Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dose électronique'
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Berger, Lucie. "Utilisation d'un système d'imagerie portale électronique avec détecteur au silicium amorphe pour vérifier la dose reçue par les patients en radiothérapie." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30222.
Full textToday, amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging devices (aSi EPID) are currently used to check the accuracy of patient positioning. However, they are not use for dose reconstruction yet and more investigations are required to allow the use of an aSi EPID for routine dosimetric verification. The aim of this work is first to study the dosimetric characteristics of the EPID available at the Institut Curie and then, to check patient dose during treatment using these EPID. First, performance optimization of the Varian aS500 EPID system is studied. Then, a quality assurance system is set up in order to certify the image quality on a daily basis. An additional study on the dosimetric performance of the aS500 EPID is monitored to assess operational stability for dosimetry applications. Electronic portal imaging device is also a useful tool to improve IMRT quality control. The validation and the quality assurance of a portal dose image prediction system for IMRT pre-treatment quality control are performed. All dynamic IMRT fields are verified in clinical routine with the new method based on portal dosimetry. Finally, a new formalism for in vivo dosimetry using transit dose measured with EPID is developed and validated. The absolute dose measurement issue using aSi EPID is described and the midplane dose determination using in vivo dose measurements in combination with portal imaging is used with 3D-conformal-radiation therapy
Piccin, Yohan. "Durcissement par conception d'ASIC analogiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0145/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis work is to investigate circuit design techniques to improve the robustness to Total Ionizing Dose (TID) of analog circuits within electronic systems embedded in space probes, satellites and vehicles. Such circuits often contain bipolartransistor components which are quite sensitive to cumulated radiation dose. However highly integrated CMOS technology has been shown to exhibit better natural TDI hardening.The approach proposed here is a hardening by design using a full CMOS semiconductor technology commercially available from ST Microelectronics calledHCMOS9A. The proposed generic hardening design methods will be seen to be compatibleand applicable to other existing or future process technologies. Furthermore this approach addresses the issue of ever-increasing development cost and access to hardened technologies.The first TID hardening technique proposed is applied to a full-CMOS voltage reference. This technique does not involve p-n junctions nor any particular layout precaution but instead is based on the subtraction of two different threshold voltages which allows the cancellation of TDI effects. While the use of advanced commercial CMOS technologies for specific radiation hardened applications is becoming more common, these technologies suffer from larger inputoffs et voltage drift than their bipolar transistor counterparts, which can impact system performance. The second technique studied is that of auto-zeroing, which is an efficient method to reduce the complex offset voltage drift mechanisms of operational amplifiers due to temperature. The purpose here is to prove that this technique can also cancel input offset voltage drift due to TID.Index term : hardening, cumulated dose, CMOS technology, voltage reference,operational amplifier
Fillion, Olivier. "L'utilisation du recalage déformable d'images CT sur CBCT dans le but de générer des contours du jour et d'améliorer le cumul de dose avec image du jour." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27335.
Full textEmelianova, Olga. "Modeling gas-driven microstructural evolution in ODS-EUROFER steel by high dose helium and hydrogen ion implantation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP056.
