Journal articles: 'Downhill bike'

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Rhyan, Steve. "Training Suggestions for the Downhill Mountain Bike Racer." Strength and Conditioning Journal 27, no. 5 (October 2005): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200510000-00006.

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Kirkwood, Lewis Adam, Lesley A. Ingram, Jamie Cunningham, Eva Malone, and Geraint D. Florida-James. "Physiological characteristics and performance in elite enduro mountain biking." Journal of Science and Cycling 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/171231.jsc.09.

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Enduro mountain bike racing is composed of several timed predominantly downhill race stages linked by time restricted, non-competitive transition stages. This study aimed to 1) detail and compare the laboratory assessed physiological characteristics of elite and non-elite enduro mountain bike riders, and 2) evaluate the use of 10Hz global positioning systems (GPS) unit including a 100Hz triaxial accelerometer to define the demands of enduro mountain bike racing and identify components of successful performance. Eleven (n=11) male enduro mountain bike riders completed laboratory protocols for peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak), onset of blood lactate accumulation at 2 and 4 mmol/L (OBLA2 and OBLA4 respectively), intermittent sprint test (EST), and anthropometry measures. Participants were divided into elite (n=5) and non-elite (n=6) groups for analysis. Nine (n=9) elite enduro mountain bike athletes participated in field data collection at an international enduro mountain bike race. Two race stages were used for analysis of velocity, accumulated load, heart rate and time to complete specific sections of track calculated from GPS units placed on the bicycle seat mast and the rider’s torso. Elite athletes produced greater power during the EST and at VO2peak, OBLA2, OBLA4 when compared to non-elite riders (all p<0.05) with no significant differences in anthropometry (p>0.05). Accumulated load was significantly greater on the bicycle than the rider on both stages (p<0.05) and accumulated load in both locations was significantly higher during stage two compared to stage 1 reflecting differences in terrain (p<0.05). GPS analysis allowed detailed analysis of performance showing winning performances were characterised by reduced time to complete technical downhill and non-technical climbing sections during stage one and technical downhill sections only during stage two. In conclusion, successful performance in enduro mountain bike racing requires adequate skill and technique to sustain high velocities over technical terrain coupled with large aerobic and anaerobic capacities.

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Sperlich, Billy, Silvia Achtzehn, Mirijam Buhr, Christoph Zinner, Stefan Zelle, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "Salivary Cortisol, Heart Rate, and Blood Lactate Responses During Elite Downhill Mountain Bike Racing." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 7, no. 1 (March 2012): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.1.47.

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Purpose:This study aimed to quantify the intensity profile of elite downhill mountain bike races during competitions.Methods:Seventeen male downhill racers (22 ± 5 y; 185.1 ± 5.3 cm; 68.0 ± 3.9 kg; VO2peak: 59.4 ± 4.1 mL·min·kg−1) participated in the International German Downhill Championships in 2010. The racers’ peak oxygen uptake and heart rate (HR) at 2 and 4 mmol·L−1 blood lactate (HR2 and HR4), were assessed during an incremental laboratory step test (100 W, increase 40 W every 5 min). During the races, the HR was recorded and pre- and postrace blood lactate concentrations as well as salivary cortisol levels were obtained.Results:During the race, the absolute time spent in the “easy” intensity zone was 23.3 ± 6.8 s, 24.2 ± 12.8 s (HR2–HR4) in the “moderate” zone, and 151.6 ± 18.3 s (>HR4) in the “hard” zone. Eighty percent of the entire race was accomplished at intensities >90% HRpeak. Blood lactate concentrations postrace were higher than those obtained after the qualification heat (8.0 ± 2.5 mmol·L−1 vs 6.7 ± 1.8 mmol·L−1, P < .01). Salivary levels of cortisol before the competition and the qualification heat were twice as high as at resting state (P < .01).Conclusions:This study shows that mountain bike downhill races are conducted at high heart rates and levels of blood lactate as well as increased concentration of salivary cortisol as marker for psycho-physiological stress.

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Sakai, Daiki, Naosuke Uchida, Shinnosuke Enomoto, Souya Iwata, Yasuo Kawakami, and Shigeru Wesugi. "Improving Road Bike Leaning Skills on Downhill Corners (Developing a System for Detecting Curvature Change Points and the Angle of a Road Bike while Riding)." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049153.

