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Journal articles on the topic 'Downtown Planning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Abbott, Carl. "Five Downtown Strategies: Policy Discourse and Downtown Planning Since 1945." Journal of Policy History 5, no. 1 (January 1993): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006588.

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Americans have planned for their downtowns within a continually changing framework of images and assumptions about the nature of central business districts. During each decade since World War II, discussion of downtown problems and possibilities has been dominated by a distinct set of assumptions that has conditioned academic research, federal policy, and local planning. From decade to decade, experts on downtowns have chosen different themes as central to the interpretation of downtown growth, change, and policy needs. As the understanding of the situation has changed, so have the preferred planning solutions and public interventions.

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2

Runyan, Rodney C., and Patricia Huddleston. "Getting customers downtown: the role of branding in achieving success for central business districts." Journal of Product & Brand Management 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610420610650873.

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PurposeTo extend the research focuses of downtown business districts beyond the urban planning literature through application of the resource‐based theory of the firm. Downtowns may act like firms (with a collection of SBUs), and therefore should possess resources that provide competitive advantages.Design/methodology/approachA multi‐method approach (focus groups; survey) is used to examine, a priori, the resources that provide competitive advantage for downtowns, including brand identity, business mix and community characteristics. Structural equation modeling is used to test the measurement of the constructs as well as estimate the effects of those constructs on downtown success. The data were collected from business owners within 11 downtown business districts in the US Midwest.FindingsConfirmatory factor analyses reveal that brand identity, business mix and community characteristics are three distinct measures of downtown resources. Brand identity was found to have a significant and positive effect on downtown success. Though the literature points to the importance of both business mix and community characteristics, these did not have a significant effect on downtown success.Research limitations/implicationsBrands in general are posited to be less mobile than other firm resources, and thus may provide a more sustainable competitive advantage. By combining diverse areas of study, operationalizing new constructs, and testing measures, both the resource‐based view (RBV) and brand research are extended.Practical implicationsSince most downtown business districts (and the small businesses therein) have finite resources, to identify those which provide the most sustainable competitive advantage is critical to success. In this study, brand identity is the most important resource a downtown can possess.Originality/valueThis research moves the study of brands beyond “product” towards the concept of place branding. It extends the RBV framework to conceptualize downtown business districts as “firms,” thus allowing the identification of resources that lead to successful downtowns.

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3

Mosher, Anne E., Barry D. Keim, and Susan A. Franques. "Downtown Dynamics." Geographical Review 85, no. 4 (October 1995): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215922.

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4

Ito, Takumi, Tsuyoshi Setoguchi, Takashi Miyauchi, Akira Ishii, and Norihiro Watanabe. "Sustainable Downtown Development for the Tsunami-Prepared Urban Revitalization of Regional Coastal Cities." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041020.

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Regional cities in Japan are facing a decline in the downtown area owing to urban expansion and a decrease in the population. Promoting downtown living is indispensable for the realization of downtown revitalization. Since many coastal cities originally developed outward from a port, their downtown areas are located near the coast and are at high risk of tsunamis. The purpose of this research is to reveal the effectiveness of dealing with the above two issues in parallel by evaluating the Deae-ru Saiwai estate, a public housing relocation project in downtown Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan that incorporates a tsunami evacuation facility with questionnaires and a GIS survey. Placing public housing in the downtown area shortens the distance to public facilities and improves the convenience of the surrounding environment for many residents. Installing the tsunami evacuation facility improves the feeling of reassurance of residents who would feel anxiety about immigration with regards to tsunamis. This research has clarified the synergistic effect of dealing with the daily and emergency issues in parallel for promoting downtown living. Planning downtown revitalization and disaster prevention concurrently, which has been separated so far, is a fundamental planning approach for urban revitalization in regional coastal cities.

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5

Gleeson, Jim, and Maria Cuzzolaro. "Workin’ it downtown." Australian Planner 41, no. 3 (January 2004): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2004.9982366.

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6

Smith, Heather A. "Planning, policy and polarisation in Vancouver's downtown eastside." Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 94, no. 4 (September 2003): 496–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00276.

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7

Zhou, Chao. "Study on Earthquake Shelters Planning and Construction in Downtown Area — a Case of Xianyang." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 3579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.3579.

