Academic literature on the topic 'Double conductor line'
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Journal articles on the topic "Double conductor line"
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Yunus, A. M. Shiddiq, Apollo Apollo, Muhammad Ruswandi Djalal, and Ahmed Abu-Siada. "Characteristic of Current Diffusion on Double-Plate Conductor for Smaller Resistive Load." EPI International Journal of Engineering 2, no. 1 (2019): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/epi-ije.022019.10.
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Power transmission line is one of the pivotal parts of a power system. It connects power generation house with the consumer even in the long distances. Research on current diffusion on the conductor is inevitable to maximize the power dispatch on transmission line. The main purpose of this study is to recognize the behaviors and characteristics of current diffusion in double-plates conductor for further development in the future. The research outcomes would be very useful, particularly in the transmission line study. In this paper, study will be focused on the characteristic of current diffusion in conductor due to its variation impedance value of load particularly when resistive load is smaller than the conductor impedance (Zo). This research is conducted by experimental test and carried out through extensive simulation using MATLAB and Visual Basic Program in MS. Excel. Poynting theory is employed as a validation approach. The simulation and experiment results show that if RL is smaller than the line impedance Zo, deficiency current establish will occur where the electromagnetic energy is not sufficient for the load.
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Daw, Hnin Yu Lwin, and Hla Myo Htay U. "Design of 230 kV Twin Bundle Double Circuit Overhead Transmission Line." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 5 (2019): 1967–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3591731.
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The purpose of this paper is to study and design of 230 kV twin bundle double circuit overhead transmission line. In design consideration, the selection of economic voltage, choice of conductor size, number of insulators, maximum sag of conductor and minimum height of conductor are considered. The electrical transfer of energy from one place to another over long distance with standard regulations is one of the major problems in the field of electrical power engineering. The parameters of overhead transmission line are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The bundle conductors are used for reducing the reactance on the line, corona losses, radio interference and surge impedance. Daw Hnin Yu Lwin | U Hla Myo Htay "Design of 230 kV Twin Bundle Double Circuit Overhead Transmission Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27830.pdf
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Yamaoka, Masaru, and Jun Hasegawa. "Numerical Calculation of Overhead Transmission Line Galloping by Double Conductor Method." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 116, no. 5 (1996): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.116.5_539.
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He, Jian, and Xian Xin Li. "Application Analysis of Expanded Conductor in 1000kV UHV Double-Circuit Line." Applied Mechanics and Materials 664 (October 2014): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.664.318.
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This paper discusses the feasibility and effectiveness of the application of expanded conduct in 1000kVultra high voltage AC (UHVAC) transmission line. Through the comparison and analysis between expanded conduct and conventional conduct in transmission capacity, mechanical properties, project investment, annual cost and other aspects, it shows that the initial investment of expanded conduct is 4% lower than that of conventional conduct; and the annual cost of expended conductor is superior to that of conventional conduct when transmission capacity, power price and use hours are low.
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Kolyshkin, A. A., and Rémi Vaillancourt. "Double conductor line above a two-layered cylinder with varying properties." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 38, no. 1 (1996): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000000436.
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AbstractThe change of impedance per unit length in a single or double conductor line situated parallel to an infinitely long two-layered metallic circular cylinder is found (within the quasistatic approximation) in the form of an infinite series. The cylinder consists of an inner core and an outer annulus. The properties of the inner core are assumed to be constant. The relative magnetic permeability, μ(r) = rα and the conductivity, σ(r) = σ(0)rκ, of the outer annulus vary with respect to the radial coordinate, r, and α and κ are arbitrary real numbers. Numerical results are presented in the form of figures and tables.
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Hrabovský, Juraj, Roman Gogola, Justín Murín, and Tibor Sedlár. "Modeling of Ice-Shedding from ACSR Power Line." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 67, no. 1 (2017): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scjme-2017-0005.
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Abstract In this contribution, the analysis of ice-shedding from Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) power lines is presented. The impact of the icing position on the overhead power lines, the resulting jump height, and impact on attachment tension points after ice-shedding is examined. In the numerical simulations the effective material properties of the ACSR conductor is calculated using the homogenisation method. Numerical analysis of one power line and double-bundle power lines with icing over the whole range or only on certain sections of single and double-bundle power lines are performed
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Kim, Byung Geol, Su Dong Park, Shang Shu Kim, and Hee Woong Lee. "Strain Change and Creep Behavior of STACIR/AW Power Line with Heat Exposure." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1751.
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As a way to expand electric capacity in power line with hovering of electric power demand, STACIR/AW (super thermal-resistant Al alloy conductors Al-clad Invar-reinforced) overhead conductor which cans double ampacity has been developed. The STACIR/AW power line is mechanically composite stranded wire composed of INVAR/AW stranded wire as core for sag control and heat-resistant aluminum alloy for delivering doubled electric current. Recently, in order to ensure stable line operation and to predict its span of life, the changes of thermal properties for STACIR/AW have been investigated. In the present work, the changes of strain with temperature and the creep behavior as important factors in sag control will be presented. The transition temperature of STACIR/AW 410sqmm was estimated approximately 130°C and the creep rates were decreased with temperatures.
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Zhou, Ruqin, Wanshou Jiang, and San Jiang. "A Novel Method for High-Voltage Bundle Conductor Reconstruction from Airborne LiDAR Data." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (2018): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10122051.