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In road bicycle races, advanced skills are needed to traverse downhill corners quickly and safely. A previous study revealed that in specific experimental corners, some beginners tend to lean their bikes more compared to experts. Therefore, in seeking to develop a support method for improving rider skill in controlling bike position, the authors aimed to design a system that indicates to users the positions of their bikes to lean it at the appropriate inclination when making turns. First, we determined the corner starting points using the RTK (Real Time Kinematic) positioning system. Then, we calculated the theoretical inclination and compared this to the inclination practiced by an expert. The experiment with this system showed that the expert started leaning the bike approximately 5 m short of a corner’s starting point with the speed maintained at approximately 25 km/h, with some correlation found between the theoretically ideal degree of inclination and the expert’s actual inclination.

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Cahyadi, Hery Sigit, Herlan Suherlan, and Muhammad Aldo Dewantara. "Cost and Benefit Analysis of Sports Tourism in Downhill Trek, Cikole Lembang, Bandung Barat District, West Java Province." Jurnal Kepariwisataan: Destinasi, Hospitalitas dan Perjalanan 5, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34013/jk.v5i1.293.

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The purpose of the research is to analyze the cost and benefit analysis and find out the feasibility of sport tourism development at Cikole, Lembang in support the lacal community income. This research was conducted at the Downhill Track Cikole Bike Park in Lembang District and is a tourist attraction in the form of downhill bicycle track facilities. The number obtained is the result of calculating the comparison between benefits and costs and shows the value that can be defined as a feasible activity, because the numbers obtained have a value of more than 1 which is an indication of eligibility with a results in the form of> 1 declared feasible and if <1 (less of) is declared ineligible. Based on the calculation results of the Cost-Benefit Ratio (CBR) analysis with the final result in the form of a comparison value of 3,3128528. With the increase in the number of visits and opening of new jobs, the results of the analysis in the form of downhill activities have been declared feasible.

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Johnson, Evan C., J. Luke Pryor, Douglas J. Casa, Luke N. Belval, James S. Vance, Julie K. DeMartini, Carl M. Maresh, and Lawrence E. Armstrong. "Bike and run pacing on downhill segments predict Ironman triathlon relative success." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 18, no. 1 (January 2015): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.12.001.

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Schmitt, Thilo, Florian Pfalzer, Jochen Huth, and Frieder Mauch. "Traumatic medial clavicle fracture induced by chin bar of a full-face helmet following a downhill mountainbike accident." Sportverletzung · Sportschaden 34, no. 01 (February 18, 2020): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1057-1096.

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AbstractDownhill mountain biking is a rapidly growing sport. In our case we want to present an isolated medial clavicular fracture following a mountain bike accident with a critical review on the used protection device. A 35 year old healthy patient presented to our hospital after bike accident during downhill mountain biking in Austria with pain over his right medial clavicle. The imaging showed a multifragmentary medial clavicle fracture with an intact SC-joint. Surgical intervention was recommended. Postoperative x-rays showed an anatomic reposition and correct plate positioning. The implant was removed after 18 months without any complications. A full-face helmet with a chin bar is used to achieve better protection of the maxilla, mandible and the teeth. In a hyperflexion situation of the cervical spine, a direct contact of the chin bar with the sternum, sc-joint and the medial clavicle can occur. This impact sets the mentioned structures on a high risk of dislocation and fracture as seen in our case. This risk can be significantly reduced by the combined use of a full face helmet and a neck brace. If the injury is properly identified, positive results can be achieved by surgery.

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Collotta, Massimo, Luigi Solazzi, Stefano Pandini, and Giuseppe Tomasoni. "New design concept of a downhill mountain bike frame made of a natural composite material." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 232, no. 1 (June 13, 2017): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337117712422.

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Melau, Jørgen, Martin Bonnevie-Svendsen, Maria Mathiassen, Janne Mykland Hilde, Lars Oma, and Jonny Hisdal. "Late-Presenting Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Edema: A Case Report Series from the Norseman Xtreme Triathlon." Sports 7, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7060137.

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Swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE) may develop during strenuous physical exertion in water. This case series reports on three cases of suspected late-presenting SIPE during the Norseman Xtreme Triathlon. A 30-year-old male professional (PRO) triathlete, a 40-year-old female AGE GROUP triathlete and a 34-year-old male AGE GROUP triathlete presented with shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing up pink sputum during the last part of the bike phase. All three athletes reported an improvement in breathing during the first major uphill of the bike phase and increasing symptoms during the downhill. The PRO athlete had a thoracic computed tomography, and the scan showed bilateral ground glass opacity in the peripheral lungs. The male AGE GROUP athlete had a normal chest x-ray. Both athletes were admitted for further observation and discharged from hospital the following day, with complete regression of symptoms. The female athlete recovered quickly following pre-hospital oxygen treatment. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with endurance sports is rare but potentially very dangerous. Knowledge and awareness of possible risk factors and symptoms are essential, and the results presented in this report emphasize the importance of being aware of the possible delayed development of symptoms. To determine the presence of pulmonary edema elicited by strenuous exercise, equipment for measuring oxygen saturation should be available for the medical staff on site.