Full textOxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic-martensitic steels are advanced high-performance structural materials for next generation nuclear and fusion facilities. An important issue for operation performance of these steels is their resistance to detrimental effects of transmutation gases, helium and hydrogen, with a particular attention to the effects from dense population of nano-size oxide particles. The objective of the thesis is a systematic investigation of fundamental trends in gas-driven microstructure development in ferritic-martensitic ODS steels in reply to variations in the accumulated gas content, gas accumulation and damage rates, and temperature, with particular attention to the role of oxide particles. The applied experimental approach involved saturation of steel samples with various amounts of helium and hydrogen atoms using ion implantation at the JANNuS-Orsay facility in well-controlled conditions. The reference material used was ODS-EUROFER steel. The microstructural changes accompanying gas accumulation were revealed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For the better understanding of the mechanisms of helium interaction with oxide particles, the experiments were backed up with ion implantation into a model Y₂O₃/FeCr bilayer system and with relevant analytical and numerical modeling. Microstructural investigations of ODS-EUROFER samples implanted to high He fluences reveal a persistent partitioning of introduced gas between different microstructural features. In addition to gas bubbles in the grain bulk, extensive bubble precipitation on extended defects (grain boundaries and dislocations) and precipitates (carbides and oxides) was observed. The relative abundance of bubbles associated with different microstructural features is found to be sensitive to implantation conditions and changes in uncorrelated manner with the variation of implantation parameters. Overall, the main contributions to steel volume expansion (swelling) and the He inventory were from bubbles on grain boundaries and, at lower implantation temperatures and higher fluxes, from bubbles in the grain matrix. However, the preferential He accumulation at grain boundaries does not lead to bubble coalescence and growth of huge grain boundary cavities, without causing high-temperature helium embrittlement. Oxide nanoparticles were found to be efficient centers for helium bubble nucleation, each hosting a single bubble typically noticeably larger than bubbles in other populations. However, their contributions to both swelling and He inventory were estimated to be generally relatively minor as compared to other bubble populations, implying that oxide particle provide no substantial improvement of steel radiation performance. On the contrary, the large bubbles bear the risk of accelerated bubble-to void transition in unfavorable conditions, launching uncontrolled void swelling. The viability of such effect was demonstrated in experiments on simultaneous steel implantation with He and Au ions and quantified using analytical modeling. Under sequential helium and hydrogen implantation into ODS-EUROFER steel, notable increase of hydrogen uptake was observed as compared to oxide-free steel. However, the parameters of He bubble microstructure and, hence, the overall steel radiation resistance were found to be only weakly influenced by hydrogen, in both ODS-EUROFER steel and in Y₂O₃/FeCr bilayer system. Visible hydrogen effects on bubble microstructure were minor and manifested only after the room temperature H implantation. Summing up, ODS steel is shown to be resistant to void swelling up to very high levels of accumulated helium and hydrogen. The presence of high density of nano-oxides is generally beneficial for steel radiation tolerance, but their influence is not as strong as commonly expected. Hydrogen trapping in helium bubbles doesn’t manifest any potential risks for ODS steel radiation tolerance under experimental conditions studied
Martin, Luc. "Méthodes de corrections avancées des effets de proximité en lithographie électronique à écriture directe : Application aux technologies sub-32nm." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0003.
Full textIn electron beam lithography, a new proximity affects correction strategy has been imagined to push the resolution capabilities beyond the limitations of the standard dose modulation. In this work, the proximity affects inherent to e-beam lithography have been studied on the newest e-beam tools available at LETI. First, the limits of the standard dose modulation correction have been evaluated. The influences of each step of the lithographic process have also been analyzed from a theoretical point a view. A simulation approach was built and used to determine the impact of each of these steps on the patterned features. Then, a new writing strategy has been fully developed. It involves sub resolution features known as eRIF (electron Resolution Improvement features) which provide a finer control of the dose profile into the resist. Since the eRIF are exposed a top the nominal features, this new writing strategy is called multiple pass exposure. In this work, the position, the dose and the design of the eRIF have been studied and optimized to get the best of this new strategy. To do so, experiments were led in a clean room environment, and minimization algorithms have been developed. It has been demonstrated that the eRIF provide a significant gain compared to the standard dose modulation. Improvements have been observed even on the most critical levels of the Integrated circuits. By using the multiple pass exposure with optimized eRIF, the resolution capabilities of the e-beam tool have been reduced by 2 technological nodes. The design rules that have been determined to use the eRIF the most efficient way were finally implemented in INSCALE, the new data preparation software developed by ASELTA NANOGRAPHICS. This way, multiple pass exposure can be used in an automated mode to correct full layouts
Hanna, Rachelle. "Transport de charges et mécanismes de relaxation dans les matériaux diélectriques à usage spatial." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0026.
