Academic literature on the topic 'Dosimetry. eng'

State University College at Buffalo. Dept. of Art Conservation., ed. Molecular changes in egg tempera paint dosimeters as tools to monitor the museum environment. FOM-Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, 2001.

Office, General Accounting. Department of Energy: Solar and Renewable Resources Technologies Program : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. The Office, 1997.

Office, General Accounting. Department of Energy: Problems and progress in managing plutonium : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives. The Office, 1998.

Office, General Accounting. Department of Energy: DOE needs to improve controls over foreign visitors to weapons laboratories : report to the Committee on National Security, House of Representatives. The Office, 1997.

Office, General Accounting. Department of Energy: National priorities needed for meeting environmental agreements : report to the Secretary of Energy. U.S. General Accounting Office, 1995.

Office, General Accounting. Department of Energy: Management and oversight of cleanup activities at Fernald : report to the congressional requesters. The Office, 1997.

Office, General Accounting. Department of Energy: Clear strategy on external regulation needed for worker and nuclear facility safety : report to the Committee on Science, House of Representatives. The Office, 1998.

Office, General Accounting. Department of Energy: Accelerated closure of Rocky Flats : status and obstacles : report to the Chairman, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate. The Office, 1999.

Office, General Accounting. Department of Energy: A framework for restructuring DOE and its missions : report to the Congress. The Office, 1995.

Office, General Accounting. Department of Energy: Status of achieving key outcomes and addressing major management challenges. GAO, 2001.

Followill, David S., Catharine H. Clark, and Tomas Kron. "Audits Using End-to-End Tests." In Clinical 3D Dosimetry in Modern Radiation Therapy. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315118826-19.

Hermans, J. M. J. "7 Dosimetrie." In Medische beeldvorming en radiotherapie. Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/16013_2020_11.

Alfonso, R., L. de la Fuente, H. Linares, et al. "Dosimetric commissioning of high end features in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Systems: a proposed update of the IAEA TECDOC-1583 guidelines." In IFMBE Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19387-8_133.

Luster, Markus, and Michael Lassmann. "Radio-iodine treatment of hyperthyroidism." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.3196.

"food was presented by McLaughlin and collaborators (29). Glover’s review (30) is less detailed but more recent. Dosimetry for food irradiation processing has reached a high level of perfec­ tion. Many standards for this purpose have been issued by the American Society for Testing and Materials (31,32). The role of dosimetry in good radiation processing practice is described in the Recommended International Code of Practice for the Operation of Irradiation Facilities Used for the Treatment of Foods (see Appendix II) and in a series of Codes of Good Irradiation Practice issued by ICGFI (International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation) (see Appendix III). With some food items, such as whole eggs (33) and ground com (34), it may be possible to use the food itself as a dose meter. This will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 5. As mentioned earlier, electron beams, on the one hand, and gamma rays and x-rays, on the other hand, differ greatly in their ability to penetrate matter. This has important consequences for the dose distribution in the irradiated medium. Since many foods consist mostly of water, the penetration of radiation in water is shown in Figure 14. When an electron beam penetrates an aqueous medium the dose somewhat below the surface is higher than at the surface. This is due to the formation of secondary electrons which, because of their lower energy, are more effectively absorbed than the primary electrons. Also, scattering causes some secondary electrons to escape from the surface in the direction opposite to that of the beam of primary electrons. Thus a 10-MeV electron beam giving a dose of 10 kGy at the surface will deposit about 12.5 kGy at 2 cm below the surface. As more and more primary electrons lose their energy by interacting with water molecules, the absorbed dose decreases with increasing depth and at about 5 cm the limit of penetration is reached. In contrast, the dose delivered by gamma rays decreases continuously. The rate of decrease is faster with 137Cs gamma radiation than with 60Co gamma radiation. With x-rays it depends on the energy of the x-ray-producing electrons. For practical purposes the penetration of 5-MeV x-rays is comparable to that of 60Co gamma rays. Two-sided irradiation permits processing of thicker packages with more uni­ form dose distribution, as indicated in Figure 15. If the density of the irradiated medium is less than that of water, e.g., in fatty foods or in dehydrated or porous foods, the depth of penetration is correspondingly greater. The 10-MeV electron beam, which barely reaches a depth of 5 cm in water, will reach approximately 10 cm at a density of 0.5g/cm3. From Figures 14 and 15 it is clear that an absolutely uniform dose distribution cannot be obtained, even if a material of uniform density is irradiated. If dose." In Safety of Irradiated Foods. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-41.

