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Journal articles on the topic 'Dose conversion factors'

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Published: 24 March 2023

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1

Marsh, James W., John D. Harrison, Dominique Laurier, Eric Blanchardon, François Paquet, and Margot Tirmarche. "DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS FOR RADON: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS." Health Physics 99, no. 4 (October 2010): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0b013e3181d6bc19.

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2

Cross, W. G., J. Böhm, M. Charles, E. Piesch, and S. M. Seltzer. "Appendix C: Absorbed Dose Distributions; Conversion Factors." Journal of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements os29, no. 1 (January 5, 1997): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicru/os29.1.92.

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3

Cross, W. G., J. Böhm, M. Charles, E. Piesch, and S. M. Seltzer. "Appendix C: Absorbed Dose Distributions; Conversion Factors." Reports of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements os-29, no. 1 (January 1997): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicru_os29.1.92.

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4

KARAMBATSAKIDOU, A., B. SAHLGREN, B. HANSSON, M. LIDEGRAN, and A. FRANSSON. "Effective dose conversion factors in paediatric interventional cardiology." British Journal of Radiology 82, no. 981 (September 2009): 748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/57217783.

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5

Jacob, Peter, and Herwig G. Paretzke. "Dose-rate conversion factors for external gamma exposure." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 255, no. 1-2 (March 1987): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)91092-8.

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6

NAMBI, K. S. V., and M. J. AITKEN. "ANNUAL DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS FOR TL AND ESR DATING." Archaeometry 28, no. 2 (August 1986): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1986.tb00388.x.

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7

Ishikawa, Tetsuo, Shinji Tokonami, and Csaba Nemeth. "Calculation of dose conversion factors for thoron decay products." Journal of Radiological Protection 27, no. 4 (November 27, 2007): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/27/4/005.

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8

Bogaert, E., K. Bacher, and H. Thierens. "Interventional cardiovascular procedures in Belgium: effective dose and conversion factors." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 129, no. 1-3 (February 18, 2008): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncn021.

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9

Ding, G. X., D. W. O. Rogers, J. E. Cygler, and T. R. Mackie. "Electron fluence correction factors for conversion of dose in plastic to dose in water." Medical Physics 24, no. 2 (February 1997): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597930.

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10

Kim, S., D. Sopko, G. Toncheva, D. Enterline, B. Keijzers, and T. T. Yoshizumi. "Radiation dose from 3D rotational X-ray imaging: organ and effective dose with conversion factors." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 150, no. 1 (September 16, 2011): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncr369.

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11

Elbakri, I. A. "Estimation of dose-area product-to-effective dose conversion factors for neonatal radiography using PCXMC." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 158, no. 1 (July 28, 2013): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nct192.

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12

Sanusi, M. S. M., W. M. S. W. Hassan, S. Hashim, and A. T. Ramli. "Tabulation of organ dose conversion factors for terrestrial radioactivity monitoring program." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 174 (August 2021): 109791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109791.

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13

Binst, J., K. Merken, H. Verhoeven, N. Fitousi, and H. Bosmans. "Preliminary study on dose conversion factors for dental cone beam CT." Physica Medica 92 (December 2021): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1120-1797(22)00079-5.

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14

TOKONAMI, Shinji. "Some Thought on New Dose Conversion Factors for Radon Progeny Inhalation." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 53, no. 4 (2018): 282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.53.282.

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15

Yoo, S. J., J. K. Lee, E. H. Kim, K. H. Jeong, and G. Cho. "Groundshine dose-rate conversion factors of soil contaminated to different depths." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 157, no. 3 (June 13, 2013): 407–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nct139.

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16

Vult von Steyern, K., I. M. Bjorkman-Burtscher, M. Geijer, and L. Weber. "Conversion factors for estimation of effective dose in paediatric chest tomosynthesis." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 157, no. 2 (June 10, 2013): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nct142.

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17

Trevino, Jose Francisco, and Craig Marianno. "Calculation of Canine Dose Rate Conversion Factors for Photons and Electrons." Health Physics 114, no. 1 (January 2018): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000000732.

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18

Waller, Edward, and Eric Heritage. "Encapsulated Gamma Source Contact Dose Conversion Factors: Updating NCRP-40 Guidance." Health Physics 120, no. 2 (February 2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001291.

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19

Adtani, M. M., B. Shetty, and S. J. Supe. "Conversion Factors for Evaluation of Effective Dose Equivalent for Reactor Personnel." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 11, no. 3 (May 1, 1985): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a079461.

