Academic literature on the topic 'Double sampling. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Double sampling. eng"
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Mode, Nicolle A., Loveday L. Conquest, and David A. Marker. "Incorporating prior knowledge in environmental sampling: ranked set sampling and other double sampling procedures." Environmetrics 13, no. 5-6 (2002): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.530.
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Grafström, Anton, and Yves Tillé. "Doubly balanced spatial sampling with spreading and restitution of auxiliary totals." Environmetrics 24, no. 2 (December 17, 2012): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.2194.
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Bart, Jonathan, and Susan Earnst. "Double Sampling to Estimate Density and Population Trends in Birds." Auk 119, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.1.36.
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Abstract We present a method for estimating density of nesting birds based on double sampling. The approach involves surveying a large sample of plots using a rapid method such as uncorrected point counts, variable circular plot counts, or the recently suggested double-observer method. A subsample of those plots is also surveyed using intensive methods to determine actual density. The ratio of the mean count on those plots (using the rapid method) to the mean actual density (as determined by the intensive searches) is used to adjust results from the rapid method. The approach works well when results from the rapid method are highly correlated with actual density. We illustrate the method with three years of shorebird surveys from the tundra in northern Alaska. In the rapid method, surveyors covered ∼10 ha h–1 and surveyed each plot a single time. The intensive surveys involved three thorough searches, required ∼3 h ha–1, and took 20% of the study effort. Surveyors using the rapid method detected an average of 79% of birds present. That detection ratio was used to convert the index obtained in the rapid method into an essentially unbiased estimate of density. Trends estimated from several years of data would also be essentially unbiased. Other advantages of double sampling are that (1) the rapid method can be changed as new methods become available, (2) domains can be compared even if detection rates differ, (3) total population size can be estimated, and (4) valuable ancillary information (e.g. nest success) can be obtained on intensive plots with little additional effort. We suggest that double sampling be used to test the assumption that rapid methods, such as variable circular plot and double-observer methods, yield density estimates that are essentially unbiased. The feasibility of implementing double sampling in a range of habitats needs to be evaluated.
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Peng, Baiyu, Qi Sun, Shengbo Eben Li, Dongsuk Kum, Yuming Yin, Junqing Wei, and Tianyu Gu. "End-to-End Autonomous Driving Through Dueling Double Deep Q-Network." Automotive Innovation 4, no. 3 (June 27, 2021): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-021-00151-3.
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AbstractRecent years have seen the rapid development of autonomous driving systems, which are typically designed in a hierarchical architecture or an end-to-end architecture. The hierarchical architecture is always complicated and hard to design, while the end-to-end architecture is more promising due to its simple structure. This paper puts forward an end-to-end autonomous driving method through a deep reinforcement learning algorithm Dueling Double Deep Q-Network, making it possible for the vehicle to learn end-to-end driving by itself. This paper firstly proposes an architecture for the end-to-end lane-keeping task. Unlike the traditional image-only state space, the presented state space is composed of both camera images and vehicle motion information. Then corresponding dueling neural network structure is introduced, which reduces the variance and improves sampling efficiency. Thirdly, the proposed method is applied to The Open Racing Car Simulator (TORCS) to demonstrate its great performance, where it surpasses human drivers. Finally, the saliency map of the neural network is visualized, which indicates the trained network drives by observing the lane lines. A video for the presented work is available online, https://youtu.be/76ciJmIHMD8 or https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNDM4ODc0MTM4NA==.html.
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Miller, David L., David Fifield, Ewan Wakefield, and Douglas B. Sigourney. "Extending density surface models to include multiple and double-observer survey data." PeerJ 9 (September 2, 2021): e12113. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12113.