Full textCharging behaviours of space dielectric materials, under electron beam irradiation, is of special interest for future spacecraft needs, since this mechanism could induce electrostatic discharges and consequently damages on the sensitive systems on board. In order to assess the risks of charging and discharging, this work aims at understanding the overall charge transport mechanisms and predicting the electrical behaviour of the insulator materials, especially Teflon® FEP and Kapton® HN. For an optimized prediction, the first part of our work is thus to check whether lateral conduction process can take place in the overall charge transport mechanism. Through the definition of a new experimental set-up and protocol, we have been able to discriminate between lateral and bulk conductivity and to reveal the presence of lateral conductivity that is enhanced by radiation ionization processes. We have been able to demonstrate as well that lateral intrinsic conductivity is enhanced with the increase current density and when approaching the sample surface. The second part of our work deals with the characterization of the electrical charging behaviour of Teflon® FEP under multi-energetic electron beam irradiation and the modelling of the overall bulk charge transport mechanisms. An experimental study on charge potential evolution as a function of electron spectrum, electric field, relaxation time, dose and dose rate, was performed. A numerical model has been developed to describe the effect of the different abovementioned mechanisms on the evolution of the surface potential. This model agrees correctly with the experimental phenomenology at qualitative level and therefore allows understanding the physical mechanisms steering charge transport in Teflon® and Kapton®
James, Anthony. "Développement de méthodes de caractérisation chimiques de surface en support à l’amélioration des procédés de la microélectronique avancée." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10097/document.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis was to develop reliable surface analysis methods to characterize various new materials used in very small size structures typical of current developments in microelectronics applications. A particular interest has been taken in combining several complementary techniques. The first study was focused on potential artifacts when characterizing insulating layers (silicon dioxide and fluorine doped silicon dioxide – FTEOS) which are used between metal layers in chips. A comprehensive study of the electron dose effects in AES was performed using complementary AES and XPS techniques. The results revealed chemical changes in the outermost surface (suboxides) that depend on the nature of the material. The second study was focused on the development of an analytical methodology to characterize the passivation layer on the etch sidewalls after two successive plasma etching processes applied onto very small size structures (300 nm lines and 200 nm trenches). This methodology was based on the use of the differential charging effect that takes place when analyzing simultaneously two materials exhibiting different electrical properties and on the complementarity of ToF-SIMS and XPS characterizations including angular resolved XPS (AR-XPS). The chemical composition of the outermost surface of the sidewall passivation layer could then be determined. The surface of that layer was found to be consisting mostly from oxygen than reacted with silicon to form silicon suboxides with various stoichiometries
Severac, Fabrice. "Jonctions ultra-minces p+/n pour MOS "ultimes étude de l'impact des défauts sur la mobilité et l'activation du bore." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00390908.
Full textDumas, Jean-Luc. "Etudes et modélisation de l'influence des petites hétérogénéités dans les faisceaux d'électrons à l'aide du concept de séparation dose primaire-dose diffusée." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30179.
Full textChanterault, Christophe. "Étude numérique et expérimentale des mécanismes de dégradation dans les structures de silice épaisses à faible débit de dose." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ESAE0018.
Full textLangenfeld, Annette. "Etude de corrélations électroniques dans des systèmes désordonnés." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10081.
Full textRANDRIANOHAVY, JEAN VICTOR. "Etude de transitions de phase structurales du compose kgaf#4 dope avec des ions cr#3#+ et fe#3#+ par resonance paramagnetique electronique." Le Mans, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LEMA1010.
Full textCohen, Sarah. "Apport et utilisation des bases de données médico-administratives dans l’étude des problématiques émergentes chez les patients adultes atteints de cardiopathie congénitale Administrative health databases for addressing emerging issues in adults with CHD: a systematic review Accuracy of claim data in the identification and classification of adults with congenital heart diseases in electronic medical records Exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation from cardiac procedures and malignancy risk in adults with congenital heart disease." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB228.
