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Journal articles on the topic 'Downwelling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kenyon, Kern E. "Downwelling by Surface Gravity Waves?" Natural Science 09, no. 05 (2017): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2017.95015.

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2

Blue, Charles. "Mantle downwelling causes continental depressions." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 74, no. 9 (March 2, 1993): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93eo00359.

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3

Cenedese, Claudia. "Downwelling in Basins Subject to Buoyancy Loss." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 1817–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0114.1.

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Abstract Recent observational, theoretical, and modeling studies all suggest that the upper part of the downwelling limb of the thermohaline circulation is concentrated in strong currents subject to buoyancy loss near lateral boundaries. This is fundamentally different from the traditional view that downwelling takes place in regions of deep convection. Even when resolving the buoyant boundary currents, coarse-resolution global circulation and climate models rely on parameterizations of poorly known turbulent mixing processes. In this study, the first direct measurements of downwelling occurri

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4

Fan, Wei, Dongdong Pan, Canbo Xiao, Tiancheng Lin, Yiwen Pan, and Ying Chen. "Experimental Study on the Performance of an Innovative Tide-Induced Device for Artificial Downwelling." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 5268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195268.

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Hypoxia has been increasingly observed in estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems around the world. In this paper, a tide-powered artificial downwelling device is proposed to potentially alleviate hypoxia in bottom waters. The downwelling device mainly consists of a vertical square tube, a 90° bend sitting on the top of the tube, two symmetrical-guide plates which installed alongside the vertical tube, a static mixer, and an artificial reef. Scale model experiments are performed with respect to different density difference heads, horizontal current velocities, and tube geometries. The results

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5

Brüggemann, Nils, and Caroline A. Katsman. "Dynamics of Downwelling in an Eddying Marginal Sea: Contrasting the Eulerian and the Isopycnal Perspective." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 11 (November 2019): 3017–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0090.1.

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AbstractIn this study, we explore the downward branch of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) from a perspective in depth space (Eulerian downwelling) as well as from a perspective in density space (diapycnal downwelling). Using an idealized model, we focus on the role of eddying marginal seas, where dense water is formed by deep convection due to an intense surface heat loss. We assess where diapycnal mass fluxes take place, investigate the pathways of dense water masses, and elucidate the role of eddies. We find that there are fundamental differences between the Eulerian an

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6

Spall, Michael A. "Buoyancy-Forced Downwelling in Boundary Currents." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2704–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3993.1.

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Abstract The issue of downwelling resulting from surface buoyancy loss in boundary currents is addressed using a high-resolution, nonhydrostatic numerical model. It is shown that the net downwelling is determined by the change in the mixed layer density along the boundary. For configurations in which the density on the boundary increases in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation, there is a net downwelling within the domain. For cases in which the density decreases in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation, cooling results in a net upwelling within the domain. Symmetric instability within

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7

Meneghello, Gianluca, John Marshall, Mary-Louise Timmermans, and Jeffery Scott. "Observations of Seasonal Upwelling and Downwelling in the Beaufort Sea Mediated by Sea Ice." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 4 (April 2018): 795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0188.1.

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AbstractWe present observational estimates of Ekman pumping in the Beaufort Gyre region. Averaged over the Canada Basin, the results show a 2003–14 average of 2.3 m yr−1 downward with strong seasonal and interannual variability superimposed: monthly and yearly means range from 30 m yr−1 downward to 10 m yr−1 upward. A clear, seasonal cycle is evident with intense downwelling in autumn and upwelling during the winter months, despite the wind forcing being downwelling favorable year-round. Wintertime upwelling is associated with friction between the large-scale Beaufort Gyre ocean circulation an

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8

Fan, Wei, Weicheng Bao, Yong Cai, Canbo Xiao, Zhujun Zhang, Yiwen Pan, Ying Chen, and Shuo Liu. "Experimental Study on the Effects of a Vertical Jet Impinging on Soft Bottom Sediments." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 3775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093775.

