Journal articles: 'Downton Fall Risk Index'

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Mojtaba, Mahnaz, Hassan Alinaghizadeh, and Elisabeth Rydwik. "Downton Fall Risk Index during hospitalisation is associated with fall-related injuries after discharge: a longitudinal observational study." Journal of Physiotherapy 64, no. 3 (July 2018): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2018.05.005.

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TÖRNVALL, EVA, JAN MARCUSSON, and EWA WRESSLE. "Health-related quality of life in relation to mobility and fall risk in 85-year-old people: a population study in Sweden." Ageing and Society 36, no. 9 (August 11, 2015): 1982–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15000896.

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ABSTRACTOptimal mobility is fundamental for healthy ageing and quality of life. This study is part of a cross-sectional population-based study of 85-year-old people residing in Linköping municipality, Sweden. The purpose was to describe 85-year-old peoples' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in relation to mobility and fall risk while adjusting for gender and body mass index. Data collection included a postal questionnaire, a home visit and a reception visit. HRQoL was assessed with EQ-5D-3L, mobility with the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and fall risk with the Downton Fall Risk Index (DFRI). All those who completed the DFRI, TUG and EQ-5D-3L were included in the present study (N = 327). Lower HRQoL was associated with longer time taken to complete TUG and higher fall risk in both genders but not with body mass index. Women had higher risk of falling, took a longer time to complete TUG and reported less physical activity compared with men. Health-care professionals should address mobility capacity and fall risk in order to maintain quality of life in elderly people. This is of utmost importance, especially for elderly women because impaired mobility, high risk of falling and occurrence of pain are common among women, and related to lower HRQoL.

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Butler Forslund, Emelie, Vivien Jørgensen, Kirsti Skavberg Roaldsen, Claes Hultling, Kerstin Wahman, and Erika Franzén. "Predictors of falls in persons with spinal cord injury—a prospective study using the Downton fall risk index and a single question of previous falls." Spinal Cord 57, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41393-018-0175-y.

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Oliveira, Márcio Rogério de, Thiago Tadashi Inokuti, Nuno Noronha da Costa Bispo, Deise Aparecida de Almeida Pires Oliveira, Rodrigo Franco de Oliveira, and Rubens Alexandre da Silva Jr. "Elderly individuals with increased risk of falls show postural balance impairment." Fisioterapia em Movimento 28, no. 2 (June 2015): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-5150.028.002.ao07.

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Introduction Falls are a serious public health problem. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether elderly individuals with increased risk of falls have a postural balance deficit, evaluated using a force platform during a one-leg stance. Materials and methods The sample consisted of 94 physically independent elderly individuals from the EELO project. The instruments used were the Downton scale, in order to assess the risk as well as the history of falls, and the force platform to measure postural balance through parameters from the center of pressure (COP). Results Elderly individuals were split into two groups according to the score observed with the Downton scale: G1 — low fall risk (score ≤ 2) — and G2 — high fall risk (score > 2). No differences were observed between the groups concerning gender (P > 0.05, Chi Square test). On the other hand, individuals from G2 showed postural instability when compared to individuals from G1, and individuals from G2 showed higher values in all COP parameters analysed (Mann-Whitney test, P < 0.05). Conclusion It can be concluded that the Downton scale has sensitivity for identifying individuals with balance impairment as well as a risk of falls. Therefore, it may be suggested that this scale may be useful in primary health care for detecting falls in the elderly.

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Bueno-García, María Jesús, María Teresa Roldán-Chicano, Javier Rodríguez-Tello, María Dolores Meroño-Rivera, Ruth Dávila-Martínez, and Noelia Berenguer-García. "Characteristics of the Downton fall risk assessment scale in hospitalised patients." Enfermería Clínica (English Edition) 27, no. 4 (July 2017): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcle.2017.02.007.

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Hansen, Dinara, Tatiane Konrad Rückert, Carolina Böettge Rosa, Solange Beatriz Billig Garces, Michele Ferraz Figueiró, Jociane De Carvalho Myskiw, Janaina Coser, and Ângela Vieira Brunelli. "NÍVEL DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA E RISCO DE QUEDAS EM IDOSOS DA COMUNIDADE." Saúde (Santa Maria) 42, no. 2 (December 14, 2016): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236583420966.

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A proposta deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre o risco de quedas de 127 idosos da comunidade e o nível de atividade física. O risco de quedas foi avaliado através dos instrumentos Fall Risk Score de Downton, teste Timed Up and Go (TUG) e o Teste de Alcance Funcional (TAF) e o nível de atividade física utilizando o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) versão curta. A maioria dos idosos entrevistados (88,7%) foram classificados como ativos ou muito ativos e sem risco de quedas (TUG 89,8%, TAF 97,6%, Downton 64,5%). A relação entre o nível de atividade física e risco de quedas através dos testes TUG e Downton mostrou-se significativa, estando os idosos mais ativos com menor risco de quedas e todos os instrumentos que avaliaram este risco apresentaram associação significativa entre si demonstrando que a atividade física pode reduzir o risco de quedas, minimizando perdas funcionais do envelhecimento.Descritores: Envelhecimento; Fatores de Risco; Acidentes por Quedas; Estilo de Vida.

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Rydwik, E., M. Mojtaba, and F. Alinaghizadeh Mollasaraie. "O-032: Associations between fallrisk measured with Downton Fallrisk Index and fall injuries in geriatric patients." European Geriatric Medicine 6 (September 2015): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1878-7649(15)30046-2.

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Haskel, Maria Vaitsa Loch, Sara Carolina Scremin Souza, Danilo Fernandes da Silva, Weber Cláudio Francisco Nunes da Silva, and Juliana Sartori Bonini. "Influence of Alzheimer’s disease on the relationship between nutritional status and risk of fall." Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences 43 (February 11, 2021): e48747. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v43i1.48747.