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Spatial models of density and abundance are widely used in both ecological research (e.g., to study habitat use) and wildlife management (e.g., for population monitoring and environmental impact assessment). Increasingly, modellers are tasked with integrating data from multiple sources, collected via different observation processes. Distance sampling is an efficient and widely used survey and analysis technique. Within this framework, observation processes are modelled via detection functions. We seek to take multiple data sources and fit them in a single spatial model. Density surface models (DSMs) are a two-stage approach: first accounting for detectability via distance sampling methods, then modelling distribution via a generalized additive model. However, current software and theory does not address the issue of multiple data sources. We extend the DSM approach to accommodate data from multiple surveys, collected via conventional distance sampling, double-observer distance sampling (used to account for incomplete detection at zero distance) and strip transects. Variance propagation ensures that uncertainty is correctly accounted for in final estimates of abundance. Methods described here are implemented in the dsm R package. We briefly analyse two datasets to illustrate these new developments. Our new methodology enables data from multiple distance sampling surveys of different types to be treated in a single spatial model, enabling more robust abundance estimation, potentially over wider geographical or temporal domains.
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Li, Ting, Yong Zhang, Yan Wang, Lu Liu, and Xu Wang. "A 16 Bit 250MSPS Pipeline ADC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 2744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.2744.
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In this paper, a 16 bit 250MSPS pipelined ADC is presented. To alleviate noise induced by mismatching of the MDAC sampling network and comparator sampling network, scaling network structure is applied; to implement high-speed sampling, a high-efficient front-end circuit structure is presented; to further improve the sampling rate, a double duty cycle clock circuit is presented; to improve the linearity of the ADC, the sample and hold circuit is removed and the improved clock controlled boost circuit is used. Simulation confirms that the ADC shows more than 95dB of SFDR for a 25.39-MHz sinusoidal input at 2Vpp at full sampling rate from a 0.18um CMOS process.
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Schubert, Jochen K., Karl-Heinz Spittler, Guenther Braun, Klaus Geiger, and Josef Guttmann. "CO2-controlled sampling of alveolar gas in mechanically ventilated patients." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.486.
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A newly designed gas-sampling device using end-tidal CO2to separate dead space gas from alveolar gas was evaluated in 12 mechanically ventilated patients. For that purpose, CO2-controlled sampling was compared with mixed expiratory sampling. Alveolar sampling valves were easily controlled via CO2concentration. Concentrations of four volatile substances were determined in the expired and inspired gas. Isoflurane and isoprene, which did not occur in the inspired air, had ratios of end-tidal to mixed expired concentrations of 1.75 and 1.81, respectively. Acetone and pentane, found in both the inspired and expired air, showed ratios of 0.96 and 1.0, respectively. Precision of concentration measurements was between 2.4% (isoprene) and 11.2% (isoflurane); reproducibility (as coefficient of variation) was 5%. Because the only possible source of isoflurane and isoprene in this setting was patients' blood, selective enrichment of alveolar gas was demonstrated. By using the new sampling technique, sensitivity of breath analysis was nearly doubled.
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LIN, Jin-Fu, and Soon-Jyh CHANG. "A Low-Power Mixed-Architecture ADC with Time-Interleaved Correlated Double Sampling Technique and Power-Efficient Back-End Stages." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E94-C, no. 1 (2011): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e94.c.89.
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GILL, C. O., and T. JONES. "Microbiological Sampling of Carcasses by Excision or Swabbing." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.2.167.
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Groups of 25 carcasses were obtained by random selection of carcasses at the end of each of eight commercial processes for the dressing or cooling of carcasses. Samples were collected from six groups of pig or beef carcasses by excision or swabbing with sponge, gauze, or cotton wool, with one sample obtained by each of the four methods from a separate, randomly selected site on each carcass. Total aerobic counts, coliforms, and Escherichia coli from each sample were enumerated. Values for the mean log10, log10 mean, and log10 total numbers recovered were calculated for each set of total aerobic counts. Those statistics indicated that the numbers of bacteria recovered by excision or swabbing with sponge or gauze were similar, while the numbers recovered by swabbing with cotton wool were at the lower end of or below the range of the numbers recovered by the other methods. The numbers of coliforms or E. coli recovered from carcasses by sampling areas up to 100 cm2 were too few for the estimation of log mean numbers. Sampling of two groups of carcasses by swabbing with gauze indicated that each 10-fold increase in the area sampled, from 10 to 1,000 cm2, approximately doubled the number of samples from which coliforms or E. coli were recovered. Sampling of six groups of carcasses from one process indicated that the sizes of swabs and volumes of diluent used for processing swabs did not have to be increased proportionally to the area of carcass surface sampled to recover numbers of E. coli proportional to the sampled area. It therefore appears that carcass sampling techniques can be varied widely without compromising the recovery of bacteria, and that the relative efficiencies with which bacteria are recovered by different techniques can be assessed by sampling each carcass in a group of 25 by each of the methods to be compared.