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Artificial downwelling, which is an ecological engineering method, potentially alleviates bottom hypoxia by bringing oxygen-rich surface water down below the pycnocline. However, the downward flow is likely to disturb sediments (or induce sediment resuspension) when reaching the bottom and then have unwanted side effects on the local ecosystem. To evaluate this, our paper presents a theoretical model and experimental data for the sediment resuspension caused by artificial downwelling. The theoretical model considers the critical conditions for sediment resuspension and the scour volume with th

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9

Liu, Shuo, Lige Zhao, Canbo Xiao, Wei Fan, Yong Cai, Yiwen Pan, and Ying Chen. "Review of Artificial Downwelling for Mitigating Hypoxia in Coastal Waters." Water 12, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 2846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102846.

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Hypoxia is becoming a serious problem in coastal waters in many parts of the world. Artificial downwelling, which is one of the geoengineering-based adaptation options, was suggested as an effective means of mitigating hypoxia in coastal waters. Artificial downwelling powered by green energy, such as solar, wind, wave, or tidal energy, can develop a compensatory downward flow on a kilometer scale, which favors below-pycnocline ventilation and thus mitigates hypoxia in bottom water. In this paper, we review and assess the technical, numerical, and experimental aspects of artificial downwelling

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10

Spurgin, J. M., and S. E. Allen. "Flow dynamics around downwelling submarine canyons." Ocean Science 10, no. 5 (October 14, 2014): 799–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-10-799-2014.

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Abstract. Flow dynamics around a downwelling submarine canyon were analysed with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model. Blanes Canyon (northwestern Mediterranean) was used for topographic and initial forcing conditions. Fourteen scenarios were modelled with varying forcing conditions. Rossby and Burger numbers were used to determine the significance of Coriolis acceleration and stratification (respectively) and their impacts on flow dynamics. A new non-dimensional parameter (χ) was introduced to determine the significance of vertical variations in stratification.

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11

Spurgin, J. M., and S. E. Allen. "Flow dynamics around downwelling submarine canyons." Ocean Science Discussions 11, no. 3 (May 23, 2014): 1301–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-11-1301-2014.

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Abstract. Flow dynamics around a downwelling submarine canyon were analysed with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model. Blanes Canyon (Northwest Mediterranean) was used for topographic and initial forcing conditions. Fourteen scenarios were modelled with varying forcing conditions. Rossby number and Burger number were used to determine the significance of Coriolis acceleration and stratification (respectively) and their impacts on flow dynamics. A new non-dimensional parameter (χ) was introduced to determine the significance of vertical variations in stratificatio

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12

Matano, Ricardo P., and Elbio D. Palma. "On the Upwelling of Downwelling Currents." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 2482–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3783.1.

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Abstract The term “downwelling currents” refers to currents with a downslope mass flux in the bottom boundary layer. Examples are the Malvinas and Southland Currents in the Southern Hemisphere and the Oyashio in the Northern Hemisphere. Although many of these currents generate the same type of highly productive ecosystems that is associated with upwelling regimes, the mechanism that may drive such upwelling remains unclear. In this article, it is postulated that the interaction between a downwelling current and the continental slope generates shelfbreak upwelling. The proposed mechanism is rel

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13

Koweek, David A., Clara García-Sánchez, Philip G. Brodrick, Parker Gassett, and Ken Caldeira. "Evaluating hypoxia alleviation through induced downwelling." Science of The Total Environment 719 (June 2020): 137334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137334.

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14

Hu, Dingzhu, Yipeng Guo, Feiyang Wang, Qi Xu, Yuanpu Li, Wenjun Sang, Xudong Wang, and Meichen Liu. "Brewer–Dobson Circulation: Recent-Past and Near-Future Trends Simulated by Chemistry-Climate Models." Advances in Meteorology 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2913895.