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Although malnutrition and risk of falls in the elderly have increased in recent years, uncertainties exist as to whether these conditions are associated after controlling for sociodemographic variables, body composition, metabolic condition, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to analyze the association between nutritional status and risk of fall in the elderly population. Participants were matched by gender and age, after they had been grouped on the basis of diagnosis of AD. The risk of falls, nutritional status, and mental status were assessed using the Downton Fall Risk Score (FRS), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE), respectively. Logistic regression models adjusted for the main confounders were used in the analyses. Among the 68 elderly individuals studied, participants who were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition were more likely to fall (odds ratio = 8.29; 95% confidence interval = 1.49-46.04) than those with normal nutritional status, regardless of gender, age, education, body composition, and metabolic condition. This association did not remain significant after adjustment for AD, a potential confounder in this association. Malnutrition or its risk was independently associated with high risk of fall; thus, malnutrition should be considered in the prevention of falls among the elderly population.

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Luiz, Izabel Cristina, and Ana Karine Ramos Brum. "Fatores intrínsecos do risco de queda de idosos no domicilio: estudo descritivo." Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing 16, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.17665/1676-4285.20175354.

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Goal: to associate the intrinsic factors for risk of fall with the occurrence of falls in the home environment in elderly people with chronic diseases. Method: a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, conducted between June and July 2015 with 36 octogenarian elderly, participants of a multidisciplinary chronic disease monitoring program in the state of Rio de Janeiro. We applied the Downton Scale for data collection. Results: all the elderly underwent the Mini Mental State Examination and presented a 27 point average score; 86.1% presented high intrinsic risk for falls, although sensorial handicap (P = 0.09), previous falls (p = 0.35), drug use (p = 1) and ambulation (p = 1) did not present any significant association with the occurrence of the fall during the six months of follow-up. Conclusion: There was a high intrinsic risk of falling in the elderly population studied. Among the most prevalent factors were the previous falls and use of medications, especially hypotensive drugs.

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Harris, Marcelline. "Prospective testing of fall risk index." American Journal of Medicine 88, no. 4 (April 1990): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(90)90512-c.

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Gunter, K. B., K. N. White, C. M. Snow, and W. C. Hayes. "VALIDITY OF THE SIDE FALL RISK INDEX." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-01124.

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Del Din, Silvia, Brook Galna, Sue Lord, Alice Nieuwboer, Esther M. J. Bekkers, Elisa Pelosin, Laura Avanzino, et al. "Falls Risk in Relation to Activity Exposure in High-Risk Older Adults." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, no. 6 (January 16, 2020): 1198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa007.

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Abstract Background Physical activity is linked to many positive health outcomes, stimulating the development of exercise programs. However, many falls occur while walking and so promoting activity might paradoxically increase fall rates, causing injuries, and worse quality of life. The relationship between activity exposure and fall rates remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between walking activity (exposure to risk) and fall rates before and after an exercise program (V-TIME). Methods One hundred and nine older fallers, 38 fallers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 128 fallers with Parkinson’s disease (PD) were randomly assigned to one of two active interventions: treadmill training only or treadmill training combined with a virtual reality component. Participants were tested before and after the interventions. Free-living walking activity was characterized by volume, pattern, and variability of ambulatory bouts using an accelerometer positioned on the lower back for 1 week. To evaluate that relationship between fall risk and activity, a normalized index was determined expressing fall rates relative to activity exposure (FRA index), with higher scores indicating a higher risk of falls per steps taken. Results At baseline, the FRA index was higher for fallers with PD compared to those with MCI and older fallers. Walking activity did not change after the intervention for the groups but the FRA index decreased significantly for all groups (p ≤ .035). Conclusions This work showed that V-TIME interventions reduced falls risk without concurrent change in walking activity. We recommend using the FRA index in future fall prevention studies to better understand the nature of intervention programs.

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Olsson, E., B. Löfgren, Y. Gustafson, and L. Nyberg. "Validation of a fall risk index in stroke rehabilitation." Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 14, no. 1 (January 2005): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2004.11.001.

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Ishimoto, Yasuko, Taizo Wada, Yoriko Kasahara, Yumi Kimura, Eriko Fukutomi, Wenling Chen, Mayumi Hirosaki, et al. "Fall Risk Index predicts functional decline regardless of fall experiences among community-dwelling elderly." Geriatrics & Gerontology International 12, no. 4 (February 24, 2012): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00837.x.

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Harada, S., K. Shibasaki, M. Ishii, Y. Umeda-Kameyama, T. Kojima, Y. Yamaguchi, S. Ogawa, and M. Akishita. "COMBINING COGNITIVE FUNCTION TEST WITH JAPANESE FALL RISK INDEX IDENTIFIES THE FALL-PRONE INPATIENTS." Innovation in Aging 2, suppl_1 (November 1, 2018): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.1911.

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Yamada, Minoru, Hidenori Arai, Koutatsu Nagai, Buichi Tanaka, Toshiaki Uehara, and Tomoki Aoyama. "Development of a New Fall Risk Assessment Index for Older Adults." International Journal of Gerontology 6, no. 3 (September 2012): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijge.2011.08.001.

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De Arruda, Guilherme Tavares, Áureo Júnior Weschenfelder, Cyntia Scher Strelow, Michele Adriane Florelich, Hedioneia Maria Foletto Pivetta, and Melissa Medeiros Braz. "Risco de quedas e fatores associados: comparação entre idosos longevos e não-longevos." Fisioterapia Brasil 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.33233/fb.v20i2.2279.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o risco de quedas e os fatores associados em idosos longevos e não-longevos. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo observacional, quantitativo e de caráter transversal, realizado com 32 idosos, de ambos os sexos, divididos em dois grupos: não-longevos e longevos. Para avaliar o risco de quedas, foi utilizado o questionário Fall Risk Score de Downton e, caso o idoso relatasse alguma queda sofrida nos últimos 12 meses, eram questionados os fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos da queda. Para a análise estatística, utilizaram-se o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, teste t de Student e Teste U de Mann-Whitney; e nível de significância p ≤ 0,05. Ambos os grupos apresentaram alto risco de quedas, sendo significativos o uso de antidepressivos (p = 0,043), com predomínio de uso entre os idosos longevos, e o fator “dificuldade para caminhar” (p = 0,035), mais prevalente entre os idosos não-longevos. Ressalta-se, assim, a importância do cuidado com essa população, visando à prevenção de quedas, por meio da identificação do risco de quedas e de seus fatores associados, pelos profissionais de saúde.Palavras-chave: idoso, idosos de 80 anos ou mais, acidente por quedas.

