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Academic literature on the topic 'Double letters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Double letters"

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Mariol, Marina, Corentin Jacques, Marie-Anne Schelstraete, and Bruno Rossion. "The Speed of Orthographic Processing during Lexical Decision: Electrophysiological Evidence for Independent Coding of Letter Identity and Letter Position in Visual Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 7 (2008): 1283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20088.

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Adults can decide rapidly if a string of letters is a word or not. However, the exact time course of this discrimination is still an open question. Here we sought to track the time course of this discrimination and to determine how orthographic information—letter position and letter identity—is computed during reading. We used a go/no-go lexical decision task while recording event-related potentials (ERPs). Subjects were presented with single words (go trials) and pseudowords (no-go trials), which varied in orthographic conformation, presenting either a double consonant frequently doubled (i.e., “ss”) or never doubled (i.e., “zz”) (identity factor); and a position of the double consonant was which either legal or illegal (position factor), in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Words and pseudowords clearly differed as early as 230 msec. At this latency, ERP waveforms were modulated both by the identity and by the position of letters: The fronto-central no-go N2 was the smallest in amplitude and peaked the earliest to pseudowords presenting both an illegal double-letter position and an identity never encountered. At this stage, the two factors showed additive effects, suggesting an independent coding. The factors of identity and position of double letters interacted much later in the process, at the P3 level, around 300–400 msec on frontal and central sites, in line with the lexical decision data obtained in the behavioral study. Overall, these results show that the speed of lexical decision may depend on orthographic information coded independently by the identity and position of letters in a word.

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Lestari, Wiji, and Faiz Rafdhi. "Sistem Informasi Manajemen Arsip Surat Berbasis Desktop pada BP3TKI Jakarta." Jurnal CoSciTech (Computer Science and Information Technology) 1, no. 2 (2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/coscitech.v1i2.2183.

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At the BP3TKI Jakarta office, there are still some problems in processing incoming and outgoing letters including frequent double numbering errors in incoming and outgoing letters, relating to storage in this case archiving is only in the form of storing hardcopy documents which results in lost letters and a lot of use of paper so spend more in terms of company operations. So it was designed a Letter Filing Management Information System in Jakarta BP3TKI. In building a Letter Filing Management Information System in BP3TKI Jakarta using Vb.Net with visual studio 2010 software as a programming language and display design. MySQL as a database. This system development uses UML (Unfied Modeling Language) tools as an analysis of the running system. The research methodology uses a waterfall, with stages of analysis, design, manufacture, coding, testing. This study produces a Letter Archive Management Information System in BP3TKI Jakarta that can facilitate the management of incoming and outgoing mail data, the process of making reports, recording letters, storing letters properly so as to facilitate the search for data. Can change a manual mail archive management into a structured system.

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Tressler, Beth. "WAKING DREAMS: GEORGE ELIOT AND THE POETICS OF DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS." Victorian Literature and Culture 39, no. 2 (2011): 483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150311000106.

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In a letter that she wrote to her childhood governess and religious mentor Maria Lewis in 1839, George Eliot describes a pervading and distressful mental anxiety – one that would come to greatly influence both the constitution and development of her fiction. Still within the throes of her evangelical ardor, Eliot laments in this letter that the “disjointed specimens” of history, poetry, science, and philosophy have become “all arrested and petrified and smothered by the fast thickening every day accession of actual events, relative anxieties, and household cares and vexations” (Eliot, Letters 1: 29). The letter illustrates more the disjointed nature of Eliot's own mind than the disjointed nature of the things occupying it. Apparently under the weight of some religious guilt, she retracts this complaint and apologizes for it; but, then she immediately contradicts her retraction and defends her struggle by expanding her own individual failure into the larger realm of universal human failure: How deplorably and unaccountably evanescent are our frames of mind, as various as the forms and hues of the summer clouds. A single word is sometimes enough to give an entirely new mould to our thoughts; at least I find myself so constituted, and therefore to me it is pre-eminently important to be anchored within the veil, so that outward things may only act as winds to agitating sails, and be unable to send me adrift. (Letters 1: 30) Possibly fearing a rebuke from Lewis, Eliot finds it necessary to call upon the evanescence of “our frames of mind” to characterize her early struggle with the painful inconsistency of her own consciousness. On the one hand, Eliot feels a sense of evangelical guilt that her consciousness can be so influenced by “a single word” that her household duties and her spiritual life suffer. She equates this aspect of her mind to a deplorable, moral failing that threatens to set her adrift from her religious foundation. But on the other hand, Eliot contradicts this sense of failure with her resentment at the household anxieties and everyday vexations that are able to smother and petrify the extraordinary workings of her mind. To prevent herself from “saying anything still more discreditable to my head and heart,” she imagines herself as a child “wand'ring far alone, / That none might rouse me from my waking dream” (Letters 1: 30). But Eliot awakes from this dream to the disheartening revelation of “life's dull path and earth's deceitful hope” (Letters 1: 30). For a time, this painful deceit compels her to remain solidly within the confines of her duty and faith, but it simultaneously begins to unravel the binding that so ardently holds her.