Full textCongenital heart diseases (CHD) are the most common types of birth defects and affect approximately 1% of births. Ninety percent of children born with CHD reach now adulthood thanks to improvements of pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery. These "survivors" are not definitively cured. They are prone to cardiac or extra cardiac complications and specific issues that justify an increase in consumption of healthcare. The need for population-based studies worldwide has led to secondary analyses of administrative medical databases (AMD). The objective of this thesis was to study the conditions of use of the AMD and their possible applications, specifically to understand the emerging issues of this new adult population with CHD (ACHD). The first part of this work was to systematically describe all the studies that had used AMD to specifically explore the issues of ACHD patients. This review showed the value of these databases in the field of ACHD: the large numbers of patients allows studying relatively rare diseases and the availability of comprehensive data over long periods of follow-up enables to study cardiac and extra cardiac complications even when the occurrence is delayed. In France, claim databases use the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), the reliability of which is still largely unknown in this context. The second part of this work was therefore to study the performances of ICD-10 to identify and classify ACHD patients in the data warehouse of the Georges Pompidou European Hospital which has a dedicated specialized ACHD Unit. The third part of this thesis reported a concrete example of the use of AMD. Based on the Quebec Congenital Heart Disease Database derived from Quebec’s AMD, our goal was to evaluate the association between exposure to ionizing radiation from cardiac procedures and the risk of cancer in ACHD. Indeed, the improvement in the life expectancy of patients with CHD and the increasing use of cardiac imaging modalities using ionizing radiations may have a carcinogenic effect in the long term. Although not designed for research purposes, this thesis showed that AMD are a particularly relevant tool for generating new knowledge about ACHD patients through the comprehensiveness of information, the possibility of extracting large samples of patients with a longitudinal follow-up over long periods of observation. The exploitation of electronic medical records through text mining methods could then be used to develop and validate algorithms to identify CHD patients in AMD. In France, although efforts have been made to create an effective multi-center collaborative program, there is currently no significant epidemiological data for all ACHDs. Secondary analysis of existing resources, such as the National Health Data System, would establish the national ACHD cohort and analyze their care pathway in order to guide healthcare resources allocation
Ruck, Régine. "Étude par résonance paramagnétique électronique du couplage des éléments en trace dans les cassitérites naturelles et des cristaux synthétiques de SnO : :(2) dope." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10245.
Full textFaraggi, Marc. "Modélisation de la dose délivrée par les électrons au niveau cellulaire : Application aux émissions électroniques des principaux radio-éléments utilisés en médecine nucléaire à visée diagnostique." Paris 13, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA132026.
Full textMohamad, alabdoaburas Mohamad. "Etude dosimétrique et modélisation des composantes de la dose à distance pour les faisceaux d'électrons en radiothérapie externe." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS084/document.
Full textThe large improvements in the radiotherapy (RT) procedures have led to high survival rates. So the possible side late effects of the radiotherapy due to the doses deposited into the normal tissues have become a growing concern for the radio-oncologists. The assessment of the dose outside the radiation field presents an important clinical benefit for estimating the risk at sensible structures situated partially or entirely outside the radiation field, especially in pediatric, pregnant patients or the patients having cardiac implantable devices. More understanding of side effects of RT will require not only improved control of the high doses delivered to the target volumes, but also better knowledge of the unintended but unavoidable lower doses delivered out of the target. In this context, most studies on out-of-field dose estimation focus on photon beams. Nevertheless, electron beams are still an important component of RT, for treating superficial tumors (at depths < 5 cm). The out-of-field dose from electron beams has never been taken account, which causes an under estimation of this dose when the radiotherapy is done only or partly by the electrons. For this reason, a detailed investigation of the out-of-field dose from electron beams is essential for better estimation of the out-of-field dose regardless the radiotherapy type. In this thesis, we have experimentally evaluated the out-of-field doses in high-energy electron beams for three linear accelerators equipped with different electron applicator types used in daily practice. The dependence of this dose on different parameters, such as the applicator size, the electron beam energy, the depth, and the off-axis distance have been investigated. The scattered electrons component and the bremsstrahlung photons component have been separated by a semi-experimental method. We have developed a multi-source model based on existing multi-scattering models for calculating the bremsstrahlung dose distribution at any point in the patient inside and outside the radiation field. We have also analytically calculated the scattered electrons dose distribution outside the radiation field. These two models permit to calculate the total out-of-field dose from electron beams anywhere in the patient. Finally, we have evaluated the application of our models of dose calculation in a real clinical situation in order to validate our software, the aim being to set up an innovative software tool, meeting both the needs of radiotherapy and epidemiology of the dose as a risk factor for iatrogenic effects
Prévost, Gwenae͏̈l. "Etude des corrélations entre les effets de la dose cumulée et du stress électrique sur les transistors VDMOS de puissance par une méthode originale de pompage de charge." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20061.