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The security of high-voltage power transmission corridors is significantly vital to the national economy and daily life. With its rapid development, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology has been widely applied in the inspection of transmission lines. As the basis of potential hazard detection, a robust and precise power line model is a necessary requirement for rapid and correct clearance. Thus, this paper proposes a novel method for high-voltage bundle conductor reconstruction, which can precisely reconstruct each sub-conductor. First, points in high-voltage power transmission corridors are detected and classified into four categories; second, for classified power lines, single power line spans are extracted, and bundle conductors are identified by analyzing the single spans’ fitting residuals; and then, each sub-conductor of bundle conductors is extracted by a projected dichotomy method on the XOY and XOZ planes, respectively; finally, a double-RANSAC (random sample consensus)-based algorithm was introduced to reconstruct each power line. The proposed method makes use of the distribution of bundle conductors in high-voltage transmission lines, and our experiments showed that it could preferably reconstruct the real structure of bundle conductors robustly with a high precision better than 0.2 m.
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Chen, Jian-Xin, Ching-Hong K. Chin, and Quan Xue. "Double-Sided Parallel-Strip Line With an Inserted Conductor Plane and Its Applications." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 55, no. 9 (2007): 1899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2007.904055.
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Mohammad Reza, Bahrami. "Mechanics of Electrical Transmission Line Robot Inspector: Pendulum as a Dynamic Vibration Absorber." E3S Web of Conferences 162 (2020): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016203004.
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The purpose of this article is to design a new dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) and create a mathematical model to analyze the electrical transmission lines inspection robot movement on the line. First, the vibration of the electrical line while the robot inspector moves along it has been modeled considering the conductor as a stretched string and the robot as a moving load. It follows by using a double pendulum as the dynamic vibration absorber. To better understanding the performance of the DVA, the results are compared with the model in which a robot inspector is considered as a pendulum with a suspension base (here the conductor). This example shows the possibility of usage of the double pendulum as the DVA in electrical transmission inspection robots.
Books on the topic "Double conductor line"
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Buchanan, Andrea J. The Double-Daring Book for Girls (Daring Books for Girls). Collins, 2009.
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Jay, Allison, and Gediman Dan, eds. This I believe II: More personal philosophies of remarkable men and women. Henry Holt, 2008.
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Misita, Michael. How to believe in nothing & set yourself free. Valley of the Sun Pub., 1994.
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Jim, Thompson. The double-goal coach: Positive coaching tools for honoring the game and developing winners in sports and life. Quill, 2003.
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Chambers, Veronica. The joy of doing things badly: A girl's guide to love, life, and foolish bravery. Broadway Books, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Double conductor line"
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Swetapadma, Aleena, and Anamika Yadav. "Fuzzy Based Fault Location Estimation During Unearthed Open Conductor Faults in Double Circuit Transmission Line." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2752-6_44.
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Herrmann, Tayla, Anna Zimmerer, Claus Lang-Koetz, and Jörg Woidasky. "The Climate Impact of the Usage of Headphones and Headsets." In Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29294-1_2.
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AbstractBased on disassembly studies, a life cycle assessment of the climate impact of the wireless over-ear headphone model Jabra Evolve2 85 (without charging station) is conducted regarding the life cycle phases of manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use and disposal. The total weight of all components is 280.7 g. The materials can be categorized into polymers (61.7%), metals (20.9%), circuit boards (4.8%), Li-ion battery (4.6%), foam (3.5%), cables (3.0%) and unidentifiable polymers (1.7%). The functional unit is defined as the wireless audio transmission through a stereo headphone over its lifetime. The lifecycle assessment results in a global warming potential of 12.17 kg CO2-Eq with a contribution of the manufacturing phase of 81.2%, based on an assumed lifetime of 2,600 using hours. In the context of a sensitivity analysis, a repair scenario of a battery replacement of the over-ear headset is modelled. Assuming a doubled lifetime, the global warming potential per hour is reduced from 4.7 g CO2-Eq/h to 2.4 g CO2-Eq/h.
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VORGER, Camille. "Un atelier d’écriture en ligne pour rester en lien. Ce que la distance fait à la créativité." In Distances apprivoisées. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.4906.
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The online writing workshop, led by Amélie Charcosset, was conducted as part of our seminar-course entitled "Giving body to one's speeches. Writing and eloquence workshop", at the EFLE of the University of Lausanne. The double specificity of this session was to be carried out online, via the video meeting software Zoom, and to close a particular semester, because of the confinement and the distance learning. In this context, I proposed synchronous classes on Zoom, with the double objective of giving body to writing and making body through writing and saying. Writing then appears as an open space, a convivial place to stay connected, with the word as landscape and sharing (saying) as horizon.
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Jerome, Jerome K. "Chapter IX." In Three Men in a Boat and Three Men on the Bummel. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199537976.003.0010.
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George is introduced to work—Heathenish instincts of tow-lines—Ungrateful conduct of a double-sculling skiff—Towers and towed—A use discovered for lovers—Strange disappearance of an elderly lady—Much haste, less speed—Being towed by girls: exciting sensation—...
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MALKOV, O. Yu. "Comprehensive list of semi-detached double-lined eclipsing binaries with Gaia DR2 data." In Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, Vol. 32, No. 2. Cambridge Scientific Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.5238.
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Semi-detached eclipsing systems play an important role in our understanding of stellar properties. In the present study, we have cross-matched a previously compiled comprehensive list of SD double-lined eclipsing binaries, containing 119 systems, with Gaia DR2 and analyze the result. A special analysis is conducted for systems with controversial data on parallaxes. It is shown that Gaia DR2 effective temperatures should be used with caution, as they do not describe hot SD systems well. We have also compiled an empirical relation between the temperature of the accretor and the donor.