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Park, Joonkoo, Andrew Hebrank, Thad A. Polk, and Denise C. Park. "Neural Dissociation of Number from Letter Recognition and Its Relationship to Parietal Numerical Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (2012): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00085.

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The visual recognition of letters dissociates from the recognition of numbers at both the behavioral and neural level. In this article, using fMRI, we investigate whether the visual recognition of numbers dissociates from letters, thereby establishing a double dissociation. In Experiment 1, participants viewed strings of consonants and Arabic numerals. We found that letters activated the left midfusiform and inferior temporal gyri more than numbers, replicating previous studies, whereas numbers activated a right lateral occipital area more than letters at the group level. Because the distinction between letters and numbers is culturally defined and relatively arbitrary, this double dissociation provides some of the strongest evidence to date that a neural dissociation can emerge as a result of experience. We then investigated a potential source of the observed neural dissociation. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that lateralization of visual number recognition depends on lateralization of higher-order numerical processing. In Experiment 2, the same participants performed addition, subtraction, and counting on arrays of nonsymbolic stimuli varying in numerosity, which produced neural activity in and around the intraparietal sulcus, a region associated with higher-order numerical processing. We found that individual differences in the lateralization of number activity in visual cortex could be explained by individual differences in the lateralization of numerical processing in parietal cortex, suggesting a functional relationship between the two regions. Together, these results demonstrate a neural double dissociation between letter and number recognition and suggest that higher-level numerical processing in parietal cortex may influence the neural organization of number processing in visual cortex.

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payne, Philip B. "MS. 88 as Evidence for a Text without 1 Cor 14.34–5." New Testament Studies 44, no. 1 (1998): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500016428.

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This critical note explains the most likely origin of the dislocated text at the end of 1 Corinthians 14 in the Greek twelfth century AD minuscule 88.1 There are four distinctive features of this passage in ms. 88.1) Cor 14.36 follows immediately after 14.33.2) Cor 14.34–5 follows 14.40.3) Cor 14.34—5 is a distinct unit separated from v. 40 by a double slash on the base line in the space normally occupied by letters. The words on each side of this double slash are much farther apart than any other adjacent words on this page, so the original scribe must have inserted the double slash before writing w. 34–5. (See line 15 of the enlarged photograph, p. 158.) The end of v. 35 coincides with the end of a line. (See line 22 of the enlarged photograph.) Nothing follows on this line after its closing punctuation dot,2 even though each of the remaining three lines on this page extends one or two more letters beyond this dot. The next line, which begins chapter 15, is the only line on this page to be indented.34) There is a corresponding but smaller double slash above the last letter of 14.33.4 (See line 6 of the enlarged photograph.) It is placed at a sharper angle than the double slash before vv. 34–5 to help it fit between the lines of text. Another larger double slash, at the same level as the Greek letters on the last line of v. 33, is in the right margin where it is easy to see.

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Miceli, Gabriele, Barbara Benvegnù, Rita Capasso, and Alfonso Caramazza. "Selective Deficit in Processing Double Letters." Cortex 31, no. 1 (1995): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80114-1.

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Warren, Matthew. "Four new DNA letters double life’s alphabet." Nature 566, no. 7745 (2019): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00650-8.

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Sokolović-Perović, Mirjana, Bene Bassetti, and Susannah Dillon. "English orthographic forms affect L2 English speech production in native users of a non-alphabetic writing system." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 3 (2019): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891900035x.

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AbstractThere is growing evidence that the orthographic forms (spellings) of second language words affect second language (L2) speech production, but it is not known whether orthography affects L2 phonology in native users of a non-alphabetic writing system. To answer this question, this study tested the effects of number of letters on the duration of consonants and vowels in the EnglishL2 speech production of Japanese–English sequential bilinguals. JapaneseL1–EnglishL2 bilinguals and English native speakers (both n = 16) performed a delayed word repetition task, producing 16 English word pairs in which the same consonant or vowel was spelled either with a single letter or with double letters, as in city-kitty. The bilinguals produced the same English sound as longer or shorter depending on the number of letters in its spelling, confirming that L2 orthographic forms affect L2 speakers’ phonological representations of L2 words even when their L1 writing system is not alphabetical.

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Chan, Elisa K., Christine Wilson, Scott Tyldesley, et al. "Signed family physician reminder letters to women overdue for screening mammography: A randomized clinical trial." Journal of Medical Screening 25, no. 3 (2017): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969141317719921.