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Mestre, Daniel R., Virginie Dagonneau, and Charles-Symphorien Mercier. "Does Virtual Reality Enhance Exercise Performance, Enjoyment, and Dissociation? An Exploratory Study on a Stationary Bike Apparatus." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00031.

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The present study aimed at testing the general assumption that virtual reality can enhance the experience of exercising. More specifically, we tested the effects of sensory input (music and video feedback) during physical training on performance, enjoyment, and attentional focus by means of a computerized ergometer coupled with VR software. Twelve university students participated in the study. The experimental procedure consisted in a 2 × 3 × 4 mixed design, with two types of feedback (video feedback vs. video feedback and music), three course phases (e.g., flat, uphill, and downhill) and four sessions (task repetition). The virtual feedback was a video film of the course that participants had to complete. Video display speed was proportional to the participant's pedaling speed. Force feedback, applied to the real bicycle wheel, was proportional to the instantaneous course slope. The results showed a positive effect of task repetition on participants' performance only when video feedback was associated with listening to music. In an attempt to objectively assess attentional focus, we analyzed participants' gaze orientation. Gaze analysis showed a reduction in the time spent gazing at video feedback across sessions. Associating video feedback with freely chosen music led to a differential use of video feedback as a function of exercise intensity. Finally, sensory stimulation appeared to have a dissociative role on participants' attentional focus during exercise, but adding music listening to video feedback appears to be necessary to maintain (long term) the participants' commitment to the task. The results are discussed in terms of the functional status of sensory stimulation during exercise, and its interactions with exercise intensity, participants' performance, and attentional focus. They also suggest that gaze analysis is one promising way to access attention allocation and its relationships with performance.

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De Lorenzo, D. S., and M. L. Hull. "A Hub Dynamometer for Measurement of Wheel Forces in Off-Road Bicycling." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 121, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2798034.

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A dynamometric hubset that measures the two ground contact force components acting on a bicycle wheel in the plane of the bicycle during off-road riding while either coasting or braking was designed, constructed, and evaluated. To maintain compatibility with standard mountain bike construction, the hubs use commercially available shells with modified, strain gage-equipped axles. The axle strain gages are sensitive to forces acting in the radial and tangential directions, while minimizing sensitivity to transverse forces, steering moments, and variations in the lateral location of the center of pressure. Static calibration and a subsequent accuracy check that computed differences between applied and apparent loads developed during coasting revealed root mean squared errors of 1 percent full-scale or less (full-scale load = 4500 N). The natural frequency of the rear hub with the wheel attached exceeded 350 Hz. These performance capabilities make the dynamometer useful for its intended purpose during coasting. To demonstrate this usefulness, sample ground contact forces are presented for a subject who coasted downhill over rough terrain. The dynamometric hubset can also be used to determine ground contact forces during braking providing that the brake reaction force components are known. However, compliance of the fork can lead to high cross-sensitivity and corresponding large (>5 percent FS) measurement errors at the front wheel.

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12

Carmont, M. R., R. Daynes, and D. M. Sedgwick. "The Impact of an Extreme Sports Event on a District General Hospital." Scottish Medical Journal 50, no. 3 (August 2005): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693300505000306.

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Background: Extreme sports events are increasing in popularity, particularly in mountainous areas throughout Great Britain. Emergency medical care for these events is usually provided by voluntary organisations, providing event side first aid and referring patients to nearby District General Hospitals. The Fort William Mountain Bike Race is part of the UCI World Cup Series: 173 competitors racing in cross country, downhill and 4X events. The Belford Hospital provides year round medical care for the Lochaber community, which frequently swells during the tourist season. The hospital has 8300 new attendances per annum, 35 patient reviews per 24 hrs. Methods and Results: We have reviewed the impact of the event on the local hospital. In total 52 riders reported 61 injuries. The hospital treated 24 (14%) riders. Retrospective analysis of attendances has revealed 19 riders attended on race days, increasing attendees by up to 28%, 46% of injured riders were seen at the A&E department, 1 rider requiring admission for observation and 1 rider required inter-hospital transfer. Injury patterns (knee 20%, hand/wrist 18% & shoulder 18%) were similar to other reported series. Conclusions: We believe that extreme sports events can have considerable impact on small district general hospitals. Additional triage and staffing resources should be utilised and event organisers should anticipate the additional problems they present to the local community. District General Hospitals continue to provide a substantial contribution to the provision of health care for extreme sports within the UK.