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According to regional seismic activity in Xianyang downtown development and construction trends and needs，use of relevant indicators, to determine the scale of urban shelter-building; The establishment of shelter-level evaluation index system and the use of Layer analysis methods, to cover a radius based on the layout of urban shelter planning; The use of OVD、WVD method, Xianyang downtown with other relevant factors, areas of responsibility of shelter space for the scope and amendments divided; By Wei-Bin Park shelter facilities planning and construction, and explore urban planning and construction of shelter method.

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8

NARUSE, Atsushi. "Daikanyama: Downtown as a Commodity." Japanese Journal of Human Geography 45, no. 6 (1993): 618–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4200/jjhg1948.45.618.

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9

Charney, Igal. "Property developers and the robust downtown: the case of four major Canadian downtowns." Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien 49, no. 3 (August 19, 2005): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-3658.2005.00097.x.

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10

Ammon, Francesca Russello. "Reversing the Tide of Suburban Families? The Design, Marketing, and Occupancy of Urban Renewal’s High-rise Housing." Journal of Planning History 19, no. 4 (January 23, 2020): 228–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538513219897989.

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During the postwar urban renewal era, many US cities constructed high-rise downtown apartment buildings to lure families back from the suburbs. These projects met demand for high-end downtown housing. They often remain occupied today—in stark contrast to the more rapid demise of many other redevelopment projects designed for shopping, entertainment, or public housing use. Yet, they also often fell short of their larger demographic goals. This occupational history of New Haven, Connecticut’s first downtown high-rises shows that the projects’ architecture, site planning, public realm, and rental structures never lived up to either suburban alternatives or their own marketing promises.

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11

Silk, Michael L. "Come Downtown & Play." Leisure Studies 26, no. 3 (July 2007): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02614360601053889.

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12

DEKEL, GABRIEL. "DOWNTOWN VERSUS SUBURBAN SHOPPING CENTRES." Australian Planner 33, no. 3 (January 1996): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1996.9658106.

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13

Mowery, Kara, and Mathew Novak. "Challenges, motivations, and desires of downtown revitalizers." Journal of Place Management and Development 9, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-09-2015-0035.

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Purpose This study aims to identify the motivations, challenges and desires of the various actors working in contemporary downtown revitalization in mid-sized cities. Design/methodology/approach Using Spokane, Washington, as a case study, 24 semi-structured interviews were conducted with key players in downtown redevelopment, including public administrators, private developers and non-profit representatives. Findings Results indicate that those conducting renewal projects are primarily motivated by economics, but additionally cite heritage preservation values and community development as significant factors. Moreover, contemporary renewal projects are found to be small-scale endeavours, undertaken by individual private investors, as government involvement has significantly diminished. Revitalizers tended to express frustration with a lack of investor and public awareness regarding renewal opportunities, suggesting that increased information dissemination might promote further renewal work within mid-sized urban downtowns. Originality/value Findings provide insight into issues with neoliberal policies in addressing contemporary urban issues, and suggest a more nuanced understanding of contemporary urban development processes beyond the narrowly defined profit-driven paradigm.

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14

Coren, Samuel A. "Interface." Journal of Planning History 16, no. 1 (July 31, 2016): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538513216645620.

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This article details the vision, goals, and legacy of Interface: Providence, the 1974 Downtown Providence master plan that proposed to transform the city center into an autorestricted regional mass transit hub where public parks replaced surface parking lots and rigid functional zoning gave way to higher densities and mixed uses. Interface catalyzed a generation of Downtown advocates who valued historic preservation, walkable streets, and quality public spaces as first principles. And yet, the plan’s big-picture vision of a transit-oriented metropolis with Downtown as its center had relatively little impact on subsequent transportation policy, and, by this measure, Interface remains an untested proposition.

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15

Li, Yan. "The Study on Low-Carbon Urban Ecological Planning." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 6714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.6714.

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The low-carbon planning of towns should build up the low-carbon ecology as its compilation concept, emphasize the concept of low-carbon economic system and urban low-carbon planning, and explain the planning strategy from town planning, overall planning, controlled planning with details, the design guide of downtown and the schemes of important projects etc.. The town planning emphasizes the technology applications of the industry system of low-carbon economic park, low-carbon energy system, low-carbon traffic system, low-carbon logistics system and carbon sink system etc.. The overall planning pays more attention to the design of low-carbon economic system, the grasp of whole form of low-carbon economic park, the using form and layout of the area, the plan and design of road system. The controlled planning with details and the design guide of downtown emphasize the technology application of planning design of reducing carbon emission, the study of living mode of low-carbon city, the planning of living community and technology study of the design of low-carbon compilation. The purpose of it is building up the planning mode of low-carbon ecological town.