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Objective To determine whether signed family physician reminder letters to women overdue for screening mammography prompts rescreening. Methods A randomized double-blind trial conducted in 2013 among women aged 51–73 and overdue for screening by 6–24 months. The study was carried out by the publicly funded British Columbia Cancer Agency Screening Mammography Program, which routinely sends standard reminder postcards to women who are due for mammography. Participating family physicians signed letters for the overdue women in their practices. The overdue women were mailed either the signed reminder letter and the standard reminder postcard, or the standard reminder postcard alone. The primary endpoint was the proportion of overdue women that attended a screening mammogram appointment within six months of mailing the study letters. The analysis was by intention to treat. Results In total, 822 family physicians participated and 5638 women were randomized. Mammography attendance by six months after mailing the reminders was 34.4% (947/2749) for women in the signed family physician letter arm, compared with 24.0% (660/2749) for women in the control arm (p < 0.0001). Adjusting for age, number of previous screening mammograms, and months overdue, women in the signed letter arm were significantly more likely to return for screening than women in the control arm (RR 1.41; 95% confidence interval: 1.30–1.54). Conclusion A signed family physician reminder letter improved mammography attendance for women who were overdue for screening mammography.

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Shaked, S., and J. Naveh. "Three Aramaic seals of the Achaemenid period." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 118, no. 1 (1986): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00139073.

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This seal, of unknown provenance, has an Aramaic inscription which is engraved on a scaraboid hematite pierced lengthwise. It measures 17×13 mm, with 9 mm of thickness. The oval surface, which is slightly damaged at one point, is divided by a double line into two registers. Six letters are engraved in the upper, and five in the lower register, giving the following reading:The letters are fairly large and fill the whole space. All the letters in the upper register stand at the same height on the double line. Normally, however, lamed is higher than the ceiling line of the other letters, while nun and taw are usually drawn with a stroke which goes below the bottom line formed by the other letters. In the lower register the taw and the two nuns seem to go farther down than the alef and the dalet.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Double letters"

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Lehtonen, Annukka I. "Finnish or Finish? : children's use of orthographic, morphological and phonemic knowledge in spelling acquisition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275465.

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Kobashi, Celso Massato. "Semanticização e sintaticização das construções de dupla conjunção no português brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-18102013-125721/.

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Esta tese tem por objetivo analisar os processos de semanticização e sintaticização das construções de dupla conjunção no português brasileiro. Tais construções se caracterizam por apresentar uma sequência de elementos conjuncionais sem qualquer intercalação de itens de outra natureza exemplos: MAS SE, E QUANDO, entre outros. A pesquisa baseia-se na proposta de Castilho (2010), que concebe a língua como um sistema complexo, dividido em quatro subsistemas: Gramática, Semântica, Discurso e Léxico, sem que haja hierarquia ou determinações entre eles. A análise contempla questões semânticas e sintáticas das construções de dupla conjunção. Na semântica, busca-se a depreensão dos valores que advêm dos pares conjuncionais e o entendimento de como cada um dos conectores contribui na expressão desses valores. Na sintaxe, enfoca-se a natureza e o modo de construção dessas estruturas complexas e suas características sintáticas. O corpus sob análise é constituído de cartas e inquéritos orais populares, divididos em quatro fases: final do século XIX (cartas particulares); início do século XX (cartas particulares); final do século XX (inquéritos orais e cartas particulares) e início do século XXI (inquéritos orais). As cartas e inquéritos têm em comum os traços de espontaneidade e da oralidade conceptual, nos termos de Koch & Oesterreicher (1985, apud Simões, 2007)<br>This thesis aims to analyze the processes of semanticization and sintaticization involving constructions of double conjunctions in Brazilian Portuguese. These constructions are characterized by presenting a sequence of conjunctional elements without any intercalation of items of other nature between them - examples: AS IF, AND WHEN, among others. The research is based on Castilhos proposal (2010), which perceives language as a complex system, divided into four subsystems: Grammar, Semantics, Discourse and Lexicon, having no hierarchy or determination among them. The analysis includes semantic and syntactic questions regarding double conjunctions` constructions. In Semantics, we seek to infer the values of conjunctional pairs and to understand how each one of the connectors contributes to the expression of these values. In Syntax, we focus on the nature and the way in which these complex structures are constructed, and some of their syntactic features. The data under analysis is constituted by letters and oral interviews, divided in four phases: end of 19th century (private letters), beginning of 20th century (private letters), end of 20th century (oral interviews and private letters), and beginning of 21th century (oral interviews). The letters and interviews have in common traces of spontaneous speech and conceptual orality, in the terms of Koch & Oesterreicher (1985, apud Simões, 2007)

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Guarnieri, John P. "Religion – A Fine Invention: An Exploration of Faith and Doubt in Emily Dickinson's Letters and Poetry." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1220024010.

