Academic literature on the topic 'Dow/Shell Group'

The goal of this research was to test barium chloride (BaCl2) impregnated calcined razor clam shell as a solid catalyst for transesterification of rubber seed oil (RSO) in a packed bed reactor (PBR). The waste razor clam shells were crushed, ground, and calcined at 900 °C in a furnace for 2 h to derive calcium oxide (CaO) particles. Subsequently, the calcined shells were impregnated with BaCl2 by wet impregnation method and recalcined at 300 °C for 2 h. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and basic strength measurements. The effects of various parameters such as residence time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst bed length on the yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were determined. The BaCl2/CaO catalyst exhibited much higher catalytic activity and stability than CaO catalyst influenced by the basicity of the doped catalyst. The maximum fatty acid methyl ester yield was 98.7 % under optimum conditions (residence time 2.0 h, reaction temperature 60 °C, methanol/oil molar ratio 12:1, and catalyst bed length 200 mm). After 6 consecutive reactions without any treatment, fatty acid methyl ester yield reduced to 83.1 %. The option of using waste razor clam shell for the production of transesterification catalysts could have economic benefits to the aquaculture and food industries. Copyright © 2018 BCREC Group. All rights reserved.Received: 4th October 2017; Revised: 22nd January 2018; Accepted: 25th January 2018; Available online: 11st June 2018; Published regularly: 1st August 2018How to Cite: Buasri, A., Loryuenyong, V. (2018). Continuous Production of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil Using a Packed Bed Reactor with BaCl2 Impregnated CaO as Catalyst. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 13 (2): 320-330 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.13.2.1585.320-330)

We shall prove that the celebrated Rényi entropy is the first example of a new family of infinitely many multi-parametric entropies. We shall call them the Z-entropies . Each of them, under suitable hypotheses, generalizes the celebrated entropies of Boltzmann and Rényi. A crucial aspect is that every Z -entropy is composable (Tempesta 2016 Ann. Phys. 365 , 180–197. ( doi:10.1016/j.aop.2015.08.013 )). This property means that the entropy of a system which is composed of two or more independent systems depends, in all the associated probability space, on the choice of the two systems only. Further properties are also required to describe the composition process in terms of a group law. The composability axiom, introduced as a generalization of the fourth Shannon–Khinchin axiom (postulating additivity), is a highly non-trivial requirement. Indeed, in the trace-form class, the Boltzmann entropy and Tsallis entropy are the only known composable cases. However, in the non-trace form class, the Z -entropies arise as new entropic functions possessing the mathematical properties necessary for information-theoretical applications, in both classical and quantum contexts. From a mathematical point of view, composability is intimately related to formal group theory of algebraic topology. The underlying group-theoretical structure determines crucially the statistical properties of the corresponding entropies.

<p>Nowadays, the use of homogenous catalyst has been gradually reduced for its operational reason. The homogenous catalyst leads in difficulty of separation after the process completed and the life cycle is shorter. Therefore, most of researches are introducing heterogenous catalyst for its substitution. This research was aimed to evaluate the use of shell of Anadara granosa and CaCO3 as source of CaO based catalyst through impregnation method. The preparation of the catalyst was started by decomposition of shells and CaCO3 at temperature of 800 oC for 3 hours, followed by impregnation at 70 oC for 4 hours and then calcined at 800 oC for 2 hours. The CaCO3 based catalyst gained high yield of biodiesel (94%) as compared to Anadara granoasa based catalyst (92%). The reusability study showed that these catalysts could be used until three times recycle with 40-60% yield of biodiesel. The CaO contents of catalyst decreased up to 90% after three times recycles. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved</p><p><em>Received: 10^th November 2015; Revised: 6^th January 2016; Accepted: 6^th January 2016</em></p><p><strong>How to Cite:</strong> Hadiyanto, H., Lestari, S.P., Widayat, W. (2016). Preparation and Characterization of Anadara Granosa Shells and CaCO3 as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. <em>Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis</em>, 11 (1): 21-26. (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.1.402.21-26)</p><p><strong>Permalink/DOI</strong>: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.402.21-26">http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.402.21-26</a></p><p> </p>

Aims: This study was to investigate the effects of local administration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal symptoms. Methods: Bilateral guide cannulas were stereotaxically implanted in the shell or core regions of the NAc of Sprague-Dawley rats. After a recovery period, 3 morphine pellets, each consisting of 75 mg morphine base, were placed subcutaneously on the first and third days of the study with the rats under mild ether anaesthesia. The GABA agonists, baclofen hydrochloride or muscimol hydrobromide, were injected into the NAc, and morphine withdrawal was induced by naloxone on the fifth day. Results: Administration of baclofen to the shell or core regions of the NAc of Sprague-Dawley rats led to statistically significant decreases in both behavioural and locomotor activity parameters during the morphine withdrawal period, compared to the control group. However, there were no statistically significant changes in locomotor activity or withdrawal behavioural parameters, with the exception of wet dog shakes, between control and muscimol-treated groups. Conclusion: These findings show that GABAergic conduction in the NAc is effective on the morphine withdrawal symptoms, and that both the shell and core regions of the NAc are associated with this effect.

Abstract. Three degrees of freedom (3-DoF) parallel mechanism (PM) with limbs of embedding structures is a kind of PM with a coupling relationship between limbs. In order to obtain a more desirable motion, the analysis of its actuated pairs shall be conducted. However, the fact that the existence of limbs coupling results in non-unique limb group, this mechanism has multiple limb groups. In this regard, the traditional input selection theory is not suitable for direct application in the input rationality analysis. Aiming to avoid this, a general extended input selection theory and limb group selection rule are proposed. The former tackles the traditional input selection theory which is not suitable for analyzing the input of PM with limbs of embedding structures since it does not take the influence of group into consideration, whereas the latter makes the calculation of the former easier. Based on the extended input selection theory and the limb group selection rule, the input and configuration of the 3-DoF PM with limbs of embedding structures are improved.