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16

Wideman, Trevor J., and Jeffrey R. Masuda. "Toponymic assemblages, resistance, and the politics of planning in Vancouver, Canada." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 36, no. 3 (January 10, 2018): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654417750624.

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The marginalized and impoverished Downtown Eastside neighbourhood of Vancouver, Canada has long been subjected to planning programs that have aimed to solve area problems through strategic government intervention. The 2011–2014 Local Area Planning Process, led by the City of Vancouver in consultation with local actors, represents the most recent of such programs. Despite the Local Area Planning Process’s stated goal of inclusive participation, the resultant Downtown Eastside plan transformed the political landscape of the neighbourhood and met with derision from stakeholders for its potential to generate dramatic capital-led transformations. In this paper, we critique participatory planning through a case study of the Local Area Planning Process. We utilize a lens of critical toponymy (the investigation of the historical and political implications of place naming) as a methodological tool to examine planning technologies of power and their mobilization through governmental processes. We deploy a novel approach to toponymy, drawing on assemblage theory, that presents toponymy as a radically open and dynamic process mobilized relationally through a multiplicity of discourses and materialities. Our case study demonstrates that processes of toponymic assemblage within the Downtown Eastside Local Area Planning Process worked to (1) generate new territorial conflicts, (2) depoliticize community activism, and (3) co-opt racialized and class-based histories of displacement and dispossession to stimulate “revitalization” (“Japantown”). On the other hand, we found that in unanticipated ways, these processes worked to stimulate anti-gentrification activism, alliances, and resistance. Our analysis of planning highlights how toponymic agency can service oppressive and marginalizing place-framings, but it can also have liberating effects – by inspiring unlikely alliances and counter-framings.

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17

Nowak, Paweł. "LIMITED SPACE FOR TREES IN THE URBAN PLANNING OF THE CITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SELECTED LOCATIONS IN SZCZECIN AND GOLENIÓW)." Space&FORM 2021, no. 47 (September 9, 2021): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.47.c-02.

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This paper presents a study on the introduction of trees into urban space after 1960 on the example of Szczecin and Goleniów, Selected area types located in downtown areas such as: front gardens, greenery strips along streets, and trees lining streets, were observed over a period of five years and analysed. This paper is also intended to present the significant problem of trees dying in downtown areas. Current methods of alleviating the difficult situation of trees in the city were also presented.

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18

Snepenger, David J., Steven Reiman, Jerry Johnson, and Mary Snepenger. "Is Downtown Mainly for Tourists?" Journal of Travel Research 36, no. 3 (January 1998): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759803600301.

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19

Gärling, T., and E. Gärling. "Distance Minimization in Downtown Pedestrian Shopping." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 4 (April 1988): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a200547.

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Downtown pedestrian shopping was observed with the purpose of determining whether shoppers attempted to minimize walking distance, and, if so, whether, as has been suggested in previous research, they did that by successively choosing the closest locations. In downtown of an average-sized Swedish city (about 80000 residents), 150 shoppers were interviewed in a parking lot when they were coming back from shopping rounds. 69% of the shoppers visited more than one location, and 51% visited more than two locations. Of those who visited more than two different locations, 35 (69%) attempted to minimize walking distance. This was most frequently done by first choosing the location farthest away, then minimizing distance successively back to the parking lot. In this way shoppers probably attempted to minimize both the walking distance and the effort to carry goods. Some shoppers managed to choose routes which were shorter than if they had minimized distance successively. This finding was consistent with the results of laboratory studies demonstrating the role of maplike mental representations for distance-minimizing choices.

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20

Cornillie, Thomas C. "Innovative Planning and Financing Strategies for a Downtown Circulator Bus Route." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2063, no. 1 (January 2008): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2063-15.

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21

Garde, Ajay. "Form-Based Codes for Downtown Redevelopment: Insights from Southern California." Journal of Planning Education and Research 38, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x17692653.

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Several cities have adopted form-based codes (FBCs) for downtown redevelopment. Using a multiple–case study method, this article examines the extent to which FBCs adopted by Southern California cities for downtown redevelopment differ from conventional zoning regulations (CZRs) in integrating LEED-ND criteria, which include sustainable design principles. Results show that FBCs generally integrate LEED-ND criteria to a greater extent than do the CZRs that they replaced; however, there is variation in the extent to which FBCs integrate these criteria. The article points to criteria that deserve more attention in these FBCs and presents recommendations for planners considering FBCs for downtown redevelopment.

