Caprioglio, Simone Sulpizio, and Jubin Abutalebi. "Sulcal Pattern Variability and Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Functional Connectivity Across Adult Age." Brain Connectivity 10, no. 6 (August 1, 2020): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/brain.2020.0751.

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Koike, Hiroyuki, Michael P. Demars, Jennifer A. Short, Elisa M. Nabel, Schahram Akbarian, Mark G. Baxter, and Hirofumi Morishita. "Chemogenetic Inactivation of Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Neurons Disrupts Attentional Behavior in Mouse." Neuropsychopharmacology 41, no. 4 (July 30, 2015): 1014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.229.

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Blanchard, T. C., and B. Y. Hayden. "Neurons in Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Signal Postdecisional Variables in a Foraging Task." Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 2 (January 8, 2014): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3151-13.2014.

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Wu, Long-Jun, Shanelle Ko, and Min Zhuo. "Kainate Receptors and Pain: From Dorsal Root Ganglion to the Anterior Cingulate Cortex." Current Pharmaceutical Design 13, no. 15 (May 1, 2007): 1597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161207780765864.

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Polli, F. E., J. J. S. Barton, M. S. Cain, K. N. Thakkar, S. L. Rauch, and D. S. Manoach. "Rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex make dissociable contributions during antisaccade error commission." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 43 (October 14, 2005): 15700–15705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503657102.

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Wang, Jue, Dong-Qiang Liu, Han Zhang, Wei-Xuan Zhu, Zhang-Ye Dong, and Yu-Feng Zang. "Asymmetry of the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Evidences from Multiple Modalities of MRI." Neuroinformatics 11, no. 2 (October 9, 2012): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12021-012-9167-9.

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Dickenson, Anthony H., Edita Navratilova, Ryan Patel, Frank Porreca, and Kirsty Bannister. "Supraspinal Opioid Circuits Differentially Modulate Spinal Neuronal Responses in Neuropathic Rats." Anesthesiology 132, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 881–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003120.

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Abstract Background The anterior cingulate cortex and central nucleus of the amygdala connect widely with brainstem nuclei involved in descending modulation, including the rostral ventromedial medulla. Endogenous opioids in these circuits participate in pain modulation. The hypothesis was that a differential opioidergic role for the brain nuclei listed in regulation of spinal neuronal responses because separable effects on pain behaviors in awake animals were previously observed. Methods This study utilized in vivo electrophysiology to determine the effects of morphine microinjection into the anterior cingulate cortex, right or left central nucleus of the amygdala, or the rostral ventromedial medulla on spinal wide dynamic range neuronal responses in isoflurane-anesthetized, male Sprague–Dawley rats. Ongoing activity in the ventrobasal thalamus was also measured. In total, 33 spinal nerve ligated and 26 control age- and weight-matched control rats were used. Results Brainstem morphine reduced neuronal firing to 60-g von Frey stimulation in control rats (to 65 ± 12% of control response (means ± 95% CI), P < 0.001) with a greater inhibition in neuropathic rats (to 53 ± 17% of control response, P < 0.001). Contrasting anterior cingulate cortex morphine had only marginal modulatory effects on spinal neuronal responses with limited variance in effect between control and neuropathic rats. The inhibitory effects of morphine in the central nucleus of the amygdala were dependent on pain state and laterality; only right-side morphine reduced neuronal firing to 60-g stimulation in neuropathic rats (to 65 ± 14% of control response, P = 0.001). In addition, in neuropathic rats elevated ongoing neuronal activity in the ventral posterolateral thalamus was not inhibited by anterior cingulate cortex morphine, in contrast to evoked responses. Conclusions Cumulatively the data support opioid modulation of evoked responses predominately through a lateralized output from the right amygdala, as well as from the brainstem that is enhanced in injured conditions. Minimal modulation of dorsal horn responses was observed after anterior cingulate cortex opioid administration regardless of injury state. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New
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Nakao, Takashi, Takahiro Osumi, Hideki Ohira, Yukinori Kasuya, Jun Shinoda, Jitsuhiro Yamada, and Georg Northoff. "Medial prefrontal cortex–dorsal anterior cingulate cortex connectivity during behavior selection without an objective correct answer." Neuroscience Letters 482, no. 3 (October 2010): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.07.041.