A new adsorbent (egg-shell treated oil palm fronds (EG-OPF)) prepared from wastes was evaluated for methylene blue (MB) removal. Optimization among three significant variables (initial concentration (X1), initial pH (X2), and adsorbent dosage (X3)) were executed using response surface methodology (RSM). The most excellent performance was marked at X1 = 291.7 mg/L, X2 = pH 5, and X3 = 1.82 g/L, with MB removal of 80.26 %. The kinetic study was fitted perfectly with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.990), indicating the chemisorption process. The isotherm study was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.999), with maximal adsorption magnitude of 714.3 mg/g, implying the monolayer adsorption on a homogenous adsorbent surface. The reusability study affirmed the feasibility of EG-OPF in MB removal, credited to its excellent performance during reusability studies. The present study successfully discovered a new low-cost adsorbent (EG-OPF) for MB removal. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 1st October 2018; Revised: 28th October 2018; Accepted: 14th November 2018; Available online: 25th January 2019; Published regularly: April 2019How to Cite: Hasan, R., Ahliyasah, N.A.F., Chong, C.C., Jusoh, R., Setiabudi, H.D. (2019). Egg-shell Treated Oil Palm Fronds (EG-OPF) as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 14 (1): 158-164 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.14.1.3322.158-164)Permalink/DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.14.1.3322.158-164

A massive toxic bloom ofChrysochromulina polylepisoccurred along the Swedish west coast in May and June 1988 with severe effects on most biota in shallow marine habitats. In the present study, the effects on the common dog-whelk,Nucella lapilluswas investigated in the archipelago at the mouth of the Gullmar Fjord.Mortality varied throughout the archipelago, with extinction of populations in the inner parts and survivors found only on the outermost islands. Even on these sites, mortality could be as high as 98­99%. Extensive samples of survivors and dead animals were divided into five age groups dependent on size and wear of the shell. The cohort consisting of 3­4 year old individuals suffered the lowest mortality, while mortality was almost total in younger and older cohorts. In each age group, except the oldest, survivors were significantly larger than the dead.The number of egg capsules laid per female in 1988 seemed normal, but about half of the capsules were empty. The number of young per capsule was significantly lower in 1988 compared to 1989, but the young were significantly bigger.

AbstractDog Conch (Strombus turturella) has an essential economic value in Bangka Belitung Islands. Allegedly, the population of Dog Conch is decreasing due to overexploitation. The purpose of this study is to provide information related to the distribution of long frequency, growth pattern, age group, recruitment time estimation and life table of Dog Conch. This research took place on the coast of Tukak Village and Anak Air Island, Bangka Belitung Islands. Samples of Dog Conch were taken using 3x3 m2 square. The shell length of Dog Conch found ranged between 18.18 to 77.49 mm, consisting of three age groups. Asymptotic length value (L∞), growth coefficient (K) and theoretical age on zero-length (t0) were 83.94 mm, 0.79/year and -0.152 sequentially. In the first year, Dog Conch grows to 50.18 mm and slows down when it grows older until it is 13 years old. The proportion of high mortality rate was at 1 to 2 years old and 3 to 4 years old or in adult individuals, while the highest life expectancy rate was in the age group of 0-1-year old or young individuals. It indicated that the high mortality rate was in the group in which people use to consume or sell in the marketsAbstrakSiput gonggong (Strombus turturella) memiliki nilai ekonomis penting di Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Diduga populasi siput gonggong semakin menurun akibat dari eksploitasi berlebihan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan informasi terkait distribusi frekuensi panjang, pola pertumbuhan, kelompok umur, estimasi waktu rekruitmen dan tabel hidup siput gonggong. Lokasi penelitian berada di Pesisir Desa Tukak dan Pulau Anak Air, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung.Pengambilan sampel siput gonggong dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuadrat 3x3 m2. Panjang cangkang siput gonggong yang ditemukan berkisar antara 18.18 s.d 77.49 mm yang terdiri atas 3 kelompok umur. Nilai panjang asymptotic (L∞), koefisien pertumbuhan (K) dan umur teoritis ketika panjang sama dengan nol (t0) adalah 83.94 mm, 0.79/tahun dan -0.152 secara berurutan. Pada tahun pertama siput gonggong mengalami pertumbuhan, mencapai 50.18 mm dan melambat ketika umur semakin tua hingga umur 13 tahun. Proporsi laju kematian tinggi terdapat pada umur 1 s.d 2 tahun dan 3 s.d 4 tahun atau pada individu dewasa, sedangkan nilai harapan hidup tertinggi terdapat pada kelompok umur 0-1 tahun atau individu muda. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kematian tertinggi terdapat pada kelompok umur yang telah diambil oleh masyarakat untuk dikonsumsi dan dijual ke pasaran.

Photocatalysis has merged to be one of the most promising technology in wastewater remediation. However, the application of photocatalysis in treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) is still limited. Many researches were conducted to explore simple and cost-effective alternatives to replace TiO2 for various industrial purposes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to synthesize and characterize lanthanum doped calcium oxide (La/CaO) as photocatalyst as well as to evaluate the performance of these photocatalysts in the degradation of POME. The photocatalyst used in this study was converted from cockle shells to transform into calcium oxide (CaO) through calcination process. The CaO produced was doped with 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt% of lanthanum (La) using wet impregnation method to enhance its photocatalytic activity. The photocatalysts were characterised using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersion X-ray (EDX) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). Then, this photocatalyst was performed on POME under UVC in a batch system by using different La/CaO at optimum catalyst dosage of 3.0 g/L. Through this research, it was found that the POME degradation through photocatalytic reaction was increased with the incorporation of La where 3 wt% La/CaO shows the highest POME degradation compared to others. This is due to the larger BET surface area that provides more active sites resulted from the incorporation of La. The findings of this study imply that the contaminants in POME can be reduced by utilizing CaO derived from cockle shells. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 1st October 2018; Revised: 12nd January 2019; Accepted: 17th January 2019; Available online: 25th January 2019; Published regularly: April 2019How to Cite: Ghazali, S.S., Kem, W.L., Jusoh, R., Abdullah, S., Shariffuddin, J.H. (2019). Evaluation of La-Doped CaO Derived from Cockle Shells for Photodegradation of POME. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 14 (1): 205-218 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.14.1.3318.205-218)Permalink/DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.14.1.3318.205-218