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20

Nuccetelli, C., and F. Bochicchio. "The Thoron Issue: Monitoring Activities, Measuring Techniques and Dose Conversion Factors." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 78, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032334.

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21

Liang, Baohui, Yiming Gao, Zhi Chen, and X. George Xu. "Evaluation of Effective Dose from CT Scans for Overweight and Obese Adult Patients Using the VirtualDose Software." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 174, no. 2 (May 30, 2016): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncw119.

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Abstract This paper evaluates effective dose (ED) of overweight and obese patients who undergo body computed tomography (CT) examinations. ED calculations were based on tissue weight factors in the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 103 (ICRP 103). ED per unit dose length product (DLP) are reported as a function of the tube voltage, body mass index (BMI) of patient. The VirtualDose software was used to calculate ED for male and female obese phantoms representing normal weight, overweight, obese 1, obese 2 and obese 3 patients. Five anatomic regions (chest, abdomen, pelvis, abdomen/pelvis and chest/abdomen/pelvis) were investigated for each phantom. The conversion factors were computed from the DLP, and then compared with data previously reported by other groups. It was observed that tube voltage and BMI are the major factors that influence conversion factors of obese patients, and that ED computed using ICRP 103 tissue weight factors were 24% higher for a CT chest examination and 21% lower for a CT pelvis examination than the ED using ICRP 60 factors. For body CT scans, increasing the tube voltage from 80 to 140 kVp would increase the conversion factors by as much as 19–54% depending on the patient's BMI. Conversion factor of female patients was ~7% higher than the factors of male patients. DLP and conversion factors were used to estimate ED, where conversion factors depended on tube voltage, sex, BMI and tissue weight factors. With increasing number of obese individuals, using size-dependence conversion factors will improve accuracy, in estimating patient radiation dose.

22

Kawasaki, Toshio, Masami Sakakubo, Kanako Ito, and Ai Kitagawa. "ESTIMATION OF ORGAN DOSES AND EFFECTIVE DOSES BASED ON IN-PHANTOM DOSIMETRY FOR PAEDIATRIC DIAGNOSTIC CARDIAC CATHETERISATION." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 185, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy298.

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Abstract The present study evaluated the organ doses, effective doses and conversion factors from the dose–area product to effective dose in pediatric diagnostic cardiac catheterization performed by in-phantom dosimetry and Monte Carlo simulation. The organ and effective doses in 5-y-olds during diagnostic cardiac catheterizations were evaluated using radiophotoluminescence glass dosemeters implanted into a pediatric anthropomorphic phantom and PCXMC software. The mean effective dose was 3.8 mSv (range: 1.8–7.5 mSv). The conversion factors from the dose–area product to effective dose were 0.9 and 1.6 mSv (Gy cm2)−1 for posteroanterior and lateral fluoroscopy, respectively, and 0.9 and 1.5 mSv (Gy cm2)−1 for posteroanterior and lateral cineangiography, respectively. Effective doses evaluated using the pediatric dosimetry system agreed with those obtained using PCXMC software within 12%. The dose data and conversion factors evaluated may guide the estimation of exposure doses in children undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization.

23

Trattner, Sigal, Sandra Halliburton, Carla M. Thompson, Yanping Xu, Anjali Chelliah, Sachin R. Jambawalikar, Boyu Peng, et al. "Cardiac-Specific Conversion Factors to Estimate Radiation Effective Dose From Dose-Length Product in Computed Tomography." JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 11, no. 1 (January 2018): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.06.006.

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24

Zhukovsky, Michael, and Aleksandra Onishchenko. "CALCULATION OF DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS BASED ON THE RESULTS OF GEOMETRIC MIXTURE MODELS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OF RADON EXPOSURE." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 191, no. 2 (September 2020): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa145.

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Abstract The results of the geometric mixture model by Tomasek (2011, 2013) were applied for the calculation of radiation risk at radon exposure at the assessment of dose conversion factors (DCF; mSv/WLM) from radon exposure to the effective dose-by-dose conversion convention approach for cohorts with different smoking status. It is shown that the use of a geometric mixture model results in a better agreement between DCF values for men and women.

25

Grasty, R. L., and J. Hovgaard. "COMMENT ON DOSE RATE CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PHOTON EMITTERS IN THE SOIL." Health Physics 79, no. 5 (November 2000): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200011000-00025.

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26

Devine, R. T. "Computation of cross sections and dose conversion factors for criticality accident dosimetry." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 110, no. 1-4 (August 1, 2004): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nch381.