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Guarnieri, John. ""Religion--'a fine invention' : an exploration of faith and doubt in Emily Dickinson's letters and poems" /." Connect to resource online, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1220024010.

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Lablanche, Julie. "Éloges inédits de l'académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Besançon (1752-1789)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCC021.

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Au milieu du XVIIIe siècle, la Franche-Comté rejoint le réseau des sociétés savantes qui ont pour objectif de contribuer « au progrès des sciences et à la perfection des talents » : une académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts est établie à Besançon. Les académiciens comtois entreprennent dès lors de nombreux travaux et s’emploient à favoriser l’émulation de leurs concitoyens en organisant régulièrement des concours. De cette activité qui perdure jusqu’en 1789 témoignent les archives manuscrites de la compagnie, aujourd’hui conservées à la Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon et consultables en ligne sous forme numérisée. Menée avec un regard littéraire, l’exploration de ce vaste fonds d’archives a permis de sélectionner un échantillon de discours restés inédits et d’en proposer une édition critique. Le genre de l’éloge, très lié à l’institution académique, méritait que l'on entreprenne ce travail de transcription et d’annotation : on trouvera ainsi dans cet ouvrage une série de pièces épidictiques, composées par les académiciens eux-mêmes ou provenant d’individus étroitement liés à l’académie par leur fonction de prédicateurs ou leur participation aux concours. On a en particulier cherché à démêler quelles étaient les sources et les influences de ces différentes productions comtoises, à analyser l’originalité et le style de celles-ci, tout en apportant les éclaircissements historiques utiles à leur compréhension, le genre épidictique procédant volontiers par allusions. L’étude met ainsi en avant la présence de l’éloquence littéraire en Franche-Comté à la veille de la Révolution, et les efforts d’appropriation de ses codes génériques par les lettrés de la province<br>In the middle of the 18th century, la Franche-Comté joined the network of learned societies whose objective was to contribute “to the progress of science and to the perfection of talents”: an academy of sciences, belles lettres and arts was established in Besançon. Comtois academicians thus undertook many works and were committed to promoting the emulation of their fellow citizens by regularly organizing competitions. The company’s handwritten archives, which today are kept in the Besançon municipal library and may be consulted on line in digitized form, bear witness to this activity, which continued until 1789. Conducted from a literary viewpoint, the exploration of these vast archival collections has made it possible to select a sample of previously unpublished speeches and to propose a critical edition of them. The encomium genre, closely linked to the academic institution, was worthy of our undertaking this transcription and annotation work : thus, we find in this work a series of epideictic plays, composed by the academicians themselves or by individuals having close ties to the academy through their role as clergymen or their participation in competitions. We sought in particular to unravel the sources and the influences of these various productions, to analyze their originality and style, while providing the historical clarification needed to understand them, the epideictic genre lending itself freely to the use of allusions. The study thus highlights the presence of literary eloquence in Franche-Comté on the eve of the French revolution, and the efforts to appropriate its general codes by the scholars of the province<br>Im mittleren XVIII. Jahrhundert schließt sich die Franche-Comté dem Kreis der Gelehrtengesellschaften an, die « zu dem Fortschritt der Wissenschaften und der Vervollkommnung der Talente » beitragen sollen : zu dieser Zeit wird in Besançon eine Akademie der Wissenschaften, der schönen Literatur und der Künste gegründet. Ihre Mitglieder unternehmen von diesem Moment an zahlreiche Forschungen und organisieren regelmäßig Wettbewerbe, um unter ihren Mitbürgern die wissenschaftliche Wetteifer zu fördern. Diese bis zur Revolution hindauerndeTätigkeit bezeugen heute die akademischen, von der Stadtbibliothek Besançon aufbewahrten und nunmehr on-line erhältlichen Handschriften. Die aus einem literarischen Aussichtspunkt geführte Erforschung dieses umfangreichen Archivguts ermittelte eine Auswahl unveröffentlicht gebliebener Reden und ermöglichte, davon eine kritische Auflage vorzulegen. Gewiß waren die hier vorgeführten akademischen Lobreden, insofern als sie zu einem mit der Institution eng verbundenen literarischen Genre gehören, einer gedruckten Übertragung und einer kritischen Ausgabe würdig. Dieses Werk schlägt also eine Folge von epidiktischen Stücken vor, die entweder von Akademikern selbst verfaßt wurden, oder von Einzelnen, die als Prediger oder als Wettbewerber ein enges Verhältnis zur Akademie hatten. In der vorliegenden Studie werden ins besondere die Urquellen und Einflüsse nachgeforscht, welche die Schriften der Akademiker von Besançon geprägt haben, und die Eigenart und der eigentümliche Stil dieser Schriften untersucht. Nützliche bzw. notwendige historische Erläuterungen werden dem Leser zu einer besseren Verständnis der Texte helfen, die – dem epidiktischen Genre gemäß – oft anspielungsreich sind. Hervorgebracht wird, wie die literarische Redekunst sich in der Franche-Comté am Vorabend der französischen Revolution entwickelt hat, und wie sich die Gelehrten dieser Provinz bemüht haben, sich die Merkmale des Genres anzueignen

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Lepage, Martin. "Mort et naissance de Christophe Ulric et L'ombre et le double d'Yvon Rivard : lecture mythocritique d'une quête spirituelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26855/26855.pdf.