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Choi, Yeong-Ho, and Doo-Hoi Goo. "The Effect of Fall Prevention Exercise Program on Weight Distribution Index and Fall Risk in Dementia Elderly." Korean Journal of Sports Science 29, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 1207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2020.12.29.6.1207.

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Tinetti, Mary E., T. Franklin Williams, and Raymond Mayewski. "Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities." American Journal of Medicine 80, no. 3 (March 1986): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(86)90717-5.

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Kono, Kenichi, Yusuke Nishida, Hiroki Yabe, Yoshihumi Moriyama, Toshihiko Mori, Ryota Shiraki, and Takashi Sato. "Development and validation of a Fall Risk Assessment Index for dialysis patients." Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 22, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10157-017-1431-8.

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Jernigan, Stephen D., Patricia S. Pohl, Jonathan D. Mahnken, and Patricia M. Kluding. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Fall Risk Assessment Tools in People With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy." Physical Therapy 92, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 1461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120070.

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Background Diabetic peripheral neuropathy affects nearly half of individuals with diabetes and leads to increased fall risk. Evidence addressing fall risk assessment for these individuals is lacking. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify which of 4 functional mobility fall risk assessment tools best discriminates, in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, between recurrent “fallers” and those who are not recurrent fallers. Design A cross-sectional study was conducted. Setting The study was conducted in a medical research university setting. Participants The participants were a convenience sample of 36 individuals between 40 and 65 years of age with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Measurements Fall history was assessed retrospectively and was the criterion standard. Fall risk was assessed using the Functional Reach Test, the Timed “Up & Go” Test, the Berg Balance Scale, and the Dynamic Gait Index. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and overall diagnostic accuracy were calculated for each fall risk assessment tool. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to estimate modified cutoff scores for each fall risk assessment tool; indexes then were recalculated. Results Ten of the 36 participants were classified as recurrent fallers. When traditional cutoff scores were used, the Dynamic Gait Index and Functional Reach Test demonstrated the highest sensitivity at only 30%; the Dynamic Gait Index also demonstrated the highest overall diagnostic accuracy. When modified cutoff scores were used, all tools demonstrated improved sensitivity (80% or 90%). Overall diagnostic accuracy improved for all tests except the Functional Reach Test; the Timed “Up & Go” Test demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy at 88.9%. Limitations The small sample size and retrospective fall history assessment were limitations of the study. Conclusions Modified cutoff scores improved diagnostic accuracy for 3 of 4 fall risk assessment tools when testing people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

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Avdić, Dijana, Džemal Pecar, and Emela Mujić-Skikić. "Risk factors of fall in elderly people." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 4, no. 4 (November 20, 2004): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2004.3366.

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Falls are the leading accidental cause of death among elderly people in their homes. Falls and their consequences are the primary reason in 40% of admissions to hospitals for people older than 65 years. The study population consisted of 77 randomly selected patients of both genders older then 65 years. Each patient was tested in his/her home and was completely informed about the methodology and the goals of investigation. Based on the exclusion criteria, three patients were excluded from the study, which means the investigation was conducted on 27 males (35.06%) and 50 females (64.94%) with the average age being 71.23 ± 5.63 years.For each patient, a specially prepared questionnaire about risk factors was filled in. The sum of affirmative answers represented a relative index of fall risk. All patients were evaluated through Folstein’s Mini-Mental State Examination Test that is suitable for on-sight use in patient’s home. The score value over 20 excludes dementias, delirium, schizophrenia and affective disorders.Considering the values of the risk factor, scores obtained by the questionnaire and MMSE test scores, statistically significant differences were found between males and females (p < 0.005, respectively p < 0.01), “fallers” and “non-fallers” (p < 0.001, respectively p < 0.01), while considering the relation to the way of living (alone or with family), there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05).

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Santos, Lucinelia Matias, Kleyton Trindade Santos, Leonardo Da Silva Lima, Karla Cavalcante Silva de Morais, Luciana Araujo Dos Reis, and Andressa Porto Dutra. "Queda e medo de morrer em idosos residentes na comunidade." Fisioterapia Brasil 21, no. 3 (June 6, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.33233/fb.v21i3.1337.

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O envelhecimento populacional torna-se um fenômeno mundial, ocorrendo em larga escala, fazendo com que seja necessária atenção com os cuidados a saúde dos idosos, proporcionando um prolongamento com a qualidade. O objetivo é verificar a associação entre queda e medo de morrer em idosos residentes em comunidades. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, de caráter quantitativo, realizado com 44 idosos cadastrados em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, no município de Vitória da Conquista/BA. Foi aplicado um questionário sociodemográfico, acrescido da escala Fall risk score de Downton para a avaliação do risco e prevalência de quedas e do Whoqol- Old para avaliar o tema “medo de morrer”. Os dados foram tabulados no programa estatístico SPSS 21.0, sendo calculadas as frequências relativas e absolutas de todas as variáveis de interesse. Em relação à ocorrência de quedas constatou-se que a prevalência foi de 15,9%. Ao observar o domínio Morte ou morrer do Whoqol-Old notou-se que os idosos caidores apresentaram-se com score médio inferior (19,64) aos idosos que não sofreram quedas (29,68). Conclui-se que a ocorrência de queda gera um aumento do medo da morte entre os idosos, levando a redução da sua independência, autonomia e consequentemente a qualidade de vida.Palavras-chave: envelhecimento, queda, morte.

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Dutra, Andressa Porto, Sabrina Almeida Porto, Luciana Araújo Dos Reis, Karla Cavalcante Silva Morais, Leonardo da Silva Lima, and Kleyton Trindade Santos. "RISCO DE QUEDA E USO DE MEDICAMENTO EM IDOSOS." Revista Pesquisa em Fisioterapia 7, no. 4 (November 22, 2017): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v7i4.1587.