‘What do we really speak of when we speak of the modern ethno-national mindset and where shall we search for its roots?’ This is the central question of a book arguing that the periodic ceremonial intrusion into the everyday lives of people across the Ottoman Empire, which the annual royal birthday and accession-day celebrations constituted, had multiple, far-reaching, and largely unexplored consequences. On the one hand, it brought ordinary subjects into symbolic contact with the monarch and forged lasting vertical ties of loyalty to him, irrespective of language, location, creed or class. On the other hand, the rounds of royal celebration played a key role in the creation of new types of horizontal ties and ethnic group consciousness that crystallized into national movements, and, after the empire’s demise, national monarchies. The book discusses the themes of public space/sphere, the Tanzimat reforms, millet, modernity, nationalism, governmentality, and the modern state, among others. It offers a new, thirteen-point model of modern belonging based on the concept of ruler visibility.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

The main focus of the chapter is to bring out the extremes—immoderations and intemperance—in sports rivalry by primarily considering the case of Monica Seles' stabbing on court by a crazy Steffi Graf fan in 1993. Rivalries among players eventually extend to fans to bring about diverse dark shades (hostility and violence) among the latter. An outcome of being a part of a fan base is extreme devoutness and fervor towards one's own favorite player while considering partisans of an adversary group as an “outgroup.” Sports rivalries customarily create a safe environment to support the creation of ingroup and outgroup, although in fanatical situations, real fights do break out among rival fans. The chapter shall delve into these aspects and consider a distinct case of extreme fan behavior as an upshot of arch rivalry in sports world. The authors shall further examine the role of different stakeholders in bringing about a healthy playing environment and fostering positive fan behavior that shall bring laurels to the game.

The main focus of the chapter is to bring out the extremes—immoderations and intemperance—in sports rivalry by primarily considering the case of Monica Seles' stabbing on court by a crazy Steffi Graf fan in 1993. Rivalries among players eventually extend to fans to bring about diverse dark shades (hostility and violence) among the latter. An outcome of being a part of a fan base is extreme devoutness and fervor towards one's own favorite player while considering partisans of an adversary group as an “outgroup.” Sports rivalries customarily create a safe environment to support the creation of ingroup and outgroup, although in fanatical situations, real fights do break out among rival fans. The chapter shall delve into these aspects and consider a distinct case of extreme fan behavior as an upshot of arch rivalry in sports world. The authors shall further examine the role of different stakeholders in bringing about a healthy playing environment and fostering positive fan behavior that shall bring laurels to the game.

In the late 1960s, a new type of information system came about: model-oriented DSS or management decision systems. By the late 1970s, a number of researchers and companies had developed interactive information systems that used data and models to help managers analyze semistructured problems. These diverse systems were all called decision support systems (DSS). From those early days, it was recognized that DSS could be designed to support decision-makers at any level in an organization. DSS could support operations, financial management, and strategic decision making. Group decision support systems (GDSS) which aim at increasing some of the benefits of collaboration and reducing the inherent losses are interactive information technology-based environments that support concerted and coordinated group efforts toward completion of joint tasks (Dennis, George, Jessup, Nunamaker, & Vogel, 1998). The term group support systems (GSS) was coined at the start of the 1990s to replace the term GDSS. The reason for this is that the role of collaborative computing was expanded to more than just supporting decision making (Patrick & Garrick, 2006). For the avoidance of any ambiguities, the latter term shall be used in the discussion throughout this article. Human resources (HR) are rarely expected like other business functional areas to use synthesized data because HR groups have been primarily connected with transactional processing of getting data into the system and on record for reporting and historical purposes (Dudley, 2007). For them soft data do not win at the table; hard data do. Recently, many quantitative or qualitative techniques have been developed to support human resource management (HRM) activities, classified as management sciences/operations research, multiattribute utility theory, multicriteria decision making, ad hoc approaches, and human resource information systems (HRIS) (Byun, 2003). More importantly, HRIS can include the three systems of expert systems (ES), decision support systems (DSS), and executive information systems (EIS) in addition to transaction processing systems (TPS) and management information systems (MIS) which are conventionally accepted as an HRIS. As decision support systems, GSS are able to facilitate HR groups to gauge users’ opinions, readiness, satisfaction, and so forth, increase their HRM activity quality, and generate better group collaborations and decision makings with current or planned HRIS services. Consequently, GSS can help HR professionals exploit and make intelligent use of soft data and act tough in their decision-making process.

In the late 1960s, a new type of information system came about: model-oriented DSS or management decision systems. By the late 1970s, a number of researchers and companies had developed interactive information systems that used data and models to help managers analyze semistructured problems. These diverse systems were all called decision support systems (DSS). From those early days, it was recognized that DSS could be designed to support decision-makers at any level in an organization. DSS could support operations, financial management, and strategic decision making. Group decision support systems (GDSS) which aim at increasing some of the benefits of collaboration and reducing the inherent losses are interactive information technology-based environments that support concerted and coordinated group efforts toward completion of joint tasks (Dennis, George, Jessup, Nunamaker, & Vogel, 1998). The term group support systems (GSS) was coined at the start of the 1990s to replace the term GDSS. The reason for this is that the role of collaborative computing was expanded to more than just supporting decision making (Patrick & Garrick, 2006). For the avoidance of any ambiguities, the latter term shall be used in the discussion throughout this article. Human resources (HR) are rarely expected like other business functional areas to use synthesized data because HR groups have been primarily connected with transactional processing of getting data into the system and on record for reporting and historical purposes (Dudley, 2007). For them soft data do not win at the table; hard data do. Recently, many quantitative or qualitative techniques have been developed to support human resource management (HRM) activities, classified as management sciences/operations research, multiattribute utility theory, multicriteria decision making, ad hoc approaches, and human resource information systems (HRIS) (Byun, 2003). More importantly, HRIS can include the three systems of expert systems (ES), decision support systems (DSS), and executive information systems (EIS) in addition to transaction processing systems (TPS) and management information systems (MIS) which are conventionally accepted as an HRIS. As decision support systems, GSS are able to facilitate HR groups to gauge users’ opinions, readiness, satisfaction, and so forth, increase their HRM activity quality, and generate better group collaborations and decision makings with current or planned HRIS services. Consequently, GSS can help HR professionals exploit and make intelligent use of soft data and act tough in their decision-making process.