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Based on data from 16 chemistry-climate models (CCMs) and separate experimental results using a state-of-the-art CCM, the trends in the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) during the second half of the 20th century (1960–2000) and the first half of the 21st century (2001–2050) are examined. From the ensemble mean of the CCMs, the BDC exhibits strengthening trends in both the 20th and 21st centuries; however, the acceleration rates of tropical upwelling and southern downwelling during 2001–2050 are smaller than those during 1960–2000, while the acceleration rate of the northern downward branch of t

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15

Lund-Hansen, Lars Chresten, Michael Bjerg-Nielsen, Tanja Stratmann, Ian Hawes, and Brian K. Sorrell. "Upwelling Irradiance below Sea Ice—PAR Intensities and Spectral Distributions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080830.

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Upwelling and downwelling spectral (320–920 nm) distributions and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) intensities were measured below a first-year land-fast sea ice in a western Greenland fjord with and without a snow cover. Time-series of surface upwelling PAR, downwelling PAR, and under-ice PAR were also obtained. Spectral distributions of upwelling and downwelling irradiances were similar except for reduced intensities in the UV, the red, and NIR parts of the spectrum when the ice was snow-covered. Upwelling PAR amounted to about 10% of downwelling intensities, giving 5.1 µmol photons m−2

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16

Jaimes, Benjamin, and Lynn K. Shay. "Enhanced Wind-Driven Downwelling Flow in Warm Oceanic Eddy Features during the Intensification of Tropical Cyclone Isaac (2012): Observations and Theory." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 6 (June 2015): 1667–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0176.1.

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AbstractTropical cyclones (TCs) typically produce intense oceanic upwelling underneath the storm’s center and weaker and broader downwelling outside upwelled regions. However, several cases of predominantly downwelling responses over warm, anticyclonic mesoscale oceanic features were recently reported, where the ensuing upper-ocean warming prevented significant cooling of the sea surface, and TCs rapidly attained and maintained major status. Elucidating downwelling responses is critical to better understanding TC intensification over warm mesoscale oceanic features. Airborne ocean profilers de

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17

Wang, Xi, Jian Liu, Bingyun Yang, Yansong Bao, George P. Petropoulos, Hui Liu, and Bo Hu. "Seasonal Trends in Clouds and Radiation over the Arctic Seas from Satellite Observations during 1982 to 2019." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 3201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163201.

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A long-term dataset of 38 years (1982–2019) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite observations is applied to investigate the spatio-temporal seasonal trends in cloud fraction, surface downwelling longwave flux, and surface upwelling longwave flux over the Arctic seas (60~90° N) by the non-parametric methods. The results presented here provide a further contribution to understand the cloud cover and longwave surface radiation trends over the Arctic seas, and their correlations to the shrinking sea ice. Our results suggest that the cloud fraction shows a positive tr

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18

Whitney, Michael M., and J. S. Allen. "Coastal Wind-Driven Circulation in the Vicinity of a Bank. Part II: Modeling Flow over the Heceta Bank Complex on the Oregon Coast." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3967.1.

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Abstract This study investigates wind-driven circulation in the vicinity of the Heceta Bank complex along the Oregon shelf. Numerical experiments forced with steady winds (0.1 Pa) are conducted; upwelling and downwelling cases are compared. The asymmetric bank bathymetry is the only configurational difference from the symmetric bank runs analyzed in Part I (Whitney and Allen). Upwelling-favorable winds generate an upwelling front and southward baroclinic jet. Model results indicate the upwelling jet is centered on the 100-m isobath along the straight shelf. The jet follows this isobath offshor

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19

Howard, Rosie, and Roland Stull. "Modeling the Downwelling Longwave Radiation over a Groomed Ski Run under Clear Skies." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 7 (July 2013): 1540–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-0245.1.

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AbstractThe surface radiation budget of a groomed ski run is important to ski racing. Variables such as snow-surface temperature and liquid water content depend upon the surface radiation budget and are crucial to preparing fast skis. This case study focuses on downwelling longwave radiation, measurements of which were made at a point on a ski run on Whistler Mountain, British Columbia, Canada, throughout a 5-day clear-sky intensive observation period. Tall trees often dominate the horizon of a point on a ski run, and so contributions to total downwelling longwave radiation from trees and sky

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20

Toffolon, Marco. "Ekman circulation and downwelling in narrow lakes." Advances in Water Resources 53 (March 2013): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.10.003.