"where K = kelvin. Because of the low temperature elevation in the low dose range, radiation calorimetry is limited in practice to the dose range above 3 kGy. This small temperature elevation is the gross result of the complex process of radiation interaction with matter. The individual steps of this process depend on the type of radiation used. Another type of physical dose meter, one that is used more and more in research and in industrial practice, is the alanine/electron spin resonance (ESR) system. Stable free radicals produced by irradiation in a concentration propor­ tional to the radiation dose in samples of pure, dry alanine are measured by ESR spectroscopy. The alanine is usually mixed 4:1 with paraffin (26) or 1:1 with polystyrene (27) of analytical grade quality. Reproducible dose response curves are obtained in the extremely wide dose range of 1 Gy to 100 kGy. In principal, any reproducible change caused by irradiation of a medium can be used to measure the absorbed radiation dose. In practice, only those changes can be evaluated which are stable for a reasonable length of time and which can be reliably measured by standard procedures such as titration or spectrophotometry. The chemical change is usually expressed as the G value, which is a measure of the number of atoms, molecules, or ions produced ( + G) or destroyed ( -G ) by 100 eV of absorbed energy. In the new SI system of units the G value is expressed as per J instead of per 100 eV. An important reference dose meter in food irradiation is the ferrous sulfate or Fricke dose meter. It is based on the radiation-induced oxidation of ferrous ions (Fe + ) to ferric ions (Fe + ) and consists of measuring the increased optical absorbance of the ferric ions at the absorption peak of 305 nm. For 60Co gamma rays the G value for ferric ion yield is 15.6 Fe3+ ions per 100 eV, or 9.74 X 1017 ions/J; the yield for electrons at a dose rate of 108 Gy/sec is 13.0. Fricke dosimetry is useful in the range 3 Gy. The upper limit can be extended into the kGy range by adding CuS04, which reduces the G value from 15.6 to 0.65. There are many other systems, such as the ethanol-chlorobenzene dose meter, which is based on the formation of hydrochloric acid from chlorobenzene. The hydrochloric acid can be measured by titration or by its effect on the dielectric constant. The useful dose range of this system is 1-400 Gy. In the low dose range, down to 5 Gy, radiochromic dye dosimetry can be used. When the colorless solution of pararosaniline cyanide in 2-methoxyethanol and glacial acetic acid is irradiated, an intense red color develops with an absorption maximum at 549 nm. More recently proposed methods belonging to the group of liquid dose meter systems are listed in Table 3. PMA (polymethyl methacrylate) dose meters belong to the group of solid phase dose meters. Irradiation of PMMA (e.g., Perspex) induces an absorption." In Safety of Irradiated Foods. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-39.

Ing, H., T. Cousins, H. R. Andrews, et al. "A new electronic neutron dosimeter (END) for reliable personal dosimetry." In SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Augustus Way Fountain III and Patrick J. Gardner. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.782489.

Hopkins, Daniel N., Eugene T. Hayes, and Arnold H. Ferro. "Ex-Vessel Neutron Dosimetry Results in the Vicinity of RPV Supports." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26785.

Tchoualack, A. T., L. Ottaviani, W. Rahajandraibe, J. P. Walder, and W. Vervisch. "Front End Electronics for SiC Based Neutron Dosimetry." In 2020 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic42677.2020.9507787.

Rieg, Claude, Ralf Ahlstrand, Michel Bieth, et al. "Neutron Embrittlement of VVER 1000 and 440/213 RPVs: Learning From EC Projects on RPV Integrity." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2970.

Backfrieder, Werner. "A multi-modal data model for morphological segmentation in 3D dosimetry." In the 8th International Workshop on Innovative Simulation for Healthcare. CAL-TEK srl, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2019.iwish.004.

Bezdikian, Georges. "Nuclear PWR Plants Life Management Reactor Pressure Vessel Strategy Evaluation for Fluence in Relation With Integrity Assessment." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61545.

Liang, Fan, Bryan Traughber, Raymond Musiz, Rodney Ellis, and Tarun K. Podder. "Reconstruction of Brachytherapy Catheters and Needles Using EM Sensor-Based Navigation System." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3536.

Dies, J., F. Tarrasa, L. Miralles, C. De las Cuevas, and J. J. Pueyo. "Heating-Irradiation Experiments to Assess the System Bentonite-Carbon Steel in a Radioactive Waste Underground Storage Facility." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1238.

Visser, A. G., A. H. L. Aalbers, J. M. V. Burgers, et al. NCS Report 4: Aanbevelingen voor dosimetrie en kwaliteitscontrole van radioactieve bronnen bij brachytherapie. NCS, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.25030/ncs-004.

Broerse, J. J., P. J. H. Kicken, W. Teeuwisse, W. De Vries, J. Zoetelief, and D. Zweers. NCS Report 17: Dosimetrie in de radiologie: stralingsbelasting van de patiënt en werknemers. NCS, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.25030/ncs-017.

Visser, A. G., A. H. L. Aalbers, J. M. V. Burgers, et al. NCS Report 4: Aanbevelingen voor dosimetrie en kwaliteitscontrole van radioactieve bronnen bij brachytherapie. NCS, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.25030/ncs-04.

Gibson, T. A. Jr, K. W. Struve, and R. A. Lindgren. Dosimetry measurements of x-ray and neutron radiation levels near the shuttle and end beam dump at the advanced test accelerator: Beam Research Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5860281.