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Bryant, Patience Denece. "The Impact of Colorism on Historically Black Fraternities and Sororities." NSUWorks, 2013. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/20.

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This dissertation study was conducted in order to examine and gain an insight on two topics that are considered to be highly under researched: American historically black fraternities and sororities and colorism within the back American community. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact that colorism has had on black American collegiate Greek letter organizations. Using the qualitative phenomenological approach, 18 graduate or alumni members, two from each of the nine historically black Greek letter organizations that make up the National Pan-Hellanic Council were interviewed using open ended questions to see what impact (if any) colorism has had on historically black fraternities and sororities. During the interviews the following five major themes emerged: discriminatory practices between black Americans, stereotyping black Greek letter organizations, stereotyping skin tones, colorism as a part of American history, and colorism as being permanently a part of the black American community. The following theories were also explored during the study: Social Identity Theory, Double Consciousness, Primary Identification Theory, and Conflict Caused by Colorism, to further see what impact colorism had on historically black fraternities and sororities. Through these five themes and theories, it was found that colorism has had and continues to have a significant impact on not only members of historically black fraternities and sororities, but also that of members of the black American community as a whole.

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Djama, Fares. "Mesures de precision au LEP et au SppS et instrumentation aupres du LHC." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00687252.

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Chia-Ching, Liang, and 梁家慶. "The Double in the Letter A: A Foucauldian Discourse on Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43396003866850073440.

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碩士<br>中國文化大學<br>英國語文學研究所<br>89<br>ABSTRACT This thesis is a Foucauldian discourse on The Scarlet Letter (1850), the letter A. As a sophisticated cultural artifact, the letter A is brilliantly woven with the same cultural cloth that by 1850 it had produced Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter: A Romance. We attempt to identify the ambiguity of the letter A, the significant plurality and the diverse meaning, with Foucaudian “author-function.” We associate the letter A with three kinds of “author-functions” in The Scarlet Letter: namely, “work on oneself,” “responding to one’s time,” and a vehicle of “his-story.” As a linking of society, the historical moment, and critical use of romance tradition, what the letter A denotes stands for the ambiguous author, the ironic archive, and the author’s confession in his autobiography as well. Hawthorne’s reinterpretation of the letter A in The Scarlet Letter can be taken as a challenge to his literary life. Firstly, the letter A is burdened with the necessity of discourse on the self. The task entails one’s work on himself with, in Foucault’s words, “a technology of representation.” The representation brings forth certain unity of writing in The Scarlet Letter─all differences in the text, “having to be resolved, at least in part, by the principles of evolution, maturation, or influence” (Foucault, WA 204). It is an authorial imperative through which characters─adulteress Hester Prynne, the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, the leech Roger Chillingworth, and the elf-child Pearl─are all placed in proper positions in the community of the novel. The imperative yields “perfect certainty by perfectly ordering representations and signs to mirror the ordering of the world” (Dreyfus and Rabinow, MF 19). The letter A is a table for ordering, and the fictitious community in The Scarlet Letter is built firmly on this table. Secondly, the letter A is imbued with the necessity of responding to one’s time. The task entails one’s work on himself in a process of interpretation. The interpretation serves to “neutralize the contradictions” (Foucault, WA 204) that may emerge in the narrative of The Scarlet Letter. The letter A is the very center point in this process: around it, contradictions in the narrative revolve, and “incompatible elements” in the text are tied together, or, at last, “organized around a fundamental or originated contradiction” (Foucault, WA 204). It is an authorial directive to absorb his readers into the narrative of the novel, and thus setting them on a presupposed liminal position in a given society. That given society is the Jacksonian society. As the readers of The Scarlet Letter, we are at the edge of the Jacksonian society, but not go beyond. Then we come to acknowledge that, we are nothing but “our” history─American history─and that therefore, we will never get a total picture of who we are. We will never get a detached picture of our history. As the letter A moves from the mid-nineteenth-century customhouse back to its Puritan origin, it serves as the cultural genealogy. It functions to recall a major cultural shift in the Jacksonian society. Thirdly, the letter A functions as the vehicle of “his-story,” the vehicle of the author’s autobiographical impulse. Or in Foucault’s words, the letter A, as a linking of one’s discourse on himself and response to his time, is the task of one’s “producing himself” in his own text. Hawthorne chose to introduce The Scarlet Letter with an essay, “The Custom-House.” In this introductory essay, we meet both Hawthorne’s “story” and the history behind his story. We are informed both his personal story, his employment and dismissal in the Salem Custom House, and the history of political changes that brought about these happenings on him. The letter A as “his-story” would suggest paradoxes of The Scarlet Letter as a historical romance: “just as he [Hawthorne] injected fiction with history, so he injected history with fiction” (Murfin 330). When his fiction is as true as the history, we meet the empirical characteristics of the author. Hawthorne the author is taken as “a historical figure at the crossroads of a certain number of events” (Foucault, WA 204). The letter A is thus “the posthumous papers.” The Scarlet Letter is the author’s confession in his autobiography. When his fiction is as false as the history, we find that author’s persona is maintained in its transcendental anonymity. Hawthorne is taken as a “decapitated surveyor,” preserved in its own realm soundly. The letter A denotes the ambiguous author in an ironic archive. In conclusion, it is not by confining his autobiographical impulse that Hawthorne the author is justified to write a national romance. But rather, it is his unique combination of the autobiographical impulse with the biographer’s viewpoint that enables him to go beyond the romance tradition, and yet to take paradoxes of romance seriously. The modernity of Hawthorne lies not in his attempt to apply objective method to studying himself─his nature, his language, and his society─but rather, in his very ability to understand himself in his-story. The letter A is this long-standing technique of self-knowledge. With the letter A, we are ready to read ourselves in the process of ego-split. We are readers on the liminal position─fully inside and fully outside of our cultural field. On this liminal position, Hawthorne the author has transformed his autobiographical impulse into the double in the letter A. The letter A is first to be the power that wards off “the death of the author,” then to be the truth that brings forth “the birth of the reader.” The birth of the reader is not necessarily at the cost of the death of the author. The “author-reader” doublet makes possible our very ability to understand ourselves in our reading of The Scarlet Letter. For Sacvan Bercovitch, his historicist approach to the letter A is his very ability to understand himself in his own book. This book is The Office of The Scarlet Letter. Contemporary reading of the letter A is also set in particular historical situation. It is an ever-elusive background, against which the “author-reader” doublet in The Scarlet Letter─mute yet ready to speak─is perpetually summoned towards American self-knowledge.