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Introdução: com o aumento progressivo do número de idosos na população mundial, cresce a preocupação com fatores que condicionam ao envelhecimento deteriorizado, e dentre esses fatores observa-se que a queda e o uso de medicamentos apresenta-se como um evento totalmente desfavorável, trazendo consigo repercussões negativas. Objetivo: verificar a prevalência de quedas e uso de medicamentos em idosos residentes em comunidade. Materiais e Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo, de caráter quantitativo, realizado com 66 idosos cadastrados na Unidade Básica de Saúde CAE II, no município de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Foi aplicado um questionário composto por dados sociodemográficos, acrescidos do mini-exame do estado mental e escala Fall risk score de Downton. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados no programa estatístico SPSS 21.0, sendo verificado as frequências absolutas e relativas de todas as variáveis. Resultados: identificou-se que a maioria dos idosos eram do sexo feminino (65,2%), sofreram episódios de quedas anteriores (60,8%) e faziam o uso de pelo menos um medicamento (72,7%). Conclusão: conclui-se que é alta a prevalência de queda e uso de medicamentos na população idosa, sendo necessário buscar alternativas para diminuir essa prevalência através de medidas preventivas e melhoria na atenção da saúde do idoso.

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Hermann, Olena, Simone B. Schmidt, Melanie Boltzmann, and Jens D. Rollnik. "Comparison of fall prediction by the Hessisch Oldendorf Fall Risk Scale and the Fall Risk Scale by Huhn in neurological rehabilitation: an observational study." Clinical Rehabilitation 32, no. 5 (November 21, 2017): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215517741666.

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Objective: To calculate scale performance of the newly developed Hessisch Oldendorf Fall Risk Scale (HOSS) for classifying fallers and non-fallers in comparison with the Risk of Falling Scale by Huhn (FSH), a frequently used assessment tool. Design: A prospective observational trail was conducted. Setting: The study was performed in a large specialized neurological rehabilitation facility. Subjects: The study population ( n = 690) included neurological and neurosurgery patients during neurological rehabilitation with varying levels of disability. Around the half of the study patients were independent and dependent in the activities of daily living (ADL), respectively. Interventions: Fall risk of each patient was assessed by HOSS and FSH within the first seven days after admission. Main measures: Event of fall during rehabilitation was compared with HOSS and FSH scores as well as the according fall risk. Scale performance including sensitivity and specificity was calculated for both scales. Results: A total of 107 (15.5%) patients experienced at least one fall. In general, fallers were characterized by an older age, a prolonged length of stay, and a lower Barthel Index (higher dependence in the ADL) on admission than non-fallers. The verification of fall prediction for both scales showed a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 64% for the HOSS scale, and a sensitivity of 98% with a specificity of 12% for the FSH scale, respectively. Conclusion: The HOSS shows an adequate sensitivity, a higher specificity and therefore a better scale performance than the FSH. Thus, the HOSS might be superior to existing assessments.

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Rugbeer, Nivash, and Lebo Mogatla. "Stability Index as a Novel Risk Factor to Distinguish Fall-Risk Gender Differences among Institutionalized Elderly." Ageing International 44, no. 1 (November 20, 2017): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12126-017-9309-3.

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Fonseca, Bruna Antinori Vignola da, Cristiana Borges Pereira, Frederico Jorge, Renata Simm, Samira Apostolos-Pereira, and Dagoberto Callegaro. "A disturbed processing of graviceptive pathways may be involved in the pathophysiology of balance disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 74, no. 2 (February 2016): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20160004.

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perception of verticality and balance disorders in multiple sclerosis patients. We evaluated patients and healthy controls. Patients were divided into two groups according to their risk of fall, with or without risk of fall, measured by a Dynamic Gait Index scale. Graviceptive perception was assessed using the subjective visual vertical test. Patients with risk of fall showed worse perception than those without risk of fall, p < 0.001. Misperception of verticality was correlated with the dynamic gait index scores (p < 0.001), suggesting that the larger the error for verticality judgment, the greater risk for falling. Considering that the perception of verticality is essential for postural control, our results suggested that the disturbed processing of graviceptive pathways may be involved in the pathophysiology of balance disorders in these patients.

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Franck, Linda S., Caryl L. Gay, Bruce Cooper, Suzanne Ezrre, Barbette Murphy, June Shu-Ling Chan, Maureen Buick, and Carrie R. Meer. "The Little Schmidy Pediatric Hospital Fall Risk Assessment Index: A diagnostic accuracy study." International Journal of Nursing Studies 68 (March 2017): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.12.011.

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Wada, Taizo, Yasuko Ishimoto, Mayumi Hirosaki, Akiko Konno, Yoriko Kasahara, Yumi Kimura, Hiroaki Nakatsuka, et al. "TWENTY-ONE-ITEM FALL RISK INDEX PREDICTS FALLS IN ELDERLY COMMUNITY-DWELLING JAPANESE." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57, no. 12 (December 2009): 2369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02591.x.

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Doughty, Kevin, and Keith Cameron. "Continuous assessment of the risk of falling using telecare." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 4, no. 1_suppl (March 1998): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633981931605.

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The prevention of falls in the elderly could be based on risk assessment and the prediction of when an individual is likely to sustain an injury. A telecare system should allow the dynamic assessment of risk to be produced by a control centre computer, based on data transmitted from local sensors in the elderly person's home. A fall risk index could be calculated from mobility, activities of daily living and medication. However, substantial data-sets will be required before such fall risk indices attain statistical significance. As they are developed, fall prediction algorithms could be constantly reviewed and modified in order to reach the point where an acceptable level of accuracy is reached.

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Wang, Xiaojie, Zhiyuan Chen, Ziyi Li, Bo Chen, Yong Qi, Guowei Li, and Jonathan D. Adachi. "Association between frailty and risk of fall among diabetic patients." Endocrine Connections 9, no. 10 (October 2020): 1057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-20-0405.