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Jacobs, Louis. "Orthodoxy." In Beyond Reasonable Doubt. Liverpool University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774587.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on Orthodox Jews. These Jews at the end of the twentieth century are divided into a number of groupings, each following its own specific pattern of religious conduct. It describes the Sephardi Jews that are generally content to have their religious life modelled on the traditional behavioural norms of their ancestors without too much reflection on its theological underpinning. The Ashkenazi Jews have been compelled to become more theologically inclined due to the great impact made on European Jewry by the Emancipation and the Enlightenment. The chapter gives details on the Ashkenazim that are divided into the haredim or ultra-Orthodox and the Modern Orthodox.
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F. Piñón-Espitia, Manuel, Guillermo M. Herrera-Pérez, and Matha T. Ochoa-Lara. "Electronic and Magnetic Contribution for CuO and CuO Nanofibers Doped with Mn at 3.0%." In Electrospinning - Theory, Applications, and Update Challenges [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112897.
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The copper (II) oxide nanofibers (NFs) synthesized with the electrospinning method showed a necklace-like morphology and nanometric size. The use of the XPS (X-ray Photoelectronic Spectroscopy) technique allowed the analysis of the Cu 2p and O 1s orbitals showing a CuxO type stoichiometry (x = 1, 2, 3), in turn, the UPS (Ultraviolet Photoelectronic Spectroscopy) region determined the conduction state associated to the dielectric function. These data are compared with the EELS technique. The NFs have presented a behavior with double magnetic phase associated to the non-stoichiometry and oxygen vacancies, and the non-presence of the AFM phase due to the increase of the vacancies. In addition, their electronic and magnetic structure reveal spin-orbit related changes shown in the Cu 2p spectra. The results showed in the conduction band holes and the Cu 2p and O 1s orbitals.
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Debost, Michel. "Quodlibet." In The Simple Flute. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195145212.003.0056.
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Abstract A certain number of edicts prevailing in the flute playing world have been transmitted and deformed through oral tradition, much like tribal taboos. My purpose is to poke fun at them, with no desire to offend anyone. Most of these axioms refer, like many canons of morality, to deceased prophets who cannot disagree: the gospel according to Gaubert, to Taffanel, to Kincaid, to Barrère, to Moyse, or to Tabuteau (for oboists). Modern-day gurus such as Rampal, Nicolet, Baker, Jaunet, Kujala, Gilbert, and others would be very amused by the final misinterpretations of their teachings. Anybody is entitled to say today the opposite of what they stated yesterday. Politicians, conductors, and students do it, so why should professors be exempt? Nobody is infallible, especially not the writer of these lines. I dedicate this to the memory of my predecessor at Oberlin, Tom Nyfenger, whose book made fun of flutistic mannerisms and whose fundamental self doubts brought about his own tragic end, ten years ago.
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Mcdowell, A. G. "Religion." In Village Life in Ancient Egypt. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198149989.003.0004.
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Abstract Much of the surviving evidence of Egyptian piety consists of stelae, funerary monuments, and other records that are standardized and formal and thus difficult to relate to everyday religious ideas and practice. Moreover, the cult as conducted in the major temples those most prominent monuments of New Kingdom religion-was an affair of state, the purpose of which was to maintain the goodwill of the gods and to reaffirm the order of the world and oppose the forces of chaos. As a professional priesthood emerged to run the increasingly powerful temples, there is some doubt whether the common man was much concerned with what went on behind the temple pylons.
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Li, Hongming, Shengyu Lin, and Yang Zhao. "Design and Analysis of Mars Rock Sampling System Based on Mars Sampling Quadcopter." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3233/atde250033.
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This paper presents a rock sampling system designed for the slopes of Valles Marineris on Mars, utilizing a quadrotor vehicle. The study begins with an overview of Mars exploration and the potential applications of rotorcraft in this context. A novel sampling process tailored for the challenging slopes of Valles Marineris is proposed, integrating a Mars Unmanned Vehicle (MUV) with a Mars Sampling Quadcopter (MSQ). The rock sampling mechanism features a single-degree-of-freedom, double-link structure, which employs a synchronous belt and gear drive to enable effective rock sample collection on complex terrains. A comprehensive stress analysis of the system is conducted to validate the feasibility and robustness of the design.
Conference papers on the topic "Double conductor line"
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Arntzen, Matias A., Roberto J. Cabral, Mario O. Oliveira, Matias E. Yasnikowski, and Angel P. Quintana. "Electromagnetic Field Analysis in 132kV Double-Circuit Transmission Lines with ACCC Conductors." In 2024 IEEE Biennial Congress of Argentina (ARGENCON). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/argencon62399.2024.10735850.
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Christensen, Curt, and R. T. Hill. "Corrosion Fatigue Assessment for Sour Crude Oil Pipelines." In CORROSION 1988. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88054.
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Abstract Unlike sour gas pipelines the transmission of sour crude oil must take into consideration the effects of cyclic (fatigue) loading resulting from normal operating conditions as well as from sporadic periods of pressure surge. The significance of flaws in the weld toe region of double submerged-arc welded large diameter line pipe was studied utilizing laboratory and full-scale testing methods. The laboratory test program characterized the critical crack size using the fracture mechanics parameter, KISCC, as well as predicted sub-critical crack growth rate using a Paris exponential function. To compliment the laboratory tests, full-scale experiments were conducted using sour crude oil and cyclic loading conditions that represented a 40 year life of the pipeline. Monitoring of weld toe indications was accomplished by ultrasonic inspection techniques. Correlation of laboratory with full-scale testing data confirmed that the life of sour crude oil pipelines can be predicted using fracture mechanics concepts.