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Books on the topic "Double letters"

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Potiphar, P. M. H. Phonics.: Consonant digraphs (ch, sh, th), double letters and"ck". Precise Educational, 1990.

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Pogorelʹskiĭ, Antoniĭ. The Double, or, My evenings in Little Russia. Ardis, 1988.

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1927-, Burkhardt George S., ed. Double duty in the Civil War: The letters of sailor and soldier Edward W. Bacon. Southern Illinois University Press, 2009.

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Zealand, New. Scientific and technical cooperation: Agreement between the United States of America and New Zealand, signed at Washington May 21, 1991, with annex and exchange of letters. Dept. of State, 1993.

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Landi, Michela, ed. La double séance. Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-665-1.

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Là où le spectacle, notre appareil, n'aurait d'autre fonction que de projeter, "à quelque élévation", certains manques dont nous serions à peine conscients, il ne peut y avoir dans les Lettres, au dire de Mallarmé, qu'un seul acte, capital: questionner les rapports que cet appareil entretient avec quelque état intérieur de nous-mêmes. Nous croyons, avec l'auteur de La Musique et les Lettres, que c'est par le jeu de leurs relations, souvent rivales, que les arts peuvent se comprendre et nous faire comprendre. Ce jeu, qui n'en finit pas de nous solliciter, nous demande sans cesse de nouveaux instruments pour sa mise en place – ou sa mise en scène.

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Canada. Atomic energy: Safeguards : agreement between the United States of America and Canada, effected by exchange of letters signed at Washington February 24 and March 5, 1993. Dept. of State, 1999.

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Letters to a young doubter. Westminster John Knox Press, 2005.

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Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. Taxation: Convention between Canada and Cameroon (with related letter). s.n, 1989.

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Mexico. Narcotic drugs, additional cooperative arrangements to curb illegal traffic: Agreements between the United States of America and Mexico, amending the agreement of June 2, 1977, as amended, effected by exchange of letters signed at Mexico January 4, 1984, and exchange of letters signed at Mexico May 29, 1984, and exchange of letters signed at Mexico October 29, 1984. Dept. of State, 1991.