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Nakao, Takashi, Takahiro Osumi, Hideki Ohira, Yukinori Kasuya, Jun Shinoda, Jitsuhiro Yamada, and Georg Northoff. "Medial prefrontal cortex — dorsal anterior cingulate cortex connectivity during behavior selection without an objective correct answer." International Journal of Psychophysiology 77, no. 3 (September 2010): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.246.

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Denson, Thomas F., William C. Pedersen, Jaclyn Ronquillo, and Anirvan S. Nandy. "The Angry Brain: Neural Correlates of Anger, Angry Rumination, and Aggressive Personality." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 4 (April 2009): 734–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21051.

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Very little is known about the neural circuitry guiding anger, angry rumination, and aggressive personality. In the present fMRI experiment, participants were insulted and induced to ruminate. Activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was positively related to self-reported feelings of anger and individual differences in general aggression. Activity in the medial prefrontal cortex was related to self-reported rumination and individual differences in displaced aggression. Increased activation in the hippocampus, insula, and cingulate cortex following the provocation predicted subsequent self-reported rumination. These findings increase our understanding of the neural processes associated with the risk for aggressive behavior by specifying neural regions that mediate the subjective experience of anger and angry rumination as well as the neural pathways linked to different types of aggressive behavior.
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Yang, Chuan-Chih, Alfonso Barrós-Loscertales, Daniel Pinazo, Noelia Ventura-Campos, Viola Borchardt, Juan-Carlos Bustamante, Aina Rodríguez-Pujadas, et al. "State and Training Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Brain Networks Reflect Neuronal Mechanisms of Its Antidepressant Effect." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9504642.

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The topic of investigating how mindfulness meditation training can have antidepressant effects via plastic changes in both resting state and meditation state brain activity is important in the rapidly emerging field of neuroplasticity. In the present study, we used a longitudinal design investigating resting state fMRI both before and after 40 days of meditation training in 13 novices. After training, we compared differences in network connectivity between rest and meditation using common resting state functional connectivity methods. Interregional methods were paired with local measures such as Regional Homogeneity. As expected, significant differences in functional connectivity both between states (rest versus meditation) and between time points (before versus after training) were observed. During meditation, the internal consistency in the precuneus and the temporoparietal junction increased, while the internal consistency of frontal brain regions decreased. A follow-up analysis of regional connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex further revealed reduced connectivity with anterior insula during meditation. After meditation training, reduced resting state functional connectivity between the pregenual anterior cingulate and dorsal medical prefrontal cortex was observed. Most importantly, significantly reduced depression/anxiety scores were observed after training. Hence, these findings suggest that mindfulness meditation might be of therapeutic use by inducing plasticity related network changes altering the neuronal basis of affective disorders such as depression.
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Frick, Andreas, Jonas Engman, Kurt Wahlstedt, Malin Gingnell, Mats Fredrikson, and Tomas Furmark. "Anterior cingulate cortex activity as a candidate biomarker for treatment selection in social anxiety disorder." BJPsych Open 4, no. 3 (May 2018): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.15.

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SummaryWe aimed to identify biomarkers to guide the decision to add selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) to psychological treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). Forty-eight patients with SAD underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging and collection of clinical and demographic variables before treatment with cognitive–behavioural therapy, combined on a double-blind basis with either escitalopram or placebo for 9 weeks. Pre-treatment neural reactivity to aversive faces in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), but not clinical/demographic variables, moderated clinical outcomes. Cross-validated individual-level predictions accurately identified 81% of responders/non-responders. Dorsal ACC reactivity is thus a potential biomarker for SAD treatment selection.Declaration of interestNone.
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Chen, Chong. "Intelligence moderates reinforcement learning: a mini-review of the neural evidence." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 10 (June 2015): 3459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00600.2014.