Adding up, or more formally ‘addition’, is just what it says: it is the attachment of atoms to a sensitive spot on a molecule. I need to stand back for a moment and explain what I mean by a ‘sensitive spot’. You already know (from Reaction 13) that some atoms are held to each other by an electron cloud (a ‘single bond’) and others by a doubly dense cloud (a ‘double bond’). There is a third type in which the atoms are held together by an even denser, triply dense cloud of electrons, forming a ‘triple bond’. Here I am concerned with the latter two types of bond, the so-called ‘multiple bonds’. These are the sensitive spots of organic molecules for it is quite easy to attack a multiple bond, rearrange the clouds, and attach other groups. For simplicity, I shall deal only with the more common type of multiply bonded molecule, one with a double bond. A double bond is a region rich in electrons, so you should suspect that any missile that will attack it will be an electrophile (a seeker-out of negative charge, of electron richness, Reaction 16). I shall consider a very simple case: the addition of bromine to cyclohexene, 1. As we have seen in Reaction 15, the presence of a bromine atom, Br, in a molecule is often the starting point for building on other groups of atoms, so this is an important reaction in a chain that might be used to construct something useful, such as a pharmaceutical. Bromine is a liquid composed of Br2 molecules. Cyclohexene is a liquid composed of hexagonal benzene-like molecules but with only one double bond in each molecule. Why I have chosen this slightly elaborate molecule rather than something simpler, such as ethylene (ethene, Reaction 13), will soon become clear. Let’s shrink together down to our normal molecular size and watch what happens as the bromine is poured into the cyclohexene. We already know from Reaction 16 that a bromine molecule has a nose for negative charge, so you should not be surprised to see one homing in on the electron-rich double bond of a nearby cyclohexene molecule.

In a 1959 lecture delivered at Cambridge University, C. P. Snow famously argues that Western intellectual life is divided into two polar-opposite cultures—the sciences and the arts. In his view, most scientists are ignorant of the arts, “with the exception, an important exception, of music,” and as a whole non-scientist intellectuals—a group we will be calling “humanists”—have no conception of the “scientific edifice of the physical world … the most beautiful and wonderful collective work of the mind of man.” Moreover, Snow asserts that, besides this mutual ignorance, both sides underestimate, and even sometimes denigrate, the value of the other. He makes a telling point about the missed opportunities for intellectual advance entailed by the lack of lively commerce between the two groups: . . . There seems then to be no place where the cultures meet. I am not going to waste time saying that this is a pity. It is much worse than that. Soon I shall come to some practical consequences. But at the heart of thought and creation we are letting some of our best chances go by default. The clashing point of two subjects, two disciplines, two cultures—of two galaxies, so far as that goes—ought to produce creative chances. In the history of mental activity that has been where some of the break-throughs came. The chances are there now. But they are there, as it were, in a vacuum, because those in the two cultures can’t talk to each other. . . . Nowhere does Snow mention that, despite many cultural differences, the sciences and the humanities do have three central tasks in common: They generate knowledge, they communicate it, and they evaluate its quality. The thesis of our book is that, in both camps, the Internet has transformed and is still transforming these tasks in important and even similar ways. Nevertheless, for a variety of reasons, all based on differences between the two cultures, on their very different sets of social habits and attitudes, in the sciences the Internet revolution appears to be further along than in the humanities.

The approach of autumn puts me into a reflective mode, thinking about co-opers and their learning in their prior year in my classroom. One seems to be more relaxed about herself, her abilities, and her daughter’s. Another has really had great success with “I-messages” to handle problem solving in tense moments. I remember when a third didn’t really like a particular child; now look at them sitting together! I wish that I could have helped a fourth to understand my suggestions about how parents can be effective in the classroom. I inevitably end up with this final question: “How might I do things differently this year?” As a welcome breeze came through the west windows, blowing tenured milkweed seeds off the science shelf and into the classroom, I scanned the familiar circle of six-, seven-, and eight-year-olds and co-opers. I felt a warm smile growing on my face as my eyes lingered on Briand’s mother—I’ve been observing the confidence and patience Cindy has developed. She was sitting in circle, attentive to the children who had sighted the ghostly umbrella seeds suspended in air. The children had paused to inspect, capture, swat, and hail their arrival—loud enough to draw the entire class’s attention. “Cool!” “Don’t hit ‘em, you guys,” cautioned Keith. “They’re mine, remember? I brought them when school started.” “I caught one, Keith! Here, you can have it back,” Sarah said, modeling behavior for other classmates to follow. Circle was lively as the children caught the floating seeds and put them away. The last one landed on Cindy’s head. “There’s one in your hair, Mommy, I’ll get it.” Briand excitedly picked it from her mother’s hair and returned it to the science shelf. Cindy smiled through it all, having made progress in relaxing and enjoying the kids. . . . The Co-oping Commitment Develops into Conscious Co-oping . . . In August, when the teachers meet with the parent group to plan co-oping responsibilities, some parents who feel capable of teaching in a basic skills area, or at least feel adventurous, sign on to help teach one of those subjects.

It is difficult to know the consequences of sharing private information with co- workers. Even when our school friends are eager listeners, curious conversationalists, and supportive responders, it is judicious to think about our personal privacy. Many of us have had to learn a sense of privacy. Some of us do not think much about it. Ask, “What do I want to keep private about myself in my school?” “Do I monitor the stories and experiences (my own or others’) that I share with school staff?” “Do I acknowledge that listeners make assumptions about my life that I may never know have been made?” Very few confidants will be as careful with our words and our intentions as we are. Our acceptable boundaries for risky behav­iors, family habits, and health challenges may not match those of our school colleagues. Be savvy. Appropriately withholding infor­mation or diverting the focus in response to a personal question is not rude and may be judicious. A weekend trip to gamble, a potentially serious health diag­nosis, the intent to seek a new job— how do we decide what to keep private? Because our co- workers are our most frequent social group, do we feel free to share all our experiences, in schools and out? Unbridled openness can be risky for professional comport­ment and grounded personal behaviors. Once shared, private information cannot be unshared. Where do we draw the line for our personal privacy? Being strategic about privacy in schools is both wise and practical. We set our boundaries for the personal information we do and do not share with co- workers. And that line will likely move— indeed, perhaps it needs to be adjusted— with age and experience. Keeping a secret tends to have a “shelf life,” based on the memory, mood, and ethics of the listener. Consider making a dis­tinction between “school talk” and “home talk.” When we keep our personal lives private, we have a better chance of deciding what of our lives is and is not shared in schools. Maintaining personal privacy need not dampen or inhibit strong ties and warm relationships with colleagues. These important privacy decisions let us determine the parameters of our communications. When we live our lives with such wisely informed decisions, we feel strong, mature, and self- satisfied.