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Mexico. Narcotic drugs, additional cooperative arrangements to curb illegal traffic: Agreements between the United States of America and Mexico, amending the agreement of June 2, 1977, as amended, effected by exchange of letters signed at Mexico July 14 and 28, 1987, and exchange of letters signed at Mexico August 7 and 28, 1987, and exchange of letters signed at Mexico August 10 and 28, 1987. Dept. of State, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Double letters"

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Bigold, Melanie. "‘[H]ow Obscure her Lot’: Catharine Cockburn’s Double Afterlife." In Women of Letters, Manuscript Circulation, and Print Afterlives in the Eighteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137033574_5.

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Kimura, Mutsumi, Kenta Umeda, Keisuke Ikushima, et al. "Hopfield Neural Network with Double-Layer Amorphous Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Thin-Film Devices as Crosspoint-Type Synapse Elements and Working Confirmation of Letter Recognition." In Neural Information Processing. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04239-4_57.

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Williams, Roger L. "Letters thirty-one to forty-eight were addressed to Monsieur Villars, Docteur en Médecine in Le Noyer, but sometimes in nearby St.-Bonnet. They cover the months after the publication of his prospectus in April of 1779 until his departure in late 1781 to assume a new post in Grenoble. In 1780, his stipend was doubled to 1000 livres by the intendant, no doubt in compensation for a new course in botany that villars would inaugurate in March of 1780. That he left his wife and children in Le Noyer at the end of 1781, returning for visits on holidays, may mean that he did not anticipate a lengthy tenure in Grenoble.[1779–1781]." In The Letters of Dominique Chaix, Botanist-Curé. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5490-1_4.

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Thomson, Ann. "Questioning Church Doctrine in Private Correspondence in the Eighteenth Century: Jean Bouhier’s Doubts Concerning the Soul." In Debating the Faith: Religion and Letter Writing in Great Britain, 1550-1800. Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5216-0_12.

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Guillot, Olivier. "Des réformes carolingiennes avant la lettre? Quelques indices sur une double innovation institutionnelle remontant probablement à Charles Martel et à Pépin, maires du palais." In Culture et société médiévales. Brepols Publishers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.csm-eb.3.1574.

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Uhl, Patrice. "La sotte chanson et le renouvellement des formes poétiques : les jeux-partis parodiques de Roland de Reims (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce 308) et les fatras entés de Chaillou de Pesstain (Paris, BNF, fr. 146)." In La moisson des lettres: L'invention littéraire autour de 1300. Brepols Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tcc-eb.1.100092.

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"Chapter Four. Politics And Letters: Gisbert Cuper As A Servant Of Two Republics." In Double Agents. BRILL, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004202696.i-280.12.

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"Diplomatic Double Talk – Stalin and Eden." In Letters to Australia, Volume 4. Sydney University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx8b7c5.17.

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Morgan, Llewelyn. "3. Letters of the heroines." In Ovid: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198837688.003.0003.

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'Letters of the heroines' eplores Ovid’s Epistulae Heroidum (Letters of the Heroines) or Heroides (Heroines), love letters sent by famous mythical women to their errant lovers. The Heroides is still love poetry, and the women are often reminiscent of the lover in the Amores, but the women and their lovers are in most cases figures from the heroic age, and this makes the collection an important link between the Amores and the Metamorphoses, Ovid’s most ambitious fusion of the erotic and the mythological. The epistolary form of these poems is vitally important, as is the influence of the rhetorical training that Ovid and his fellow Romans had undertaken, an experience that encouraged a taste for memorable turns of phrase. The debt to Hellenistic literature, Callimachus in particular, is especially clear when Ovid returns to the format, probably at the end of his career: the ‘Double Heroides’ are exchanges of letters between a male and female correspondent, and the dynamic of the form is interestingly transformed. The legacy of the Heroides is worth a mention, it is less consistently popular than Ovid’s other poetry, but was his most celebrated work in the 18th century, and an important model for female self-expression that carried with it the heft and authority of classical antiquity.

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Burney, Frances. "Letter XIX Evelina in continuation." In Evelina. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536931.003.0086.

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October 11. Yesterday morning, as soon as breakfast was over, Lord Orville went to the Hotwells, to wait upon my father with my double petition. Mrs. Beaumont then, in general terms, proposed a walk in the garden. Mrs. Selwyn said she had letters to write,...

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Conference papers on the topic "Double letters"

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Feng, Yongchang, Huixiong Li, and Can Cheng. "Double MRT-Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Natural Convection Melting in a Rectangular Cavity." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17205.

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In this letter, a double multiple relaxation time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) based on double distribution lattice Boltzmann model is developed for numerical simulations of solid-liquid phase change. In contrast to previous lattice Boltzmann models, we solve the flow and temperature fields using the MRT-D2Q9 model and the MRT-D2Q5 model, respectively. The one-dimensional conduction melting and two-dimensional convection melting in a rectangular cavity for pure substance are investigated using the proposed model. Simulation results agree well with analytical solutions and scaling laws. In addition, temperature and liquid fraction fields suggest that natural convection has important influence on total melting process. We conclude by showing that the developed model is a promising tool to investigate solid-liquid phase change in complex media and geometries.