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Background Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated the risk factors for fall, while few studies investigated the association between frailty and risk of fall in diabetic patients aged ≥45 years. Methods In this multicity observational study, participants with type 2 diabetes aged ≥45 years were enrolled. Frailty status was measured by a frailty index (FI) of deficit accumulation. We used multivariable regression models to examine the relationship between frailty and fall in diabetic patients, and further investigated the associations between frailty and fall in varied subgroups. Results A total of 2049 participants with type 2 diabetes were identified in our study. Our results showed a per-s.d. and a per-0.01 increment of FI were associated with an increased risk of fall, with a fully adjusted OR of 1.89 (95% CI: 1.50, 2.38), 1.06 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.09), respectively. The effects were magnified when frailty was considered as dichotomous, with an OR of 3.08 (95% CI: 2.18, 4.34). In further subgroup analyses, we found that the females, the older, rural residents, individuals with no sitting toilet, people with poor balance performance and those in poor health status were susceptible to fall. Especially, for the risk of fall in the older, a per-s.d. increase of FI corresponded to an OR of 2.46 (95% CI: 1.68, 3.62). When frailty was regarded as a binary variable, the effect increased to 4.62 (95% CI: 2.54, 8.38) in the older subgroup. Conclusion Frailty was associated with a higher risk of fall in people with type 2 diabetes, and the effects were higher in vulnerable groups. This evidence suggested that more attention should be paid to vulnerable groups for fall prevention.

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Miqdad and Sushil Kumar Pawar. "Comparison of mini-bestest and dynamic gait index for prediction of fall susceptibility in old individuals." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 7 (June 24, 2017): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20172980.

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Background: Emphasis on early identification, prevention, and intervention of fall risk in elderly people is becoming increasingly important in the fields of physical therapy and rehabilitation.Methods: Various scales are currently used for assessment of balance and fall risk. We have selected, MiniBESTest and DGI for our present study. We compared scores of Mini-BESTest and DGI in 30 elderly subjects with mean age of 62.23±4.38yrs. These subjects included 17 completely normal individuals, whereas 13 subjects were having early clinical features of fall-related disorders. Example: Parkinsonism, vertigo and paresis.Results: The data indicated that Mini-BESTest is more superior than DGI to indicate the fall risk in normal elderly population. Similarly, in cases of paresis and Parkinsonism, results are indicating that Mini-BESTest is better suited than the DGI. But in cases of vertigo, the results indicate that DGI is more superior than Mini-BESTest.Conclusions: An interesting finding is that the DGI scale seems to be more superior in subjects having vertigo (Refer Table-4), which is to be verified by further studies in a larger sample. The point which justifies the above conclusion is that the DGI scale includes many items which test the vestibular apparatus.

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Toba, Kenji, Jiro Okochi, Tai Takahashi, Kozo Matsubayashi, Masanori Nishinaga, Shizuru Yamada, Ryutaro Takahashi, et al. "Development of a portable fall risk index for elderly people living in the community." Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 42, no. 3 (2005): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.42.346.

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Wall, Conrad, Diane M. Wrisley, and Kennyn D. Statler. "Vibrotactile tilt feedback improves dynamic gait index: A fall risk indicator in older adults." Gait & Posture 30, no. 1 (July 2009): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.02.019.

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Swink, Laura A., Arlene A. Schmid, Karen E. Atler, Tara C. Klinedinst, Tasha P. Marchant, David R. Marchant, and Matthew P. Malcolm. "Fall risk factors for individuals under the age of 65 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 83, no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022619876552.

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Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine self-reported falls and fall risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged under 65 years. Methods This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 64 participants at a primary care facility in the western United States of America. The following fall risk factors were examined for differences between groups (fallers vs. non-fallers): age, body mass index, depression, fear of falling, neuropathy, number of medications, sedentary behavior, and visual co-morbidities. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine relationships with self-reported falls (yes/no recent fall as defined by the participant). Results Forty-five percent of participants reported a recent fall. The following fall risk factors produced significant differences between fallers and non-fallers: depression scores ( p = .01), fear of falling ( p < .01), and number of medications currently being taken ( p = .04). Through multivariate logistic regression, the fear of falling score ( p < .01) was the only significant relationship with self-reported falls in the model that included age, body mass index, depression, fear of falling, neuropathy, number of medications, sedentary behavior, and visual co-morbidities. Conclusion Psychological fall risk factors such as fear of falling are factors that should be considered early on in a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus because they may have an effect on falls, as evidenced in this sample of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged under 65 years.

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Jomaa, O., H. Migaw, I. Loubiri, M. Slama, S. Zrour, I. Bejia, M. Touzi, J. Mahbouba, and N. Bergaoui. "POS0469 FALL RISK ASSESSMENT IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 466.1–466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2395.

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Background:Rheumatoid arthritis patients may have an increased risk of falls due to changes caused by the disease such as muscle weakness, joint impairment, reduced mobility and postural instability.Objectives:The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of falls in RA patients and its risk factors.Methods:Between January2020 and July 2020, 51 patients with RA were included in the study. fall history, and the number of falls within the past 12 month were questioned. All participants were assessed with Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), One-Leg Stand Test (OLST), Walking and Talking Test (WTT), Sternal Push Test (SPT), Tinetti Test (TT), Four Test Balance Scale (FTBS), The Short Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), Pain Severity and Patient Global Assessment (PGA) by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), disability by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and disease activity by Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) were evaluated in for for each patient. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests were performed with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05.Results:22 patients had at least one or more falls. The average age was 54.9±11.5 years with a female predominance (sex ratio = 0.13). Comparing the two groups of patients: those with a history of falls and those without, patients with previous falls were mainly married women (p=0.57), with a low intellectual level (p=0.63). The body mass index in this group was higher (p=0.01) with respectively a higher number of painful and swollen joints (p=0.16, p=0.07); the mean HAQ was higher (p=0.03), and the mean VAS was more important (p=0.05). 12/22 patients had co-morbidities and were poly-medicated.20/22 had joint feet deformities (hallux valgus was the most common deformity). 21/22 were on low dosage corticosteroid therapy. The mean TUGT was 18.5 seconds (>14 seconds). The OLST was less than 5 seconds in 12/22, the sternal push test was positive in 9/22, WTT was positive in 6/22 and the mean tinetti test was 22.4±5.4 suggesting a high risk of falls. The average Short FES-I was 14.6 ±4.4 reflecting a high fear of falls in this group of patients.Conclusion:Knowledge about risk factors can help to identify high-risk patients in order to decrease their risk of falling, thus preventing fall-related injuries.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Rosdiana, Ika, and Lusito. "Relationship between body mass index, balance, ortostatic hypotensionand risk of fallingin elderly." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 4, no. 2 (January 12, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v4i2.186.