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KANBAYASHI, Shuhei, Shinnosuke ENOMOTO, Daiki SAKAI, Souya IWATA, Yasuo KAWAKAMI, and Shigeru WESUGI. "Developing Driving Skills of a Road Bike for Faster Cornering on Downhills." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2018 (2018): B—24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2018.b-24.

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Dodd, Helen F., and Kathryn J. Lester. "Adventurous Play as a Mechanism for Reducing Risk for Childhood Anxiety: A Conceptual Model." Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 24, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00338-w.

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AbstractIn this conceptual article, we draw upon the literature regarding cognitive and behavioural factors that underpin childhood anxiety to outline how a range of these risk markers might be targeted through adventurous play. When children play in an adventurous way, climbing trees, riding their bikes fast downhill and jumping from rocks, they experience feelings of fear and excitement, thrill and adrenaline. We propose that the positive, thrilling and playful emotions associated with this type of child-led play facilitate exposure to fear-provoking situations and, in doing so, provide opportunities for children to learn about physiological arousal, uncertainty and coping. We hypothesise that these learning opportunities will, over time, reduce children’s risk for elevated anxiety by increasing children’s expectations and ability to cope with anxiety, decreasing intolerance of uncertainty and preventing catastrophic misinterpretations of physiological arousal. If our conceptual model is correct, then ensuring that children have the physical and psychological space required to play in an adventurous way may help to decrease their risk for elevated or clinical anxiety.

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Sugiura, Keiji, and Mariko Sugiura. "The Risk of Non-Traumatic Myelopathy in Time Trial (TT) or Downhill (DH) Bike Position." Journal of Sports Medicine & Doping Studies 07, no. 01 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0673.1000187.

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Hetland, Audun, Eirik Kjelstrup, Matthias Mittner, and Joar Vittersø. "The Thrill of Speedy Descents: A Pilot Study on Differences in Facially Expressed Online Emotions and Retrospective Measures of Emotions During a Downhill Mountain-Bike Descent." Frontiers in Psychology 10 (April 2, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00566.

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Guo, Ziyuan. "PO-083 Tracking Research of Body Function Monitoring on Mountain Cyclists during Plain-Plateau-Lower Plateau Training." Exercise Biochemistry Review 1, no. 3 (October 4, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/ebr.v1i3.11443.

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Objective To explore the functional changes of mountain bike athletes in the course of continuous training of six weeks plain, plateau and lower plateau, and to provide reference basis for coaches to choose plateau training, arrange plateau training and downhill time in a targeted way. Methods The continuous tracking and monitoring of the 6 weeks plain, 6 weeks plateau and 6 weeks lower plateau training of the 8 Anhui mountain cycling team athletes were carried out, and some functional indicators(WBC, RBC, HCT, HB, BUN, CK, T, C, etc.) were analyzed. Results (1) Six weeks of plain training, serum BUN, CK showed a significant increase in the 5th and 6th weeks(P<0.01), serum T reached the lowest level in the 3rd week(P<0.05), and reached a higher value in the 5th and 6th weeks. (2) Six weeks of plateau training, HB and HCT have been maintained at a high value, BUN has an upward trend, CK and C have a downward trend, and T has a gradual upward trend, with no significant differences(P>0.05). (3) Six weeks of training in the lower plateau, HB and HCT began to show a gradual downward trend from the first week, starting from the fourth week, BUN has a downward trend, CK has increased significantly, serum T has decreased, and the fourth week reaches The lowest value, the fifth week began to rebound. Conclusions (1)Plain training can gradually improve the athlete's ability to adapt to the training load and the level of function; (2)Plain training is easier to increase load strength than plateau training, and plateau training is easier to increase load than plain training. (3)Plain training and plateau training can all improve the athletes 'HB, HCT, and T levels, but plateau training is more advanced than plain training; (4)HB, HCT, and T can be maintained at a higher level within 1 week of the Lower Plateau. From the second week, HB, HCT, and T show a gradual downward trend. In the third week, HB drops to the lowest value, and in the fourth week, T reaches the lowest value. Proposal: (1)mountain bike athletes can consider arranging 5-6 weeks of plain training before going to the plateau; (2)During plateau training, it is easy to cause BUN to rise. Coaches must plan the active recovery time of athletes; (3)Plateau training can improve the athletes 'functional level, but the time to participate in the competition in the lower plateau must be controlled within one week.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Downhill bike'

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