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22

PARK, CHEON‐BO. "Lessons of Downtown Revitalization Plans in Korea." Urban Policy and Research 22, no. 4 (September 2004): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0811114042000296344.

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23

Biles, Roger. "Harold Washington and the Planning Tradition in Chicago." Journal of Planning History 17, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538513217722946.

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Beginning with Daniel H. Burnham’s iconic 1909 plan, the planning tradition in Chicago emphasized the enhancement of the downtown as the key to the city’s health. Harold Washington challenged the tradition during his one-term mayoralty, as evidenced in his administration’s 1984 comprehensive plan, calling for balanced growth and increased attention to neighborhood concerns. Following Washington’s abrupt death in office, subsequent mayors quickly reverted to the more conventional approach to planning that held sway in Chicago and many other large US cities in postindustrial America.

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24

Shetty, Sujata, and Andreas Luescher. "Inter-Disciplinarity in Urban Design: Erasing Boundaries between Architects and Planners in Urban Design Studios." Open House International 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2010-b0010.

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Urban design has historically occupied the gap between architecture and planning. Although there have long been calls for the discipline to bridge this gap, urban design has continued to lean more heavily on design than planning. The efforts to revitalize downtown Toledo, a mid-western U.S. town experiencing steep economic decline, present a classic example of the potentially unfortunate results of this approach. Over the past three decades, there have been many attempts to revitalize the city, especially its downtown, by constructing several large public buildings, all within a few blocks of each other, all designed with little attention to each other or to the surrounding public spaces, and with a remarkable lack of civic engagement. Responding to calls in the literature for inter-disciplinarity in urban design, and to the city's experience with urban design, the authors created a collaborative studio for architects and planners from two neighboring universities with two purposes: first, to establish a collaborative work environment where any design interventions would be firmly rooted in the planning context (i.e., to erase boundaries between architects and planners); second, to draw lessons from this experience for the practice and teaching of urban design. Despite the difficulties of collaborating, architects and planners benefited from exposure to each other, learning about each other's work, as well as learning to collaborate. The interdisciplinary teams developed richer proposals than the architect-only teams. Finally, critical engagement with the community is essential to shaping downtown development.

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25

Filion, Pierre. "Time scales and planning history: medium- and long-term interpretations of downtown Toronto planning and development." Planning Perspectives 35, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 345–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2018.1554451.

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26

Kim, Eunkwang, and Sanghong Lee. "Sustainability and the Expected Effects of Office-to-Residential Conversion in Historic Downtown Areas of South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 9576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229576.

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South Korea has industrialized and urbanized rapidly since the 1970s, and subsequently, the historic downtown areas of major cities have been hollowed out as the population and industry have become concentrated in urban centers. Based on the Urban Decline Indicators of Korea, in accordance with the Urban Revitalization Act of the South Korean government, a comparative analysis of the population changes, office vacancy rate, building aging rate, decrease in the number of industries and employees, and housing supply and demand in historic downtown areas and new urban areas of six major South Korean cities demonstrated that all six historic downtown areas have declined significantly. Currently, little research is available in South Korea on the expansion of urban living and the inflow of urban residents through office-to-residential building conversion. Therefore, this study explores the expansion of urban residences to revitalize these historic downtown areas. To this end, this study examines the feasibility of converting poorly functioning, vacant offices in historic downtown areas into residential spaces to present a sustainable strategy for their complexation. This study finds that office-to-residential building conversion is a sustainable way to recover urban space and grow the population and industry in historic downtown areas.

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27

Birch, Eugenie Ladner. "Having a Longer View on Downtown Living." Journal of the American Planning Association 68, no. 1 (March 31, 2002): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944360208977188.

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28

Rącka, Izabela, Sławomir Palicki, Małgorzata Krajewska, Kinga Szopińska, and Olgierd Kempa. "Changes On the Housing Market of the Downtown Area in Selected Polish Cities." Real Estate Management and Valuation 25, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2017-0015.