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21

Foukal, Nicholas P., Robert S. Pickart, G. W. K. Moore, and Peigen Lin. "Shelfbreak Downwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 124, no. 10 (October 2019): 7201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015520.

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22

Lai, Zhigang, Ronghua Ma, Mingfen Huang, Changsheng Chen, Yong Chen, Congbin Xie, and Robert C. Beardsley. "Downwelling wind, tides, and estuarine plume dynamics." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121, no. 6 (June 2016): 4245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011475.

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23

Palmisano, Anna C., and George M. Simmons. "Spectral downwelling irradiance in an Antarctic lake." Polar Biology 7, no. 3 (May 1987): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00259202.

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24

Zhou, S., and P. C. Flynn. "Geoengineering Downwelling Ocean Currents: A Cost Assessment." Climatic Change 71, no. 1-2 (July 2005): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5933-0.

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25

Kämpf, Jochen. "Extreme bed shear stress during coastal downwelling." Ocean Dynamics 69, no. 5 (March 18, 2019): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01256-4.

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26

Spall, Michael A. "Dynamics of Downwelling in an Eddy-Resolving Convective Basin." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 10 (October 1, 2010): 2341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4465.1.

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Abstract The mean downwelling in an eddy-resolving model of a convective basin is concentrated near the boundary where eddies are shed from the cyclonic boundary current into the interior. It is suggested that the buoyancy-forced downwelling in the Labrador Sea and the Lofoten Basin is similarly concentrated in analogous eddy formation regions along their eastern boundaries. Use of a transformed Eulerian mean depiction of the density transport reveals the central role eddy fluxes play in maintaining the adiabatic nature of the flow in a nonperiodic region where heat is lost from the boundary c

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27

Chaudhuri, Ayan H., and Rui M. Ponte. "An Evaluation of Surface Atmospheric Changes over the Arctic Ocean for 2000–09 Using Recent Reanalyses." Earth Interactions 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-14-0012.1.

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Abstract The authors examine five recent reanalysis products [NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), Japanese 25-year Reanalysis Project (JRA-25), Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), and Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR)] for 1) trends in near-surface radiation fluxes, air temperature, and humidity, which are important indicators of changes within the Arctic Ocean and also influence sea ice and ocean conditions, and 2) fidelity of these atmospheric fields and effects for an extreme event: namely, the 2007 ice r

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Bell, Michael J. "Meridional Overturning Circulations Driven by Surface Wind and Buoyancy Forcing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 11 (November 2015): 2701–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0255.1.

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AbstractThe meridional overturning circulation (MOC) can be considered to consist of a downwelling limb in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and an upwelling limb in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) that are connected via western boundary currents. Steady-state analytical gyre-scale solutions of the planetary geostrophic equations are derived for a downwelling limb driven in the NH solely by surface heat loss. In these solutions the rates of the water mass transformations between layers driven by the surface heat loss determine the strength of the downwelling limb. Simple expressions are obtained for t

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Stone, Peter H., and Yuriy P. Krasovskiy. "An Interhemispheric Four-Box Model of the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 516–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4123.1.

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Abstract The authors introduce a four-box interhemispheric model of the meridional overturning circulation. A single box represents high latitudes in each hemisphere, and in contrast to earlier interhemispheric box models, low latitudes are represented by two boxes—a surface box and a deep box—separated by a thermocline in which a balance is assumed between vertical advection and vertical diffusion. The behavior of the system is analyzed with two different closure assumptions for how the low-latitude upwelling depends on the density contrast between the surface and deep low-latitude boxes. The

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Key, Jeffrey R., Yong Liu, and Robert S. Stone. "Development and evaluation of surface shortwave flux parameterizations for use in sea-ice models." Annals of Glaciology 25 (1997): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500013756.