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Shukla, Pavan K., Joshua Boerstler, Roderick E. Fuentes, et al. "Effect of Drying on Corrosion Mitigation of Hanford Transfer Lines." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20794.
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Abstract Radioactive waste is stored in underground, carbon-steel double-shell tanks at the Department of Energy Hanford site. The waste is transferred between the tanks and other assets using the transfer lines spanning throughout the various tank farms at Hanford. The transfer lines consist of a pipe-in-pipe design, small diameter pipes, and are not piggable. Recent inspection data of the transfer lines have shown areas with corrosion on both interior of the encasements and exterior of the primary pipes, with nearly 50 percent wall loss on the primary pipes and nearly 25% wall loss on the encasement pipes due to pitting corrosion. The visual inspections of the transfer lines have shown presence of corrosion products near the pipeline risers and beyond. It has been hypothesized that the corrosion is predominantly due to the high humidity conditions and in some cases is driven by the presence of residual hydrotest water in the encasement and the associated contact with the safety significant primary pipe. Therefore, drying of the transfer lines could lead to corrosion mitigation. Experimental studies are being conducted to understand the effect of environmental conditions, especially, relative humidity and temperature, on transfer line grade carbon steel corrosion and on mitigating corrosion. The experimental conditions are selected based on the seasonal temperature changes, and relative humidity conditions ranging from 30 to 100 percent. The experimental data will be used as guidance for maintaining a dry environment that will help mitigate the transfer-line corrosion caused by the high humidity conditions.
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Shukla, Pavan K., Kiana Sykes, Benjamin Barkai, et al. "Determining Drying Conditions to Mitigate Hanford Transfer Line Corrosion." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00424.
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Abstract Radioactive waste is stored in carbon-steel double-shell tanks at the Hanford site. The waste is transferred between the tanks and other assets using transfer lines that consist of carbon steel encased carrier and casing pipes. Recent inspection data of the transfer lines have shown extensive corrosion on both interior of the casing and exterior of the carrier pipes. The visual inspections have shown presence of extensive amount of corrosion products near the pipeline risers and beyond. It has been hypothesized that the corrosion is predominantly due to the high humidity conditions driven by raw water accumulation used during hydrotesting and by water accumulation due to the cold fingering effect. Drying of the transfer lines could lead to corrosion mitigation. Experimental studies were conducted to understand the effect of environmental conditions, especially, relative humidity and temperature, on the initiation of corrosion and mitigation of pre-existing pitting corrosion. The experimental conditions are selected based on the seasonal temperature changes, and relative humidity conditions ranging from 30 to 100 percent. The experimental data were used to determine the operation parameters that could mitigate the corrosion.
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Feng, Sheewa X., and Jason S. Page. "Corrosion Susceptibility Assessment of Tank 241-an-106 in Supporting Double-Shell Tank Corrosion Control at Hanford Site." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-18786.
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Abstract The chemical and radioactive waste at the Hanford Site is currently stored in single-shell tanks and double-shell tanks constructed of carbon steel. The corrosion management of these tanks has largely focused on the complex waste chemistries. New waste chemistry limits for corrosion control of the double-shell tanks were developed based on statistically designed test matrices and data analysis driven by the failure of the primary liner of one tank, and they were implemented in 2019 to minimize the risk of both stress corrosion cracking and pitting corrosion. With the implementation of the new chemistry limits, the waste in four double-shell tanks was declared to be out-of-specification, and recovery action plans are currently in place. Corrosion testing was conducted in suspected or confirmed out-of-specification tank waste to assess the actual corrosion risk of these tanks. This paper summarizes work conducted in assessing corrosion susceptibility of waste collected from Tank 241-AN-106. Corrosion testing included: (i) linear polarization resistance to determine general corrosion rate, (ii) cyclic potentiodynamic polarization to determine pitting corrosion susceptibility, (iii) ASTM G192 testing to determine repassivation potential, (iv) long-term coupon exposure testing, (v) crevice corrosion testing, and (vi) corrosion potential monitoring. The results indicated that the tank wastes from 241-AN-106 were benign to the carbon steel liner with respect to general corrosion and pitting corrosion although one solid layer was out-of-specification because of low hydroxide concentration.
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Fuentes, Roderick E., Pavan K. Shukla, Bruce J. Wiersma, Crystal Girardot, Natalie Young, and Theodore Venetz. "Effects of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors on Corrosion of Secondary Liner in Double Shell Tanks at Hanford." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13369.
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Abstract High level radioactive waste is stored in 28 double shell tanks (DSTs) at Hanford. Each DST consists of two distinct tank shells: primary and secondary, with primary shell inside the secondary. The secondary shell rests on a concrete pad that has drain slots. The slots provide a flow path for detection of the tank fluid in the event of a leak. It is known that water accumulates in the slots and drains toward a leak detection pit. Ultrasonic inspections have determined that there is thinning of the exterior of the secondary liner and is suspected to be caused by general and localized corrosion in the vapor space due to accumulation of moisture that contains chloride and nitrate ions. A set of experiments were conducted with commercially available vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) to test their efficacy in mitigating general and vapor space corrosion (VSC) corrosion when it is applied at the surface of carbon steel and when added to the water. Electrical resistance (ER) probes were also utilized to measure VCIs’ efficacy at a level close to the liquid air interface and being complete submerged. Experimental studies indicate that VCIs mitigate general and localized corrosion of the tank steel in the vapor space and when in direct contact with the water treated with VCI.