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Abstract Large Polish cities are currently dealing with an increasing significance of downtown areas, extending outside of the city centers (meaning the area directly surrounding the city square). The downtown alone seems to influence the fate of entire cities, facilitating their success or contributing to their failure. A good demographic, social and economic condition of a downtown, its positive image and the dynamic development of the part of the city perceived as the business and administration centre and a meeting place of residents and tourists, contribute to the image and potential of the whole city to a great extent. Changes in urban surroundings, the signs of which may be observed in spatial, aesthetic, architectural, urban-planning and socio-economic aspects, determine the functioning and condition of local real estate markets. Whether potential buyers consider the real estate attractive depends on the assessment of its significant features, of which transaction price is representative. The main research objective of the article is the identification, assessment and interpretation of differences in prices registered in the years 2009-2014 in downtown residential real estate markets. These considerations have been referred to analogical phenomena within the entire cities under examination. The detailed research objective is an attempt to explain the sources of individual reactions of the analyzed real estate markets in downtown areas. The cities under research include: Bydgoszcz, Kalisz, Toruń and Wrocław. The authors applied quantitative analysis (statistical, comparative) to transaction data registered in local residential real estate markets.

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29

Burgess, Patricia. "The Changing Image of the City: Planning for Downtown Omaha, 1945-1973." Annals of Iowa 52, no. 4 (October 1993): 479–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.9773.

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30

Charney, Igal. "Downtown redevelopment and land-use regulation: Can planning policies discipline property development?" Land Use Policy 47 (September 2015): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.04.019.

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31

Fairbanks, Robert B. "Metropolitan planning and downtown redevelopment: The Cincinnati and Dallas experiences, 1940–60." Planning Perspectives 2, no. 3 (September 1987): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665438708725642.

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32

Xue, Bin Xia, Zhi Qing Zhao, and Sheng Jun Liu. "Study on the City Integrity from the Prospect of Spatial Planning of the Marginal Areas in Harbin." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 1843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1843.

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Based on the planning patterns of spatial planning both at home and abroad, this paper has analyzed the importance of maintaining the integrity with the central city and its methods in the spatial planning of marginal areas in Harbin. Additionally to keep the spatial structure of city marginal areas and the integrity with the downtown are also regarded as the basic premise of enhancing vitality and sustainable development ability in the new areas.

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33

Masuda, Jeffrey R., Aaron Franks, Audrey Kobayashi, and Trevor Wideman. "After dispossession: An urban rights praxis of remaining in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775819860850.

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Drawing from a multi-year research presence in Vancouver, Canada’s Downtown Eastside, we generate insights into the praxis of the historically dispossessed within contemporary processes of subaltern urbanisms. Interviews with past and present Downtown Eastside residents reveal parallel narratives of dispossession and remaining between Japanese Canadians who were expelled during the Second World War and communities in the present-day neighborhood. A common frame of reference, a form of dispossessive collectivism, takes shape in a tenuous Right to Remain premised on material, cultural, existential, and political struggles that have inflected life in the Downtown Eastside for over a century of colonial urbanization. The Right to Remain can provide a situated and integrative vocabulary for consolidating grassroots praxis across diverse social groupings and settings to address urban spatial claims (symbolically and materially) and to confront forces of gentrification driving dispossession processes in Vancouver and beyond.

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34

Zou, Han. "Strategic Urban Planning for Better City Future — A Case Study of Hong Kong Metroplan." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.535.

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The strategic urban planning theory and practice appears at the end of the 20th century, which primarily attempts to solve the downtown problems such as economy depression, traffic inconvenient and Infrastructure shortage. This paper takes Hong Kong Metroplan as example in the view of historical and empirical study to analyze the purpose, function and process of strategic urban planning, which refers to several issues such as land-use planning, environmental planning, urban planning review and public participation. It sums up the experience of strategic urban planning in Hong Kong to provide the reference for present rapid urbanization in China.

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35

Filion, P. "Factors of evolution in the content of planning documents: downtown planning in a Canadian city, 1962 - 1992." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 20, no. 4 (1993): 459–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b200459.

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36

Balsas, Carlos. "The Phoenix Capitol Mall Studios as Examples of Community Embeddedness." Open House International 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2006-b0009.