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Background: One of the health problem related to aging includes fall that can cause an increase in morbidity and limitation in activities. Other factors that affect falls includes nutritional status, balance and hemodynamic disturbances.Methods: observational analytic study with cross-sectional study design. The independent variable was risk of falling in the elderly and the dependent variable was body mass index (BMI), balance and orthostatic hypotension. The instruments used in this study were Morse Fall Scaleto assessrisk of falling, Body mass index (BMI) to assess nutritional status, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), a series of tests were used to assess balance in the elderly. An orthostatic hypotension was measured using sphygmomanometer.Results: Most of the elderly 32 (68.1%) had a normoweight. A total of 31 elderly had moderate body balance score, and 39 (89%) of elderly had an orthostatic hypotension. The number of elderly withlow risk of falling was 30 (63.8%). There was no relationship between BMI and and the risk of falling (p=0.064). There was a relationship between body balance and the risk of falling in the elderly Pucang Gading Nursing HomeSemarang (p<0.05, r=-0.497). There was no relationship between orthostatic hypotension and the risk of falls (p=0.974).Conclusion: There is no relationship between BMI, orthostatic hypotension and the risk of falling. There is a relationship between balance and risk of fallingin the elderlyInternational Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 04 No. 02 April’20 Page : 114-119

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Okoye, Safiyyah, John Mulcahy, Chanee Fabius, and Jennifer Wolff. "Home and Neighborhood Context and Fall Risk Among Older Americans." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2503.

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Abstract Falls result from complex interactions between individuals and their environment and are the leading cause of injuries among older adults. A nascent literature demonstrates an association between neighborhood characteristics and falls. However, available evidence is from small, nonrepresentative samples and generally focuses on individual, home, or neighborhood risk-factors rather than the contribution of all three. We link information from N=6,489 community-dwelling participants in the 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study with the Social Deprivation Index (SDI), which yields a census-tract-level score of socioeconomic disadvantage, to assess associations between home and neighborhood context and falls in the previous year. Household financial strain was associated with a 31% increased risk of falling, and indoor trip hazards with a 14% increased risk, after adjusting for individual factors and neighborhood SDI (all p <0.05). Findings reflect the interplay between home and neighborhood context and fall-risk, and can inform community-based fall-prevention interventions.

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Skinner, Brian W., Elizabeth V. Johnston, and Lindsay M. Saum. "Benzodiazepine Initiation and Dose Escalation." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 51, no. 4 (November 28, 2016): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028016682530.

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Background: Benzodiazepines (BZDs) place patients at a significant risk of falling. The current literature does not address if this risk is increased during initiation or dose escalations of BZDs. Objective: To determine if initiation or dose escalations of BZD regimens are associated with an increased risk of falls in hospitalized patients compared with patients maintained on their home dose or who had their dose decreased from baseline. Methods: This retrospective case-control study evaluated hospitalized patients aged 45 years or older who received a BZD. Patients who did not fall were collected in a 3:1 ratio to patients who fell. Comparisons were made between BZD regimens prior to admission and those 48 hours prior to the index date. The date of fall served as the index date for patients who fell, and the median time-to-fall served as the index date for all other patients. Results: A total of 132 patients were included in the study (33 falls and 99 without a fall). No significant differences were noted in demographics, baseline mobility, or past medical history. Patients who fell had a significantly longer median length of stay (15 vs 10 days; P = 0.025). Additionally, patients who fell were more likely to have had their BZD regimen initiated or dose escalated compared with patients who did not fall (63.6% vs 41.4%; P = 0.043). Conclusions: The risk of falling while on a BZD is increased on initiation and dose escalations. Hospitals should ensure judicious use of BZDs in inpatients to reduce the risk of falls.

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Chen, Yu-Wei, Chui-Yu Chiu, and Mu-Chun Hsiao. "An Auxiliary Index for Reducing Brent Crude Investment Risk—Evaluating the Price Relationships between Brent Crude and Commodities." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 5050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095050.

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Examining the price relationships of Brent Crude with 78 global commodities, our study shows that the spot price of a certain commodity, New York Harbor No. 2 Heating Oil Spot Price FOB, can serve as an auxiliary forecasting index of the rise and fall of the monthly Brent Crude oil price. With an innovative view for evaluating the price relationship and prediction based on simple, practical measurement, our findings provide a helpful auxiliary index tool for investors and analysts by offering a high success rate (82.98%) and predicting the rise and fall of the monthly Brent Crude oil price three weeks in advance.

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Bobowik, Patrycja, Ida Wiszomirska, Anna Leś, and Katarzyna Kaczmarczyk. "Selected Tools for Assessing the Risk of Falls in Older Women." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 12, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2065201.

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Background and Aim. This study is aimed at comparing the Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up and Go (TUG), and a modified Unterberger test with stabilographic parameters (Biodex Balance System—BBS), to assess fall risk (FR) in older women. Methods. Fifty-five females were examined (May 2018-June 2019). Stabilographic examinations were performed with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Spearman rank correlation were performed to determine the relationships and differences between the above tests. Results. The results of the TUG correlate with the overall stability index (OSI) EO ( r = 0.314 ), medial-lateral stability index (MLSI) EO ( r = 0.297 ), and fall risk index (FRI6-2; r = 0.435 ) in stabilographic examinations and the FRT ( r = − 0.399 ). The results of the modified Unterberger test correlate with MLSI EO ( r = 0.276 ), OSI EC ( r = 0.310 ), and MLSI EC ( r = 0.378 ). There are statistically significant differences between faller and nonfaller groups in TUG ( p = 0.0068 ), FRT ( p = 0.001 ), and MLSI EO ( p = 0.0118 ). Conclusions. The modified Unterberger test and TUG can be considered effective in functional FR assessment in older women. Using at least two different functional tests may improve the assessment of FR.

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Satoshi, Tagashira, Takashima Atsushi, and Shintani Takeshi. "124 Core Stability is Involved in the Fall Risk of Older Adults." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_4 (December 2019): iv28—iv33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz164.124.