We do our best to prepare all students to pass a test. We are diligent about demonstrating everything necessary to receive a good evaluation. We are consistently cheerful and friendly to a difficult colleague. We accommodate the wishes of a doting parent to calm worries about her child’s behaviors. We spend many extra hours rehearsing, practicing, and readying our students for a performance. We behave kindly and compassion­ately toward a staff member with the hope of smoothing a recent conflict. Good intentions do not guarantee good results. We need to have good intentions anyway. So many problems in our lives and relationships can be solved, or at least alleviated, if we intend to do good, no matter what the outcome. One reason that good intentions are so important is that we are setting a path for ourselves: we are purposefully and thought­fully aiming to make something better by our words and actions. But, of course, we have no (or little) control over the outcome. No guarantees. We may be disappointed that the outcome is not what we wanted, but that is always a risk. And let’s not allow the outcome to diminish the constructive nature of our intent. When we attach to the outcome, we rely too heavily on expecting a desired result. • If I am kind to her, she’ll be kind to me. • If I work hard to achieve this, I will be rewarded. • If I try hard enough, I’ll see the results I want. • If I remove myself from the group, others will coax me back. • If I sulk, others will know they have hurt me. • If I share some gossip with a co- worker, we’ll become closer friends. • If I bring treats and gifts, others will see how clever and generous I am. Imagine how our disposition would change if we crafted good intent with no attachment to the outcome. • We would lessen our desire for acknowledgment of our efforts. • We would lessen our disappointment when someone did not meet our expectations. • We would lessen our dependency on others’ confirmation of our good work.

In this chapter, I shall try to advance our thinking about college and university education in the United States through a critical study of contemporary conceptions of the academic vocation. Current reflection upon the state of higher learning in America makes this task at once more urgent and more difficult than it has ever been since the rise of the modern research university. Consider, for example, former Harvard President Derek Bok’s 1986–87 report to the Harvard Board of Overseers. On the one hand, Bok repeatedly insists that universities are obliged to help students learn how to lead ethical, fulfilling lives. On the other hand, he admits that faculty are ill-equipped to help the university discharge this obligation. “Professors,” Bok writes, “. . . are trained to transmit knowledge and skills within their chosen discipline, not to help students become more mature, morally perceptive human beings.” Notice Bok’s assumptions. Teaching history or chemistry or mathematics or literature has little or nothing to do with forming students’ characters. Faculty members must therefore be exhorted, cajoled, or otherwise maneuvered to undertake this latter endeavor in addition to teaching their chosen disciplines. The pursuit of knowledge and the cultivation of virtue are, for Bok at least, utterly discrete activities. To complicate matters still further, the Harvard faculty, together with most faculty members at other modern research universities, would very probably resist the notion that their principal vocational obligation is, as Bok suggested, to transmit the knowledge and skills of their disciplines. They believe that their calling primarily involves making or advancing knowledge, not transmitting it. How else could we explain the familiar academic lament “Because this is a terribly busy semester for me, I do not have any time to do my own work”? Among all occupational groups other than the professoriate, such a complaint, voiced under conditions of intensive labor, is inconceivable. Among university faculty members, it is expected. Never mind the number of classes taught, courses prepared, papers graded, and committees convened.

In the present report, we conducted the study of chemical top down process which seems to provide better efficiency and better cost saving than the physical top down in the fabrication of nano scale, especially, when applying to carbon materials. It is found that the chemical top down performs effectively with multiple attachments of electrolytic groups onto the surface of the carbon powder by diazo coupling reaction. As a result, we are able to isolate the nano scale of carbon particles with strong polar solvents such as water and believe that it is due to electrostatic repulsive force between same sign charges existing in the polarized electrolytic groups... The cleavage of azo bond in a naked carbon product can occur above 110oC in ambient condition but can also escape by a nano composite structure using specific emulsion polymer as binder matrix. Electrolytic groups carry charge from ionization are proven to reduce electron transport but enhance proton transport capability of carbon material, have successfully demonstrated a proton exchange membrane (PEM) which exhibits better heat resistance and higher current density than the commercial Nafion product in the PEM fuel cell application. The diazo coupling product of carbon exhibits a core-shell structure composed of a nano scale hydrophobic core and electrolytic shell, showing apparent “solubility” and named as “liquid” nano carbon (LNC).

This paper aims to propose an innovative idea of an embedded intelligent, multimedia and interactive shop system where embedded vision systems can analyse human behaviours around shelves for interactivity and statistical purposes, mostly devoted to customer behaviour analysis, planogram maintenance and out of stock detection. We discuss the need for new services into the shop, involving consumers more directly and instigating them to increase their satisfaction and, as a consequence, their purchases. To do this, technology is very important and allows making interactions between costumers and products and between customers and the environment of the shop a rich source of marketing analysis. In particular we focus on concepts of monitoring and interactivity, introducing several emerging technologies in the field of retail environments. The main novelty of the paper is the general architecture of the system together with the introduction of a series of intelligent embedded systems, yet implemented and tested in a dataset recorded during the EuroShop trade fair, in cooperation with Grottini group, a leading company in Retail Design industry based in Italy. Results are convincing and most of all the general architecture is affordable in this specific application.