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Evans, K. J., S. Chawla, K. M. Sherer, et al. "Laboratory Studies Related to External Corrosion of Hanford’S Double-Shell Tanks in Contact with Concrete Liner." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16576.
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Abstract Radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes are stored at the Hanford site in underground double-shell tanks (DSTs) constructed of carbon steel. The corrosion management of these tanks has mainly focused on the complex waste chemistries that are contained in the primary tank. More recently, attention has been given to the corrosion that has been found on the exterior of the secondary liners of the DSTs. The cause of the external corrosion could be related to the intrusion and accumulation of water in the tertiary leak detection systems, which exist under the concrete foundation of the DSTs. However, site investigations have discovered significant reductions in wall-thickness (up to 70%) for DSTs that do not have a history of water intrusion. Furthermore, site measurements have indicated that wall-thinning may not be as severe at locations where the tank exterior is in contact with the slotted concrete foundation. Laboratory tests involving periodic wetting and condensing moisture on steel specimens were conducted to better understand this external corrosion threat. A simulated groundwater solution of near-neutral pH served as the wetting or moisture source in the tests. The laboratory tests consisted of weight-loss evaluations along with more involved studies using a multi-electrode array (MEA). The effect of concrete on the corrosion of steel was also examined by incorporating areas of metal-to-concrete contact on the weight-loss specimens and MEA. The results of this testing revealed that corrosion rates, calculated from weight-loss, can underestimate wall-thinning due to the severe localized attack that was found. Also, the inhibition of corrosion due to concrete-contact may relate more to the obstruction of condensation on the steel rather than an influence on the local pH.
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Shukla, Pavan K., Roderick E. Fuentes, Bruce J. Wiersma, Crystal Girardot, Natalie Young, and Theodore Venetz. "Performance of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors on Mitigating Corrosion of Secondary Liner in Double Shell Storage Tanks at Hanford." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14846.
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Abstract Hanford high-level waste storage site has 28 carbon-steel double shell storage tanks (DSTs), where a secondary shell surrounds the primary shell. The bottom plate of the secondary shell rests on a concrete pad with grooves for leak detection. There have been instances of corrosion on the secondary liner bottom plate in contact with the concrete pad where accumulation of the groundwater solution in the pad grooves has caused corrosion. In previous studies, several commercially available vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) were tested for their ability to mitigate concrete-pad side corrosion of the secondary liner bottom. The studies involved either immersing or placing coupons in vapor space of the groundwater solution dosed with VCIs. However, most likely field conditions of the tank bottom are envisioned to have weathering which would include accumulation of corrosion products in corroded areas. A study was conducted to determine effectiveness of the VCIs in mitigating corrosion of weathered carbon-steel coupons. Many sets of coupons were exposed to the groundwater solution for several months in three separate corrosion tests. Half of the coupons were extracted after approximately two months of exposure and analyzed for corrosion. The remaining sets of coupons were exposed to the commercially available VCIs for an additional two months by adding the VCIs to the groundwater solutions in the tests. The remaining coupons were extracted after completion of the tests and analyzed for pitting corrosion. Statistical analysis of the pre- and post-VCI exposed coupons’ corrosion rates were compared to evaluate effectiveness of the VCIs for mitigating corrosion on the weathered coupons. The paper presents experimental data and results on the effectiveness of VCIs in mitigating corrosion on weathered carbon-steel surfaces.
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Haase, Thomas, Jens Schröder, Christoph Bosch, and Christoph Kalwa. "SSC Resistance Testing of Heavy Wall Large-Diameter Pipes Using Full-Size Four-Point Bend Tests and DCB Tests." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10669.
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Abstract Resistance testing of steel to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) can be performed according to the four methods given in NACE standard TM0177. However, for SSC testing of low alloyed line pipe steel for longitudinally submerged-arc welded (SAWL) large-diameter pipes of a grade up to X65 it is well established to conduct four-point bend tests according to the new NACE TM0316 standard on machined test specimens with reduced thickness. SSC testing was performed using transverse full-size four-point bend specimens with a thickness up to 35 mm, machined from base material and longitudinal weld, at loads up to 90 % of the actual yield strength of the pipe material. Finite element simulations have been made in order to analyze the stress distribution in the full-size four-point bend specimen under the high load present during the test. The NACE TM0177 Method D “Double Cantilever Beam” (DCB) corrosion test is frequently used for the determination of the fracture toughness of higher strength steels such as Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) in sour environments, which is represented by the KIssc value. In this study DCB testing was performed on X52 SAWL line pipe steel and the results are reported with regard to the requirements of the test method.
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Elsharkawi, Ahmed, and Amro Hassanein. "Avoid Potential Repeated Failure (Cracked Gas Compressor Line) through Proper Material Assessment." In MPWT 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/mpwt19-14239.
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Abstract The heat treatment condition of industrial materials is a critical parameter for material evaluation and its fitness for intended service. Proper heat treatment will produce desired mechanical and physical properties, while absence or improper heat treatment may lead to major failure with huge production, Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) impacts. We hereby explain an actual case for cracked gas compressor (CGC) 5th stage discharge line caustic stress corrosion cracking (SCC) that caused unplanned plant shut down and resulted in noticed financial and production loss. The proven root cause is absence of normalization. Emergency piping batch is received and supposed to be normalized to avoid failure recurrence. Many discrepancies extracted from submitted material certificates, also many physical signs observed on the material itself raising doubts about received material compatibility. Using advanced Positive Material Identification (PMI) device to verify the chemical composition of the received material, results show that the material is questionable. As a precise test to verify heat treatment condition, microstructure analysis test (metallography) conducted to confirm normalization condition of the material, the resulted grain structure size and growth confirm that one of the received pipes has improper or absence of normalization. The material rejected as it is proven and confirmed that it is not normalized as per the requirements to avoid further potential of hydrocarbon leakage due to improper material specification. Rejecting the material eliminate the potential of having repeated failure, in addition to 600,000 Saudi Riyal (SR) cost saving as material cost. A common recommendation shared with concerned parties to consider metallography as a mandatory test to be submitted with heat-treated material test certificate (MTC).