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Abstract Background Fall prevention in older adults is an important task. Lower extremity function is a main focus in fall prevention. There are few previous studies focusing on core stability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between fall risk and core stability. Methods The study participants were 33 community-dwelling older adults (mean age: 65±17 years old; 5 men, 28 women). The fall risk was assessed using the Fall Risk Index-21 (FRI-21). Core stability measured the retention time of Side Bridge (SB) and Front Bridge (FB). Secondary outcome measures included lower extremity muscle strength (knee extension, hip abduction) and physical function (two-step test). Statistical analysis investigated the correlation between the measurement items. Results We found a significant negative correlation between FRI-21 and SB (r = -0.51, p<0.01) and FRI-21 and FB (r = -0.47, p<0.01). We also found a correlation between FRI-21 and the two-step test (r = -0.40, p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between FRI-21 and lower extremity muscle strength. Discussion FRI and Core stability showed moderate correlation. It suggests that the core and hip muscle functions involved in posture retention are involved with fall. Conclusion The risk of falls in older adults was related to core stability. If the core stability of older adults improves, it may help to reduce the risk of falling. Therefore, it is useful to consider core stability in the assessment of fall risk.

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de Figueiredo Carvalho, Zuila Maria, Joyce Miná Albuquerque Coelho, Raelly Ramos Campos, Deyse Cardoso de Oliveira, Winner Gomes Machado, and Samia Jardelle Costa de Freitas Maniva. "Use of the Tinetti Index to Assess Fall Risk in Patients with Sequelae of Stroke." Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 07, no. 14 (2014): 1088–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbise.2014.714106.

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Wu, Lee, Jiang, and Sun. "Multiscale Entropy Analysis of Postural Stability for Estimating Fall Risk via Domain Knowledge of Timed-Up-And-Go Accelerometer Data for Elderly People Living in a Community." Entropy 21, no. 11 (November 2, 2019): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21111076.

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As people in developed countries live longer, assessing the fall risk becomes more important. A major contributor to the risk of elderly people falling is postural instability. This study aimed to use the multiscale entropy (MSE) analysis to evaluate postural stability during a timed-up-and-go (TUG) test. This test was deemed a promising method for evaluating fall risk among the elderly in a community. The MSE analysis of postural instability can identify the elderly prone to falling, whereupon early medical rehabilitation can prevent falls. Herein, an objective approach is developed for assessing the postural stability of 85 community-dwelling elderly people (aged 76.12 ± 6.99 years) using the short-form Berg balance scale. Signals were collected from the TUG test using a triaxial accelerometer. A segment-based TUG (sTUG) test was designed, which can be obtained according to domain knowledge, including “Sit-to-Walk (STW),” “Walk,” “Turning,” and “Walk-to-Sit (WTS)” segments. Employing the complexity index (CI) of sTUG can reveal information about the physiological dynamics’ signal for postural stability assessment. Logistic regression was used to assess the fall risk based on significant features of CI related to sTUG. MSE curves for subjects at risk of falling (n = 19) exhibited different trends from those not at risk of falling (n = 66). Additionally, the CI values were lower for subjects at risk of falling than those not at risk of falling. Results show that the area under the curve for predicting fall risk among the elderly subjects with complexity index features from the overall TUG test is 0.797, which improves to 0.853 with the sTUG test. For the elderly living in a community, early assessment of the CI for sTUG using MSE can help predict the fall risk.

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Moon, Byeong-Yeon, Jae Hyeok Choi, Dong-Sik Yu, and Sang-Yeob Kim. "Effect of induced hyperopia on fall risk and Fourier transformation of postural sway." PeerJ 7 (December 20, 2019): e8329. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8329.

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Background and Purpose Fall accidents are a social challenge in Korea and elsewhere. Most previous studies have focused on the effects of reduced visual acuity due to myopia on falls and body balance. The objective of this study was to investigate whether uncorrected hyperopia was a major risk factor for falls and to establish whether the risk of falls was absolutely correlated with visual acuity. Methods Fifty-one young subjects with a mean age of 22.75 ± 2.13 years were enrolled in this study. To induce hyperopic and myopic refractive errors, spherical lenses of ±1.0–6.0 D (1.0 D stepwise) were used. Under each induced condition, fall risk index and sway power were assessed via Fourier transformation of postural sway using a TETRAX system. Results The fall risk index for eyes-closed was significantly greater than that of eyes-open with full correction (t = −5.876, p < 0.05). The fall risk index increased significantly from hyperopia induced with −4.0 D lenses (with visual acuity of 0.69 ± 0.32) compared to eyes-open with full correction (F = 3.213, p < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in the induced myopia conditions, despite a drastic decline in decimal visual acuity. Sway power increased significantly in the low-to-medium frequency band derived from the peripheral vestibular system when hyperopia was induced. A significant difference was detected in hyperopia induced with −6.0 D lenses compared to eyes-open with full correction (F = 4.981, p = 0.017). Conclusion An uncorrected hyperopia rather than myopia may increase the risk of falls, although eyes may show normal visual acuity due to the inherent accommodation mechanism. Our findings suggest that the corrected state of refractive errors is more important than the level of visual acuity as the criteria for appropriate visual input, which contributes to stable posture. Therefore, clinicians should consider the refractive condition, especially the characteristics of hyperopia, when analyzing body balance, and appropriate correction of uncorrected hyperopia to prevent falls.

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Jehu, Deborah A., Jennifer C. Davis, Kristin Velsey, Winnie Cheung, and Teresa Liu-Ambrose. "ABILITY OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROFILE ASSESSMENT TO CLASSIFY FALLER TYPE: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1757.

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Abstract Accurately identifying older adults who will experience subsequent falls is important for the provision of secondary fall prevention. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) – a valid and reliable fall-risk assessment [1] – in predicting subsequent falls over a 12-month period in older adults who sought for medical attention after an index fall. Seven hundred thirty-seven community-dwelling adults, aged 70 years and older, who were seen at the Vancouver General Hospital Fall Prevention Clinic, completed the PPA at their initial visit. Falls over the subsequent 12 months were tracked prospectively via monthly falls calendars. All individuals received geriatric care at baseline. Binary logistic regressions were performed to determine the accuracy of classifying two prospective faller types: 1) no additional falls; 2) one or more additional fall(s). Baseline PPA, age, and sex were entered as independent variables. During the 12 month observation period, 345 participants had no additional falls (Age:81.3±6.6yrs;Female=251) and 392 fell one or more times (Age:82.3±6.5yrs;Female=230). The classification accuracy was 51.3% for those who had no additional falls and 64.8% for those with one or more additional fall(s) (Overall:58.5%;χ2=29.0;PPA:β=-0.21;Age:β=-0.01;Sex:β=-60). The PPA was not able to accurately differentiate between those who did and did not subsequently fall. Fall-risk assessment sensitivity and specificity should be improved in older adults seeking medical attention following an index fall to inform secondary fall prevention. [1] Lord SR, et al., 2003. Phys Ther.