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Nettasinghe, Buddhika, and Vikram Krishnamurthy. "Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Power-law Degree Distributions via Friendship Paradox-based Sampling." ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 15, no. 6 (May 19, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3451166.
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This article considers the problem of estimating a power-law degree distribution of an undirected network using sampled data. Although power-law degree distributions are ubiquitous in nature, the widely used parametric methods for estimating them (e.g., linear regression on double-logarithmic axes and maximum likelihood estimation with uniformly sampled nodes) suffer from the large variance introduced by the lack of data-points from the tail portion of the power-law degree distribution. As a solution, we present a novel maximum likelihood estimation approach that exploits the friendship paradox to sample more efficiently from the tail of the degree distribution. We analytically show that the proposed method results in a smaller bias, variance and a Cramèr–Rao lower bound compared to the vanilla maximum likelihood estimate obtained with uniformly sampled nodes (which is the most commonly used method in literature). Detailed numerical and empirical results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed method under different conditions and how it compares with alternative methods. We also show that the proposed method and its desirable properties (i.e., smaller bias, variance, and Cramèr–Rao lower bound compared to vanilla method based on uniform samples) extend to parametric degree distributions other than the power-law such as exponential degree distributions as well. All the numerical and empirical results are reproducible and the code is publicly available on Github.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Double sampling. eng"
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Machado, Marcela Aparecida Guerreiro. "Estudo das propriedades dos gráficos de controle bivariados com amostragem dupla /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97088.
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Resumo: Assim como o gráfico de"XBARRA", o gráfico T2 de Hotelling é lento na detecção de pequenas a moderadas pertubações no processo. Estudos consagrados mostram que o desempenho do gráfico de "XBARRA" melhora em muito com o uso da amostragem dupla. Com base nestes resultados, este trabalho se dedica ao estudo das propriedades dos gráficos T2 com amostragem dupla para processos bivariados. Através de uma rotação dos eixos cartesianos é possível transformar as variáveis originais, que em geral são altamente correlacionadas, em variáveis independentes. Com as novas variáveis e trabalhando com coordenadas polares foi possível obter o número médio de amostras (NMA) que o gráfico proposto necessita para detectar uma alteração no processo. Por meio de comparações dos NMAs foi possível verificar que o gráfico de controle proposto é, na maioria das vezes, mais eficiente que os gráficos adaptativos em que o tamanho das amostras e/ou o intervalo entre retirada de amostras são variáveis.Abstract: Similarly to the X chart, the T2 chart is slow to detect small or even moderate process disturbances. Earlier studies have shown that the use of the double sampling procedure improves substabtially the X chart performance. Based on that, we propose here to study the performance of the T2 chart with double sampling applied to control bivariate processes. An appropriate rotation transforms the original bivariate variables, in general presenting high correlation, in independent variables. With these equivalent variables and working with polar coordinates, it was possible to obtain the average run length (ARL) that measures the effectiveness of the proposed chart in detecting a process change. By comparisons of ARLs it was possible to verify that the proposed control chart is, frequently, more efficient than the adaptive charts with variable sample size or variable sampling interval.
Orientador: Antonio Fernando Branco Costa
Coorientador: Fernando Augusto Silva Marins
Banca: Messias Borges Silva
Banca: Sebastião de Amorim
Mestre
Book chapters on the topic "Double sampling. eng"
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Dunn, Graham. "Statistics and the design of experiments and surveys." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 137–43. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0017.