In this paper we describe a proposed UK national approach to modelling decommissioning. For the first time, we shall have an insight into optimizing the safety and efficiency of a national decommissioning strategy. To do this we use the General Case Integrated Waste Algorithm (GIA), a universal model of decommissioning nuclear plant, power plant, waste arisings and the associated knowledge capture. The model scales from individual items of plant through cells, groups of cells, buildings, whole sites and then on up to a national scale. We describe the national vision for GIA which can be broken down into three levels: 1) the capture of the chronological order of activities that an experienced decommissioner would use to decommission any nuclear facility anywhere in the world — this is Level 1 of GIA; 2) the construction of an Operational Research (OR) model based on Level 1 to allow rapid what if scenarios to be tested quickly (Level 2); 3) the construction of a state of the art knowledge capture capability that allows future generations to learn from our current decommissioning experience (Level 3). We show the progress to date in developing GIA in levels 1 & 2. As part of level 1, GIA has assisted in the development of an IMechE professional decommissioning qualification. Furthermore, we describe GIA as the basis of a UK-Owned database of decommissioning norms for such things as costs, productivity, durations etc. From level 2, we report on a pilot study that has successfully tested the basic principles for the OR numerical simulation of the algorithm. We then highlight the advantages of applying the OR modelling approach nationally. In essence, a series of “what if…” scenarios can be tested that will improve the safety and efficiency of decommissioning.

Spent fuel pool and storage racks are important nuclear security structures and components. In order to prevent it from structural failure, which includes the loss of the structural integrity of the spent fuel pool and stability of the spent fuel storage racks, also includes the possibility of fallen down of storage racks under seismic loading. Besides the necessary static analysis of structures, the influence of seismic loading on the interaction between water and structure should be fully considered, Especially concerned the analysis of the shaking effect of water sloshing on the storage racks, the displacement and the possibility of fallen down of the storage racks. The present paper is concerned with the problem of modeling the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in filled liquid and filled with spent fuel pool. The study focuses on the sloshing phenomena and on the coupling computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis with the finite element stress analysis (FEA) code LS-DYNA. By the results of the response of seismic, such as the displacement of the storage racks, pressure exerted on the plate of racks and the walls of the pool. This paper also evaluates the seismic performance of the structure and the safety margin. Various numerical methods can be used for analysis of liquid storage pools, among these we mention explicit finite element, implicit Lagrangian-Eulerian, hybrid finite element, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics volume of fluid. In this article the coupled sloshing dynamics in a rectangle pool were studied using a model developed in LS-DYNA environment. The main solution methodology is based on explicit time integration. In order to demonstrate the FSI results of the FEA models of the spent fuel pool on seismic analysis, a 3D FEA models were developed. The Finite element model composed of the spent fuel pool (steel plate concrete), spent fuel storage racks, cushion block, water and air. Solid element modeling is used in concrete, cushion block, water and air. Steel plate and storage racks employ the shell element. The constitutive model of solid element is linear elastic. And the constitutive model of fluid element is described by the Gruneisen equation. Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation is thought of as algorithms that perform automatic rezoning. It realized the advection of water and air in the ALE multi-material group.

As one of the most critical barrier of pressurized-water reactor, Reactor Pressurized Vessel (RPV) is exposed to high temperature, high pressure and irradiation. During the lifetime of RPV, the core belt material will become brittle under the influence of neutron irradiation. The ductile-brittle transition temperature will increase and upper shelf energy will decrease. Thus the structure integrity evaluation of RPV concerning brittle fracture is one of the most important tasks of RPV lifetime management. The non-LOCA accident of Rancho Seco nuclear power plant in 1978 indicates that the emergent cooling transients the sudden cooling down may accompany with the re-pressurize of main loop. The combination of pressure loads and thermal loads may induce a large tensile stress in RPV internal surface, which is the so called pressurized thermal shock (PTS). Due to the existence of welding cladding on the inner surface of RPV, the discontinuity of stress distribution on the cladding-base interface of RPV wall will make calculation of stress-intensity-factor (SIF) difficult. In present research, a two dimensional axial-symmetrical model is built and Finite Element Method (FEM) is adopted to calculate the transient thermal distribution and stress distribution. The influence function method is adopted to calculate crack SIF. Stress distributions in the base and cladding are decomposed respectively and SIFs are calculated respectively to obtain the crack SIF. ASME method is used to calculate the fracture toughness. Present PTS program is validated by the comparative benchmark calculation (the International Comparative Assessment Study of Pressurized Thermal-Shock in Reactor Pressure Vessels). The calculated SIF from present program lies in the reasonable region of the comparing group results. A LOCA transient is investigated with a semi-elliptical surface crack on the RPV beltline region. The temperature and stress distribution along the vessel wall during the transient are given. The stress intensity factors at the deepest and interface point are given respectively. The integrity of RPV under PTS transient is evaluated by comparing stress intensity factor with fracture toughness. Results indicate that the stress intensity factor will not exceed the fracture toughness of the RPV material. The difference between the stress intensity factor and fracture toughness reach a minimum value at the crack tip temperature 20°C. Present research gives a reliable and efficient program to perform RPV structure integrity assessment with surface crack under PTS, which is suitable for further parameter analysis and probabilistic analysis.