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The Capitol Mall is a very complex urban area adjacent to downtown Phoenix, where Governmental buildings exist side by side with a historic residential neighborhood, warehouse buildings, an under-construction human services campus, vacant lots, and many homeless people on the streets. This area has been 'forgotten' in recent efforts to revitalize downtown Phoenix. The Capitol Mall project involved two studios - Architecture and Planning - conducted simultaneously during spring 2005. The planning studio was intended to develop a revitalization plan and the architecture studio was charged with developing specific programs and projects of urban design and architecture. The purpose of this paper is threefold: 1) to introduce our studios as examples of community embeddedness, 2) to discuss our pedagogical approaches and the project's outcomes, and 3) to present a set of lessons learned that can be valuable to others teaching similar joint studio arrangements. In brief the five lessons are: a) joint studios can have different approaches to reality, b) interdisciplinary studios can benefit from different methodologies and outcomes, c) planning and architecture studios use classroom resources differently, d) joint studios display creativity in different ways, 5) interdisciplinary studios can lead to joint discovery and re-enforcement of learning experiences.

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37

Ben-Joseph, Eran. "Urban Design Downtown: Poetics and Politics of Form." Journal of Planning Education and Research 18, no. 4 (June 1999): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9901800411.

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38

Lorch, Brian J., and Mark J. Smith. "Pedestrian Movement and the Downtown Enclosed Shopping Center." Journal of the American Planning Association 59, no. 1 (March 31, 1993): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944369308975846.

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39

Rypkema, Donovan D. "The Importance of Downtown in the 21st Century." Journal of the American Planning Association 69, no. 1 (March 31, 2003): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944360308976290.

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40

Martin-Chavez, Andrea. "Downtown Mexico City: An Experience Teaching Open Building." Open House International 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2006-b0007.

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After more than five years of teaching Open Building to students in the last year of their architectural training we have learned one thing: it is easier to master the Open Building methodologies if we first apply some of its main ideas to extract the urban and architectural rules from the reality and only afterwards, students have an easier time learning and applying the methodology to make new OB design proposals. To achieve this we work either in downtown Mexico City or in other Mexican colonial cities where the historical urban fabric provides an easier reading of the urban and architectural typologies. In this article I am going to talk about our last year's teaching experience and the results we achieved. There are three main objectives to be met in this last year of architectural training. The main one is to deal with socially relevant problems that involve real communities. The second one is that the teaching resembles the practice of architecture as much as possible. And one that we have added to the curricula is to train students to understand, learn and apply OB ideas in their urban and architectural work. Architectural competitions have turned into important part of the practice. For that reason we encourage students to enter at least one of the multiple options that occur during the year. This time there was the opportunity to enter a competition aimed for students organized by ARQUINE (a well known international trimester architectural publication). The competition objective was to design studios and housing for art students in an empty lot in historical downtown Mexico City. To achieve the objectives of the course, as well as to participate in the competition, we divided the course in three parts. In the first part students made an urban diagnosis of the area, a site analysis and a design proposal for the competition. In the second part they studied traditional housing vecindades as well as the families living in that particular area. They applied the support idea to these typologies to get acquainted with the generals of the method. In the third part they studied the methodology thoroughly to be able to design a support building to relocate the studied families. In the end, each student designed a different support building in an empty lot nearby to the studied area. In our experience, students are very enthusiastic and responsible when working with users and applying OB ideas. Most students from this last generation are now working in housing related agencies. Two of these students work for the Mexican Architectural Association and recently promoted a new competition jointly with the local government Program of Housing Improvement. The competition goal is to design incremental housing in the periphery or in downtown areas, avoiding prototypes. They are strongly supporting the use of OB ideas for the competition and this year's students will participate in it.

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Nagy Radwan, Gehan Ahmed, and Manal M. F. El-Shahat. "Integrated Sustainable Planning Process." Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies 3, no. 8 (May 24, 2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v3i8.282.

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Planning policies in Egypt are undergoing a transformation process, not only on the political levels, since 2011, but also on the social, behavioural and economic levels. A new vision and planning process are needed to assure sustainability. Hence, this paper attempts to view and assess the sustainable urban development policies and process applied in “Bahnstadt” Railway suburb in Heidelberg, Germany and adapt it to the case of Ramses Railway neighbourhood in Downtown Cairo. It also attempts at setting guideline strategies for an integrated sustainable urban neighbourhood planning prototype. Keywords: Sustainable urban neighbourhood, urban Transformation, Brownfield, Ramses Railway area. eISSN 2514-7528 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v3i8.282

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Kuiper, Gabrielle. "Participatory planning and design in the Downtown Eastside: Reflections on Global Studio Vancouver." Australian Planner 44, no. 2 (June 2007): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2007.9982573.