Reports on the topic "Double conductor line"
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Duch, Michael. Performing Hanne Darboven's Opus 17a and long duration minimalist music. Norges Musikkhøgskole, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.481276.
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Hanne Darboven’s (1941-2009) Opus 17a is a composition for solo double bass that is rarely performed due to the physical and mental challenges involved in its performance. It is one of four opuses from the composers monumental 1008 page Wünschkonzert (1984), and was composed during her period of making “mathematical music” based on mathematical systems where numbers were assigned to certain notes and translated to musical scores. It can be described as large-scale minimalism and it is highly repetitive, but even though the same notes and intervals keep repeating, the patterns slightly change throughout the piece. This is an attempt to unfold the many challenges of both interpreting, preparing and performing this 70 minute long solo piece for double bass consisting of a continuous stream of eight notes. It is largely based on my own experiences of preparing, rehearsing and performing Opus 17a, but also on interviews I have conducted with fellow bass players Robert Black and Tom Peters, who have both made recordings of this piece as well as having performed it live. One is met with few instrumental technical challenges such as fingering, string crossing and bowing when performing Opus 17a, but because of its long duration what one normally would take for granted could possibly prove to be challenging.
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Tucker. L51728 Feasibility of a Pipeline Field Weld Real-Time Radiography (Radioscopy) Inspection System. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010117.
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Inspection of pipeline field girth welds during pipeline construction is accomplished by film radiographic: methods. Film radiography of materials is a 70 year old technology. There have been many advances in that 70 year history in equipment and films, but the process of making the radiograph is essentially the same. The film radiography process is time-consuming, costly, environmentally impacting and very operator (inspector) dependent. There are recent and almost daily advances in technologies using x-ray imaging other than film. Double-jointed pipe welds at pipe mills and at double-joint operations have been inspected with stationary real-time radioscopic systems for many years. This electronic imaging technology, known as "�radioscopy"�, has the potential to significantly improve pipeline project schedules and cost by eliminating some of the shortcomings of film radiography. Radioscopy is currently accepted for use by many nationally accepted standards including API-SL, Specification for Line Pipe, and API-1104, Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities. Most of the real-time systems in use today are fixed installations in pipe mills, foundries or fabrication shops. The ability to produce the required image sensitivity with real-time has been established by these fixed installations. These systems have proven to be very cost effective. In the course of conducting this study, QCC attended several conferences, including the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) Conference in Boston, contacted several hundred potential vendors of radioscopic and radiographic equipment, witnessed demonstrations on existing radioscopic imaging systems and conducted several breadboard system demonstrations. The enclosed exhibit section contains a list of vendors that have products applicable to a radioscopic system.
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Hovav, Ran, Peggy Ozias-Akins, and Scott A. Jackson. The genetics of pod-filling in peanut under water-limiting conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597923.bard.
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Pod-filling, an important yield-determining stage is strongly influenced by water stress. This is particularly true for peanut (Arachishypogaea), wherein pods are developed underground and are directly affected by the water condition. Pod-filling in peanut has a significant genetic component as well, since genotypes are considerably varied in their pod-fill (PF) and seed-fill (SF) potential. The goals of this research were to: Examine the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Detect global changes in mRNA and metabolites levels that accompany PF and SF. Explore the response of the duplicate peanut pod transcriptome to drought stress. Study how entire duplicated PF regulatory processes are networked within a polyploid organism. Discover locus-specific SNP markers and map pod quality traits under different environments. The research included genotypes and segregating populations from Israel and US that are varied in PF, SF and their tolerance to water deficit. Initially, an extensive field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Significant irrigation and genotypic effect was observed for the two main PF related traits, "seed ratio" and "dead-end ratio", demonstrating that reduction in irrigation directly influences the developing pods as a result of low water potential. Although the Irrigation × Genotype interaction was not statistically significant, one genotype (line 53) was found to be more sensitive to low irrigation treatments. Two RNAseq studies were simultaneously conducted in IL and the USA to characterize expression changes that accompany shell ("source") and seed ("sink") biogenesis in peanut. Both studies showed that SF and PF processes are very dynamic and undergo very rapid change in the accumulation of RNA, nutrients, and oil. Some genotypes differ in transcript accumulation rates, which can explain their difference in SF and PF potential; like cvHanoch that was found to be more enriched than line 53 in processes involving the generation of metabolites and energy at the beginning of seed development. Interestingly, an opposite situation was found in pericarp development, wherein rapid cell wall maturation processes were up-regulated in line 53. Although no significant effect was found for the irrigation level on seed transcriptome in general, and particularly on subgenomic assignment (that was found almost comparable to a 1:1 for A- and B- subgenomes), more specific homoeologous expression changes associated with particular biosynthesis pathways were found. For example, some significant A- and B- biases were observed in particular parts of the oil related gene expression network and several candidate genes with potential influence on oil content and SF were further examined. Substation achievement of the current program was the development and application of new SNP detection and mapping methods for peanut. Two major efforts on this direction were performed. In IL, a GBS approach was developed to map pod quality traits on Hanoch X 53 F2/F3 generations. Although the GBS approach was found to be less effective for our genetic system, it still succeeded to find significant mapping locations for several traits like testa color (linkage A10), number of seeds/pods (A5) and pod wart resistance (B7). In the USA, a SNP array was developed and applied for peanut, which is based on whole genome re-sequencing of 20 genotypes. This chip was used to map pod quality related traits in a Tifrunner x NC3033 RIL population. It was phenotyped for three years, including a new x-ray method to phenotype seed-fill and seed density. The total map size was 1229.7 cM with 1320 markers assigned. Based on this linkage map, 21 QTLs were identified for the traits 16/64 weight, kernel percentage, seed and pod weight, double pod and pod area. Collectively, this research serves as the first fundamental effort in peanut for understanding the PF and SF components, as a whole, and as influenced by the irrigation level. Results of the proposed study will also generate information and materials that will benefit peanut breeding by facilitating selection for reduced linkage drag during introgression of disease resistance traits into elite cultivars. BARD Report - Project4540 Page 2 of 10
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Jander, Georg, Gad Galili, and Yair Shachar-Hill. Genetic, Genomic and Biochemical Analysis of Arabidopsis Threonine Aldolase and Associated Molecular and Metabolic Networks. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696546.bard.