Full textDurand, Renaud. "Modélisation des effets de dose dans les circuits intégrés en environnement spatial." Toulouse, ISAE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ESAE0016.
Full textChamberland, Ève. "Évaluation d'un algorithme de calcul de dose par méthode Monte Carlo pour des faisceaux d'électrons." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27413/27413.pdf.
Full textBordes, Julien. "Modélisation du transport des électrons de basse énergie avec des modèles physiques alternatifs dans Geant4-DNA et application à la radioimmunothérapie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30332/document.
Full textDuring this PhD thesis, new developments have been brought to Geant4-DNA step-by-step Monte Carlo code. They were used to study low-energy electron interactions in liquid water - the major component of living organisms. The accuracy of results obtained through Monte Carlo code is limited by the validity of their cross sections. CPA100 is another step-by-step Monte Carlo code. It is equipped with ionization, electronic excitation and elastic scattering cross sections. However, these cross sections are calculated according to methods independent of those used for Geant4-DNA cross section calculations, which consisted of two original physics models: "option 2" and its improvement, "option 4". Moreover, in some cases CPA100 cross sections are in better agreement with experimental data. Therefore, the first objective of this research was to implement CPA100 cross sections into Geant4-DNA in order to give users the choice of alternative physics models, known as Geant4-DNA-CPA100. They have been available to users since July 2017. The verification of the correct implementation of these physics models within Geant4-DNA involved a comparison of different basic quantities between Geant4-DNA-CPA100 and CPA100 and extremely similar results were obtained. For instance, a very good agreement was highlighted between the calculations of the track length and the number of interactions. Consequently, the impact of cross sections was assessed using the original Geant4-DNA physics models ("option 2" and "option 4"), the alternative Geant4-DNA-CPA100 physics models and PENELOPE code for calculations of useful quantities in nuclear medicine, such as dose-point kernels (DPKs for monoenergetic electrons) and S values (for monoenergetic electrons and Auger electron emitters). With regards to DPK calculations, Geant4-DNA with "option 2" and "option 4" physics models were in close agreement, showing a systematic difference with Geant4-DNA-CPA100, which in turn were close to those calculated with PENELOPE code. For S value calculations, however, Geant4-DNA results were in good agreement with Geant4-DNA-CPA100. Finally, in the context of radioimmunotherapy, energy depositions were mapped. Such simulations are usually performed assuming spherical tumor geometries and uniform monoclonal antibody distributions. Realistic data was extracted from an innovative 3D follicular lymphoma model incubated with antibodies. Energy depositions were calculated for Auger electron (111In and 125I) and ß- particle (90Y, 131I and 177Lu) emitters. It was demonstrated that ß- particle emitters delivered more energy and irradiated greater volume than Auger electron emitters. The most effective ß- particle emitter depends on the size of the model that is used
Brucoli, Matteo. "Total ionizing dose monitoring for mixed field environments." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS093/document.