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Our understanding of the neural basis of reinforcement learning and intelligence, two key factors contributing to human strivings, has progressed significantly recently. However, the overlap of these two lines of research, namely, how intelligence affects neural responses during reinforcement learning, remains uninvestigated. A mini-review of three existing studies suggests that higher IQ (especially fluid IQ) may enhance the neural signal of positive prediction error in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum, several brain substrates of reinforcement learning or intelligence.
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Krause-Utz, A., I. M. Veer, S. A. R. B. Rombouts, M. Bohus, C. Schmahl, and B. M. Elzinga. "Amygdala and anterior cingulate resting-state functional connectivity in borderline personality disorder patients with a history of interpersonal trauma." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 13 (February 26, 2014): 2889–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714000324.

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BackgroundStudies in borderline personality disorder (BPD) have consistently revealed abnormalities in fronto-limbic brain regions during emotional, somatosensory and cognitive challenges. Here we investigated changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of three fronto-limbic core regions of specific importance to BPD.MethodFunctional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired in 20 unmedicated female BPD patients and 17 healthy controls (HC, matched for age, sex and education) during rest. The amygdala, and the dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were defined as seeds to investigate RSFC patterns of a medial temporal lobe network, the salience network and default mode network. The Dissociation Experience Scale (DES), a measure of trait dissociation, was additionally used as a predictor of RSFC with these seed regions.ResultsCompared with HC, BPD patients showed a trend towards increased RSFC between the amygdala and the insula, orbitofrontal cortex and putamen. Compared with controls, patients furthermore exhibited diminished negative RSFC between the dorsal ACC and posterior cingulate cortex, a core region of the default mode network, and regions of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Last, increased negative RSFC between the ventral ACC and medial occipital regions was observed in BPD patients. DES scores were correlated with amygdala connectivity with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and fusiform gyrus.ConclusionsOur findings suggest alterations in resting-state networks associated with processing of negative emotions, encoding of salient events, and self-referential processing in individuals with BPD compared with HC. These results shed more light on the role of abnormal brain connectivity in BPD.
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Nordahl, Christine Wu, Charan Ranganath, Andrew P. Yonelinas, Charles DeCarli, Evan Fletcher, and William J. Jagust. "White Matter Changes Compromise Prefrontal Cortex Function in Healthy Elderly Individuals." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.3.418.

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Changes in memory function in elderly individuals are often attributed to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). One mechanism for this dysfunction may be disruption of white matter tracts that connect the PFC with its anatomical targets. Here, we tested the hypothesis that white matter degeneration is associated with reduced prefrontal activation. We used white matter hyperintensities (WMH), a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) finding associated with cerebrovascular disease in elderly individuals, as a marker for white matter degeneration. Specifically, we used structural MRI to quantify the extent of WMH in a group of cognitively normal elderly individuals and tested whether these measures were predictive of the magnitude of prefrontal activity (fMRI) observed during performance of an episodic retrieval task and a verbal working memory task. We also examined the effects of WMH located in the dorsolateral frontal regions with the hypothesis that dorsal PFC WMH would be strongly associated with not only PFC function, but also with areas that are anatomically and functionally linked to the PFC in a task-dependent manner. Results showed that increases in both global and regional dorsal PFC WMH volume were associated with decreases in PFC activity. In addition, dorsal PFC WMH volume was associated with decreased activity in medial temporal and anterior cingulate regions during episodic retrieval and decreased activity in the posterior parietal and anterior cingulate cortex during working memory performance. These results suggest that disruption of white matter tracts, especially within the PFC, may be a mechanism for age-related changes in memory functioning.
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