Housing and transportation has become a pair of factors when it comes to decision of buying a house for the middle-income. This particular group of society is unique as they are aspired to luxury yet with limited affordability, particularly in the developing countries such as Indonesia. In many cases, housing estates are built in the form similar to gated community. Built in the suburban when usually the new housing estates are located quite in far distance to facilities, the residents are forced to own private vehicle(s) to conduct their daily activities. This situation shows the tendency of automobile dependence (Newman & Kenworthy, 1996; 1999). It has also been reflected in the vehicle ownership statistics figures and the notorious traffic congestion of Indonesian cities. The middle-income housing and their gated community has not only impacted their own travel pattern but also the residents living in kampung adjacent to their housing estate. Kampung dwellers have also reflected the middle-income characteristics with their lifestyle and automobile dependence. It has become eminent in suburban Bandung where pockets of kampung are found to be hidden amidst the housing estates whilst cars are parked on the roadsides. This is problematic in terms of affordability where they cannot really afford to own a car or motorbike as well as to rent a parking space since they usually live in small houses at kampung. To understand the above phenomenon, this paper tries to explore the extent of automobile dependency of the residents living at housing estate and its adjacent kampung at three locations. Data collected from questionnaires and group interviews are descriptively analysed. Results have shown that most residents travel in far distance to reach their job location but do not travel in far distance to conduct their shopping, studying, and exercise activities though some of them own a motorbike. The latter is due to the presence of mobile green grocers, warung, traditional markets, good quality schools, sport facilities and open spaces within walking distance to their houses. However, these nearby facilities are regularly visited mostly because the residents can travel within shorter distance through access points made available for public use. These access points help to create a network of alleys and streets connecting kampung and these facilities through the housing estates. When these access points are restricted or non-existed, the travel pattern would differ as has been uttered by the kampung dwellers. In one of the cases, the following disconnections between the kampung alleys and streets of housing estates have made the kampung dwellers altered either the location or the transportation mode of their activities. There are lessons to be learned from these travel patterns. Housing estate development shall always have access to the kampung that have existed and vice versa. Such spatial connections may contribute to a change of travel behaviour from automobile dependence to active travel. However, it should be kept in mind that these results may not be generally applicable to other places with different socio-economic and spatial characters. Further work in the field may be benefited from more cases and larger population sample.

Abstract The North sea Yme oil field was discovered in 1987, production started in 1996 and ceased after 6 years when it was considered no longer profitable to operate. In 2007 a new development was approved, being Yme the first field re-opened in the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The concept selected was a MOPUStor: comprising a jack-up unit grouted to a subsea storage tank. Due to compromised structural integrity and lack of regulatory compliance that came to light shortly after installation, the platform was required to be removed [1]. The remaining riser caisson and the future 1050 t wellhead module required a support to allow the re-use of the facilities and tap the remaining oil reserves. The innovative tubular frame support was designed as a braced unit, secured to the existing MOPUstor leg receptacles and holding a grouted clamp larger than typical offshore clamps for which design guidance in ISO is available. The existing facilities had to be modified to receive the new structure and to guide it in place within the small clearances available. The aim of this paper is to describe the solutions developed to prepare and verify the substructure for installation; to predict the dynamic behavior of a subsea heavy lift operation with small clearances around existing assets (down to 150 mm); and to place large volume high strength grouted connections, exceeding the height and thickness values from any project ever done before. In order to avoid early age degradation of the grout, a 1 mm maximum relative movement requirement was the operation design philosophy. A reliable system to stabilize the caisson, which displacements were up to 150 mm, was developed to meet the criteria during grouting and curing. In the stabilizer system design, as well as the plan for contingencies with divers to restart grouting in the event of a breakdown, the lessons learned from latest wind turbine industry practices and from the first attempt to re-develop the field using grouted connections were incorporated. Currently the substructure is secured to provide the long term integrity of the structure the next 20 years of future production in the North Sea environment.

Centrica Energy (formerly Venture) selected a self installing and re-usable platform concept (SIP) to develop their F3FA gas field in the Northern Part of the Dutch sector of the North Sea. On 6 February 2009 and following an initial FEED study, the contract was awarded to Heerema Fabrication Group (Main Contractor and Fabricator), in partnership with Iv-Oil & Gas (Designer and Procurer of process equipment) and SPT Offshore (Installation Contractor and Foundation Designer). The platform weighed in total 8,800 ton, including a 4,000 ton deck and 4,800 ton substructure including the suction pile foundation. The water depth at the F3FA site is 41m and the bottom of the cellar deck is located at 20m above LAT. The platform has an overall dimension of 63m × 45m footprint and protrudes some 90m above the seabed (excluding vent stack). The platform concept consists basically of a deck of 5 levels supported by 4 unbraced legs (3.25m outside diameter × 77m long) and founded on 4 huge suction piles (15m outside diameter × 13m deep). The platform is transported and installed using a large flat top barge (BOA 35 measuring 124m long × 31.5m wide × 8m high) and 3 tug boats (75, 90 and 183 ton bollard pull) for the tow from HFG’s yard in Vlissingen to the F3FA site in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. The leg lowering and deck lifting was achieved using 12× 900 ton strand jacks. The suction pile foundation was installed using 4× suction pumps. During the detailed design stage of the project, the concept design was subject to several elementary changes in the structural design. This had to do with the severe environment, the increased deck weight and water depth compared to the earlier utilisation of the concept. Fatigue and transport and installation issues had a significant impact on several key structural design elements. This complicated the deck-leg connections and several members in the truss deck. The deck leg connection was amended from a simple clamp connection in to a superbolt and sleeve connection at the top deck and a clamped and grouted connection at the cellar deck. In order to improve the stiffness of the legs, leg stiffening frames were placed on top of the suction piles. Due to the limited and slow roll & pitch response of the platform whilst on the BOA barge during tow, high seafastening forces were predicted. These high seafastening forces were transferred in to the barge using pinned seafastening arms. Water depth limitations and the additional leg stiffening frames necessitated to use a fairly high grillage structure of 6.5m high. All these items changed the deck construction towards a method obstructing completion of non-structural disciplines and changed the inshore mating operation of the substructure with that topside towards a complex lifting and fitting campaign. Despite these elementary design changes and some rigorous changes in the planning of the various activities, the contract schedule was achieved in time. The above efforts had an obvious effect on the managerial issues towards the project. It required a doubling of the manning levels and engineering issues of in some cases R&D nature. Despite all these challenges and complications, the platform left Vlissingen well ahead of time, on 18 August 2010, to set sail for the F3FA site. Upon arrival in the field, the weather deteriorated severely and the tow was forced to seek shelter in Rotterdam. Just before arrival in Rotterdam severe waves were encountered up to 6–7m maximum. Upon inspection in Rotterdam, the design proved to be resilient as no signs of damage were observed. Following 10 days waiting on weather the platform was towed to the field for the second time. Installation and lifting the deck to the top elevation was achieved within a record time of 2 days and 4 hours. Thereafter the platform hook-up team continued to work on the platform including completing the deck leg connections, such as installation of superbolts at the top deck level and clamp shells, rubber pads and grout at the cellar deck level. Further hook-up work consisted of hooking up the life support systems before arrival of the drill rig on 14th October 2010. The drilling of the first well was completed early January 2011 and first gas was introduced in to the pipeline system since week 4 of 2011.