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Research into mental illness uses a much wider variety of statistical methods than those familiar to a typical medical statistician. In many ways there is more similarity to the statistical toolbox of the sociologist or educationalist. It would be a pointless exercise to try to describe this variety here but, instead, we shall cover a few areas that are especially characteristic of psychiatry. The first and perhaps the most obvious is the problem of measurement. Measurement reliability and its estimation are discussed in the next section. Misclassification errors are a concern of the third section, a major part of which is concerned with the estimation of prevalence through the use of fallible screening questionnaires. This is followed by a discussion of both measurement error and misclassification error in the context of modelling patterns of risk. Another major concern is the presence of missing data. Although this is common to all areas of medical research, it is of particular interest to the psychiatric epidemiologist because there is a long tradition (since the early 1970s) of introducing missing data by design. Here we are thinking of two-phase or double sampling (often confusingly called two-stage sampling by psychiatrists and other clinical research workers). In this design a first-phase sample are all given a screen questionnaire. They are then stratified on the basis of the results of the screen (usually, but not necessarily, using two strata—likely cases and likely non-cases) and subsampled for a second-phase diagnostic interview. This is the major topic of the third section. If we are interested in modelling patterns of risk, however, we are not usually merely interested in describing patterns of association. Typically we want to know if genetic or environmental exposures have a causal effect on the development of illness. Similarly, a clinician is concerned with answers to the question ‘What is the causal effect of treatment on outcome?’ How do we define a causal effect? How do we measure or estimate it? How do we design studies in order that we can get a valid estimate of a causal effect of treatment? Here we are concerned with the design and analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This is the focus of the fourth section of the present chapter. Finally, at the end of this chapter pointers are given to where the interested reader might find other relevant and useful material on psychiatric statistics.
Conference papers on the topic "Double sampling. eng"
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Xuanmin, Wang, Zhang Xiaobo, Zhang Lichuan, and Li Mingli. "True AC Root-mean-square Measurement Based on the Calculation of Cycle Double-end Sampling Values." In 2010 WASE International Conference on Information Engineering (ICIE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icie.2010.333.
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David, J. L., V. Legrand, and H. E. Kulbertus. "RELEVANCE OF FREE PLATELET COUNT RATIO (PCR) TO CIRCULATING PLATELET AGGREGATES (CPA) AND TO THE RELEASE OF B-THROMBOGLOBULIN(β-tg) INDUCED BY EXERCICE IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD). EFFECTS OF TICLOPIDINE (T) TREATMENT." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643026.
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CPA are considered as a possible cause of blood flow impairment and as a risk factor of sudden death in patients with CHD. The relevance of a low PCR to the presence of CPA is still debated. Indeed in a critical and well designed evaluation of this index, Sanibaldi et al.(1986) have shown that PCR obtained by counting free platelets in diluted whole blood was not lowered in patients with “thrombotic tendency”. They suggested that low CPA reported in other clinical studies may result from an artifact of blood sampling or from ex-vivo procedures.In order to reevalute the meaning of a low PCR, selected patients with CHD have been submitted to an exercice resulting in platelet stimulation. Free platelets were counted, whole blood and plasma β-tg were simultaneously determined by RIA after careful blood sampling performed before the exercice, at its end and 30 min later. Patients were previously treated by Placebo (P)or by T 500 mg per day given in a cross-over double blind manner.It was shown that : 1) after P treatment, PCR was lowered and β-tg was increased, both significantly, at the end of exercice; 30 min later, PCR was normalized whereas β-tg remained high presumably because β-tg is not cleared from plasma within 30 min. 2) T treatment significantly inhibited both platelet responses.In conclusion, when platelets are submitted to systemic and sustained stimuli occurring during exercice stress, lowered PCR reflects the presence of circulating platelet aggregates which can be dispersed ex-vivo by EDTA. In these conditions, the meaning of this index is strongly confirmed by the simultaneous release of βtg. T treatment significantly reduces platelet reactivity to exer cice stress and may reduce the effects of platelet aggregation and release on compromised microcirculation.