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Da Lisca, Caterina. "Les paysages aquatiques des symbolistes belges ou les « paysages de l’âme »." In XXV Coloquio AFUE. Palabras e imaginarios del agua. Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/xxvcoloquioafue.2016.3055.

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Avec l’épanouissement du symbolisme l'art et la littérature « font de l’eau partout ». Ce n’est pas pour mettre en valeur un simple décor paysager ou un phénomène naturel que les écrivains insistent sur cet élément naturel ; c’est plutôt pour en faire un sujet littéraire plein de valeurs sémiologiques originelles différentes de celles véhiculées par le baroque, le romantisme ou le naturalisme. Le baroque se centre sur les effets d’illusion, du monde renversé et d’une nature rhétorique ; le romantisme prône l’élan sublime par l’expression des paysages-états d’âme caractérisés par l’océan indomptable, la mer agitée, les lacs ou les rivières toute puissantes. Le désir d'espace des symbolistes se dirige vers les profondeurs aquatiques; ils s'étalent vers la quête de l'absolu et l'exploration d'un « autre monde », celui de l'inconscient. Ils établissent une correspondance entre le référent liquide, son idée, son double intérieur et l'image chargée de l'exprimer, tout en faisant recours aux rêveries éveillées qui se produisent devant les miroirs des eaux. L'homme perçoit la nécessité de sonder et de contrôler la nature du « dehors » et du « dedans ». Cela va de pair avec l'évolution du concept de paysage : à la fin du XIXe siècle, les écrivains abandonnent la représentation positiviste et mimétique du monde pour créer des paysages intimes symboliques, tout en explorant les potentialités de l'activité onirique et de la rupture du plan cartésien. Les propriétés déformantes de l'eau calme, stagnante confondent les bornes, figent le temps, mettent en communication le haut et le bas, englobent le tangible et l'impalpable jusqu'à la dissolution des matières. Notre communication se propose d’approfondir cette question et d’explorer les évolutions et les singularités des thématiques engendrées par ces eaux que l’on dit « dormantes » au sein des lettres françaises et belges francophones Fin de siècle.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/XXVColloqueAFUE.2016.3055

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Buongiorno, Vincenzo. "From Global to Local: spontaneous consciousness and artisanal attitude in the self-built city in Latin America - San Martin de las Flores-Mexico’s self-built fabric. A perspective and tools for contemporary design." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5934.

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In a world stressed by a cultural crisis, carachterised by excessive abstraction and virtuality (ex: R.Reich’s Symbolic-analysts or/and R. Florida’s Creatives), observing self built city constitute not an escape but an exploration to change our point of view and find a new path of development. Self building involves at any scale, a practical attitude and return to an psychosomatic interaction among inhabitants and built environment. Focusing in self-building can become a Slowskij’s “estragement” to reactivate different sensibilities, for a new philosophy in contemporary design. Morphological reading of self-built environments has a double importance: for self-built cities themselves, to give response to the need of social cohesion, for a restructuring that traduces these needs into building and transforms the plural individual needs into a collective urban structure; for the enrichment that this reading can give to the architectural community culture, a new panorama where we can search new path to go over the crisis; The paper focuses on the scales that goes from building and construction material scale to urban fabric scale. Starting from the observation of a brick’s furnace, through the observation of an original constructive system, up to the aggregation of each built organism in the urban fabric it will be possible to read and interpret the formative process and to evaluate, through design experience cases, some new path for the contemporary design that come from this interpretation of self-built: design as a formative process re-activation, artisanal-not authorial sensorial design; References G. Caniggia, G.L. Maffei, Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia: 1. Lettura dell’edilizia di base, Marsilio, Venezia 1979; Gianfranco Caniggia, G.L. Maffei, Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia: 2. Il progetto nell’edilizia di base, Marsilio, Venezia 1987; L. Pareyson, Estetica : teoria della formatività, Bompiani, Milano 2005; G. Strappa, L’architettura come processo. Il mondo plastico murario in divenire, Franco Angeli, Milano 2014; V. B. Šklovskij, Teoria della prosa, Einaudi, Torino 1976; R. Sennet, L’uomo artigiano, Feltrinelli, Milano 2008; J. F. C. Turner, Abitare come Verbo, in J. F. C. Turner, R. Fitcher (a cura di), Libertà di costruire, Il Saggiatore, Milano 1979;

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Reports on the topic "Double letters"

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Personalised letters and a “taster session” help double attendance at NHS stop smoking services. National Institute for Health Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000395.

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