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Since the amino acids threonine and isoleucine can be limiting in mammalian diet and there is interest in increasing their abundance in certain crop plants. To meet this need, a BARD proposal was written with two main research objectives: (i) investigate new avenues for manipulating threonine and isoleucine content in plants and (ii) study the role of threonine aldolase in plant metabolism. Research conducted to meet these goals included analysis of the sub-cellular localization of threonine aldolase in the plant, analysis of metabolic flux in developing embryos, over- and under-expression of Arabidopsis threonine aldolases, and transcriptional and metabolic analysis of perturbations resulting from altered threonine aldolase expression. Additionally, the broader metabolic effects of increasing lysine biosynthesis were investigated. An interesting observation that came up in the course of the project is that threonine aldolase activity affects methionine gamma-lyase in Arabidopsis. Further research showed that threonine deaminase and methionine gamma-lyase both contribute to isoleucine biosynthesis in plants. Therefore, isoleucine content can be altered by manipulating the expression of either or both of these enzymes. Additionally, both enzymes contribute to the up to 100-fold increase in isoleucine that is observed in drought-stressed Arabidopsis. Toward the end of the project it was discovered that through different projects, both groups had been able to independently up-regulate phenylalanine accumulation by different mechanisms. The Galili lab transformed Arabidopsis with a feedbackinsensitive bacterial enzyme and the Jander lab found a feedback insensitive mutation in Arabidopsis arogenate dehydratase. Exchange of the respective plant lines has allowed a comparative analysis of the different methods for increasing phenylalanine content and the creation of double mutants. The research that was conducted as part of this BARD project has led to new insights into plant amino acid metabolism. Additionally, new approaches that were found to increase the accumulation of threonine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine in plants have potential practical applications. Increased threonine and isoleucine levels can increase the nutritional value of crop plants. Elevated isoleucine accumulation may increase the osmotic stress tolerance of plants. Up-regulation of phenylalanine biosynthesis can be used to increase the production of downstream higher-value plant metabolites of biofuel feed stocks.
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McPhedran, R., S. Zhuo, L. Zamperetti, and N. Gold. Evaluation of a plant-based meal campaign in workplace cafeterias. An interrupted time series analysis. Kantar Public, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.eds279.
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Choice and consumption of food is affected by a range of factors and dietary choices can change over time at both an individual and population level. One behaviour to have changed over the last few years is the purchasing of plant-based foods. UK sales of meat-free and plant-based dairy products have roughly doubled between 2016 and 2020 and in 2020 were worth close to £600m each (Glotz, 2021; Wunsch, 2021). Food Standards Agency (FSA) data from 2022 found that 32% of respondents reported eating meat alternatives in the past, although the majority (66%) are not eating them frequently (Armstrong et al, 2022). Reflecting this, the consumption of red meat and pre-cooked meat has gradually fallen (Fuller et al., 2019). In 2021, 41% of respondents in an FSA survey said that they would like to eat less meat (Heard and Bogdan, 2021) In the context of increased sales of plant-based foods, the study aimed to identify the impact of an annual plant-based meal campaign- ‘Plant-Forward’- conducted in cafeterias serviced by a large UK catering company. The campaign sought to influence consumer food choices by: 1) increasing the availability of plant-based meals to customers in a workplace cafeteria and 2) making plant-based meals more salient and attractive to consumers by using promotional materials. This included claims regarding health and sustainability of plant-based foods in general and newly-launched plant-based meals. The study also aimed to determine the duration and speed of the deterioration of any significant treatment effect identified. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate such campaigns which look at immediate as well as long-term effects in a cafeteria setting.
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Lewis, Dustin. Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/wwxn5790.