Full textThe Total Ionizing Dose (TID) monitoring is nowadays a crucial task for a wide range of applications running in harsh radiation environments. In view of the High-Luminosity upgrade for the Large Hadron Collider, the monitoring of radiation levels along the CERN’s accelerator complex will become even more challenging. To this extent, a more detailed knowledge of the radiation field in the accelerator tunnel and its adjacent areas becomes necessary to design installation, relocation or shielding requirements of electronics sensitive to radiation. Aiming to improve the monitoring of the TID delivered by the mixed radiation field generated within the accelerator system, investigations on new suitable dosimeters have been carried out.With this research, two devices have been studied and characterized to be employed as dosimeter and possibly to complete the use of the silicon sensor currently employed at CERN for TID monitoring, i.e. the RADiation-sensitive Field Effect Transistor (RADFET): a commercial NMOS, and an ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) named FGDOS. The devices have been selected following two opposite approaches: on the one hand, reducing the costs would allow the density of the deployed sensors to increase. As a direct consequence, a more detailed dose map would be obtained for large distributed systems like the LHC. On the other hand, the radiation monitoring can be further improved by deploying more sensitive detectors, which would allow to measure the dose where the levels are too low for the RADFET. Moreover, sensors with higher resolution would permit the characterization of the radiation field in a shorter time, which means within a lower integrated luminosity.The first approach has been accomplished by searching for alternative solutions based on COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) devices, which would significantly reduce the costs and guarantee unlimited availability on the market. For this aim, investigations on a commercial discrete NMOS transistor, which was found to be very sensitive to the radiation, has been carried out.The need for improving the resolution of TID monitoring led to investigate the FGDOS, which is an innovative silicon dosimeter with a very high sensitivity that permits to detect extremely low doses.The calibration of the NMOS and the FGDOS have been performed by exposing the dosimeters to γ-ray. Their radiation response has been characterized in terms of linearity, batch-to-batch variability, and dose rate effect. The influence of the temperature has been studied and a method to compensate the temperature effect has been developed and implemented.Being the FGDOS is a System-On-Chip with several features that make the dosimeter an extremely flexible system, the characterization of its operational modes (Active, Passive and Autonomous) have been performed. Following the first characterization, some questions arose concerning the sensitivity degradation mechanisms affecting the dosimeter. To investigate this phenomenon, radiation experiments were performed with a test chip embedding only the radiation sensitive circuit of the FGDOS. The analysis of the experiments allowed the understating of the processes responsible for the sensitivity degradation, by separating the contribution of the reading transistor and the floating gate capacitor. The results of this investigation led us to considerer new design solution and compensation methods.The suitability of the NMOS and the FGDOS for TID measurement in the mixed radiation field produced by the CERN’s accelerator complex has been verified by performing accelerated radiation tests at the Cern High energy AcceleRator Mixed field facility (CHARM). The consistency of both sensors with the RADFET measurement has been demonstrated. The high sensitivity of the FGDOS leads to a significant improvement in terms of TID measurement in mixed radiation fields with respect to the RadFET, especially for low radiation intensities
Fabre, Bruno. "Synthèse et étude de films de polymères conducteurs électroniques dopés par des hétéropolyanions : application à la réduction électrocatalytique de NO2- et à la détection du NO in vivo." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10158.
Full textLi, Xuesong. "Synthesis and physical properties of helical nanosized quinoline-based foldamers : structure, dynamics and photoinduced electron transport." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0013/document.
Full textHerein, synthesis, characterization and application (photoinduced electron transport) of nanosized quinoline-based foldamers have been explored. With double segment strategy, a variety of helical nanosized foldamers (up to 96 quinoline units) were successfully prepared based on 8-aminoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid monomer.The dynamic properties in gas phase and solution were investigated. Ion mobility mass spectrometry afforded access to the conformation state of foldamers ingas phase; DOSY and fluorescence anisotropy assessed the diffusion (translational and rotational, respectively) of foldamers in solution. All of these techniques revealed that quinoline-based foldamers are rigid and that helical conformation is conserved. Photoinduced electron transport through nanosized foldamer was also studied and the mechanism and the transport ratios were revealed
Roche, Nicolas J.-H. "Caractérisation et modélisation de l'influence des effets cumulés de l'environnement spatial sur le niveau de vulnérabilité de systèmes spatiaux soumis aux effets transitoires naturels ou issus d'une explosion nucléaire." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20108.
Full textThe natural radiative space environment is composed by numerously particles in a very large energy spectrum. From an electronics component point of view, it is possible to distinguish cumulative effects and so-called Analog Single Event Transient effects (ASET). Cumulative effects correspond to continuous deterioration of the electrical parameters of the component, due to a low dose rate energy deposition (Total Ionizing Dose: TID) throughout the space mission. ASETs are caused by a single energetic particle crossing a sensitive area of the component inducing a transient voltage pulse that occurs at the output of the application. During ground testing, both effects are studied separately but happen simultaneously in flight. As a result a synergy effect, induced by the combination of the low dose rate energy deposition and the sudden occurrence of an ASET in the device previously irradiated, occurs. A study of dose-ASET synergistic effects is proposed using an accelerated irradiation test technique known as Dose Rate Switching method (DRS) tacking into account the concern of the Enhanced Low Dose Rate Sensitivity (ELDRS). A High Level Model is developed using circuit analysis to predict the synergy effect observed on a three stages operational amplifier. To predict synergy effect, the TID effect is taken into account by varying the model parameters following a variation law deduced from the degradation of the supply current which recorded during usual industrial TID testing. Finally, the Transient Radiation Effects on Electronics (TREE) phenomena induced by a Very High Dose Rate X-ray pulse environment and the dose-TREE synergy effect are then investigated using an X-ray flash facility. The classical ASETs methodology analysis can explain the shapes of transients observed
Martin, Joannie. "Optimisation des paramètres expérimentaux pour l’analyse des fibres d’amiante par microscopie électronique en transmission." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18437.