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27

Compagnone, Gaetano, Emanuela Giampalma, Sara Domenichelli, Matteo Renzulli, and Rita Golfieri. "Calculation of conversion factors for effective dose for various interventional radiology procedures." Medical Physics 39, no. 5 (April 13, 2012): 2491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3702457.

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28

Schmidt, P. W. E., D. R. Dance, C. L. Skinner, I. A. Castellano Smith, and J. G. McNeill. "Conversion factors for the estimation of effective dose in paediatric cardiac angiography." Physics in Medicine and Biology 45, no. 10 (September 21, 2000): 3095–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/45/10/323.

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29

Quindos, L. S., P. L. Fernández, C. Ródenas, J. Gómez-Arozamena, and J. Arteche. "Conversion factors for external gamma dose derived from natural radionuclides in soils." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 71, no. 2 (January 2004): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0265-931x(03)00164-4.

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30

Kocher, D. C., and A. L. Sjoreen. "Dose-rate Conversion Factors for External Exposure to Photon Emitters in Soil." Health Physics 48, no. 2 (February 1985): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198502000-00006.

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31

Hiroki, Akinori, Kouzou Kumagai, Harutaka Hisano, Konomu Urabe, and Yasuo Suga. "Approximation Method for Estimation of Absorbed Dose Conversion Factors for Electron Beams." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 54, no. 1 (1998): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001351737.

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32

Schade, Sebastian, Brit Mollenhauer, and Claudia Trenkwalder. "Levodopa Equivalent Dose Conversion Factors: An Updated Proposal Including Opicapone and Safinamide." Movement Disorders Clinical Practice 7, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12921.

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33

Kawasaki, Toshio, Masami Sakakubo, and Kanako Ito. "ESTIMATION OF ORGAN DOSES AND EFFECTIVE DOSES BASED ON IN-PHANTOM DOSIMETRY FOR INFANT DIAGNOSTIC CARDIAC CATHETERISATIONS WITH NOVEL X-RAY IMAGING TECHNOLOGY." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 183, no. 4 (May 10, 2018): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy174.

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Abstract The present study evaluated the organ and effective doses in infant diagnostic cardiac catheterisation performed using a modern x-ray imaging unit by in-phantom dosimetry. In addition, conversion factors from dose–area product (DAP) to effective dose were determined. The organ and effective doses in 1-year old during diagnostic cardiac catheterisations were measured using radiophotoluminescence glass dosemeters implanted into an infant anthropomorphic phantom. The mean effective doses, evaluated according to the International Commission on Radiologic Protection Publication 103, were 4.0 mSv (range: 1.5–8.7 mSv). The conversion factors from DAP to effective dose were 2 and 3.5 mSv (Gy cm2)−1 for posteroanterior and lateral fluoroscopy, respectively, and 1.8 and 3.3 mSv (Gy cm2)−1 for posteroanterior and lateral cineangiography, respectively. The dose data and conversion factors evaluated in the present study may be useful for estimating radiation exposure in infants during diagnostic cardiac catheterisation.

34

Lee, Sang-Kyung, Jung Su Kim, Sang-Wook Yoon, and Jung Min Kim. "Development of CT Effective Dose Conversion Factors from Clinical CT Examinations in the Republic of Korea." Diagnostics 10, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10090727.

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The aim of this study was to determine the conversion factors for the effective dose (ED) per dose length product (DLP) for various computed tomography (CT) protocols based on the 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). CT dose data from 369 CT scanners and 13,625 patients were collected through a nationwide survey. Data from 3793 patients with a difference in height within 5% of computational human phantoms were selected to calculate ED and DLP. The anatomical CT scan ranges for 11 scan protocols (adult-10, pediatric-1) were determined by experts, and scan lengths were obtained by matching scan ranges to computational phantoms. ED and DLP were calculated using the NCICT program. For each CT protocol, ED/DLP conversion factors were calculated from ED and DLP. Estimated ED conversion factors were 0.00172, 0.00751, 0.00858, 0.01843, 0.01103, 0.02532, 0.01794, 0.02811, 0.02815, 0.02175, 0.00626, 0.00458, 0.00308, and 0.00233 mSv∙mGy−1∙cm−1 for the adult brain, intra-cranial angiography, C-spine, L-spine, neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis, coronary angiography, calcium scoring, aortography, and CT examinations of pediatric brain of <2 years, 4–6 years, 9–11 years, and 13–15 years, respectively. We determined ED conversion factors for 11 CT protocols using CT data obtained from a nationwide survey in Korea and Monte Carlo-based dose calculations.