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Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several others call for new rules. Meanwhile, the vast majority of efforts by States to address relevant systems focus by and large on weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Partly as a result, the broad spectrum of other far-reaching applications is rarely brought into view. One normatively grounded way to help identify and address relevant issues is to elaborate pathways that States, international organizations, non-state parties to armed conflict, and others may pursue to help secure greater respect for international law. In this commentary, I elaborate on three such pathways: forming and publicly expressing positions on key legal issues, taking measures relative to their own conduct, and taking steps relative to the behavior of others. None of these pathways is sufficient in itself, and there are no doubt many others that ought to be pursued. But each of the identified tracks is arguably necessary to ensure that international law is — or becomes — fit for purpose. By forming and publicly expressing positions on relevant legal issues, international actors may help clarify existing legal parameters, pinpoint salient enduring and emerging issues, and detect areas of convergence and divergence. Elaborating legal views may also help foster greater trust among current and potential adversaries. To be sure, in recent years, States have already fashioned hundreds of statements on autonomous weapons. Yet positions on other application areas are much more difficult to find. Further, forming and publicly expressing views on legal issues that span thematic and functional areas arguably may help States and others overcome the current normative stalemate on autonomous weapons. Doing so may also help identify — and allocate due attention and resources to — additional salient thematic and functional areas. Therefore, I raise a handful of cross-domain issues for consideration. These issues touch on things like exercising human agency, reposing legally mandated evaluative decisions in natural persons, and committing to engage only in scrutable conduct. International actors may also take measures relative to their own conduct. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline several such existing measures. In doing so, I invite readers to inventory and peruse these types of steps in order to assess whether the nature or character of increasingly complex socio-technical systems reliant upon war algorithms and data may warrant revitalized commitments or adjustments to existing measures — or, perhaps, development of new ones. I outline things like enacting legislation necessary to prosecute alleged perpetrators of grave breaches, making legal advisers available to the armed forces, and taking steps to prevent abuses of the emblem. Finally, international actors may take measures relative to the conduct of others. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline some of the existing steps that other States, international organizations, and non-state parties may take to help secure respect for the law by those undertaking the conduct. These measures may include things like addressing matters of legal compliance by exerting diplomatic pressure, resorting to penal sanctions to repress violations, conditioning or refusing arms transfers, and monitoring the fate of transferred detainees. Concerning military partnerships in particular, I highlight steps such as conditioning joint operations on a partner’s compliance with the law, planning operations jointly in order to prevent violations, and opting out of specific operations if there is an expectation that the operations would violate applicable law. Some themes and commitments cut across these three pathways. Arguably, respect for the law turns in no small part on whether natural persons can and will foresee, understand, administer, and trace the components, behaviors, and effects of relevant systems. It may be advisable, moreover, to institute ongoing cross-disciplinary education and training as well as the provision of sufficient technical facilities for all relevant actors, from commanders to legal advisers to prosecutors to judges. Further, it may be prudent to establish ongoing monitoring of others’ technical capabilities. Finally, it may be warranted for relevant international actors to pledge to engage, and to call upon others to engage, only in armed-conflict-related conduct that is sufficiently attributable, discernable, and scrutable.
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Steele, Dale W., Eduardo L. Caputo, Ghid Kanaan, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders in Children. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2024. https://doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer276.
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Background. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and impairing psychiatric disorder that often begins in childhood or adolescence. Early identification and treatment of OCD is important to prevent a cascade of developmental disruptions lasting into adulthood. The 2012 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Practice Parameter recommends cognitive behavioral therapy that incorporates exposure and response prevention (ERP) as a first-line treatment for mild-to-moderate OCD in youth and recommends combined treatment with ERP (if feasible) and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for some patients, particularly those with more severe symptoms. Clinical uncertainty exists regarding the optimal treatment strategies (and treatment combinations) that work best for specific populations and settings. In this report, we seek to evaluate the accuracy of brief assessment tools to identify OCD in symptomatic youth (Key Question [KQ] 1) and the effects and harms of treatment options for youth with OCD (KQ2). Methods. We searched Medline®, Cochrane, Embase®, CINAHL®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to May 15, 2024. After double screening, we extracted study data, assessed risk of bias, and conducted network and pairwise meta-analyses. We evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42023461212). Results. We found 117 studies (reported in 161 papers) that met inclusion criteria. Of these, 31 cross-sectional studies pertained to KQ1, diagnosis of OCD. For KQ 2, treatment of OCD, we included 71 randomized controlled trials, 2 nonrandomized comparative studies, and 13 single-arm studies that reported potential treatment effect modifiers. For KQ1, there is insufficient evidence regarding most brief assessment tools. Based on nine studies, the Child Behavior Checklist-Obsessive Compulsive subscale (CBCL-OCS) may have sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity to identify patients for specialist referral and diagnostic evaluation (moderate SoE). For KQ2, meta-analyses indicate that in-person ERP is more effective for OCD symptoms when compared to either waitlist (high SoE) or behavioral control (moderate SoE), and for remission when compared to waitlist (high SOE) or behavioral control (moderate SoE). ERP via telehealth is more effective than waitlist for OCD symptoms (high SoE) and remission (moderate SoE). SSRIs are more effective than placebo for OCD symptoms and global severity (high SoE). Clomipramine is probably more effective than placebo (moderate SoE). When used together, ERP and an SSRI are probably more effective than treatment with an SSRI alone for OCD symptoms (moderate SoE). ERP combined with an SSRI are as effective as ERP alone for OCD symptoms (high SoE). The side effects of SSRIs and clomipramine were inconsistently reported, precluding graded conclusions. Augmentation of ERP with D-cycloserine is as effective as ERP alone to reduce OCD symptoms (high SoE) or global severity (moderate SoE). The evidence was insufficient regarding potential effect modifiers. Conclusion. The diagnosis of OCD relies on expert clinical evaluation, sometimes augmented by semi-structured interviews. The CBCL-OCS may be sufficiently accurate to indicate which youth should be further evaluated for OCD. ERP, delivered in-person or via telehealth, is an effective treatment for OCD in children and adolescents. ERP, alone or in combination with an SSRI, is probably more effective than treatment with an SSRI alone.