Full textAsbestos is a material known and used by man for nearly 5000 years, its commercial definition includes six different types of fibrous mineral. Because of their numerous thermal and mechanical properties, asbestos has been mined intensively for commercial use in the last century. It is now well recognized that asbestos exposure can cause severe damage to health and thus its use and exploitation is therefore banned in many countries and its exposure is strictly regulated. The application of those regulations requires rigorous analytical methods to support it. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the most powerful and efficient tool for the analysis of asbestos fibers. However, identification errors caused by damage to asbestos fibers can occur and this problem has been investigated in depth. Asbestos amosite fibers were initially investigated to evaluate the damage caused by a transmission electron microscope electron beam. Since elemental x-ray intensity ratios obtained by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are commonly used for asbestos identification, the impact of beam damage on these ratios was measured. It was determined that the magnesium/silicon ratio was the most sensitive to damage caused by the electron beam. Various tests showed that most fibers have a current density threshold above which the chemical composition of the fiber is modified. The value of this threshold current density varied depending on the fiber. The existence of a threshold electron dose was also demonstrated. This value was dependent on the current density used and can be increased by providing a recovery period between exposures to the electron beam. This study also established that the electron beam current is directly related to the damage rate above a current density of 165 A/cm2. Guidelines were established in order to ensure that the amosite fibers are not damaged. It was determined that analysis should be conducted below a current density of 100 A/cm2. In the second part of this study, the main objective was to assess whether temperature is a factor influencing damage to asbestos fibers and, if so, how it can be used to minimize damage. It was found that lowering the temperature to 123 K can inhibit, for a given time, the manifestation of the damage. The significant decrease of atom diffusion at low temperature momentarily prevents mass loss, greatly reducing the possibility of misidentification of vi anthophyllite asbestos fibers. The results obtained in this study strongly suggest that the predominant mechanism damage is probably related to the induced-electric-field model. In a third part, the effect of the acceleration voltage on the damage of four different types of asbestos fibers; chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite and anthophyllite, was investigated. The results support the conclusion that contrary to what is usually recommended, it is best to use an acceleration voltage of 200 kV than 100 kV in order to avoid damage. The findings shed light on possible damage mechanisms; the most predominant seems to be caused by an induced electric field, radiolysis is not excluded but seems less important and knock-on is thought to be negligible for the conditions used.
Di, Salvio Anthony. "Méthode efficace d'assignation de tissus humains par tomodensitométrie à double énergie." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12440.
Full textA stoichiometric method is usually used to analyze computed tomography images. A curve links the Hounsfield units on the images to the electron density in a given me- dium. Dual-energy computed tomography gives additional information on a scan. A stoi- chiometric method was developed to acquire both electron density and effective atomic number from a pair of images. The aim of this research is to develop a new method to identify tissues using the parame- ters extracted from dual-energy computed tomography. This new method is compared to the standard single-energy computed tomography segmentation method. Furthermore, the effect of correctly assigning tissues on dose distribution is studied. Monte Carlo simulations allow the use of perfectly known numerical phantoms. Dif- ferent phantoms allowed the calibration of the stoichiometric methods, the comparison of the versatility and the robustness of the dual-energy and the single-energy methods, and the comparison of dose distribution in phantoms of same densities, but of different compositions. The dual-energy identification method gives more accurate values of electron density in any studied condition. This method is also more robust to tissues of variable density. The dosimetric impact of an accurate identification becomes more important for treatments using lower energy photons, such as imaging energies and brachytherapy.