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Lohman, Matthew C., Amanda J. Sonnega, Emily J. Nicklett, Lillian Estenson, and Amanda N. Leggett. "Comparing Estimates of Fall-Related Mortality Incidence Among Older Adults in the United States." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 74, no. 9 (October 25, 2018): 1468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly250.

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AbstractBackgroundFalls are the leading cause of injury-related mortality among older adults in the United States, but incidence and risk factors for fall-related mortality remain poorly understood. This study compared fall-related mortality incidence rate estimates from a nationally representative cohort with those from a national vital record database and identified correlates of fall-related mortality.MethodsCause-of-death data from the National Death Index (NDI; 1999–2011) were linked with eight waves from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a representative cohort of U.S. older adults (N = 20,639). Weighted fall-related mortality incidence rates were calculated and compared with estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) vital record data. Fall-related deaths were identified using International Classification of Diseases (Version 10) codes. Person-time at risk was calculated from HRS entry until death or censoring. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify individual-level factors associated with fall-related deaths.ResultsThe overall incidence rate of fall-related mortality was greater in HRS–NDI data (51.6 deaths per 100,000; 95% confidence interval: 42.04, 63.37) compared with CDC data (42.00 deaths per 100,000; 95% confidence interval: 41.80, 42.19). Estimated differences between the two data sources were greater for men and adults aged 85 years and older. Greater age, male gender, and self-reported fall history were identified as independent risk factors for fall-related mortality.ConclusionIncidence rates based on aggregate vital records may substantially underestimate the occurrence of and risk for fall-related mortality differentially in men, minorities, and relatively younger adults. Cohort-based estimates of individual fall-related mortality risk are important supplements to vital record estimates.

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Schmitt, Abigail C., Sidney T. Baudendistel, Michaela S. Fallon, Jaimie A. Roper, and Chris J. Hass. "Assessing the Relationship between the Enhanced Gait Variability Index and Falls in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2020 (February 7, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5813049.

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Gait impairment and increased gait variability are common among individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and have been associated with increased risk for falls. The development of composite scores has gained interest to aggregate multiple aspects of gait into a single metric. The Enhanced Gait Variability Index (EGVI) was developed to compare an individual’s gait variability to the amount of variability in a healthy population, yet the EGVI’s individual parts may also provide important information that may be lost in this conversion. We sought to contrast individual gait measures as predictors of fall frequency and the EGVI as a single predictor of fall frequency in individuals with PD. 273 patients (189M, 84F; 68 ± 10 yrs) with idiopathic PD walked over an instrumented walkway and reported fall frequency over three months (never, rarely, monthly, weekly, or daily). The predictive ability of gait velocity, step length, step time, stance time, and single support time and the EGVI was assessed using regression techniques to predict fall frequency. The EGVI explained 15.1% of the variance in fall frequency (p<0.001, r = 0.389). Although the regression using the combined spatiotemporal measures to predict fall frequency was significant (p=0.002, r = 0.264), none of the components reached significance (gait velocity: p=0.640, step length: p=0.900, step time: p=0.525, stance time: p=0.532, single support time: p=0.480). The EGVI is a better predictor of fall frequency in persons with PD than its individual spatiotemporal components. Patients who fall more frequently have more variable gait, based on the interpretation of the EGVI. While the EGVI provides an objective measure of gait variability with some ability to predict fall frequency, full clinical interpretations and applications are currently unknown.

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Hong, Namki, Seungwon Burm, and Yumie Rhee. "Fall Patterns Are Independent Risk Factors for Mortality After Hip Fracture in Older Adults." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.500.

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Abstract Hip fracture is becoming a major health problem with high mortality and morbidity in older adults. However, whether specific fall patterns could act as independent risk factors for predicting mortality after hip fracture remains unknown. We aimed to investigate whether fall patterns can serve as an independent risk factor for mortality after hip fracture. Electronic medical records (EMR) of individuals who visited emergency room or admitted to the Severance hospital, Seoul, Korea, between January 2005 to December 2019 were reviewed to categorize fall patterns. Fall patterns were categorized upon review of explanatory description in EMR, using modified classification based on motion analysis of video-captured falls in a prior study. Among 1,991 study subjects (mean age 77 years, 71% women), 211 patients died (10.6%; median survival 296 days). Fall location was divided into home (67.4%) and outdoor (32.6%) with mortality rate of 11.9% and 8.0% (p=0.009), respectively. Fall patterns were specified by “cause of fall” (6 categories; slip [29.6%], trip or stumble [17.5%], etc.) and by “activity at time of fall” (6 categories; walking [54.8%], getting up or rising [14.1%], etc). Among the combinations of both causes and activities, individuals who sustained hip fracture during “incorrect weight shift while sitting down or lowering”(hazard ratio [HR] 3.35, p=0.003), “collapsed during unclassified activity”(HR 2.37, p=0.006), “incorrect weight shift while getting up or rising”(HR 2.13, p=0.003), and “slipped while walking”(HR 1.83, p=0.004) had increased mortality after hip fracture compared to those with outdoor falls, after adjustment for age, sex, and Charlson comorbidity index. Specific fall patterns in individuals who sustained hip fracture predicted excess mortality in older adults, independent of age, sex, and comorbidities. Acknowledgement: We thank Doori Cho of the the SENTINEL (Severance ENdocrinology daTa scIeNcE pLatform) team (4-2018-1215) for the data acquisition process. Conflict of Interest: SB, NH, and YR have nothing to declare.

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White, K. N., K. B. Gunter, W. C. Hayes, and C. M. Snow. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDEX OF TESTS TO PREDICT RISK OF A SIDE-FALL AMONG ELDERLY ADULTS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-01427.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Downton Fall Risk Index'

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