Academic literature on the topic 'Double Branched Covers'

Abstract In Chapter 4 we saw that a dynamical system can have many inequivalent double covers, each with the same symmetry group. This was shown explicitly for double covers of adynamical system exhibiting horseshoe dynamics. The four distinct double covers all possessed R z (n) symmetry but possessed different topological indices (no, n1 ) . The rotation axis of the symmetry group R z (n) linked the image dynamical system in four ways (cf. Fig. 4.2). In creating these four distinct double covers we were careful that the rotation axis did not intersect the strange attractor. This is possible at the level of a branched manifold description of the dynamics and sometimes possible for real strange attractors. But it is not always possible. For example, there is usually no clear gap in a (Rossler-like) strange attractor between orbit segments that project to the branches O and 1 under the Birman-Williams projection.

This chapter looks to the other branch of the legal profession: the attorneys and solicitors. Attorneys and solicitors dealt directly with the client and cover a vast range of legal matters, including wills, property transfers, and other affairs that usually do not need to be tested in court. Attorneys were much more numerous than barristers in Regency England. The social standing of attorneys relative to the gentry, the clergy, and other genteel professions was also open to doubt. They certainly lacked the prestige of barristers. Indeed, attorneys seemed little better than school-teachers or the better sort of shopkeeper: respectable enough in their way, but not a career for the younger sons of the gentry. However, as the chapter shows, attorneys were also considered a rather gentlemanly profession, and many gentlemen indeed prospered by becoming one.

Abstract This chapter examines subject-matter scope, which refers to the scope covered by a measure as regards its subject matter, that is to say the branches and areas of the law to which it applies. In the case of the instruments with which this book is concerned, the relevant provisions are contained in Article 1 of Brussels 2012 and Lugano, and Articles 1 and 2 of Hague. Article 1(1) of all three instruments provides that the instrument in question 'shall apply in civil and commercial matters'. Brussels 2012 and Lugano add 'whatever the nature of the court or tribunal'. This phrase is not found in the Hague Convention, though no doubt it is understood. The importance of the phrase 'whatever the nature of the court or tribunal' is that a civil claim joined to criminal proceedings can nevertheless be within the subject-matter scope of Brussels or Lugano, even though it is ancillary to criminal proceedings. The chapter considers the general concept and then looks at specific problems. The cases explored show that the distinction between a civil matter and a public matter is far from straightforward.