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AL BATTARAN, Tameer Mohammad, and Raed AL TAL. "Between Marginalization and Integration – Hawkers on the Streets in Downtown, Amman, Jordan." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning 11, no. 2 (October 17, 2020): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jssp.2020.2.02.

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Hawkers are very common in Jordan and are mostly present in condensed urban areas such as the downtown of Amman. Hawkers in this area suffer due to daily eviction campaigns carried out by Amman Municipality and other parties. They consider them to be the main cause of visual pollution and trouble to shop owners and pedestrians in the downtown area. This study is a field ethnographic study by implementing an embedded design. The study uses qualitative data, which is supported by quantitative data analysed by using the SPSS software. The findings of the study are the result of a deep understanding of the patterns of hawkers using the qualitative methodology, which reveals how hawkers generally obstruct sidewalks by displaying their goods and with their physical presence. The marginalization experienced by hawkers has a great effect on them psychologically and financially because they are on constant alert to evade eviction campaigns, and if arrested they are at risk of losing a large part of their goods, which are sometimes stolen or lost. Results show that there is a correlation between them and that physical defensibility is higher than social defensibility. This research is an appropriate standing point in investigating and developing solutions for this issue in downtown, Amman, Jordan, and similar cases in different settings. The outcome of this study is a comprehensive and descriptive spatial analysis that can provide socio-spatial interpretations and can recommend urban response policies in re-defining the meaning of urban space.

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Faulk, Dagney. "The Process and Practice of Downtown Revitalization." Review of Policy Research 23, no. 2 (March 2006): 625–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2006.00219.x.

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Grant, Jill L., and Will Gregory. "Who lives downtown? Neighbourhood change in central Halifax, 1951–2011." International Planning Studies 21, no. 2 (December 10, 2015): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2015.1115340.

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SUPRAPTI, Atiek, Nurdien H. KISTANTO, Edward E. PANDELAKI, and Djoko INDROSAPTONO. "CONTROL OF SPATIAL PROTECTION IN KAUMAN SEMARANG." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 41, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2017.1402717.

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Locality and cultural identity aspects are very important to create humane cities in the midst of globalizing world. Kauman Semarang is the city’s cultural identity which has lasted for more than three centuries. Traditionally, Kauman is a village in downtown which reflects Moslem daily live. The physical and social characteristicschange are the reaction of modernization-capitalization pressure of the downtown. The purpose of the research is to find out how Kauman adapts to the incoming pressures. The research was based on ethnographic method by combining ideographic and architectural approaches. In the end of the research, it found that there is a spatial control having protective characteristic or a control of spatial protection conducted by the community. Socioreligious values have influenced in strengthening socio-religious space that produces immaterial products associated with the community’s mentality. Meanwhile, the modernization-capitalization pressures influence the form of significantly developed business-commercial space, and their products are eventually used to support the socio-religious activities. Spatial protection strategy is an answer for the problem of modernization-capitalization pressures in downtown. This finding could be a useful input for the preservation efforts at Kauman Semarang particularly and for cities having similar problems generally.

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Zhu, Jieming. "Commercial Real Estate Capital in the Restructuring of Downtown Baltimore." Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies 13, no. 1 (March 2001): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-940x.00033.

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Ribeiro, Patrícia, João Ferrão, and Júlia Seixas. "Mainstreaming climate adaptation in spatial planning. The case of Baixa Pombalina in Lisbon." Finisterra 53, no. 108 (August 3, 2018): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18055/finis13457.

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Baixa Pombalina is the historical downtown area of Lisbon city, close to the Tagus estuary, sheltering many economic activities with tourism at first. This paper assesses and maps the vulnerability of the area, at the neighbourhood scale, to floods episodes and sea level rise. The methodology outlines how the different components of vulnerability are tackled, while taking the importance of the local context to the definition of composite indexes. Twenty two vulnerability hotspots were found, for which six adaptation options are proposed to be embedded into Plano de Pormenor currently in place.

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Beckman, Eric, Archana Kumar, and Youn-Kyung Kim. "The Impact of Brand Experience on Downtown Success." Journal of Travel Research 52, no. 5 (March 4, 2013): 646–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287513478502.

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Balsas, Carlos J. L. "Redesigning the Downtown of an Expansive Sunbelt City: The Phoenix Case." Planning Practice & Research 35, no. 1 (November 13, 2019): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2019.1679699.

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