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The surface radiation budget of the polar regions strongly influences ice growth and melt. Thermodynamic sea-ice models therefore require accurate yet computationally efficient methods of computing radiative fluxes. In this paper a new parameterization of the downwelling shortwave radiation flux at the Arctic surface is developed and compared to a variety of existing schemes. Parameterized llnxes are compared to in situ measurements using data for one year at Barrow, Alaska. Our results show that the new parameterization can estimate the downwelling shortwave flux with mean and root mean squar

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Key, Jeffrey R., Yong Liu, and Robert S. Stone. "Development and evaluation of surface shortwave flux parameterizations for use in sea-ice models." Annals of Glaciology 25 (1997): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500013756.

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The surface radiation budget of the polar regions strongly influences ice growth and melt. Thermodynamic sea-ice models therefore require accurate yet computationally efficient methods of computing radiative fluxes. In this paper a new parameterization of the downwelling shortwave radiation flux at the Arctic surface is developed and compared to a variety of existing schemes. Parameterized llnxes are compared to in situ measurements using data for one year at Barrow, Alaska. Our results show that the new parameterization can estimate the downwelling shortwave flux with mean and root mean squar

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32

Tishchenko, Petr P., Pavel Ya Tishchenko, Vyacheslav B. Lobanov, Alexander F. Sergeev, and Pavel Yu Semkin. "Role of downwelling/upwelling in formation/destruction of hypoxia in the bottom waters of the Amur Bay (Japan Sea)." Izvestiya TINRO 183, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2015-183-156-165.

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Downwelling/upwelling influence on hypoxia at the bottom of the Amur Bay is determined on the data of oceanographic surveys conducted aboard RV Impulse in August 2012 and RV Malachite in August 2013 coupled with the data of monitoring oceanographic station in the bay. The hypoxia develops in the period of downwelling circulation driven by southern and southeastern winds and relaxes in conditions of upwelling induced by northern and northwestern winds.

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Lentz, Steven J., and John Largier. "The Influence of Wind Forcing on the Chesapeake Bay Buoyant Coastal Current*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2909.1.

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Abstract Observations of the buoyant coastal current that flows southward from Chesapeake Bay are used to describe how the thickness, width, and propagation speed vary in response to changes in the along-shelf wind stress. Three basic regimes were observed depending on the strength of the wind. For weak wind stresses (from −0.02 to 0.02 Pa), the buoyant coastal current was relatively thin, the front slope was not steep, and the width was variable (1–20 km). For moderate downwelling (southward) wind stresses (0.02–0.07 Pa), wind-driven cross-shelf advection steepened the front, causing the plum

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Long, Charles N., and Sally A. McFarlane. "Quantification of the Impact of Nauru Island on ARM Measurements." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 3 (March 2012): 628–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-0174.1.

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AbstractNauru Island at times generates low clouds that impact low-level cloud statistics and downwelling shortwave radiation measurements made at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) site. This study uses five years of Nauru data to quantify the island impact on the site measurements. The results indicate that the solar-heating-produced Nauru island effect occurs about 11% of the time during daylight hours. The island effect increases the 500–1000-m cloud base occurrence by 15%–20% when clouds occur, but because the island effect only occurs 11% of the time the overall increase

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Sliva, Lucie, and D. Dudley Williams. "Exploration of riffle-scale interactions between abiotic variables and microbial assemblages in the hyporheic zone." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 276–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-190.

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Molecular methods were applied to explore the composition of hyporheic bacterial assemblages and their possible interaction with interstitial physicochemical variables. Hyporheic flows on a riffle were manipulated (a downwelling zone was converted to an upwelling zone and vice versa) in order to examine the influence of vertical flow patterns on microbial assemblages. Bacterial assemblages were heterogeneously distributed throughout the riffle, the greatest similarity among them occurring at similar depths rather than in areas of similar flow regimes (upwelling versus downwelling). There was n

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Shi, C., D. Guo, J. Xu, A. M. Powell, and T. Xu. "The latitudinal structure of recent changes in the boreal Brewer–Dobson circulation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 17 (September 8, 2015): 24403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-24403-2015.