35

D'Alessio, Andrea, Barbara Cannillo, Giuseppe Guzzardi, Massimiliano Cernigliaro, Alessandro Carriero, and Marco Brambilla. "Conversion factors for effective dose and organ doses with the air Kerma area product in hysterosalpingography." Physica Medica 81 (January 2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.11.032.

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36

Kobayashi, Masanao, Tomoko Ootsuka, and Syoichi Suzuki. "Evaluation and Examination of Accuracy for the Conversion Factors of Effective Dose per Dose^|^#8211;Length Product." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 69, no. 1 (2013): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.2013_jsrt_69.1.19.

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37

Zoetelief, J., and J. Th M. Jansen. "Calculation of Air Kerma to Average Glandular Tissue Dose Conversion Factors for Mammography." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 57, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1995): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082568.

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38

Zoetelief, J., and J. Th M. Jansen. "Calculation of Air Kerma to Average Glandular Tissue Dose Conversion Factors for Mammography." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 57, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1995): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/57.1-4.397.

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39

Li, Xiang, Ehsan Samei, Cameron H. Williams, W. Paul Segars, Daniel J. Tward, Michael I. Miller, J. Tilak Ratnanather, Erik K. Paulson, and Donald P. Frush. "Effects of protocol and obesity on dose conversion factors in adult body CT." Medical Physics 39, no. 11 (October 8, 2012): 6550–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4754584.

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40

Huda, Walter, Alexander Sterzik, and Sameer Tipnis. "X-ray beam filtration, dosimetry phantom size and CT patient dose conversion factors." Physics in Medicine and Biology 55, no. 2 (December 21, 2009): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/2/014.

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41

MORIUCHI, Shigeru, Masahiro TSUTSUMI, and Kimiaki SAITO. "Examination on conversion factors to estimate effective dose equivalent from absorbed dose in air for natural gamma radiations." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 25, no. 2 (1990): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.25.121.

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42

Elbakri, Idris A., and Iain D. C. Kirkpatrick. "Dose-Length Product to Effective Dose Conversion Factors for Common Computed Tomography Examinations Based on Canadian Clinical Experience." Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 64, no. 1 (February 2013): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carj.2011.12.013.

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43

Deak, Paul D., Yulia Smal, and Willi A. Kalender. "Multisection CT Protocols: Sex- and Age-specific Conversion Factors Used to Determine Effective Dose from Dose-Length Product." Radiology 257, no. 1 (October 2010): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10100047.

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44

Harrison, J. D., and J. W. Marsh. "Effective dose from inhaled radon and its progeny." Annals of the ICRP 41, no. 3-4 (October 2012): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icrp.2012.06.012.

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Currently, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) uses the dose conversion convention to calculate effective dose per unit exposure to radon and its progeny. In a recent statement, ICRP indicated the intention that, in future, the same approach will be applied to intakes of radon and its progeny as is applied to all other radionuclides, calculating effective dose using reference biokinetic and dosimetric models, and radiation and tissue weighting factors. Effective dose coefficients will be given for reference conditions of exposure. In this paper, preliminary results of dose calculations for Rn-222 progeny are presented and compared with values obtained using the dose conversion convention. Implications for the setting of reference levels are also discussed.

45

Qiu, Guo Hua. "Study on Modelling in Biosphere for Performance Assessment on HLW Disposal Repository in China." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.725.

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Based on BIOMASS methodology, FEPs analysis and data preparation, the biosphere model for Beishan, China (BIOMOBEIC) for performance assessment on high level radioactive waste(HLW) disposal repository has been developed by utilizing AMBER which is an efficient compartment modeling tool in order to evaluate dose rate to individual due to long-term release of nuclides from the HLW repository. From the result of mathematical simulation, the biosphere dose conversion factors (BDCFs) are obtained which are critical factors for conversion of release rates from the geosphere to individual doses in biosphere assessment and performance assessment.

46

Khailov, A. M., A. I. Ivannikov, V. G. Skvortsov, V. F. Stepanenko, S. P. Orlenko, A. B. Flood, B. B. Williams, and H. M. Swartz. "Calculation of dose conversion factors for doses in the fingernails to organ doses at external gamma irradiation in air." Radiation Measurements 82 (November 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.07.004.

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47

Visenberg, Yu V. "RURAL SETTLEMENTS: SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS OF DOSE FORMATION." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 3 (September 28, 2008): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2008-5-3-6.