Abstract Gazprom Neft Science and Technology Center tailors various system engineering methods and other practices to the agenda of oil and gas industry. Resulting consistent approaches will produce a sort of work book enabling management of complex projects throughout the Upstream perimeter. Value-Driven Engineering is a strategic approach to system engineering that optimizes several disciplines within a single model. For example, complex project components are broken down into simpler elements, making it easier to find responsible action officers. Planning is broken down into phases that make it easier to meet the assigned deadlines. It allows you to fragmentize the end product at the design and management phase with a view to edit the product's configuration during the work. Essentially, the VDE approach best resembles a step-by-step guide to putting together a construction made up of multiple elements: without this guide, building the elements into one piece is a much harder job. System engineering is being successfully employed by NASA and aircraft industry today. The approach helps bring together numerous correlated technologies in spacecraft and aircraft building. In the oil industry, BP and Shell are the pioneers in using VDE. Seeking to tailor the system engineering approaches to the applied problems of Gazprom Neft, the Company engineers deliver work in several stages. Stage one is a look back study of projects that covers all the aspects of oil production, from seismic survey to field operation. To build the optimal concept, a project team studies special literature and existing practices in related sectors, essentially among foreign counterparts. The Company has already analyzed the existing research breakthroughs, best practices and digital tools. Even though VDE will chiefly focus on the development of new reservoirs, its individual practices may be successfully utilized at existing assets. Oil and gas production system is growing more complex every day because of the number of control elements and uncertainties that the oil and gas Company has to face at the early stages of planning a future asset. Development of each product, from concept to final implementation, involves a number of lifecycle stages; the sequence of these stages and the necessary toolkit for each stage is identified by the area of expertise known as system engineering. System engineering works perfectly if a certain product or system has existing equivalents, but engineers today may have to handle their tasks in absence of equivalent solutions, which necessitates engagement of creative competences. Development of such competences and inventive problem solving are in the focus of the area of expertise known as creative problem solving that relies on the TRIZ methods (TRIZ = theory of inventive problem solving). Technology intelligence is the area of expertise that focuses on aggregation of experience and employment of solutions from related industries or even from fundamental science. It allows engineering teams to work in an orderly and consistent fashion to find appropriate solutions in nature or in other areas of expertise and to accumulate such solutions in the Company's knowledge cloud. Development of complex systems and products, which include reservoir management, requires multidisciplinary engineering teams. An area of expertise known as team leadership is designed to make collaboration among team members more efficient. Value-Driven Engineering (VDE) is premised on the fundamental principles of systematic thinking of an engineer and human creativity. The conceptual framework of Value-Driven Engineering is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Conceptual framework of Value-Driven Engineering The concept involves four key areas of expertise: System engineering, i.e. the set of practices to control the technological system/product development process; Inventive problem solving, i.e. the methods and tools used to catalyze creative competence and problem solving skills; Technology intelligence, i.e. management of comprehensive scouting for human resources and new technologies; Team leadership, i.e. step-by-step guide to transform a group of specialists into a successful team by means of identifying the optimal team size and balance of roles and building a leadership system (goal, mission). This article provides a detailed outlook on the above methods and practices of tackling the challenges faced by the oil and gas industry.

Today’s lighting technology is steadily becoming more energy efficient and less toxic to the environment since the passing of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) [1]. EISA has mandated a higher energy efficiency standard for lighting products and the phase out of the common incandescent lamp. This has led lighting manufacturers to pursue solid-state lighting (SSL) technologies for consumer lighting applications. However, two major roadblocks are hindering the transition process to SSL lamps: cost and quality. In order to cut cost, manufactures are moving towards cheaper packaging materials and a variety of package architecture construction techniques which may potentially erode the quality of the lamp and reduce its survivability in everyday applications. Typically, SSL lamps are given product lifetimes of over twenty years based off of the IES TM-21-11 lighting standard which does not include moisture effects or large operational temperatures [2]. A group of recently released off-the-shelf lamps have undergone a steady-state temperature humidity bias life test of 85°C/85%RH (85/85) to investigate the reliability in harsh environment applications. The lack of accelerated test methods for lamps to assess reliability prior to introduction into the marketplace does not exist in literature. There is a need for SSL physics based models for the assessment and prediction of a lamp’s lifetime which is being spearheaded by the DOE [3]. In order to be fully accepted in the marketplace, SSL lamps must be able to perform similarly to incandescent lamps in these environments, as well as live up to the lifetime claims of manufacturers. A lamp’s package architecture must be designed with performance factors in mind, as well as address some of the known and published package related failure mechanisms, such as carbonization of the encapsulant material, delamination, encapsulant yellowing, lens cracking, and phosphor thermal quenching [4]. Each failure mechanism produces the similar failure mode of lumen degradation predominately due to two contributing factors: high junction temperature and moisture ingress. The current state-of-the-art has focused on individual areas of the lamp, such as the LED chip, substrate material, electrical driver design and thermal management techniques. [5] – [16] Looking at the lamp as a whole is a novel approach and has not been seen before in literature. This work followed the JEDEC standard JESD22-A101C of 85/85 with a one hour interval of applied voltage followed by a one hour interval of no applied voltage [17]. This test was performed continuously for each SSL lamp until it became nonoperational, i.e. did not turn on. Periodically, photometric measurements were taken following the IES LM-79-08 standard at room temperature using an integrating sphere, a spectrometer, and lighting software. The overall health of the SSL lamps was assed using the relative luminous flux (RLF), correlated color temperature (CCT) and the color difference (Δu′v′) using the Euclidean distance of the CIE 1976 color space coordinates. Finally, a Weibull analysis was completed to compare the characteristic lifetime of the SSL lamp to the actual rated lifetime. An important result from this work shows that the rated lifetime does not come close to the actual lifetime when the SSL lamps are used in a harsh humid environment which is fairly common in outdoor applications across the U.S. Also, the photometric results are presented for the entire lifetime of each SSL lamp under test.