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Abstract. Upwelling branch of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) controls the tropical lower stratospheric water vapor (WV) through dynamic cooling near the tropopause. Downwelling branch of BDC dominates the extratropical middle-lower stratospheric Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) by dynamic transport. Climatologically, a symmetric weakening BDC indicates increasing tropical lower stratospheric WV and decreasing extratropical middle-lower stratospheric HCl. However, the global ozone chemistry and related trace gas data records for the stratosphere data (GOZCARDS) show that the tropical lowermost stra

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Rydbeck, Adam V., Tommy G. Jensen, and Matthew R. Igel. "Idealized Modeling of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Response to SST Forcing in the Western Indian Ocean." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 76, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 2023–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0303.1.

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Abstract The atmospheric response to sea surface temperature (SST) variations forced by oceanic downwelling equatorial Rossby waves is investigated using an idealized convection-resolving model. Downwelling equatorial Rossby waves sharpen SST gradients in the western Indian Ocean. Changes in SST cause the atmosphere to hydrostatically adjust, subsequently modulating the low-level wind field. In an idealized cloud model, surface wind speeds, surface moisture fluxes, and low-level precipitable water maximize near regions of strongest SST gradients, not necessarily in regions of warmest SST. Simu

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Bakun, Andrew, and Vera Natalie Agostini. "Seasonal patterns of wind-induced upwelling/downwelling in the Mediterranean Sea." Scientia Marina 65, no. 3 (September 30, 2001): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65n3243.

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Longuet-Higgins, Michael S. "Surface manifestations of turbulent flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 308 (February 10, 1996): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096001371.

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The surface of a turbulent, open-channel flow is often characterized by smooth areas of upwelling, each surrounded by a zone of downwelling marked by short steep waves. The dynamics of short waves on such a downwelling region are investigated and some laboratory experiments are proposed. Assuming that the horizontal strain rate Ω is locally constant, a simple expression is derived for the amplitude a of the short capillary–gravity waves, and hence also for the spectrum of the surface slopes.

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Williams, William J., Thomas J. Weingartner, and Albert J. Hermann. "Idealized Two-Dimensional Modeling of a Coastal Buoyancy Front, or River Plume, under Downwelling-Favorable Wind Forcing with Application to the Alaska Coastal Current." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4206.1.

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Abstract The cross-shelf structure of a buoyancy-driven coastal current, such as produced by a river plume, is modeled in a two-dimensional cross-shelf slice as a “wide” geostrophically balanced buoyancy front. Downwelling-favorable wind stress applied to this front leads to advection in the surface and bottom boundary layers that causes the front to become steeper so that it eventually reaches a steep quasi-steady state. This final state is either convecting, stable and steady, or stable and oscillatory depending on D/δ* and by /f 2, where D is bottom depth, δ* is an Ekman depth, by is the cr

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Pavlakis, K. G., D. Hatzidimitriou, C. Matsoukas, E. Drakakis, N. Hatzianastassiou, and I. Vardavas. "Ten-year global distribution of downwelling longwave radiation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2004): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-127-2004.

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Abstract. Downwelling longwave fluxes, DLFs, have been derived for each month over a ten year period (1984-1993), on a global scale with a spatial resolution of 2.5x2.5 degrees and a monthly temporal resolution. The fluxes were computed using a deterministic model for atmospheric radiation transfer, along with satellite and reanalysis data for the key atmospheric input parameters, i.e. cloud properties, and specific humidity and temperature profiles. The cloud climatologies were taken from the latest released and improved International Satellite Climatology Project D2 series. Specific humidity

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Pavlakis, K. G., D. Hatzidimitriou, C. Matsoukas, E. Drakakis, N. Hatzianastassiou, and I. Vardavas. "Ten-year global distribution of downwelling longwave radiation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 5 (October 13, 2003): 5099–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-5099-2003.