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The aim of the study is to reveal that average internal dose in a settlement is the function of its environmental factors and social constitution. The method of investigation - statistic analysis of the internal dose in rural residents depending on number of factors: radioecological, marked in conversion factor of radionuclides from soil into milk; environmental - close location of a settlement to forest; social - number of population and demographic structure. Comparison of mean dose of internal irradiation was conducted in 10-years dynamics in rural residents of Vetka and Hoiniki districts situated in territory with approximately equal contamination density who had been earlier grouped by this feature. The internal dose depends not only on the degree of radio contamination of the territory but on the number of other factors such as: environmental - close to forest which in its turn determines access to forests «products», and social - number of population, social - age structure. None of these factors determine dose formation. Their influence on the process of dose formation in settlements must be regarded in the aggregate.

48

Reineking, A., E. A. Knutson, A. C. George, S. B. Solomon, J. Kesten, G. Butterweck, and J. Porstendörfer. "Size Distribution of Unattached and Aerosol-Attached Short-Lived Radon Decay Products: Some Results of Intercomparison Measurements." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, no. 1-4 (December 1, 1994): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082433.

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Abstract Within the framework of radiation protection programmes supported by the CEC, the US-DOE, and the Australian Government, intercomparison measurements were performed in a house with elevated radon concentrations in Northern Bavaria (Germany) in October 1991. Besides the research aspects of aerosol sciences, the purpose of this joint measurement was to compare dose conversion factors calculated from the results obtained by these three laboratories. In low ventilated rooms with moderate aerosol particle concentrations (Z=4000-8000 cm-3) about 40% of the 218Po activity is associated with clusters, narrow in shape (sg<1.2) and with a median diameter of 0.9 nm. There are strong indications for an additional, fairly broad mode (sg>1.2, fraction=10%) of the 'unattached' part of the 218Po distribution with a median diameter of 3-4 nm. The averaged mode (3 days) derived effective dose conversion factors (HE-DCF) from the 218Po values - measured by the three groups - differ less than 30%. However, the daily averaged values sometimes differ by a factor of 2. In general, it does not appear to make much difference to the derived conversion factors if the ultrafine mode (<10 nm) is unimodal or bimodal. The median diameters of the aerosol-attached fraction of the short-lived radon decay products ranged between 200 and 350 nm, depending on the different methods used by the three laboratories. However, these fairly large differences have only little influence on dose conversion factor calculations. This joint exercise clearly showed that accurate particle size measurements in the diameter range 10-100 nm (nucleus mode), which requires combining impactors and diffusion battery techniques, is a difficult task, not fully solved as yet.

49

Kim, Bong-Gi, Kyu-Hwan Jeong, and Hyeong-Ki Shin. "EVALUATION OF DOSE IN SLEEP BY MATTRESS CONTAINING MONAZITE." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 187, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 286–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz163.

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Abstract Some companies in Korea have sold beds which contain a processed product containing monazite powder. Consumers may receive external exposure by radiation emitted by progeny radionuclides in uranium and thorium, and internal exposure through the breathing of radon progeny radionuclides produced in the decay chain. Thus, in this study, age specific dose conversion factors (mSv y−1 Bq−1) by external exposure and dose conversion factors by internal exposure (mSv y−1 per Bq m−3) were derived. Besides, a dose assessment program were developed to calculate dose by taking into account real conditions. And the age specific dose was evaluated using the radioactive concentration measured by the NSSC. As a results, external exposure was assessed to get effective doses in the range of 0.00086 to 0.0015 mSv y−1 by external exposure and a committed effective doses in the range of 1.3 to 12.26 mSv y−1 by internal exposure for all age groups.

50

Noßke, D., U. Leche, and G. Brix. "Radiation exposure of patients undergoing whole-body FDG-PET/CT examinations." Nuklearmedizin 53, no. 05 (2014): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3413/nukmed-0663-14-04.

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Abstract:

SummaryAim: Reinvestigation of the radiation exposure of patients undergoing whole-body [18F]FDG-PET/CT examinations pursuant to the revised recommendations of the ICRP. Methods: Conversion coefficients for equivalent organ doses were determined for realistic anthropomorphic phantoms of reference persons. Based on these data, conversion coefficients for the effective dose were calculated using the revised tissue-weighting factors that account for the different radiation susceptibilities of organs and tissues, and the redefinition of the group ‘remainder tissues’. Results: Despite the markedly changed values of the equivalent organ doses estimated for FDG and of the tissue-weighting factors, the conversion coefficient for the effective dose resulting from FDG administration decreases only slightly by 10 %. For whole-body CT scans it remains even unchanged. Conclusion: The updated dose coefficients provide a valuable tool to easily assess the generic radiation risk of patients undergoing whole- body PET/CT (or PET/MRI) examinations and can be used, amongst others, for protocol optimization.