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Abstract. Downwelling longwave fluxes, DLFs, have been derived for each month over a ten year period (1984–1993), on a global scale with a resolution of 2.5° × 2.5°. The fluxes were computed using a deterministic model for atmospheric radiation transfer, along with satellite and reanalysis data for the key atmospheric input parameters, i.e. cloud properties, and specific humidity and temperature profiles. The cloud climatologies were taken from the latest released and improved International Satellite Climatology Project D2 series. Specific humidity and temperature vertical profiles were taken

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43

O’Donnell, James, George O. Marmorino, and Clifford L. Trump. "Convergence and Downwelling at a River Plume Front." Journal of Physical Oceanography 28, no. 7 (July 1998): 1481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1481:cadaar>2.0.co;2.

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Middleton, John F., and Mauro Cirano. "Wind-Forced Downwelling Slope Currents: A Numerical Study." Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, no. 8 (August 1999): 1723–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1723:wfdsca>2.0.co;2.

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Gege, Peter, and Nicole Pinnel. "Sources of variance of downwelling irradiance in water." Applied Optics 50, no. 15 (May 16, 2011): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.50.002192.

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Osychny, V. I., and N. B. Shapiro. "Modelling of upwelling and downwelling in the ocean." Physical Oceanography 5, no. 6 (November 1994): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02198506.

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Whitney, Michael M., and J. S. Allen. "Coastal Wind-Driven Circulation in the Vicinity of a Bank. Part I: Modeling Flow over Idealized Symmetric Banks." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3966.1.

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Abstract This study examines how coastal banks influence wind-driven circulation along stratified continental shelves. Numerical experiments are conducted for idealized symmetric banks; the standard bank (200 km long and 50 km wide) has dimensions similar to the Heceta Bank complex along the Oregon shelf. Model runs are forced with 10 days of steady winds (0.1 Pa); upwelling and downwelling cases are compared. The bank introduces significant alongshelf variability in the currents and density fields. Upwelling-favorable winds create an upwelling front and a baroclinic jet (flowing opposite coas

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Ruddick, Kevin G., Kenneth Voss, Andrew C. Banks, Emmanuel Boss, Alexandre Castagna, Robert Frouin, Martin Hieronymi, et al. "A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance for the Validation of Satellite Remote Sensing Data over Water." Remote Sensing 11, no. 15 (July 24, 2019): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11151742.

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This paper reviews the state of the art of protocols for the measurement of downwelling irradiance in the context of Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRM) of water reflectance for satellite validation. The measurement of water reflectance requires the measurement of water-leaving radiance and downwelling irradiance just above water. For the latter, there are four generic families of method, using: (1) an above-water upward-pointing irradiance sensor; (2) an above-water downward-pointing radiance sensor and a reflective plaque; (3) a Sun-pointing radiance sensor (sunphotometer); or (4) an under

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Gjermundsen, Ada, Joseph H. LaCasce, and Liv Denstad. "The Thermally Driven Ocean Circulation with Realistic Bathymetry." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 3 (March 2018): 647–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0147.1.

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AbstractThe global circulation driven solely by relaxation to an idealized surface temperature profile and to interior mixing is examined. Forcing by winds and evaporation/precipitation is excluded. The resulting circulation resembles the observed in many ways, and the overturning is of similar magnitude. The overturning is driven by large-scale upwelling in the interior (which is relatively large, because of the use of a constant mixing coefficient). The compensating downwelling occurs in the northern North Atlantic and in the Ross and Weddell Seas, with an additional, smaller contribution fr

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Moscadelli, Matteo, Nicola Acito, Marco Diani, and Giovanni Corsini. "A Novel Method for LWIR Hyperspectral Target Detection by Means of a Subspace-Based Approach." Proceedings 27, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019027047.

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In this work, we present a new approach to detect materials with known spectral emissivity, in data acquired by thermal infrared hyperspectral systems. The method takes into account the spectral variability of the downwelling radiance, commonly neglected in most target detection techniques. We address such variability supposing that the downwelling radiance spans a low-rank subspace, whose basis matrix is learned off-line by means of MODTRAN. We evaluate the performance of the method with simulated data, and present results that show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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